FINAL REPORT:INVFNTORY OF HISTORIC ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL SITES IN PROJECT NO. G-45-605 CONTRACT NO.CX0001-5-0114 PROJECT DIRECTOR: JAMES E. BRITTAIN SEPTEM3ER 15,1975

I. METHODOLOGY AND SUMMARY OF RESULTS

A. SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON SITES 1..A letter soliciting information about possible historic sites was mailed to 72 local historical societies and preservation groups using a mailing list acquired from the Georgia Archives in Atlanta. The results were very helpful and included lists of sites in particular counties or cities,names of people to contact for further information and a number of local history publications such as sesquicentennial booklets with relevant information.. any of these have been cited on the HAER Inventory cards. Several of these initial contacts led to further communication by letter or telephone. 2..Staff members of the Historic Preservation Section of the Georgia Dept. of Natural Resources were most helpful. They provided lists of possible sites which they had gathered from newspaper clippings and other sources..They have also assisted several of my students in their research on specific sites. 3. County Histories. A recently published Bibliography of Georgia County Histories prepared by the Division of Public Library Services of the Georgia Dept. of Education was quite useful in locating specific publications of limited availability. 4. Compopy Histories. These included both published monographs and unpublished documents prepared for anniversary celebrations and provided to the project director at the time of visits to plants. 5. Doctoral Thesis. A recent thesis dealing with the history of grist milling in Northwest Georgia was obtained for the Project Director by the Ga.Tech Library. 6. Student Papers. Several lists of sites for single counties and some research reports on particular sites have been prepared by students of the Project Director and are cited on the HAER Inventory Cards. 7. Census Data. Useful information on early manufacturing in Georgia was obtained from this source. 8. Bulletins of the Geological Survey of Georgia. A series of bulletins published during the late 19th and early 20th century, on topics such as the water powers or coal deposits of Georgia contained much useful information.. 9. Oral Interviews. Three were conducted at every opportunity with textile mill executives, people employed at sites or local residents with privileged perspective on sites. . 10. Archives and Museums. Useful leads and source documents were found during visits to a number of state and local archives and museums. 11. Other Sources. Government agencies such as the Georgia Dept. of Transportation a Private Corporations such as the Georgia Power Company, have been contacted by telephone for information on specific sites. The resources of the Ga. Tech Library which include a comprehensive collection of topographic maps and early engineering journals and books have been invaluable.

B. SITE VISITS BY PROJECT DIRECTOR Thirty one field trips were made by the Project Director during the period from Sept. 28,1974 through Sept.10,1975. The trip log indicates that 219 sites were visited and photographed and that the cumulative trip mileage was 7054 miles. 2

C.INVENTORY LIST AND HAER CARDS A list of 168 sites located in 63 counties is included as Appendix I. A number of sites visited are not listed either because they are regarded as too recent to be included as historic sites or because of insufficient information being atailable for a proper assessment of their historic status. HAER Inventory Cards have thus far been prepared for 99 sites on the list. It is anticipated that some additional inventory cards will be prepared when blanks are obtained. It should be emphasized that the list is not exhaustive since time and resource constraints have made it impossible to visit even those sites alteady known to exist by the project director although every effort has been made to locate and visit those thought to be of particular historical significance.

D. DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION 1. The Project Director is currently serving as Chairman of the Historical Research Subcommittee of the 1976 National Engineers' Week Committee for Metro Atlanta with the responsibility of preparing a Georgia Bicentennial Engineering Booklet including a narrative essay on the history of engineering in Georgia. The results of the state inventory will obviously be reflected in this document.. 2..The Project Director is scheduled to present a paper at a Symposium on Georgia Studies to be held at the Georgia Archives Feb. 6-7,1976. The paper will be devoted to the history of engineering and industry in Georgia. 3. The Project Director is scheduled to present a paper on the history of technology in the South at a meeting of the History of Science Society in December 1975 which will also draw on the results of the inventory. 4. A Xerox Copy of each of the HAER cards for the Georgia Inventory is being sent to the Historic Preservation Section of the Georgia Dept. of Natural Resources. 5. It is hoped that arrangements can be made to print an annotated Guide to the Historic Engineering and Industrial Sites in Georgia for wider distribution.. II. GENERAL DISCUSSION

A. TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGICAL FACTORS Georgia is the largest state east of the Mississippi River with an area of nearly 60,000 square miles and 159 counties.Its greatest length is along a north—south axis and is about 320 miles while its greatest breadth along an east—west axis is about 260 miles.(One of the diseconomies of scale in undettaking an inventory of larger states is the travel disparity encountered.) The state is generally regarded as having three major physiographic zones: the coastal plain and sea islands of south Georgia; the piedmont of middle Georgia; and the mountains of north Georgia. The coastal plain occupies about half the area of the state and is bounded roughly by the so—called which crosses the state from Augusta to Columbus at the head of navigation of the Savannah, Chattahoochee and other major rivers. The piedmont includes about 30 per cent of the state's area and is the most densely populated region.North Georgia has been a center for extractive industries such as gold,coalpiron t and marble and for hydroelectric power plants such as the spectacular Tallulah Falls development. Efforts to overcome the natural obstacles to transportation posed by the mountains of north Georgia have also left some impressive highway and railroad structures as engineering artifacts of historic importance.

B. SURVIVING SITES FROM THE 18TH CENTURY The Colony of Georgia was officially organized in 1732 with the intent of creating a buffer zone between British and Spanish settlements and as a philanthropic experiment through utilizing the new colony for the resettlement of surplus population from Britain or displaced European Protestants. A secondary goal was that the colony would fit into a mercantilistic economic system by serving as a source of raw materials such as silkprice, indigo and naval stores and a consumer of products manufactured in England. The buffer zone function led to the construction of forts such as Fort Frederica which was built at St. Simon's Island during the 1730s. This is one of the oldest extant engineering sites in Georgia and a good example of 18th century design.Fort Frederica has been excavated by archeologists and is preserved as a federal historic site.. An unusual feature of the fort as well as other colonial structures on the coast of Georgia was the us e of "TalAy ll l oyster sheels,lime and water as a building material.Perhaps made from sand the oldest surviving industrial site in Georgia is the tabby ruins of a brewery believed to date from the 1730s located on Jekyll Island. Tabby continued tobb us ed as a structural material well into the 19th century as exemplified by the McIntosh Sugar Mill ruins in Camden County(once mistakenly identified as the ruins of a Spanish Mission.) . Coastal Georgia was also the site of an early lighthouse on Tybee Island built in the 1750s. Tybee Lighthouse still exists although the original structure of wood was replaced and the current structure is comparatively recent.

C. 19TH CENTURY SITES The Colonial Georgia tradition of military engineering was continued into the 19th century and is especially illustrated by historic Fort Pulaski built to protect access to the port city of Savannah.This brick masonry fort was designed by a French engineer,Simon Bernard, and built between 1829 and 1847. Its successful capture by Union forces after a short siege in 1862 marked something of a turning point by demonstrating that brick walled fortifications could not withstand bombardment by the new rifled cannon« 4

