A/4711

UnitedNations

Reportofthe Secretary-Generalonthe Workofthe Organization

GeneralAssembly OfficialRecords •Forty-seventh Session SupplementNo~ 1(Al47/1) I

~4 . A/47d

Report ofthe Secretary-General on the Work ofthe Organization

GeneralAssembly Official Records •Forty-seventh Session SupplementNo. 1(A/47fl)

.,(A) UnitedNations •NewYork, 1993 [Original: English] [1 J September 1992]

CONTENTS

Paragraphs Page

I INTRODUCTION: AN OPPORTUNITY REGAINED •••••• 0 ••• 0 0 • 0 •••• 1-9 I

Ho THE UNITED NATIONS AS AN INSTITUTION • 0 •••• 0 0 •••• 0 • 0 • 0 ••• 10-55 3

A. Expanding responsibilities .. 0 ••• 0 •••••• 0 ••••••• 0 •••••• 10-22 3

B. Streamlining the Secretariat . 0 ••• 0 •• 0 • 0 •• 0 •• 0 • 0 ••• 0 •••• 23-38 4 C. Reinvigorating the International Civil Service . 39-43 5

D. Securing financial stability o' •••• 0 •• 0 0 0 • 0 0 •••••• 0 •••••• 44-55 6 m. GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT. • ••. 0 ••••••••• 0 0 0 0 56-109 11

A. An integrated approach to development 0 • 64-85 12

B. Action undertaken for development 0" 0 •••••••• 0 0 0 0 ••• 0 • 86-104 13

C. An agenda for development . 0 •••• 0 ••• 0 •••••• 0 0 0 •••• 0 0 0 105-109 15

l": PEACE ENDEAVOURS •••••••.••.• 0 ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 110-164 17

A An overview ofUnited Nations activities .... o. 0 ••••• 0 0 • 0 110-130 17

B. An analysis offive conflicts 0 ••••••••••••••••••••••• 0 •• 131-155 19

C. Conflicts and humanitarian assistance ..... 0 0 •• 0 ••••••••• 156-164 22

V. CONCLUSION: DEMOCRATIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT •••••• 0 ••• 165-170 27

iii I. Introduction: An opportunity regained

1. As I came into the office ofSecretary-General in 6. The transition from the old to the new United January 1992, the first-ever meeting of the Security Nations is neither easy nor risk-free. We are still absorbing Council at the level ofHeads ofState and Government took the lessons ofthe end ofthe cold war. The bipolar competi­ place. tion, which carried an ever-present threat ofnuclear devas­ tation, provided a tenuous framework for international rela­ 2. The Summit represented an unprecedented recom­ tions. New and more enduring structures must now be built. mitment, at the highest political level, to the purposes and As we look towards days filled with promise, we must also principles of the Charter of the United Nations. It repre­ be prepared to deal with uncertainty. The departure ofone sented the start ofa new phase in the history ofthe Organi­ set ofglobal problems has been followed by the emergence zation. The power struggle ofthe cold war decades and its ofa multitude ofothers. underlying assumption that history is the unfolding of a struggle between two competing systems permeated inter­ 7. In my view, the United Nations has not confronted a national relations and made the original promise of the time ofsuch significance since the period ofits founding in Organization extremely difficult to fulfil. In that situation, 1945. The years between 1992 and the fiftieth anniversary the world envisioned in the Charter seemed to be an aspira­ in 1995 may well determine the course and contributkm of tion for a distant future. The success of the majority of the Organization for the next generation or more. Improve­ Member States in keeping that vision alive throughout ment is a never-ending task. Yet there is an expectation, those difficult years merits praise and admiration. which I wish to see fulfilled, that a fundamental renewal of the United Nations will be complete by the time it marks its 3. With the end ofthe bipolar era and the opening ofa first half-century ofexistence. new chapter in history, States see the United Nations once . 8. It is in this setting that, in accordance with Arti­ again as an instrument capable ofmaintaining international cle 98 of the Charter, and eight months into my tenure as peace and security, ofadvancing justice and human rights, Secretary-General, I submit my first annual report on the and of achieving, in the words ofthe Charter, "social pro­ work of the Organization. In these pages I seek to give my gress and better standards of life in larger freedom". The sense of the Organization ltnd its changing role at a time Summit was a symbol of the unique point that has been when the world community is entering largely uncharted reached in world affairs and in the history of the United territory. We need a new spirit of commonality, commit­ Nations. ment and intellectual creativity to transform a period of hope into an era offulfiiment. 4. Thus, at the outset of my tenure as Secretary­ General, it is possible to sense a new stirring of hope 9. In the second section of my report, I discuss the among the nations of the world and a recognition that an process ofchange that the United Nations is undergoing immense opportunity is here to be seized. Not since the end as an institution; the third section deals with the challenge of the Second World War have the expectations of the of international cooperation for development; and the world's peoples depended so much upon the capacity ofthe fourth section looks at the United Nations peace-keeping United Nations for widely supported and effective action. operations throughout the world. Finally, I return to the dominant theme of my report, which is that the current 5. As I write this report, one great reality stands out: international situation requires an Organization capable of never before in its history has the United Nations been dealing comprehensively with the economic, social, en­ so action-oriented, so actively engaged and so widely vironmental and political dimensions of human develop­ expected to respond to needs both immediate and per­ ment. This requirer, the full application ofthe principles of vasive. Clearly, it is in our power to bring about a democracy within the family of nations and within our renaissance-to create a new United Nations for a new Organization. I take this as my central priority as Secretary­ international era. General. 11. The United Nations as an institution

