Realizing Improved Mental Health Through Understanding Three Spiritual Principles

Spirituality in Clinical Practice © 2015 American Psychological Association 2015, Vol. 2, No. 4, 267–281 2326-4500/15/$12.00 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/scp0000077 Realizing Improved Mental Health Through Understanding Three Spiritual Principles

Thomas M. Kelley Jack Pransky Wayne State University Center for Inside-Out Understanding, Moretown, Vermont

Eric G. Lambert The University of Mississippi

A new psychospiritual understanding commonly known as the Three Principles proposes that people can realize and sustain improved mental health via insights gained through understanding the spiritual principles of Universal Mind, Consciousness, and Thought. We test this proposition for people exposed to the Three Principles as an intervention. The results appear to support our prediction that insights regarding “thought recognition” and/or “innate mental health via a clear mind,” gained through Three Principles understanding, will show a signiﬁcant positive relationship with nonattachment, regulating negative emotions, and less rumination, and a signiﬁcant inverse relationship with depression and anxiety.

Keywords: improved mental health, the three principles, innate mental health, health realization

In 1973, Sydney Banks, an ordinary laborer girding principles for psychology, which Wil- in British Columbia, experienced a “sponta- liam James (1981) originally envisioned for neous spiritual transformation” (Klein, 1988, the then-emerging ﬁeld but never realized.1 p. 311) in which he ultimately realized that After learning of Banks’s insights, Mills three spiritual principles—Universal Mind, (1995) and G. S. Pransky (1998) collaborated Consciousness, and Thought—account for with him to turn his spiritual realization into a people’s entire psychological experience. new psychospiritual paradigm (Mills, Blev- Banks (1998, 2001, 2005) asserted that these ens, & Pransky, 1998), which is typically principles are fundamental truths that are al- referred to in the literature as the Three Prin- ways operating in the psychological realm, much as gravity exists as a principle of the physical world and is always present, whether 1 Prevention pioneer Donald Klein (1988) described people know of it or not. Banks posited that Banks’s transformation as follows: these principles represent the unifying, under- Several years ago, the director of a community mental health center in Oregon...suggested that I look into the positive effects on people’s physical and emotional This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers. well-being being achieved by a spiritually enlightened This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and isThis not to be disseminated broadly. article was published Online First November 2, man in British Columbia. A few years before, this man 2015. . . . had suddenly entered into a vastly different level of Thomas M. Kelley, Department of Criminal Justice, awareness, a form of spontaneous spiritual transforma- Wayne State University; Jack Pransky, Center for Inside- tion about which William James had written in the Out Understanding, Moretown, Vermont; Eric G. Lam- early 1900’s....Itwasobvious that this man had bert, Department of Legal Studies, The University of achieved a state of understanding and grace, based on Mississippi. no particular religious philosophy or practice...his Correspondence concerning this article should be ad- discoveries...were obviously worth exploring from dressed to Thomas M. Kelley, Department of Criminal the standpoint of preventive mental health...some- Justice, 3255 Faculty Administration Building, Wayne thing very important was taking place...ourmost State University, Detroit, MI 48202. E-mail: aa5216@ basic assumptions about human behavior were being wayne.edu challenged. (pp. 311–312)

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ciples (3P). The Three Principles understanding (3PU) and how it relates to other spiritual, psychospiritual, and psychological teachings has been described in detail elsewhere (for a

review, see Kelley, Lambert, & Pransky, 2 2 The authors recognize that the 3P will be seen by many 2015;J.Pransky & Kelley, 2014). Here, we as a psychospiritual theory, philosophy, or model grounded brieﬂy describe the 3P and explain how they in or derived from other psychological, spiritual, or psychos- appear to interact to construct people’s psy- piritual perspectives (e.g., Buddhist, biopsychosocial, cogni- chological experience. Then we propose a tive, emotional, interpersonal neurobiology). We realize that it is both common and expected that new theories and ap- process from 3P exposure to improved mental proaches draw from, ground themselves in, and build upon health, and present a study that tests this previously existing theories and philosophies. However, the 3P process.3 are not meant to be viewed as a theory or philosophy, nor is this understanding (or its intervention) meant to be seen as derived from other theories or philosophies. Rather, these The 3P Principles are meant to represent spiritual facts—the essence or core of everything, including all theories, philosophies, and interventions. The Principle of Universal Mind 3 According to Banks (1998), these Principles are formless and any attempt to describe them therefore must be limiting. Banks (1998) referred to Universal Mind or Therefore, it would be best to see our description of the Mind as formless energy that animates all of Principles as pointing in a direction of their vast meaning. 4 When the terms Mind, Consciousness, and Thought are life—the intelligent life energy or force that capitalized, they are meant to depict formless, universal 4 powers human psychological functioning. powers, abilities, or faculties. When these terms are not Mind is the source of the other two principles, capitalized, they are meant to refer to personal mind, per- Consciousness and Thought, which Banks sonal consciousness, and personal thought or thoughts. 5 Universal Mind or similar constructs are evident in posited are used by all people to construct virtually all spiritual teachings. For example, Sri Arobindo their psychological lives from the “inside- (1990) saw Mind as the power behind Thought and Con- out.”5 sciousness, and stated, “Our physical organism no more causes or explains thought and consciousness than the con- struction of an engine explains the motive-power of steam The Principle of Consciousness or electricity. The force is anterior, not the physical instru- ment” (p. 234). Nisargadatta Maharaj asserted that every- Banks (1998) referred to Consciousness as thing is One. Buddhism teaches Master Mind. Vipassana the Mind-powered agency or ability to be meditation teaches that Mind is everywhere. Hart (1987) conscious, to take in life, to have experience. stated, “The whole body contains the mind” (p. 29). Walsch (1995) pointed to Mind, stating, “That which you call life Consciousness allows people to be aware of ...ispure energy...vibrating constantly, always...while the experience they create via Thought. Con- objects are different and discrete, the energy, which pro- sciousness enlivens people’s thinking through duces them, is exactly the same” (p. 178). William James (1981) referred to the “spiritual self” as “Absolute Mind.” their physical senses and produces their mo- 6 ment-to-moment psychological experi- Consciousness is also a major component of virtually all 6 spiritual teachings. For example, Sri Arobindo (1990) stated, ence. “It is consciousness that...determines the form or the evolution of form” (pp. 236–237). Siddha Yoga teaches that The Principle of Thought life is spirit. The Upanishads propose that prana springs from inner Consciousness and moves through the body enlivening