The resultant change in the design of coastal fortification may be clearly seen by visiting nearby Fort Screven with its concrete and earth wallsp dating from the late 19th century. . The same war which led to the early demise of Fort Pulaski left Georgia with some interesting industrial artifacts as well ac a large number of factory ruins. One of the more impressive surviving examples is the obelisk chimney of the Confederate Powder Works in Augusta. The chimney is all that remains of the major gunpowder manufacturing plant in the South during the Civil War. However this became the site of one of the most aesthetic manufacturing plants built in Georgia during the 19th century, the Sibley Textile Mill thought to be modeled on the design of the British Parliament« A second industrial survival from the Civil War is the Cook & Brother Confederate Armory building in Athens , one of the rare sources of large scale manufacture of small arms in the South during the War. After the War,the Cook Armory was converted into a textile mill which it has continued to be to the present (Chicopee). Thus this historic industrial site is connected to two important themes in the history of American Technology: the diffusion of the "American System" of manufacture of small arms and the rise of large scale cotton textile manufacture in the "New South" following the Civil War. A third site which played a significant role in the South during the Civil War was the Columbus Iron Works. This facility was established during the 1850s as part of a rapidly growing industrial corplex in Columbus. During the war it was operated as the Iron Works of the Confederate Navy and built machinery for gunboats such as the •NUscogee." It was destroyed in 1865 but t like the nearby Eagle(& Phenix) Mill was rebuilt and resumed operation.It may be noted that these three Civil War industrial plants were situated along the east-west fall line axis of Georgia, a tribute to the importance of water power to the industrial development of the "Old South." Interestingly, Georgia's forts have seemingly also been attracted to the fall line as seen by Fort Benning and Fort Gordon in Columbus and Augusta respectively. The topogronhic and economic factors mentioned earlier stimulated an early and persistent interest among state leaders in so-called internal improvements;i.e. the building of a state-wide transportation system. This interest was of course not restricted to Georgia but was part of a general movement which led in other regions to such famous projects as the Erie .As is well known to historians of the Industrial Revolution,an effective transportation system is a necessary prerequisite to the industrial development of a region or nation. In Georgia however the original motivation was evidently more commercial than industrial development and the proposed and railroads were expected to serve primarily as carriers of cotton from the interior to Savannah or Brunswick. The inventory includes two early 19th century canals built in Georgia during the tide of the internal improvements movement. The Savannah and Ogeechee Canal dates from the 1820s. It was planned as a longer canal extending from Savannah to the and serving as a connector between two of the state's major navigable streams.. The timing proved to be unfortunate since its building coincided closely with the advent of the railroad age. The "unfinished canal" succumbed to railroad competition by the early 1840s. The timing of the Brunswick to Altamaha Canal completed in 1839 was even lesspropitious by approximately coinciding with the onset of a severe economic depression which essentially terminated the first phase of the internal improvement in the U.S. One interesting historical footnote to the Brunswick Canal is that it was designed by one of the most renowned of the first-generation of American Civil Engineers, Loammi Baldwin. 5

Unlike the abortive canal projects, the railroad found a home in 19th century Georgia. The completion of the Charleston and Hamburg Railroad to the across from Augusta in 1833 proved to be a significant stihuluo to the building of railroads in Georgia. The Georgia Railroad Company was formed in 1833 with authority to build a railroad from Augusta westward across Georgia connecting Athens,Madison and Eatonton to Augusta and the S.C. rail system.. The same year the Central of Georgia Railroad was organized in Savannah and given authority to build a rail line to Macon at the fall line of the . A state-wide railroad convention was held in Macon in 1836 which proposed that the state of Georgia build a railroad from a point of the to the Tennessee River at Rosstille with branch lines to Augusta,Macon and Columbus. The Western & Atlantic was authorized by the state legislature the same year and wor'..7. on the new railroad needed to make Georgia the "Empire State" of the South began in 1838.The southern terminus of the W&A became the city of Atlanta which has remained a transportation center of the South ever since. Several sites from the antebellum building of the extensive railroad system of Georgia are included in the inventory. Certainly one of the most significant of these is the Central of Georgia Shop complex dating from the 1850s and described by the author, of a recently completed study of the Savannah Shops (sponsored by HAER-summer 1975) as "the only surviving antebellum railroad complex of this scale in this country." Another impressive engineering structure which served to open the W&A railroad to the Tennessee River was the Chetoogeta Mountain Tunnel which dates from the late 1840s and was used until 1928. The new tunnel which went into service in 1928 is almost exactly parallel to the first and affords an unusual opportunity to compare the design of the two separated in time by 70 years. The inventory also includes the nearby Ringgold Depot which is contemporary with the old tunnel and an excellent example of stone masonry construction. Two steam locomotives used on the W&A and involved in the famous Civil War chase have been preserved and are located in Georgia at Kennesaw and the Cyclorama in Atlanta. One of America's more renowned 19th century civil engineers,Stephen H.Long, was chief engineer of the W&A during the early stages of its construction. Although the South is not generally regarded as the heartland of covered bridges, a substantial number were constructed in Georgia during America's "wooden age" and a few still survive. Thirteen of the nineteen covered bridges included in the state inventory were built in the 19th century with the rest being dated in the early 20th century. The majority are of the Town Lattice design including the state's longest surviving span located in Watson's Mill State Park. Another covered bridge of particular interest in the context of engineering history in Georgia is the White Oak Creek Bridge in Meriwether County, the state's only surviving example of the Long Truss. This design was introduc©d by Stephen Long, mentioned above as having served as engineer during the early history of the W&A state railroad. Only a few examples of non-covered 19th century bridges have been located in Georgia thus far.Old stone masonry piers are relatively common artifacts of bridges which have been either destroyed by or deliberately demolished. One interesting example of a 19th centur y bridge which was adapted to a more modern design following a major flood is the fifth Street bridge in Augusta. The original brick piers of a bridge dated in 1888 were somewhat modified and incorporated into a plate girder structure in the early 1930s. Another aesthetic bridge are twin decorative brick arch bridges which were built by the Central of Ga. RR across the Springfield Canal in Savannah. . 6