A. Expanding responsibilities issues became possible, effectively marl-Jng an end to the cold war. Yet this same point also can be seen to mark the 10. Each major turning-point in the course ofthis cen­ beginning ofshock waves caused by the reawakening ofold tury has been reflected by changes in the community of conflicts and the emergence ofa number ofnew rivalries. A States. The founding ofthe United Nations confirmed the consequent increase in United Nations activities can be centrality of the sovereign State as the primary entity of traced quite clearly after 1987. international relations. The end of the colonial era during the mid-century decades brought many new Member States 15. Graphic illustrations of the expanding role of the into the United Nations. Today, the transition from one in­ United Natkns are depicted in charts at the end ofsections ternational era to another is symbolized by the wave ofuew II and IV. In reviewing the work of the Organization over Member States that have now taken their seats in the Gen­ the course ofthe past five years, one cannot avoid the feel­ eral Assembly: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herze­ ing of looking at a qualitatively different body. Some fig­ govina, Croatia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, the ures speak volumes about the changing international scene. Republic of Moldova, San Marino, Slovenia, Tajikistan, EXPANDING ACTIVITIES OF THE SECURITY COUNCIL Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan-alIjoining the Organization in the first eight months of 1992. Most of these new States 16. The Security Council's workload today, when com­ represent people who have recently gained freedom. They pared with that of the cold-war period, reveals a dramatic embody a renewal of the fundamental concept ofthe State increase. The extent ofchange can be discerned in the sheer by which peoples find a unity and a voice in the interna­ number ofscheduled activities. In all of 1987, the Council tional community. met 49 times, whereas in the first seven months c - '992 alone there were 81 official meeting:~. The same drasllcaHy 11. In many ofthese lands, cold war constraints served changed pattern is reflected in the number ofconsultations. to suppress deep-rooted antagonisms. Ethnic, cultural, re­ In 1987, there were 360 bilateral consultations; in the first ligious and linguistic diversities were held in check by po­ seven months of 1992, 598 took place. Similarly, in 1987 litical suppression or by the threat of outside interven' . ill there were 43 consultations ofthe whole, ye: the first seven and dangerous escalation. Far fewer reasons for restraint months of 1992 produced 119. As a consequence ofsuch exist today. A resurgence of open rivalry and strife is now expanded activity, 14 Security Council resolutions were taking place. As many new States find themselves free to adopted in all of 1987. In the first seven months of 1992, pursue more open forms ofeconomic policy that promise there were 46. As for presidential statements, there were 9 progress, the very achievement ofstatehood often involves in 1987, while in the first seven months of 1992 alone, 43 the breakdown ofold and predictable patterns ofeconomic were issued (see figures 1 and 2 at the end ofsection II). interaction. 12. Today, no State is immune to the revolutionary EXPANDING ROLE OF PEACE-KEEPING changes in the international system. Old assumptions, pre­ 17. Between 1948 and 1987, the United Nations estab­ conceptions and structures have been swept away in a tor­ lished 13 peace-keeping operations. Since 1988, 13 new rent of change. While change brings renewal and a fresh peace-keeping operations have been organized, in addition dynamic, it can also bring disruption and violence. The task to five which have continued from the earlier period. Cur­ of adjusting the institutions of international relations wiB rently, the United Nations administers 12 peace-keeping have to take place in a period oftumultuous upheaval. The operations in various regions of the world (see figures 5 process of adjustment will be painful and costly, yet we and 6 at the end ofsection IV). have an unrivalled opportunity to breathe new life into our 18. Nearly 40,000 authorized military personnel are vocabulary and institutions. serving under United Nations command in peace-keeping 13. Present demands on the United Nations have no operations around the world. Peace-keeping operations ap­ precedent in its history. The presence ofthe Organization proved at present are estimated to cost close to $3 billion in is being more intensely felt worldwide as it helps people the current 12-month period, more than four times the pre­ in danger, need or despair. The United Nations is con­ vious highest annual figure-and this only ifno new opera­ stantly at work: from Security Council meetings and con­ tions are required. The nature ofpeace-keeping operations sultations on an almost continuous basis to peace-keeping is evolving rapidly and requires, in addition to military operations in four continents; from good offices and quiet personnel, substantial numbers ofcivilians, including spe­ diplomacy to essential humanitarian missions and re­ cialists in electoral procedures, health, finance, engineer­ sponses to emergencies all over the world; from major eco­ ing and administration. Their work is crucial to post­ nomic and social conferences, such as the Earth Summit, conflict peace-building. to technical cooperation activities in practically every 19. The reality of those remarkable increases is re­ developing country. vealed in raw numbers. In 1987, there were 9,666 military 14. The turning-point in the scale and scope ofUnited personnel deployed. In mid-1992, the number deployed Nations activities can be discerned after the year 1987. For stood at 38,144. As for police personnel deployed, in 1987 the first time in many years, agreement on a wide range of there were 35; at present, 2,461 police are deployed; in 3 1