This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers. its functions. According to the Pratyabhijnahridayam (Muk- Banks (1998) referred to Thought as the

This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly. tananda, 1992), “Consciousness is one with the self, so the Mind-powered agency or ability that all people mind is simply that aspect of the Self which has taken the form use to create psychological experience from of outer objects” (p. 27). A. H. Almaas (2014) stated, “The within. Thought does not refer to thought con- spiritual and the psychological...aretwodimensions of the same human consciousness” (p. 1). Neville Goddard (2005) tent or what people think, but rather to the asserted, “Man moves in a world that is nothing more or less power that allows people to create thought con- than his consciousness objectiﬁed” (p. 4). A Course in Mira- tent in the ﬁrst place. This includes thoughts cles (Wapnick & Wapnick, 1995) asserted that within each that people are completely unaware they are individual soul “is the purest of Consciousness” (p. 16). Wil- liam James (1981) related consciousness to thought stating, having but that are still affecting them. Banks “The consciousness of Self involves a changeable stream of viewed the power to create thought as a constant thought...athought that at each moment, is different from or common denominator used by all people to that of the last moment” (p. 386). REALIZING IMPROVED MENTAL HEALTH 269

construct their psychological experience from wisdom to rise from out of the blue. According within.7 to this understanding, people can experience only two ways of being: Either they are operat- The “Inside-Out” Creation of ing from innate health, which surfaces sponta- Psychological Experience neously whenever their mind clears, or this health is being obscured by their own thinking. The 3P appear to work together in the fol- Finally, people’s feelings serve as a reliable lowing way: Something happens in the outside gauge to inform them which of these two states world; for instance, people ﬁnd themselves in they are experiencing at a given moment. G. S. various circumstances and situations and are Pransky (1998) stated, subjected to what other people do to them. The Three Principles suggest that innate health/natural Drawing upon all possibilities inherent in Mind, thought is available to all people, always, as a way of people use their creative power of Thought to life. Natural thought is a birthright. This thinking pro- generate some thought about what happened, vides the feelings that people want for themselves. It which is instantaneously picked up by Con- provides a transcendent intelligence for problem- solving. It provides an uncontaminated view of life to sciousness and impinges upon the senses to enjoy the moment. It even provides people with produce a perception and/or feeling. This un- prompts about when to use analytical thought. Natural derstanding explains that Thought is always thought is free from chronic stress and distress. It what makes people see the world the way they enables people’s humanity to come through in their do, and Consciousness always makes that way personal relationships. Natural thought is the most undiscovered and unappreciated resource in human of seeing it look like “reality” to them. People existence. (p. 236) often do not realize this; nor do they often realize that as the “reality” they see (through Thought) shifts, their thinking, feelings, and The 3P Intervention actions change accordingly; nor do they typi- The 3P intervention has been described in cally see that when the mind clears from per- detail elsewhere (Kelley & Pransky, 2013;J. sonal or typical thinking they automatically ex- Pransky & Kelley, 2014; Kelley, Pransky, & perience improved mental health. According to Sedgeman, 2014;J.Pransky & McMillen, this understanding, the system is inexorable; the 2012), and has been implemented in areas such only experience people can have is their own as prevention (e.g., Halcón, Robertson, & Mon- thinking coming into their consciousness and sen, 2010), substance abuse treatment (e.g., Ba- being experienced as “real” at various levels. nerjee, Howard, Mansheim, & Beattie, 2007), community revitalization (e.g., Pransky, 2011), Innate Mental Health mental health (Kelley et al., 2015), correctional counseling (e.g., Kelley, 2011), and education The 3P understanding further proposes that, (e.g., Kelley, Mills, & Shuford, 2005). at their core or essence, people have innate mental health/well-being they can realize and sustain throughout life because this is their nat- 7 Thought is also a prominent teaching in many spiritual ural state. This understanding describes this traditions. For example, Vipassana meditation posits that all health as follows: At the essence of people’s mental events correspond with sensations in the body. Hart consciousness, uncontaminated by any thought, (1987) stated, “Thought is pure energy” (p. 91). A Course in This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers. Miracles (Wapnick & Wapnick, 1995) proposes that people is the pure energy of Universal Mind, manifest-

This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly. have a choice to think they are either separate or special or ing within each and every human being as a connected to God. Unity (Vahle, 2002) teaches that people natural state of mental health/well-being. This state create their psychological lives from within using the of clear mind/natural thought is what this under- power of Thought. Filmore (2010) stated, “Every man is king of his own mental domain, and his subjects are his standing refers to as innate health. This state thoughts” (p. 19). Gregg Braden (2012) described can only be contaminated to varying degrees by thought as “the power to translate the possibilities of our people’s use of the power of Thought. When minds into the reality of our world” (p. 17). James (1981) people have thoughts that arise from this natural connected the “spiritual self” to Thought, stating, “Our considering the spiritual self at all is a reﬂective process.... clear mind state, they experience feelings of We can feel, alongside of the thing known, the thought of it well-being. This state of mental quietude is also going on as an altogether separate act and operation in the the incubator, so to speak, for new insights of mind” (p. 299). 270 KELLEY, PRANSKY, AND LAMBERT