If one thinks in terms of Lewis Mumford's convenient concept of an"Eotechnic Age" of wood as a dominant structural material and water-powered industry, Georgia tended strongly toward eotechnic practice during most of the 19th century. By far the largest water-powered complex in 19th century Georgia if not in the South was the and its associated manufacturing industry. The Augusta Canal originates at a lock and dam in Columbia County where a sizable percentage of the Savannah River could be diverted into the canal which terminated in Augusta. The Canal was built in two stages. The first stage was during the 1840s when a comparatively small power and transportation canal was undertaken. The Canal was subsequently enlarged greatly during the 1870s to a potential rating of approximately 14,000 hp of which about 11,000 hp was ultimately employed by the large textile factories and other industry along its banks. This power and industry complex remains one of the most important historic examples of 19th century industry and engineering in Georgia. A second impressive example of 19th century water-powered industry in Georgia is along the Chattahoochee River in Columbus. A dam was erected near the head of navigation in the 1860e and supplied more than 1700 hp to the Eagle and Phenix and Muscogee textile fectories.A second dam a short distance upstream furnished 600hp for the City Mills Com pany operated at the site from the 1840s. This dam was also utilized by one of the earliest hydroelectric power plants in Georgia, a 1076hp plant owned by the Columbus Power Co. which began operation in 1896. A third dam was erected in North Highalands k a Columbus suburb ca 1899 with a capacity of over 10,006tipThis was partially developed as electricity and partially 117 rope drive in the textile mill of the Bibb Co. adjacent to the dam . The rope drive system at both the Bibb and Eagle&Phenix mills was still used at ,least until the 1920s. The favorable water-power situation in the vicinity of Columbus remulted from the combination of large volume of flow and the precipitate fall of about 120 feet witabna 4 mile stretch of the river. The estimated total available power even at Linimum flow was estimated at 80,000 hp although much of it was never developpd in the 19th century. From a numerical standpoint, a more typical use of water power resources in 19th centur y Georgia was in literally hundreds of small rural industrial complexes scattered over the Piedmont and mountains of north Georgia. A recent doctoral thesis based on a study of these mills identified four patterns: the single grist mill, a grist and saw mill combination,a grist saw and flour mill combination and integrated mill complexes (offering other services in addition to milling). The density of such facilities is indicated by data included in the same study which listed 66 mills which were being operated in 4 north Georgia counties in 1880. Other data on the utilized water power of the several Georgia river systems published in 1895 clearly demonstrate the ubiquity of small water-powered mills. It would require much time and local research to determine how many of these sites still survive but there are known to be many more than it was feasible to include in the present inventory. Only a few are still operational and most are in an advanced stage of deterioration. About 25 sites are included in this inventory and are thought to be fairly representative. A dramatic increase in the assessed value of Georgia's water power resources and plans for their exploitation on a great scale accompanied the newly acquired ability to generate and transmit electrical energy efficiently and the explosive growth of the southern textile manufacturing industry late in the 19th century. These stimuli were stressed by the Georgia state geologist in a preface to an inventory of the water powers of Georgia published in 1896. He pointed out that the new electrical technology meant that since "factories could not go to these water powers, the water powers are beginning to come to the factories." The real fruition of this insight was delayed in 7 Georgia until the first quarter of the 20th century. The inventory includes one small hydroelectric power plant built at Toccoa Fells in Stephens County in 1899. This plant affords an excellent opportunity to compare a small local power plant with the nearby giant power facilities on the begun about a decade later serving consumers in remote cities, some of which were not even in Georgia. Cotton and products manufactured from it have played a major role in the history of Georgia and this is reflected in the state inventory of historic industrial sites. As late as 1890 the remains of a dam reportedly used by Eli Whitney in his famous cotton gin experiments could still be seen on a stream near Augusta. Whether any physical evidence may still remain at the site is still undetermined. The inventorydoes include a Georgia company which dates from the 19th century and remains a major manufacturer of cotton gins,the Lummus Co. of Columbus. Textile manufacture began on a modest scale in Georgia at a surprisingly early date. The first was probably a small spinning mill with about 200 spindles located on Reedy Creek in Jefferson County in 1808.. A famous pioneer in southern textiles, William Gregg, established a small yarn mill on the Little River in Morgan County in 1810 (Gregg later founded the Graniteville Company in S.C.) A third textile mill was situated at Washington,Ga. in Wilkes County in•1811. None of these survived-later than 1816 and there are no known physical remains. Textile mills began to proliferate