4 Report o/the Secretary-General on the worko/the Organization 1987, th'ere were 877 civilians employed in peace-keeping those offices and departments with expanding mandates 11. operat..:ms; as ofAugust 1992, the number ofinternational and responsibilities. and local civilian personnel reached 9,461 (see figure 4 at 25. A greater integration ofefforts in support ofdevel­ the end ofsection IV). opment was the main objective of the first phase of the EXPANDING MANDATES OF THE SECRETARIAT restructuring in the economic and social area. This will be pursued and further refined in. the second phase. The r,;apac­ 20. The responsibilities ofthe Organization's adminis­ ity of the Secretariat to provide a timely and coordinated trative body have expanded in a corresponding fashion, response to complex emergencies and the delivery of hu­ also vividly demonstrating the remarkable change from manitarian assistance has also been consolidated and cold-war levels ofactivity to those at the present time. This strengthened. year, to date, 75 diplomatic missions offact-finding, repre­ sentation and good offices have been undertaken on my 26. In the political sector, the purpose is to strengthen behalf. In response to requests from the General Assembly, the support provided to the Secretary-General in matters 189 reports have been submitted by the Secretary-General related to the maintenance ofinternational peace and secu­ to the Assembly during its recent session. In 1987, the rity and to enable the Secretariat to respond swiftly and Un Secretary~":::~neralreceived only 87 such requests. i efficiently to tJe mandates ofthe Security Council and the it i General Assembly. My aim is to develop an enhanced wo 21. On the other hand, aV1ilable resources have not par­ capacity for good offices, preventive diplomacy, peace­ sur alleled the rapid expansion ofUnited Nations activities. In making, research and analysis and early warning, as well as the 1987, the number ofUnited Nations posts financed by the to strengthen the planning and managerial capability ofthe wo regular budget was 11,409. Today, in 1992, it has decrea.'ed Secretariat in peace-keepiD~. tud to 10,100, despite the enormous increase in responsibilities an entrusted to the Organization. The regular budget itselfhas 27. I believe that the Secretariat will be better able to Ge not increased significantly, in real terms; since the mid­ provide more effective and integrated assistance to Member ma 1980s (see figure 3 at the end ofsection 11). States with a streamlined structure comprising components with clearly delineated responsibilities and greater mana­ on 22. I welcome those increased duties and respons:,bili­ Ge ties. They signal a recognition that the United Nations is the gerial accountability and better aware ofthe essential link­ I ages among the various mandates ofthe Organization. strongest hope for a better world. welcome the added ap demands they place upon the Organization and accept the 28. While the first phase of the reorganization was vis challenge they pose in requiring a search for greater effi­ focused on offices at Headquarters, I am now extending de ciency in the conduct of its mandated activities. Under the process of reform to other parts of the Organization, co these circumstances, I have taken and will continue to take with special attention to the economic and social sectors. an all reasonable measures to increase the efficiency, produc­ A primary objective will be a more effective Organization­ age tivity and responsiveness oftae Secretariat. wide distribution of responsibilities and balance between an functions performed at Headquarters and those carried out fro B. Streamlining tbe Secretariat by the regional commissions and other United Nations or­ exi. gans and programmes, based on a clear understanding of 23. An effective response to the enormous responsibili­ whi our priorities and the comparable advantage of each com­ ove ties and opportunities inherent in this era will require the ponent. I am seeking broadly representative high-level ad­ fullest possible cooperation between Member States, the vice on these complex issues from an independent panel of 3 Secretary-General and the staff of the Organization. For experts to help me ensure that the Organization as a whole tinu my part, to meet the new challenges and adapt the Organi­ provides Governments with advice and support adapted to Soc zation to the evolving demands ofthe times, I have initi­ their changjng needs. tiol1 ated the process ofrestructuring the Secretariat. My inten­ effe tion is to make the most effective use of resources at my 29. I firmly believe that the focus ofthe United Nations pro' disposal through a rationalization and streamlining of must rewain in the "field", where economic, social and 3 structures and procedures, as well as managerial improve­ political decisions take effect. A unified United Nations Nat ments. A more effective and efficient Secretariat means presence at the country level would, in my view, greatly qui clearer and more direct lines ofresponsibility, the capacity enhance the impact ofthe Organization and facilitate inter­ obj to deploy staff and resources where they are most needed agency coordination in support ofnational action. I intend Rio and the ability to respond flexibly to new requests and to work further towards that end. The experience of the vel changing mandates. United Nations Interim Offices, which I have asked the 24. The General Assembly has before it the outcome of United Nations Development Programme and the Depart­ the first phase of that restructuring. A number of offices ment ofPublic Information ofthe Secretariat to establish in have been regrouped, related functions and activities have six countries of the former Soviet Union, win be drawn upon to further this integrated approach. been consolidated and the redeployment of resources has been undertaken. Unnecessary bureaucratic layers have 30. Strengthening linkages between glob"') strategies been reduced through the elimination of several high­ and operational activities in the field is a maju concern. level posts. Lines ofresponsibility have been more clearly Current intergovernmental discussions on the reform ofop­ defined by concentrating the decision-making process in erational activities and their governance can be of great seven key departments at Headquarters under eight significance in this regard. It is important that the restruc­ Under-Secretaries-General. The needs of each component turing should be supportive of this objective and not only of the Secretariat are now being re-evaluated with a view, lead to a more dynamic Organization, but also contribute to on the one hand, to eliminating any remaining duplica­ greater coherence and effectiveness for the entire United tion and redundancy and, on the other, to reinforcing Nations system. 