Banks (1998) asserted that when people real- 3P Understanding ize the 3P at a deep enough level, they experience improved mental health, and that gaining a Because people are exposed to the 3P does deep enough understanding of these Principles not mean they gain the understanding. By un- and how they work is all that is needed to help derstanding, we mean the knowledge of how people live in well-being. This means no skills these Principles actually work in every human nor any techniques are needed—only a deep being psychologically to create their own expe- understanding of the 3P, which can only come rience of life, not on an intellectual level but via new insight.8 As such, the 3P intervention is actually seeing them in operation in their own not a conveying of information so much as a and others’ lives. In other words, someone drawing out of an understanding, which people could be exposed to the Principles but not grasp already really know deep within them but are how life works from the “inside-out.” Without blind to, of the way these Principles interact the understanding, mere exposure would be from within to create everyone’s psychological meaningless in terms of affecting their mental lives. health. The guideposts of this intervention that best An understanding can occur at many levels, allow people to grasp these insights are as fol- from cursory to a deep grasp through insight lows (G. S. Pransky, 2003): (a) 3P practitioners that affects entire lives. It is posited that only typically live and model what they are attempt- when people who have gained an understanding ing to teach because they understand the 3P at a of these Principles have powerful insights that deep level; (b) Helping learners’ minds relax so give them a deep grasp of the following two their typical or habitual thinking clears and, simultaneous realms to which 3PU points will it therefore, they are most open to experiencing lead to improved mental health. new insights; (c) Deep, intuitive listening through a clear mind to sense what learners do Thought Recognition not realize about how their psychological experience is created from the “inside-out”; and (d) Thought recognition (TR), here, does not Conveying or drawing out 3PU in the way a mean what most people think it means— learner can best hear it, as derived from deep recognizing one’s thoughts as they occur. In- listening. stead, it means the recognition that thought, in its interaction with consciousness, is the only A Proposed Process From the 3P reality people can ever experience, and the Intervention to Improved cause of perceptions and feelings. People who Mental Health grasp TR know that what looks real is only one’s own, usually inadvertent, creation—an The authors posit that people will experience illusion of thought that appears real brought to improved mental health through the 3P inter- life by consciousness. Furthermore, people can vention via the following process or path. recognize such thinking occurring in the moment, creating a changed “reality” with each 3P Exposure new thought and yielding resultant feelings. In other words, insights within this realm are about Without exposure to this understanding, peo- This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers. seeing that thought is the only “reality” people ple would likely be in the same position in This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly. life as they are, because most people appear to believe that their experience of life comes to 8 We are in no way saying that techniques such as med- them from the “outside-in.” With exposure to itation and/or activities such as those that induce ﬂow are a bad idea or should not be practiced. We are simply offering the 3P, people have the opportunity to see that an alternative view of what is behind what makes tech- life really operates from the “inside-out,” from niques, interventions, and activities work for some, which their own thinking no matter what happens to might lead to a deeper understanding. The 3P simply posits them “out there.” Before exposure, people that a more leveraged way for people to realize improved mental health during their day-to-day waking moments may know nothing or extremely little about the ex- be through understanding how their psychological lives are istence of these 3P, even though they already created by their use of the spiritual principles of Universal exist within them. Mind, Consciousness, and Thought. REALIZING IMPROVED MENTAL HEALTH 271

can ever know, and people have the ability to really only an illusion created from his own see this and be conscious of it in the moment. thinking, this insight shocks him out of everything he thought was reality. He may still Innate Mental Health/Wisdom as a Result get those thoughts, but he knows he does not of a Clear Mind have to act on them because they are just habits of thinking that do not mean anything. They The other major realm of insight is about loosen their grip on him. What he is left with is realizing that people already are everything they more of a feeling of peace and love, and he acts are looking for in life (e.g., peace of mind, love, with more wisdom. innate mental health, and the clear incubator For insights in both of these realms to make from which all wisdom springs), and the only a difference for improved mental health, they thing that can create the illusion that people are need to be seen in action in one’s own life and not this is their own thinking. Another part of generalized to all other lives. It would appear this is that people have direct access to this possible for people to have only one of these health and wisdom whenever the mind clears, sets of insights and still have improved mental calms, or quiets down from personal or habitual health, but either of these insights can occur at thinking. In other words, insights within this different levels, and the deeper the level, the realm are about realizing that mental health greater the change expected in one’s mental already exists within as a natural state. health.10 Some client examples illustrate the kind of change that can take place in people’s emo- Improved Mental Health tional and spiritual well-being when, through gaining a deep understanding of the 3P, they The authors posit that when people gain 3PU, grasp TR and innate mental health via a clear if they have personal insights regarding TR mind (IH/CM).9 A woman subjected to do- and/or IH/CM, they will experience improved mestic violence carried the hidden thought mental health. Although many varying deﬁni- that she was worthless so she must deserve to tions of “mental health” exist, a common de- be treated this way. After gaining 3PU, she nominator appears to be a state of well-being had a realization, something like, Wait a minute! It’s only my own thinking making me 9 believe I deserve this. That’s just something I picked We submit that mental well-being and spiritual well- up from my parents, but that’s them, not me. It’s really being go hand in hand or are one and the same. When one not true; it’s an illusion that I made up about myself suddenly falls into a feeling of more peace of mind, more that has been driving me all these years. Not only that, love, more natural mindfulness, and more wisdom, that I’m not worthless at all! My innate health, my spiritual feeling is spiritual. People feel more connected to some- essence, shows me I am completely worthwhile at my thing greater than themselves, because once the illusion of core. I do not have to put up with this abuse any more. separateness is revealed for what it is, what is left is a more My wisdom from a clear mind will guide me in how I spiritual feeling. 10 can protect myself and how to take steps to release The 3P intervention differs from cognitive, rational- myself from this. emotive, neurolinguistic programming, and other interventions that focus on the content of people’s thinking or “what This huge insight propelled this woman to a people think.” This intervention focuses on the “fact of higher level of consciousness. She will never be thought” or “that people think” as well as people’s use of able to see herself in the same way again, and the power of thought to create psychological experience. This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers. Nor, like cognitively oriented and emotionally oriented in- her thinking, feelings, and actions follow ac-