in Georgiaduring the 1830s and 1840s and there were 32 in operation in 1848. The inventory includes several antebellum textile mills (or ruins). The ruins at Sweetwater Creek in Douglas County and at Roswell in Fulton County are examples of Southern industry destroyed during the Civil War.The Bowenville factory in Carroll County is probably in the best condition of any mill of its vintage, portions believed to date from the 1840s. The Eagle & Phenix textile factory in Columbus is an example of a plant being rebuilt on the ruins of war in Georgia. The plant at Scull Shoals in Greene County was also antebellum but was later abandoned for other reasons.than war damage. The first stages of post—war recovery of Georgia's textile industry may best be seen by visiting the remarkable cluster of mills which were built along the Augusta Canal following its enlargement ,completed in 1875.As a group in close physical proximity, these mills constitute the finest example of 19th century textile manufacturing industry in Georgia. The inventory lists the Sibley,King,Enterprise,Globe and Riverside mills of this group. Unfortunately another mill on the canal dating from 1873 was being demolished when visited by the project director early in 1975. A second cluster of textile mills, already alluded to, is in Columbus with the Eagle&Phenix,Ruscozoe and Bibb plants being of particular importance as historic industrial sites. The really explosive growth in textile manufacturing which made textile mills almost as common as grist mills had been earlier occurred after 1880. The number of textile mills in Georgia increased from 49 in 1880 to 75 on the first day of 1900.By September of 1900, 56 more had been completed or were under construction. any of these still survive, although some of the buildings have been altered in appearance or adapted to other uses. More than 40 textile mills are included in the inventory but the list does not include even all mills in Georgia which antedate 1900. Almost every small town in the Georgia Piedmont region has at least one cotton mill with an elevated water tank to mark its location. Unfortunately the very ubiquity of textile mills in Georgia tends to make the demolition of older or particularly significant ones of only local interest. The industry and historians of textile technology need to join in efforts to identify, study and in some cases preserve records and physical remains of this leading sector in the industrial development of the New South. Extractive industries (other than cotton culture) were important in 19th century Georgia and are represented by scattered physical artifacts. The Naval Stores industry which dates back to the colonial period is represented in the inventory by a small turpentine still in Atkinson County. Gold deposits in Georgia were exploited well before the California Gold Rush. The Georgia *gold rush" of the early 19th century was centered in Lumkin County where a federal mint was established(in Dahlonsga) in 1838 and operated until 1861. ''The foundation of the mint building later became part of an administration building at North Georgia College.) A Gold Museum which contains a number of records,artificts and models illustrating gold mining technology is located in a former Courthouse building built in the 1830s in Dahlongga.Gold mining was also carried out in Meriwether County later in the century. The inventory includes a stone masonry powder storage house from the 1880s.Iron ore deposits are also found in Georgia and were exploited prior to the Civil War,especially in the vicinity of Cartersville in Bartow County. A number of small blast furnaces were built on the and its tributaries such as Stamp Creek. The inventory includes the Cooper Iron Furnace which still stands on the bank of the Etowah River just downstream from a 20th century engineering structure,Allatoona Dam. The furnace was part of an industrial complex which included a rolling mill used to make railroad iron. As in the case of the obelisk chimney of the Confederate Powder Works in Augusta,only the furnace remains as a monument. A few other artifacts from the Cooper Works are on public display at a Visitbe Center at Lake Alatoona. Coal deposits are found in the Northwest corner of Georgia and are low in impurities and therefore suitable for the manufacture of coke. A Report on Georgia's Coal was published by the Geological Survey of Georgia in 1904 which described briefly coke manufacturing in Dade and Walker Counties. The state inventory includes the ruins of a number of coking ovens located et Chicamauga in Walker County which date from the early 1890s. Paper manufacture was another industry found in Georgia during the 19th century. This is represented in the inventory by the abandoned ruins of the Marietta Paper Mill Company situated on in Cobb County. This mill was established just prior to the outbreak of the Civil War.It was among the many industrial casualties of the war in Georgia but was subsequently rebuilt and continued operations until the early 20th century. The late 19th century revolution in urban transportation which followed the electrification of streetcars is included in the inventory in the form of a terminal streetcar barn of the first electric streetcar built in Atlanta.The dramatic population growth of Atlanta after the Civil War also necessitated a radical change in its water supply.An imposing brick structure built as a pumping station by the Atlanta Water Works is included in the inventory and dates from the early 1890s. Unfortunately the giant Corliss steam engine which powered the original pump was disposed of in the 1940s.