11. I1le United Nations as an institution 5 6 ADMINISTRATIVE COMMITTEE ON COORDINATION it with weB-grounded policy options. In turn, the effective­ 31. As the highest body bringing together the executive ness ofACC depends in many ways on a better coordination heads ofall the specialized agencies and organizations of of national and group positions in the various governing the United Nations system, the Administrative Committee bodies of the system and on the capacity of the United on Coordination (ACC) must be the guiding force to pro­ Nations intergovernmental machinery to build a strong in­ mote coherence in the work of the system. The firmest ternational consensus, based on a comprehensive approach foundation for effective coordination, I am convinced, is a to global, regional and national security, which can guide set strong commitment on the pan ofall conct,'!rned to an inter­ and harness the work of the various organizations of the wh national civil service whose conditions are administered in system. the a truly common system and which shares clear common 37. As its Chairman, I intend to give close personal in objectives and goals. attention to the work of ACC. Our objectives should in­ wi to 32. As we look towards the fiftieth anniversary ofthe clude: better focused inter-agency consultations; enhanced system-wide arrangements for data exchange; clear agen­ the United Nations, with various reforms under consideration, str it is essential that the current system should be made to das for common action supported by strong analysis and wide consultations; active direct contacts among executive tio work to the full extent ofits !'otential. In that respect, I am me sure that the specialized agencies will want to ensure that heads outside formal meetings; and a streamlining and con­ their autollomy is consistent with the overall view which the tinuous assessment of existing consultative mechanisms world situation demands. Impressively, this was the atti­ and constant adaptation ofthem to meet evolving needs. co tude of the Directors-General of the specialized agencies 38. In agreement with the members of ACC, I have co and the heads of the Bretton Woods institutions and the commissioned a comprehensive study by a high-level con­ me General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GAIT), who sultant of the functioning of this key body with a view to po make up the membership ofthe Administrative Committee developing new approaches to system-wide collaboration on on Coordination, at the meeting ofthat Committee, held at and ensuring that the structures of inter-agency coordina­ op Geneva from 8 to 10 April 1992. tion are well adapted to the challenges ahead. Further steps cre trai 33. One reason why the problem of coordination has . will be taken when I have received the report and its recom­ mendations. me appeared intractable is the fact that the structure was de­ rec vised in 1946 at San Francisco on the basis ofa deliberate I· wh C. ReinvigoraHng the International Civil Service le decision to organize international cooperation through the pi side combined action of the United Nations, on the one hand, " zati and a number of autonomously functioning specialized 39. The restructuring process I have initiated must be accompanied by a deeper appreciation of and respect for favl agencies, on the other. Functional autonomy is explicitly pro and implicitly recognized in the agreements concluded the International Civil Service. My efforts at organizational reform within the Secretariat will be successful only ifthey whl from that time onwards between the United Nations and the incl existing or future specialized agencies. The system with are accompanied by strong political support to preserve the which we are operating has remained virtually unchanged integrity, international character and independence of the over the last 46 years. staffof the Organization. Ofall the tangible and intan­ nec gible resources available to the Organization and to the USl 34. The need to improve coordination has been a con­ Secretary-General, nothing matches the worth of its staff. in t tinuing theme in the General Assembly, the Economic and They must be provided conditions of employment which Ib Social Council, and the governing bodies of the organiza­ ensure that the service will continue to attract the best my tions which make up the United Nations system. The many qualified personnel from all parts ofthe world. At this time Or efforts made so far have brought modest and partial im­ ofunprecedented responsibilities and ever-~xpanding man­ pea provements. dates, the Secretariat of the United Nations is stretched 35. The executive heads of the agencies ofthe United thinly across a widening range ofactivities. The confidence Nations family all believe that a fresh look is urgently re­ ofthe international community in the Organization's ability l:' quired to enable the system to meet new challenges and to respond swiftly, effectively and impartially rests largely t objectives, including the ambitious goals recently set by the on the performance ofits staff Rio de Janeiro Conference with respect to sustainable de­ 40. Since I assumed office I have been repeatedly velopment and the environment. They are fully in agree­ impressed by the dedication and versatility of the United ment that, in the months to come, the problem