This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly. terventions, does it attempt to supply people with tools, cordingly. techniques, and strategies (e.g., meditation, prayer, self- The perpetrator of domestic violence truly schema, spiritual family genograms) to help them recondi- believes that he must act this way in life. He tion dysfunctional beliefs, reframe traumatic events, and cope with painful feelings. Nor, like spiritually integrated does not know any other way to be. He cannot interventions (e.g., Christian cognitive therapy), does it in- see any other way. He is stuck at that low level corporate spiritual/religious concerns into a conventional of consciousness. It looks and feels and tastes psychotherapy approach. Finally, this intervention does not like reality to him. No one can talk him out of it. suggest that people create their life circumstances, nor that there is a ﬁxed reality externally about which people should Whenever he “loses it,” he will go there. He has attempt to think differently; rather, it suggests that like no controls. If he can see that this way of seeing people use gravity to stay ﬁrmly planted on the ground, the world and his woman is not reality, but is people use the 3P to create their own reality. 272 KELLEY, PRANSKY, AND LAMBERT

(American Heritage Dictionary, 2009; World Variables Health Organization, 2004). The 3PU views mental health as (a) the positive psychological Gender, race, age, and education. Gender experiences that surface spontaneously when and race were measured using a dichotomous the mind clears, and (b) the ability to maintain variable for female (coded 0) and male (coded well-being during stressful/painful states of 1), and for non-White (coded 0) and White mind—to get back on track, so to speak, by (coded 1). Age was measured in continuous allowing one’s mind to clear and innate mental years. Education was measured using a di- health to resurface. chotomous variable for a graduate or professional degree (coded 1) and for less education (coded 0). The Present Study 3P exposure (years since first 3P exposure). The variable of 3P exposure was Hypotheses measured as the number of years since a partic- The hypotheses for this study are as follows: ipant was first exposed to the 3P. Measures Hypothesis 1: 3PU will show a significant positive relationship with TR. 3P Inventory (3PI; Kelley, 2011). The 3PI Hypothesis 2: 3PU will show a significant contains 26 items that measure 3PU, TR, and positive relationship with IH/CM. IH/CM. 3PU is measured using 11 3PI items scored on a 6-point Likert scale ranging from 1 Hypothesis 3: TR and/or IH/CM will show (strongly disagree)to6(strongly agree). A a significant positive relationship with sample item is, “When people have feelings nonattachment. such as well-being, gratitude and love they can Hypothesis 4: TR and/or IH/CM will show trust their thinking.” Item responses were a significant positive relationship with reg- summed to obtain a total 3PU score. The inter- ulating negative emotions. nal consistency reliability coefficient (i.e., Cronbach’s alpha) is .70. Hypothesis 5: TR and/or IH/CM will show TR is measured using eight 3PI items scored a significant positive relationship with less on a 6-point Likert scale ranging from 1 rumination. (strongly disagree)to6(strongly agree). A Hypothesis 6: TR and/or IH/CM will show sample item is, “My entire experience of life a significant inverse relationship with (my feelings, perceptions) is created by my depression. thinking.” Item responses are summed to obtain a total TR score. The internal consistency reli- Hypothesis 7: TR and/or IH/CM will show ability coefficient (i.e., Cronbach’s alpha) is .87. a significant inverse relationship with IH/CM is measured using seven 3PI items anxiety. answered using a 6-point Likert scale ranging Hypothesis 8: TR and/or IH/CM will show from 1 (strongly disagree)to6(strongly agree). a significant inverse relationship with A sample item is, “I am unlikely to experience hostility. wisdom unless my mind clears or quiets down.” Item responses are summed to obtain a total This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers. IH/CM score. The internal consistency reliabil- This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly. Method ity coefficient is .74. Participants Nonattachment Scale (NAS; Sahdra, Shaver, & Brown, 2010). The NAS is a 30- Human subjects’ approval was secured from item index that measures the degree to which an institutional review board. Participants were people avoid connecting their self-worth/well- obtained with assistance from organizations that teach the 3P.11 These organizations sent elec- 11 Participants were obtained with assistance from Center tronic requests to their graduates directing them for Sustainable Change in Charlotte, North Carolina; 3P to the survey site. A total of 196 people com- Movies in Essex, England; Santa Clara County, California; pleted the survey. and Won Institute in Glenside, Pennsylvania. REALIZING IMPROVED MENTAL HEALTH 273