D.20TH CENTURY SITES The most interesting and impressive development relating to industry and engineering in Georgia during the first quarter of the 20th century was the development of hydroelectric power on a massive scale. One of the first large developments was the Morgan Falls Plant on the Chattahoochee River just north of Atlanta. This historic plant is still in operation and little changed except for the rewinding of the generators. Another large plant which is almost contemporary with Morgan Falls is the North Highlands plant in Columbus. These pioneering plants were soon dwarfed by the Tallulah Falls Power Plant completed in 1913 in Rabun County with a 600 foot head and capacity of 108,000hp (approximately double that of the original power plant 9 built at Niagara Falls in the 1890s) A tunnel of more than a mile in length was cut through a rock mountain between the reservoir and powerhouse. The final steep slope was negotiated by six exposed penstocks. The 3rd Report on the water powers of Georgia published by the state Geological Survey in 1921 described the Tallulah Falls Plant as being "the most interesting and unique from standpoints of design and construction,of any yet built in the South." By 1926 fire more hydroelectric plants had been built on the Tallulah-Tugaloo basin making it probably the most totally developed river in the country at the time. It remains one of the most impressive examples of engineering in Georgia. The nearby highway bridge which spans the gorge at Tallulah Falls is also included in the inventory as one of the more impressive such structures in Georgia. Stephens County in Northeast Georgia contains an unusual cluster of historic sites. These include an interstate covered bridge across the located a short distance downstream from the Yonah hydroelectric plant, one of the six mentioned above. The county also contains one of the most impressive railroad bridges in Georgia l the North Fork(Wells) Trestle near Toccoa. The bridge is about 1400 feet long and is supported by hollow piers of reinforced concrete with heights ranging to 200 feet. This structure was completed in 1919 as part of a major improvement of the track from Atlanta to Washington. It would be better known as a demonstration of engineering virtuosity if it were more readily accessible from the deep valley which it spans. In conclusion the author would like to reiterate that this inventory like any such list is a selective one which reflects time limitations as well as the subjectivity of the project director. Others undertaking an inventory would inevitably make a different selection of sites depending somewhat on their own opportunities and special interests in technological history. I regard the inventory as a dynamic document subject to both additions and deletions as new sites are called to my attention or as some sites are lost to fire,flood and "progress." I would also like to acknowlege the assistance of many friendly Georgians who have helped in making this inventory more complete than it could otherwise have been. The horde of fire ants which attacked we on the bank of the Savannah.do Ogeechee Canal provided an unforgettable experience in an otherwise enjoyable year.. 10