ofcoordina­ Nations staff. In the course of less than a year they have tion must be tackled seriously at the level of both responded to many hitherto unfamiliar tasks. Many have programmes and operational activities. The goal is to en­ assumed new or additional functions or volunteered for sure that the services which the system provides to Govern­ mission service at short notice, often in hardship and dan­ ments are coherent, that its component parts draw on one gerous situations-frequently compelled to leave their another's resources rather than duplicating them, and that families behind for extended periods. They have done so there is selectivity and coordination in coverage. willingly, in the interests ofbuilding a new society, ensur­ 36. Alongside current efforts to revitalize central inter­ ing the fairness of an electoral process or facilitating the governmental bodies, particularly the Economic and Social delivery ofhumanitarian assistance. At Headquarters, staff 4 Council, reforms in the functioning of the Administrative members are responding on a 24-hour basis to the constant the Committee on Coordination itselfare in order. Intergovern­ requirements of complex operations in many time zones, by mental bodies need an effective and responsive ACC in a servicing double or triple the number ofmeetings, and pro­ tion position to bring to bear on their work the wealth ofexperi­ ducing increasing volumes of documentation with shorter acc ence and the wide range ofanalytical and operational capa­ and shorter deadlines. They are being called upon to under­ ope bilities available throughout the system, and able to support take research and provide policy options in a rapidly chang- maj 6 Report ofthe Secretary-General on the work ofthe Organization 11. ing world where long-established modes of thinking and zation-represents a significant and welcome change from acting are being constantly questioned orredefined. Others the not too distant past. A major step forward in this regard are managing, in a situation of financial uncertainty, com­ was General Assembly resolution 41/213 of 19 December plex operations involving tens ofthousands ofmilitary and 1986, which established a new budgetary process for the civilian personnel in the field. United Nations. 41. In any institution restructuring and change are un­ 46. A fundamental aspect ofGeneral Assembly resolu­ settling for the staff, and that is particularly so at a time tion 41/213, calling for payment in full and on time by all when substantially increased demands are being made on Member States of their assessed contributions, however, them. I am fully aware ofcurrent concerns, and I am count­ has yet to be implemented. As ofSeptember 1992, only 52 ing on the dedicated professionalism of my staff to cope Member States had paid in full their dues to the regular with the demands of this period oftransition. I want them budget of the United Nations. Unpaid assessed contribu­ 1 .'.:...... to grasp the inherent possibilities of the expanding role of tions totalled $908.5 million. Unpaid contributions towards • the Organization. I see here a unique opportunity to build a peace-keeping operations stood at $844.4 million. At the stronger, more self-reliant Secretariat, where the best tradi­ end of August 1992, I was able to pay thp. salaries of the I'1 tions ofpublic service are combined with modern manage­ regular staff of this Organization only by borrowing from I, ment practices. peace-keeping funds with available cash. Perennial short­ I, 42. Once the current phases ofrestructuring have been ages, the absence ofreserves and a debilitating uncertainty I completed, I intend to focus on the improvement of the over the immediate future are the main characteristics of i' conditions ofservice, including salaries, long-term recruit­ the financial situation ofthe United Nations. I ment policies, grade structure and career development op- 47. When putting into effect Article 17 ofthe Charter, ';,.' portunities. I should like to build an Organization based which states that the General Assembly considers and ap­ on competitive recruitment at all levels, with career devel­ proves the budget ofthe Organization, Member States have II' opment policies which will motivate and reward staff for an opportunity to examine in depth the budget proposals of l' creativity, versatility and mobility, and the comprehensive the Secretary-General. At that time, it is their privilege and r; training necessary to adjust staffskills to changing require­ their duty to question, sometimes to criticize and, in all I..~.. ~', ments. It is totally unacceptable that some staff members cases, to analyse both the basic orientation and the detailed 1;11 receive national subsidies to support their emoluments, provisions ofthe various budgets ofthe Organization. After adoption, especially when such adoption occurs by consen­ f~ ;~~~~~~~r~;~~:::~~~t~:s~a~n~~~a~t:~~e~~~:aii~gpt~l~fc~~ sus, it is the obligation ofMember States to pay in full and 'It... zation of the Secretariat, to resist outside pressures which on time their assessed contributions in order to ensure the - favour a few at the expense of the majority, and to give financing ofall activities ofthe Organization which Mem­ [' proper recognition to the contributions and talents ofmany ber States themselves consider and approve. The simple ;, who may not have received equal attention in the past, reason for the present deplorable financial situation ofthe i r' including women in all parts ofthe Organization. Organization remains the fact that a number of Member '· 43. As I have said, I am committed to eliminating un­ States do not meet their obligations. Figure 3 below illus­ Ii necessary bureaucratic levels, abolishing duplication and trates the dimension of what has become the perennial financial plight ofthe United Nations. I';.. using the human and financial resources at my disposal L in the most efficient and responsible manner possible. 