being to events, circumstances, and other peo- Results ple. We used six NAS items measured on a 6-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly The typical respondent was a woman (63%) disagree)to6(strongly agree). A sample item and was White (86%). Participants ranged in is, “I have a hard time appreciating others’ age from 23 to 82, with a mean of 50 years. successes when they outperform me” (reverse Forty-six percent of the participants reported coded). Item responses were summed to obtain having a graduate or professional degree. The a total NAS score. The internal consistency typical participant indicated that he or she had reliability coefficient is .78. been exposed to the 3P almost 10 years before Rumination Reflection Questionnaire completing the survey. The descriptive statistics (RRQ; Trapnell & Campbell, 1999). The of the variables used in this study are presented RRQ measures the tendency of people to dwell in Table 1. There was sufficient variation in all on, rehash, or reevaluate past events and expe- the variables (i.e., none were constants). All the riences. We used six items from the RRQ- index variables had an internal consistency re- rumination component. Items were scored on a liability coefficient of .70 or higher. An explor- 6-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly atory principal axis factor analysis was con- disagree)to6(strongly agree). A sample item ducted for each of the index variables, and all is, “I always seem to be rehashing in my mind loaded on the predicted factor. recent things I’ve said or done” (reverse coded). The correlation matrix for the variables is Item responses were summed to obtain a total presented in Table 2. As hypothesized, 3PU had a positive statistically significant correla- RRQ-rumination score. The internal consis- tion with TR and IH/CM. Also, as postulated, tency reliability coefficient is .93. both TR and IH/CM showed a statistically Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale significant positive correlation with nonat- (DERS; Gratz & Roemer, 2004). The DERS tachment regulating negative emotions and is a 36-item self-report questionnaire that as- less rumination, and a significant inverse cor- sesses six components of emotional regulation. relation with depression and anxiety. Hostil- We used five items from the DERS-acceptance ity, although in the expected direction, did not component, which measures regulation of neg- reach statistical significance with either TR or ative emotions. Items were measured on a IH/CM. 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (almost Multivariate analyses using ordinary least never/0–10%)to5(almost always/91–100%). squares (OLS) regression were completed. For A sample item is, “When I’m upset, I become all regression equations, there was no problem angry with myself for feeling that way (reverse with multicollinearity. The issues of outliers, coded).” Item responses were summed to obtain influential cases, normality, linearity and ho- a total DERS-acceptance score. The internal moscedasticity of residuals, and independence consistency reliability coefficient is .83. of errors in the regression analysis were tested Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI; Derogatis (Berry, 1993; Tabachnick & Fidell, 1996). & Melisaratos, 1983). The BSI contains 53 The first OLS regression equation was with items that measure the extent to which people TR as the dependent variable, and gender, race, are bothered by negative emotions. We used 16 age, education, years since first 3P exposure, items from the BSI components of depression, and 3PU as predictor variables. The variable of This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers. anxiety, and hostility. Sample items are “feeling interest is 3PU. The results are presented in This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individualfearful” user and is not to be disseminated broadly. (anxiety; six items), “feelings worth- Table 3. The predictor variables explained ap- less” (depression; five items), and “feeling irri- proximately 58% of the observed TR variable. tated” (hostility; five items). Items are measured The only variable to have a significant relation- on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 5 (not at ship with TR was 3PU, and it was a positive all)to1(extremely). Item responses are relationship. summed to obtain total BSI-Depression, BSI- The second OLS regression equation was Anxiety, and BSI-Hostility scores. The internal with IH/CM as the dependent variable, and gen- consistency reliability coefficients are .76 for der, race, age, educational level, years since first BSI-Depression, .82 for BSI-Anxiety, and .82 3P exposure, and 3PU as predictor variables. for BSI-Hostility. The variable of interest is IH/CM (see Table 3). 274 KELLEY, PRANSKY, AND LAMBERT

Table 1 Descriptive Statistics for Study Variables

Variable Coding Mean SD Mdn Mn Mx Gender 63% female (coded 0) .37 .48 — — — 37% male (coded 1) Race 14% Non-White (coded 0) .86 .35 — — — 86% White (coded 1) Age Measured in continuous years 50.98 12.43 50.00 23 82 Education 54% bachelor’s degree or lower (coded .46 .50 .50 0 1 0); 46% graduate degree or higher (coded 1) SR-3P Understanding- Self-rated level of understanding the 3.78 .82 4.00 1 5 Experience three principles compared with others who have been exposed to the 3P: coded as 1 ϭ very low/poor; 2 ϭ below average; 3 ϭ average; 4 ϭ high; 5 ϭ very high. SR-3P Understanding-No Self-rated level of understanding on the 4.52 .68 5.00 1 5 Experience 3P compared to others who have not been exposed to the 3P: coded as 1 ϭ very low/poor; 2 ϭ below average; 3 ϭ average; 4 ϭ high; 5 ϭ very high. Years since first 3P The number of years since first 9.75 10.42 6.00 0 40 exposure exposed to the 3P (measured in continuous years). 3PU 11-item additive index, ␣ϭ.70 53.32 7.61 56.00 30 61 TR 8-item additive index, ␣ϭ.87 39.93 5.94 42.00 14 45 IH/CM 7-item additive index, ␣ϭ.74 34.28 4.53 35.00 19 40 NAS 6-item additive index, ␣ϭ.78 30.98 4.75 32.00 14 36 DERS 5-item additive index, ␣ϭ.83 22.93 2.70 24.00 10 25 RRQ 5-item additive index, ␣ϭ.93 24.56 6.11 26.00 5 30 BSI-Depression 5-item additive index, ␣ϭ.76 7.10 2.63 6.00 5 19 BSI-Anxiety 6-item additive index, ␣ϭ.82 9.24 2.95 9.00 6 24 BSI-Hostility 6-item additive index, ␣ϭ.82 7.04 2.55 6.00 5 24 Note. The number of participants who completed the survey was 196. SD ϭ standard deviation; Mdn ϭ median value; Mn ϭ minimum value; Mx ϭ maximum value; SR ϭ self-rated; 3P ϭ Three Principles; 3PU ϭ Three Principles understanding; TR ϭ thought recognition; IH/CM ϭ innate mental health via a clear mind; NAS ϭ Nonattachment Scale; DERS ϭ Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale; RRQ ϭ Rumination Reflection Questionnaire; BSI-Depression ϭ Brief Symptom Inventory-Depression; BSI-Anxiety ϭ Brief Symptom Inventory-Anxiety; BSI-Hostility ϭ Brief Symptom Inventory-Hostility; ␣ϭCronbach’s alpha.

The predictor variables accounted for approxi- positive relationship. Although TR had a posi- mately 47% of the variance in the IH/CM vari- tive association with NAS, it did not reach able. The only variable to reach significance statistical significance. was 3PU, which had a positive association with For DERS (regulating negative emotions), This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers. IH/CM. approximately 38% of the observed variance This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly. A series of OLS regression equations were was accounted for in the multivariate analysis. estimated, with NAS, RRQ, DERS, BSI- TR, IH/CM, and education had significant pos- Depression, BSI-Anxiety, and BSI-Hostility as itive relationships. Based on the standardized the dependent variables. The predictor variables regression coefficients (␤s), IH/CM had the were gender, race, age, education, TR, and IH/ largest effect, at least triple of that of TR and CM. The results are presented in Table 4. For education. NAS (nonattachment), about 50% of the vari- For RRQ (rumination), about 43% of the ance was accounted for in the regression anal- variance was explained, and only IH/CM had a ysis. The only variable to have a significant statistically significant positive relationship relationship with NAS was IH/CM, and it was a with less rumination. Although TR had a posi- This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers. This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly.