Appendix I. List of. Historic Engineering and Industrial Sites in Georgia Visited By Project Director September 28,1974-September 15,1975. *HAER INVENTORY CARD PREPARED

Atkinson County Chatooga County McCranie's Turpentine Still(ca.1920) Trion Cotton Textile Mill (ca1880)

Banks County Cherokee County *New Salem Covered Bridge(ca 1915) *Canton Cotton Textile Mill(cal900) Lula Covered Bridge(ca 1915) Clarke County Banks-Franklin County *Athens Stcccn Co.(ca1850) *Kesler Covered Bridge(ca1925) *Cook Confederate Armory(ca1862) Athens RR Depot Barrow County Winder Cotton Textile Mill (ca1902) Clarke-Oconee County. Gainesville-Midland Steam Locomotive (1930) Barnett Shoals Hydroelectric Plant (ca 1910) BarrowWalton County *Kilgore's Mill Covered Bridge(ca 1874) Clayton County MUndy's Grist Mill(ca 1910?) Bartow County *Cooper Iron Furnace (ca 1840s) Cobb County *Lowry Covered Bridge(ca 1886) The General (Historic Locomotive at Big Shanty Museum-ea 1855) Bibb County *Marietta Paper Mill Ruins(ca1859) Taylor Iron Works *Concord Covered Bridge(ca 1880) Central of Ga. RR Shops (ca 1910) *Atkinson Electric Power Plant(1930) Macon RR Terminal (ca 1916) Arkwright Electric Power Plant (1940) Columbia County. *Stevens Creek Hydroelectric Plant(1914) Butts County Pepperton Cotton Textile Mill(ca 34'96) Columbia-Richmond County Jackson RR Depot (ca 1890s) *Augusta Canal (ca 1845-75)

Butts-Jasper County Coweta County *Lloyd Shoals Hydroelectric Plant (1911) Newnan Cotton Textile Mill(ca.1900)

Camden County Dawson County *McIntosh (Tabby) Sugar Mill (ca 1820s) *Steele's Covered Bridge(ca1897)

Carroll County Dekalb County *Bowenville Cotton Textile Mill (ca1850) *Stone Mountain Covered Bridge(ca1892) Mandeville Cotton Textile Mill(cal900) Houston(flour)Mill (ca 1890s)

Catoosa County Douglas County *Ringgold RR Depot (oa1849) *Sweetwater Cotton Mill Ruins (ca1842)

Chatham County Early County *Savannah & Ogeechee Canal(ca 1830) *Coheelee Creek Covered Bridge(ca1883) Fort Pulaski (ca 1847) *Central of Ga. RR Shops (ca 1855) Fannin County *Central of Ga. Arch Brick Bridges Blue Ridge Dam (ca 1930) Savannah Gas Works (ca 1850s) Tybee Lighthouse (ca 1860s) Fayette County Cotton Exchange Building (1887) *Starr's Grist Mill(1907) Fort Screven (ca1898) 1 1

Floyd County Harris County *Cave Spring Grist Mill(cal860s) Callaway Gardens Covered Bridge (ca *Rome Clock Tower (cal871) 1870) Lindale Cotton Textile Mill(ca 1890s) *Goat Rock Hydroelectric Plant(1912) Rome Cotton Textile Mill(ca 1890s) *Bartlett's Ferry Dam (cal925)

Forsyth County Henry County *Poole's Mill Covered Bridge(ca1906) Miller's Cotton Gin&Grist Mill(cal905) Franklin County Jackson County *Cromer's Mill Covered Bridge (ca 1906) Sell's Grist Mill(cal910?) Fulton County Lumokin County *Roswell Stores (ea 1840) Dahlonega Courthouse Gold Museum The Texas (Historic RR (ca 1856) locomotive at Cyclorama-cal856) *Roswell Cotton Textile Mill(ca1870) McDuffie County *Fulton Cotton Textile Mill(cal881) Thomson Cotton Textile Mill(1900) Georgia Tech Adm.Building (1888) *Atlanta&Edgewood Street RR Car Barn(ca1890) Yadison-Oglethorce County *Atlanta Waterworks Pumping Station(ca1895) *Watson''s Mill Covered Bridge(ca1885) *Aaron French Textile Building (1899) Atlantic Steel Company (ce1901) Meriwether County *Piedmont Park Bridge (1916) *Red Oak Creek Covered Bridge(cal84Os) *Brookwood RR Station (1918) *Andrews Mill Dam (ca 1850s) *White Oak Creek Covered Bridge(cal880) Fulton-Cobb County *Gold Mine Powder House (ca 1880s) Morgan Falls Hydroelectric Plant(1904) Woodbury RR Depot (ca 1890s) Massengale's (flour) Mill (1925) Glynn County Fort Frederica (ruins cal7508) Monroe County Tabby Brewery (ruins at Jekyll Island ca1750s) Towaliga Falls Grist Mill(ruins-ca *Brunswick-Altamaha Canal (ca 1857-9) 1860s) Brunswick Acid Works (cal918) Forsyth Cotton Textile Mill(ca 1890s) *Towaliga Falls Hydroelectric Plant Greene County (cal904) *Scull Shoals Cotton Textile Mill(ruins cal840s) Union Point Cotton Textile Mill(ca.1897) Morgan County. Mary Lelia Cotton Textile Mill(cal900) *Madison RR Depot (ca1845)