48. There are two main areas ofconcern: the ability of I: I believe that the staff has demonstrated that they share the Organization to function over the longer tenn and the l;' my aspirations and are rising to the challenge to make the immediate requirements to respond to a crisis. Organization the most effective instrument possible for 49. A number of proposals are before the General peace and development. Assembly to remJy the financial situation of the United Nations in all its aspects. I urge that they be acted upon. D. Securing financial stability 50. To deal with the cash flow problems caused by the 44. The Organization is being restructured to serve its exceptionally high level ofunpaid contributions, as well as ends anew. Yet amid the tumult ofdemands placed upon it, with the problem ofinadequate working capital reserves, it the United Nations cannot afford to become a victim ofits is proposed that: own popularity, suffering from a crisis of expectations (a) Interest be charged on the amounts ofassessed con­ rather than, as in the past, from a lack of credibility in its tributions that are not paid on time; capacity to command consensus. In carrying out its added (b) Certain financial regulations ofthe United Nations responsibilities, the institutional innovation and political to permit the retention of budgetary surpluses be sus­ resilience of the Organization have been as striking as its pended; financial insecurity. To ensure that the Organization is fully prepared to respond to the new requirements of interna­ (c) The Working Capital Fund be ir..;reased to a level of tional action, the United Nations will need the unstinting $250 million, with endorsement of the principle that the financial support ofits Members. level of the Fund should be approximately 25 per cent of the annual assessment under the regular budget; 45. The programme budget of the United Nations for the current hiennium was adopted by the General Assembly (cl) A temporary peace-keeping reserve fund be estab­ by consensus. The same consensus prevailed for the adop­ lished at a level of $50 million, in order to meet initial tion of the previous programme budget, as well as for the expenses of peace-keeping operations, pending receipt of acceptance of all major budgets of recent peace-keeping assessed contributions; operations. Such broad agreement of all Member States­ (e) The Secretary-General be authorized to borrow major and other contributors to the financing ofthe Organi- commercially, should other sources ofcash be inadequate. H. The United Nations as an institution 7 51. The establishment of a United Nations peace en­ (a) Immediate establishment of a revolving peace­ dowment fund, with an initial target of$1 billion, has also keeping reserve fund of$50 million; been proposed. The fund would be .cre~ted by.a combina­ (b) Agreement that one third of the estimated cost of tion ofassessed and voluntary contrIbutIOns, wIth the latter each new peace-keeping operation be appropriated by the being sought from Governments and the private sector, General Assembly as soon as the Security Council decides as well as individuals. Once the fund reached its target to establish the operation; that would give the Secretary­ level, the proceeds from the investments of its principal General the necessary commitment authority and assure an would be used to finance the initial costs of authorized adequate cash flow; the balance of the costs would be ap­ peace-keeping operations, other conflict resolution meas­ propriated after the General Assembly approved the opera­ ures and related activities. tion's budget; 52. In addition to those proposals, other ideas include: (c) Acknowledgement by Member States that, under a levy on arms sales that could be related to maintaining an exceptional circumstances, political and operational con­ arms register by the United Natiom;; a levy on international siderations may make it necessary for the Secretary­ air travel, which depends upon the maintenance ofpeace; General to employ his authority to place contracts without authorization for the United Nations to borrow from the competitive bidding. World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, for 55. Member States wish the Organization to be man­ peace and development are interdependent; general tax ex­ aged with the utmost efficiency and care. I am in full emption for contributions made to the United Nations by accord. As the present report indicates, I have taken im­ foundations, businessl:s and individuals; and changes in the portant steps to streamline the Secretariat in order to formula for calculating the scale ofassessments for peace- avoid duplication and overlap, while increasing its pro­ keeping operations. . ductivity. Additional changes and improvements will 53. As such ideas are debated, a stark fact remains: the take place. As regards the United Nations system more financial foundations of the Organization daily grow widely, I continue to review the situation in consultation weaker, debilitating its political will and practical capacity with my colleagues in the Administrative Committee on to undertake new and essential activities. This state ofaf­ Coordination. The question ofassuring financial secu- fairs must not continue. Whatever decisions are taken on . rity to the Organization over the long term is of such financing the Organization, there is one inescapable neces­ importance and complexity that public awareness and sity: Member States must pay their assessed contributions support must be heightened. I have therefore asked a in full and on time. Failure to do so puts them in breach of select group of qualified persons of high international re­ their obligations under the Charter. pute to examine this entire subject ar.d to report thereon to 54. In those circumstances and on the assumption that me. I intend to present their advice, together with my com­ Member States will be ready to finance operations for ments, for the consideration of the General Assembly, in peace in a manner commensurate with their present and full recognition of the special responsibility that the As­ welcome readiness to establish them, I recommend the fol­ sembly has, under the Charter, for financial and budgetary lowing: matters. l