Table 2 Correlation Matrix for Study Variables

Variables 1 2 3 4 56789101112131415

1. Gender 1.00 HEALTH MENTAL IMPROVED REALIZING 2. Race .03 1.00 1.00 ءءAge .05 .20 .3 4. Education Ϫ.04 Ϫ.10 .14 1.00 5. 3PU-Exp. Ϫ.07 Ϫ.06 .15 .11 1.00 1.00 ءء46. ء3PU-NExp. .02 Ϫ.02 .04 .18 .6 1.00 ءء22. ءء42. ءء19. ءء1st 3PE Ϫ.02 Ϫ.14 .38 .7 Ϫ.04 1.00 ءءϪ.02 .09 .36 16. ءء3PU .01 .31 .8 1.00 ءءϪ.01 .78 ءء37. ءϪ.07 .19 10. ءءTR Ϫ.02 .25 .9 1.00 ءء72. ءء69. 01. ءءIH/CM Ϫ.06 .12 .11 .10 .13 .28 .10 1.00 ءء71. ءء51. ءء42. ءء27. ءNAS Ϫ.06 .06 .10 .06 .11 .18 .11 1.00 ءء53. ءء58. ءء47. ءء41. 07. ءء27. ءء21. ءDERS .02 .02 .04 .18 .12 1.00 ءء61. ءء53. ءء63. ءء52. ءءϪ.08 .48 ءء33. ءء24. 11. 07. ءRRQ Ϫ.08 .19 .13 1.00 ءء46. ءءϪ.56 ءءϪ.51 ءءϪ.56 ءءϪ.48 ءءϪ.11 Ϫ.44 ءءϪ.32 ءϪ.20 ءϪ.16 ءءϪ.23 01. ءBSI-DEP .19 .14 1.00 ءء70. ءء44. ءءϪ.49 ءءϪ.47 ءءϪ.49 ءءϪ.44 ءءϪ.10 Ϫ.35 ءءϪ.22 ءءϪ.11 Ϫ.22 ءءBSI-ANX .10 .00 Ϫ.22 .15 ءء72. ءء60. ءء34. ءءϪ.37 ءءϪ.26 ءءϪ.33 ءءϪ.31 ءءϪ.16 Ϫ.10 Ϫ.26 ءءϪ.07 Ϫ.27 ءBSI-HOS .15 .00 Ϫ.18 .16 Note. Table 1 provides information concerning how the variables were measured and the descriptive statistics for each variable. Education ϭ education level; 3P ϭ Three Principles; 3PU-Exp. ϭ self-reported level of Three Principles understanding compared with others with 3P exposure; 3PU-NExp. ϭ self-reported level of Three Principles understanding compared with others with no 3P exposure; 1st 3PE ϭ the number of years since first exposure to the Three Principles; 3PU ϭ Three Principles understanding; TR ϭ thought recognition; IH/CM ϭ innate mental health via a clear mind; NAS ϭ Nonattachment Scale; DERS ϭ Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale; RRQ ϭ Rumination Reflection Questionnaire; BSI-DEP ϭ Brief Symptom Inventory-Depression; BSI-ANX ϭ Brief Symptom Inventory-Anxiety; BSI-HOS ϭ Brief Symptom Inventory-Hostility. .p Յ .01 ءء .p Յ .05 ء 275 276 KELLEY, PRANSKY, AND LAMBERT

Table 3 Regression Results for Dependent Variables of Thought Recognition and Innate Mental Health via a Clear Mind

Innate mental health/ Thought recognition clear mind Predictor variables B ␤ B ␤ Gender Ϫ.32 Ϫ.03 Ϫ.64 Ϫ.07 Race .18 .01 Ϫ1.33 Ϫ.11 Age .01 .01 .00 .00 Educational level Ϫ.92 Ϫ.09 .82 .09 SR-3P Understanding-Exp .65 .10 .41 .07 SR-3P Understanding-No Exp .82 .10 Ϫ.01 .01 Years since first 3P exposure .01 .01 .01 .01 ءء68. 43. ءءThree Principles understanding .50 .69 ءء(8,132) 14.42 ءء(F value (degrees of freedom) 23.39 (8,134 R2/Adjusted R2 .58/.56 .47/.43 Note. Three Principles understanding, thought recognition, and innate mental health via a clear mind were measured using the Three Principles Inventory. B represents the unstandardized regression coefficient, and ␤ represents the standardized regression coefficient. Table 1 provides the descriptive statistics for the variables. 3P ϭ Three Principles; SR ϭ self-rated; Exp ϭ exposure. .p Յ .01 ءء

tive relationship with rumination, it failed to ipants, in general, reported higher levels of de- reach statistical significance. pression than non-White respondents. Age, For BSI-Depression, approximately 42% of IH/CM, and TR showed significant inverse re- the variance was explained in the multivariate lationships with depression. Older respondents, equation. Gender, race, age, TR and IH/CM had on average, reported lower levels of depression significant relationships with depression. Males, than their younger counterparts. Both TR and on average, self-reported higher levels of de- IH/CM showed a significant inverse relation- pression compared with females. White partic- ship with depression. Overall, IH/CM had the

Table 4 Regression Results for the Improved Mental Health Dependent Variables

NAS DERS RRQ BSI-DEP BSI-ANX BSI-HOS Predictors B ␤ B ␤ B ␤ B ␤ B ␤ B ␤ 12. 64. 09. 52. ءءGender Ϫ.21 Ϫ.02 .43 .08 Ϫ.57 Ϫ.05 .94 .17 12. 86. 14. 1.14 ءRace Ϫ.65 Ϫ.05 Ϫ.35 Ϫ.04 1.34 .08 1.22 .16 Ϫ.03 Ϫ.14 ءϪ.04 Ϫ.16 ءAge .00 Ϫ.01 Ϫ.01 Ϫ.05 Ϫ.02 Ϫ.05 Ϫ.04 Ϫ.18 Ϫ.40 Ϫ.08 Ϫ.20 Ϫ.03 Ϫ.16 Ϫ.03 06. 77. ءEducation Ϫ.20 Ϫ.02 .77 .14 ءء ء ء This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers. TR .03 .04 .08 .16 .07 .07 Ϫ.09 Ϫ.21 Ϫ.12 Ϫ.26 Ϫ.08 Ϫ.18 ءء ءء ءء ءء ءء