Gwinnett County Murray County *Swann's Grist Mill(ca 1850) *Chatsworth RR Depot(cal9O4) *Woodward's Grist Mill(ca 1860s) Muscogee County_ Habersham County *Eagle&Phenix Cotton Textile Mill(cal860s *Tugaloo hydroelectric Plant(1917-22) *Columbus Iron Works(ca 1860s) *Muscogee Cotton Textile Mills(ca 1860s) Hall County *City(flour)Mills (Ca 1880s) *Tanner's Grist Mill(cal885) *Goldens Foundry 4Nachine Co.(cal882) Gainesville Cotton Textile Mill(cal900) *Swift Cotton Textile Mill(cal885) W.C.Bradley Co. Cotton Warehouse(cal885) Hancock County Pekor Iron Works (cal892) *Harris Grist Mill(ca 1860s) *Lummus Cotton Gin Co.(cal898) *Shoulderbone Creek Bridge(ca1940) *Bibb Cotton Textile Mill(1900) Jordan Cotton Textile Mill(cal900) 12

Muscogee Countyjcont.) Stephens County Columbus Cotton Textile Mill(ce1900) *Toccoa Falls Power Pla ,,t(cal899) North Highlands Hydroelectric Plant(1902) *North Fork RR Trestle(1916-19) *Dillingham Street Bridge(1911) *Prather's Covered Bridge(ts1920) *14th Street Bridge (cal921) *Yonah Hydroelectric Plant(1925) Toccoa Cotton Textile Mill(cal900) Newton County *Porterdale Cotton Textile Mill&Dam(cal900) Troup County Dixie Cotton Textile Mill(cal890s) Oconee County International Cotton Mill(cal890s) *Elddra Mill Covered Bridge(cal890s) Elder's Grist Mill (ca 1890s?) Union County *Nottely Dam(TVA-1942) Oglethome County *Big Cloud's Creek Covered Bridge(ca 1890s) Upson County *Watson's Shoals Power Plant (ruins-ca1907) Hightower Grist Mill(ca 1820s?) Walker's Grist Mill(ce1850s?) Polk County *Hannah's Grist Mill(cal859) Higgins Grist Mill(ca1890) Rose Hill Dam(cal860) Yatesville RR Depot(cal888) Putnam County *Auchumpkee Creek Covered Bridge Imperial Cotton Textile Mill(ea1900) (ca 1898) *Thomaston Cotton Textile Mill Rabun County (cal900) *Tallulah Falls Hydroelectric Plant(1915) *Mathis_Terrora Hydroelectric Plant(cal914-25) Walker County *Burton Hydroelectric Plant (1919) *Lee&Gordon's Grist Mill(cal870) *Nacoochee Hydroelectric Plant(1926) *Chickamauga Coking Ovens(cal892) Sylvan Falls Grist Mill(ca1932) Chickamauga RR Depot(cal900?) *Tallulah Falls Bridge(1959) R.L.Johnson Steam Engine Museum

Richmond County Ware County *Confederate Chimney(ca1862) *Atlantic Coast Line RR Shops *Riverside Cotton Mills(ca1876) (ca 1906) *Sibley Cotton Textile Mill(cal880) *Enterprise Cotton Textile Mill(ca1882) Washington County *King Cotton Textile Mill(cal885) Hamburg Grist Mill(ca1922) *5th Street Bridge (1888,1953) Globe Cotton Mills (cal880s) White County Augusta Waterworks Pumping Station(cal890s?) *Stovall Mill Covered Bridge(cal895) *C&WC RR Bridge(1927) Whitfield County Rockdale County *Chetoogeta Mountain RR Tunnel Dial's Grist Mill (ca 1900?) (cal849) *Prater's Grist Mill(ca1859) Spalding County *Crown Cotton Textile Mill(cal884) *Griffin Cotton Textile Mill(cal883) *Kincaid Cotton Textile Mill(ca1888) *Rushton Cotton Textile Mill(ca1899) Spalding Cotton Textile Mill(cal899) Boyd-Mangham Cotton Textile Mill(ca1902)