8 Report o/the Secretary-General on the worka/the Organization

FIGURE 1

Security Council: Number of official meetings,* resolutions and Presidential statements, 1987-1992

80

60 ... 40 .... ----. ". .-- ... ..# -". • ~ '.- . . 20 -...... - - ,-.e -- .'...

o --~------1987 1988------1989 ------1990 1991 -----1992 Official meetings - - Resolutions • • • • • Presidential statements

·1990 includes Qne resumed meeting. 1991 includes six closed sessions ofthe same meeting, in addition to an open session ofthe meeting. 1992 includes one resumed meeting. l

The United Nations as an institution n. 9

FIGURE 2

Security Council: Number ofconsultations ofthe whole and bilateral consultations,· 1987-1992

140 1400

120 1200

100 1000

--'-_.80 \ 800 \ 60 ~ 600 / , / 40 ,; 400 20 200

o o 1990 1991 1992 ___ Consultations of the whole (scale on the left) __ Bilateral consultations (scale on the right)

*1990 includes one resumed meeting. 10 Report o/the Secretary-General on the work a/the OrgaP.ization

FIGURE 3

Annual assessments and paid contributions: regular budget and peace-keeping combined, 1987-1991

(Millions ofUnited States dollars)

1600

1200

o 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991

IS] Assessments • Paid contributions ization

Ill. Global partnership for development

56. The end of bipolarity has released vast political tional community. Examples include concessional lending energies hitherto held mostly captive to ideological rivalry. through the International Development Association, "ad­ The search is now on for institution-building, less confron­ justment with a human face" of the United Nations Chil­ tational approaches to global issues and more productive dren's Fund, negative resource transfers and debt relief, outlets for the utilization ofhuman, material and tech­ where major conceptual advances were made at the United nological resources. The decades ofcold war had imposed Nations. I believe that the current concerns for humanizing the pre-eminence of political over economic considera­ development will also become an accepted basis for infus­ tions. With the cold war behind us there is a distinct trend ing new life into the socio-ec~nomic sectors ofthe work of towards the economics ofinternational relations shaping its the Organization. politics. 61. The United Nations still has a continuihg obliga­ 57. In this context, the United Nations as an institution tion to put its weight behind those who are most seriously is uniquely placed to press for global solutions to global underprivileged and to address the root causes of the eco­ problems in the economic field whether they pertain to aid, nomic decline which still characterizes the situation of trade, technology transfer, commodity prices or debt relief. many countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America and is Collectively, the international community itself is better fast reaching crisis proportions in several of them. It is equipped today for dealing with the recurring man-made unacceptable that absolute poverty, hunger, disease, illiter­ and natural disasters which demand compelling attention as acy and hopelessness should be the lot ofone fifth of the the world comes to grips with the economic consequences world's population. of the end of the cold war. It is an opportune moment to 62. The economic situation in Africa is of particular evolve a set of global priorities in the short, intermediate concern. Most Africans are poorer today than they were and long term. It is also a propitious time to accelerate the when their countries achieved independence in the late implementation of economic targets agreed upon in a less 1950s and 1960s. The continent as a whole accounts for 32 conducive political climate. out ofthe world's 47 least developed countries. Africa is the 58. Many hopeful areas of consensus are already vis­ only low-income region in the world where the number of ible to indicate an embryonic pattern ofglobal partnership people living in poverty is, if the current trends continue, for development. Democratic structures, popular participa­ likely to increase by the year 2000. It is also the only region tion and observance ofhuman rights are being widely rec­ of the world whose total debt equals or exceeds its eco­ ognized as sources ofcreativity in the process ofdevelop­ nomic output. The freshly witnessed momentum for politi­ ment. Above all, a new vision ofdevelopment is gradually cal pluralism in Africa can hardly withstand a continuing emerging. Development is increasingly becoming a people­ assault by desertification, famine and deprivation. Poverty centred process whose ultimate goal must be the improve­ is infertile soil for democracy. It breeds a search for sur­ ment ofthc human condition. Viewed thusly, development vival that cannot be held back by national frontiers. The is a global goal, since the need to strike a balance between African countries need to become masters of their eco­ social equity and economic growth is near universal-even nomic destiny in a more supportive global framework. In more so now than earlier because both the industrialized that respect, I was heartened by the fact that Member States and the developing countries are faced with equally de­ responded positively to the caU for help to combat the se­ manding tasks: poverty alleviation for many among the for­ vere drought situation in Africa. The United Nations system mer and recovery from economic stagnation for many must do its utmost to support the implementation of the among the latter. New Agenda for the Development ofAfrica in the 1990s, 59. Most industrialized countries to~ay need to sustain aimed at the accelerated transformation, integration, diver­ their levels ofdevelopment and most developing countries sification and growth of African economies through the need to attain higher levels ofdevelopment. The ecological internalization of the development process and the en­ sustainability of development further strengthens the hancement ofself-reliance. global linkages between the economic destinies ofthe de­ 63. In Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, the veloped and developing countries. As will be seen in para­ central challenge before the international community is to graphs 75 to 79, the Earth Summit, held at Rio de Janeiro facilitate and assist in a smooth and peaceful management in June 1992, showed that this planet simply cannot be of change by countries of the region. The region needs demarcated into separate zones ofimmunity from and vul­ support for the building and strengthening of democratic nerability to ecological decay. The Rio spirit provided a institutions, while meeting immediate emergency needs. vision ofdevelopment that can be realized only through a Provision of humanitarian assistance with the active in­ global partnership. volvement of the United Nations system will have to be 60. As in the past, the United Nations continues to be followed in the months ahead by the critical tasks ofrecon­ an important source for putting forward new approaches structing war-tom zones and resettling displaced persons. and promoting consensus. Many ideas originating at the In the longer run, the success ofeconomic reforms in those United Nations, and considered too radical at the time, were countries will depend greatly on fiscal and monetary stabil­ eventually adopted as viable policy options by the interna- ity, the reshaping of industrial structures and the estab-