This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individualIH/CM user and is not to be disseminated broadly. .73 .70 .30 .48 .76 .58 .23 Ϫ.40 Ϫ.19 Ϫ.30 Ϫ.11 Ϫ.19 ءء4.70 ءء10.65 ءء17.29 ءء18.04 ءء14.45 ءءF value 25.75 df 6,144 6,143 6,132 6,143 6,142 6,142 R2 .52 .38 .43 .42 .31 .16 Adjusted R2 .50 .35 .41 .40 .28 .13 Note. B represents the unstandardized regression coefficient, and ␤ represents the standardized regression coefficient. Table 1 provides the descriptive statistics for the variables. Predictors ϭ predictor variables; NAS ϭ Nonattachment Scale; DERS ϭ Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale; RRQ ϭ Rumination Reflection Questionnaire; BSI-DEP ϭ Brief Symptom Inventory-Depression; BSI-ANX ϭ Brief Symptom Inventory-Anxiety; BSI-HOS ϭ Brief Symptom Inventory- Hostility; Education ϭ educational level; TR ϭ thought recognition; IH/CM ϭ innate mental health via a clear mind; df ϭ degrees of freedom. .p Յ .01 ءء .p Յ .05 ء REALIZING IMPROVED MENTAL HEALTH 277

largest effect on depression, almost twice that of ple realize that innate mental health is realized the other significant variables. via a clear mind, they “see” that rethinking stress- For BSI-Anxiety, approximately 31% of the ful thoughts is senseless because it sustains their variance was explained in the OLS regression psychological pain and obscures their innate equation. Age, TR, and IH/CM had significant health/well-being. associations with anxiety. Increases in age were associated with less anxiety. Likewise, in- Regulating Negative Emotions creases in both TR and IH/CM related to lower Both TR and IH/CM showed a significant levels of anxiety. Again, IH/CM had the largest positive relationship with regulating negative effect on anxiety, followed closely by TR. Age emotions, supporting Hypothesis 5. In general, had the smallest effect. participants reporting higher TR or IH/CM also For BSI-Hostility, none of the predictor vari- reported better regulation of negative emotions. ables had a statistically significant effect. Al- This result was expected because as people’s though both TR and IH/CM had positive asso- TR and/or IH/CM increase, they realize that ciations with hostility, neither reached statistical negative feelings signal less healthy thinking, significance at a probability level of 0.05 or less. and avoid taking these feelings and the thoughts IH/CM did have a significant negative associa- that spawn them to heart. Education also tion with hostility at the probably level of 0.10 showed a significant positive relationship with or less. regulating negative emotions. On average, participants with more education reported better Discussion regulation of negative emotions than participants with less education. Although this result The results appear to support seven of our was unexpected, a possible explanation is that, eight predictions. First, 3PU showed a signif- on average, participants reporting more educa- icant positive relationship with both TR and tion also reported more time since their first IH/CM, and was the only independent vari- exposure to the 3P, and a better understanding able to do so. On average, participants report- the Principles, than participants with less edu- ing higher levels of 3PU also reported higher cation. It is also possible that participants with levels of TR and IH/CM supporting Hypoth- more education have learned more effective eses 1 and 2. ways to regulate negative emotions that their less educated counterparts. Overall, IH/CM had Nonattachment the largest effect, more than triple that of TR and education. Hypothesis 3 was also supported—IH/CM showed a significant positive relationship with Depression nonattachment. In general, participants reporting higher IH/CM also reported higher nonat- The regression results also supported Hy- tachment. This finding was expected because potheses 6—both TR and IH/CM showed a when people realize that they have all the men- significant inverse relationship with depression. tal health they need already inside of them, they In general, participants reporting higher TR and “see” that self-esteem is not attached to external IH/CM also reported less depression. This result was expected because as people’s TR and/or

This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers. factors, and does not have to be earned, main- IH/CM increase, they “see” that depressive feel- This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individualtained, user and is not to be disseminated broadly. or strengthened. They also realize that ego or self-image is ostensibly a thought-created ings signal less healthy thoughts, which, if taken illusion. to heart and entertained, will sustain these painful emotions and obscure their innate health. Rumination Gender and race were also significantly related to depression. On average, White partici- Hypothesis 4 was also supported—IH/CM pants reported higher depression than non- showed a significant inverse relationship with White participants. Although this finding was rumination. On average, participants reporting unexpected, some studies have reported that higher IH/CM also reported less rumination. White individuals have a higher rate of depres- This finding was predicted because when peo- sion than non-Whites, or at least are more will- 278 KELLEY, PRANSKY, AND LAMBERT

ing to report depressive symptoms and seek Overall, IH/CM appears to have a stronger assistance (e.g., Akincigil et al., 2012; Riolo, association with the mental health variables Nguyen, Greden, & King, 2005). It is possible used in this study than TR. This finding may that White participants, compared with non- indicate that IH/CM represents a deeper level of White participants, were more willing to self- understanding of the 3P than that realized from report symptoms associated with depression. a comparable level of TR. This speculation, The finding that male participants, on average, however, needs further study. reported higher depression that females was We would be remiss not to offer possible also unexpected. Generally, women are more alternative explanations for our findings. For likely than men to report suffering from depres- example, 50% of the participants reported earn- sion. This interesting finding could be because ing a graduate or professional degree. Higher of random error and/or selection bias. This education level is often linked to higher socio- study used a nonrandom design with individuals economic status. Those with higher education who had participated in a 3P intervention. Com- levels and higher socioeconomic status tend to pared with the general population, these partic- have greater resources to overcome negative ipants may be better able to recognize depres- challenges and obstacles they encounter; there- sive symptoms and more willing to report them fore, this may account for improved mental in a survey. In addition, the depression measure health. Furthermore, less than half of the vari- used in this study may play a role in this finding. ance for rumination, regulating negative emo- Finally, older participants, on average, reported tions, depression, and anxiety was accounted higher depression than younger participants. for in the current multivariate analysis. This Overall, IH/CM had the strongest relationship means that factors other than insights regarding with depression, followed by TR. TR and IH/CM gained through 3PU account for the remaining variance in these outcome mea- Anxiety sures. These variables may include other types of positive psychological training and interven- The regression results also supported Hy- tions to which participants may have been ex- potheses 7. Both TR and IH/CM showed a posed prior to and following their exposure to significant inverse relationship with anxiety. In the 3P. It is also possible that participants who general, participants who reported higher TR or were less anxious or depressed prior to 3P ex- IH/CM also reported less anxiety. Again, this posure may have experienced a deeper level of result was expected because as people’s TR understanding of TR and/or IH/CM, rather than and/or IH/CM increase, they realize that anx- 3P exposure producing less depression and anxious feelings, like depressive feelings, signal iety. Finally, several studies and meta-analyses less healthy thinking, and that these feelings of psychotherapy outcomes (e.g., Lambert, will pass through if the thoughts that form them 1992; Lambert & Barley, 2001; Sperry, 2010, are not taken seriously and entertained. Older 2012) have concluded that factors other than the participant’s, on average, reported less anxiety specific intervention appear to explain substan- than younger participants. Overall, IH/CM had tially more variance in therapeutic outcome. For the largest effect, followed closely by TR. Age example, factors related to the therapeutic rela- had the smallest effect. tionship (e.g., therapeutic bond between client and therapist), “client elements” (e.g., motiva- This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers. tion, readiness for change), and various thera- This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individualHostility user and is not to be disseminated broadly. pist factors (e.g., genuineness, acceptance) may The findings did not support Hypothesis 8, have contributed to the outcomes in this study. that TR and/or IH/CM would show a significant inverse relationship with hostility. Although Study Limitations both TR and IH/CM displayed inverse correla- tions with hostility, neither reached statistical To date, scientific research evidence on 3P significance at a probability level of 0.05 or less. efficacy has lagged behind promising anecdotal IH/CM, however, did reach a significant inverse evidence. To this end, this study represents an- association with hostility at the probability level other empirical research step to test whether the of 0.10 or less. 3PU uncovered by Banks (1998) and commu- REALIZING IMPROVED MENTAL HEALTH 279

nicated to others affects mental health out- items were used to measure anxiety and hostil- comes. However, because this is a single ex- ity. This was done to shorten the overall length ploratory study based on a convenience sample of the survey. In future studies, scales like the of people exposed to the 3P, additional studies Beck Depression Inventory and the Burns Anx- are needed to determine whether the results can iety Inventory may be better measures of these be replicated. variables. The current study utilized a nonrandom experimental design, which means that other vari- Conclusion ables may account for the associations observed. In addition, there may be the issue of This study provides a test of the author’s response bias. Study participants were recruited proposed process from 3P exposure to im- with the assistance of four organizations that proved mental health. We predicted that under- teach the 3P. Not all of those contacted com- standing the 3P via 3P exposure would relate pleted the survey, and as such, it is unknown positively and significantly with insights regard- whether those who responded were different ing TR and/or IH/CM. In turn, we predicted that from those who did not respond to a degree insight regarding TR and/or IH/CM would show a sufficient enough to influence the results. In significant positive relationship with nonattach- addition, the current design does not allow the ment, regulating negative emotions and less ru- issue of demand characteristics to be ruled out; mination, and a significant inverse relationship participants may have formed an interpretation with depression, anxiety and hostility. The find- of the purpose of the study and then subcon- ings appear to support seven of our eight hy- sciously altered their responses to conform to potheses. what they thought was expected. Previous ex- What appears evident from this study is that posure to the 3P, likely involving a considerable 3PU gained through exposure to the 3P may be time and monetary investment, may have influ- a significant approach to improving people’s enced participants to report a positive mental mental health, particularly their ability to realize health impact that possibly could have exagger- that when the mind clears, a feeling of mental ated its accuracy. Future studies may wish to health appears naturally, and to distinguish how use a double-blind method to attempt to control less healthy thinking obscures this health. Al- for this and other similar issues. though further research is needed to confirm our Moreover, future studies should examine the findings, these results appear to warrant consid- relationships between the variables using a ran- eration of the 3P as a possible component of dom experimental design. Using an experimen- mental health promotion and the prevention of tal design would address the issues of confound- problem behaviors. ing factors and influences. Shared method variance (i.e., variance may be because of the method of measurement rather than the under- References lying construct) may have also been a problem Akincigil, A., Olfson, M., Siegel, M., Zurlo, K. A., that needs to be addressed in future research. Walkup, J. T., & Crystal, S. (2012). Racial and Future research should explore the validity and ethnic disparities in depression care in community- reliability of different measures for the con- dwelling elderly in the United States. American structs used in the current study. With addi- Journal of Public Health, 102, 319–328. http://dx This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers. tional studies, a clearer and more conclusive .doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300349 This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly. picture of the associations of the 3P with vari- Almaas, A. H. (2014). The diamond approach. ous mental health outcomes will be possible. Berkeley, CA: Ridhwan Foundation. Furthermore, longitudinal studies are needed to American Heritage Dictionary. (2009). American determine causality and show how the effects of Heritage dictionary of the English language (4th exposure to the 3P occur across time. In addi- ed.). New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Company. Arobindo, S. (1990). The life divine. Twin Lakes, WI: tion, future research regarding this intervention Lotus Press. should include qualitative items to help illumi- Banerjee, K., Howard, M., Mansheim, K., & Beattie, nate the process or experience of people’s intu- M. (2007). Comparison of Health Realization and itive grasping of the 3P. Finally, five BSI items 12-Step treatment in women’s residential sub- were used to measure depression, and six BSI stance abuse treatment programs. The American 280 KELLEY, PRANSKY, AND LAMBERT

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