II 12 Report ofthe Secretary-General on the work ofthe Organization Iishment oflegal and economic institutions capable ofcop­ ment. Functionally, it implies mutual feedback among the ing with the market economy so that investment and capital trade, finance, investment and technology sectors. The aim formation can take place. here should be to ensure that the policy advice and the services which the Organization as a whole provides to A. An integrated approach to development Governments are coherent; and that target-bound results replace proliferation ofactivity. 64. Political progress and economic development are 71. The work ofthe United Nations should be rooted in ling inseparable: both are equally important and must be pur­ sued simultaneously. Political stability is needed to develop sound analysis and understanding of development and 'ad- global trends-relying on the fact-finding capabilities of :hil- effective economic policies, but when economic conditions deteriorate too much, as events not only in developing the United Nations system. It should possess an "early lief, warning" function, able to detect threats to security and ited countries but also in Eastern Europe and the Common­ wealth ofIndependent States have shown, divisive political well-being from energy crises to the burden ofdebt, from dng the risk offamine to the spread ofdisease. fus- strife may take root. kof 65. The Charter of the United Nations assigns to the 72. Since taking office, I have participated in two ma­ Organization the major responsibility ofpromoting social jor United Nations conferences in the economic and social and economic development, and the various agencies ofthe development field: thf) eighth session ofthe United Nations iga- Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), held Isly United Nations system do indeed make great contributions towards this end. at Cartagena in February 1992, and the United Nations :co- Conference on Environment and Development-the Earth lof 66. It is essential that the United Nations continue to Summit-held at Rio de Janeiro in June 1992. InJuly 1992, t serve as a forum for the analysis and conceptual formula­ d is I I addressed the high-level segment of the Economic and tion ofsocio-economic problems ofparticular concern to the t is Social Council. These gatherings have already shown a new developing countries and those in transition to more open ter- spirit of vitality and a readiness to break fresh ground in economic and political systems. It is clear that the Organi­ the development cooperation. zation's responsibilities and commitments in the political 1l1ar and security area should not be carried out at the expense of EIGHTH SESSION OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE lere its responsibilities in the development field, and neither ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT should be subordinated to the other. It is essential that they late 73. At the eighth session of UNCTAD. participating :32 be pursued in an integrated, mutually supporting way. Governments called upon countries at all stages ofdevelop­ the 67. There has never been a more evident need for an ment to create a new partnership for development based on rof integrated approach to: the recognition of sovereign equality, mutual interest and me, (a) The objectives of peace, democracy and human shared responsibilities. Central to this partnership is the ;ion rights, and the requirements ofdevelopment; need for strengthened multilateral cooperation to help :co- (b) The needs ofdevelopment and the protection ofthe translate the broad commitments undertaken by countries liti- environment; into sustained growth in the world economy and a reactiva­ ing (c) The economic as well as the social dimensions of tion ofdevelopment throughout the developing world. I am :rty development; convinced that it is only through such a partnership that the lur- global community can erase the scourge of poverty and I'he (cl) The interrelationships among trade, finance, invest­ deprivation, provide international support for national re­ ',co- ment and technology; form programmes, encourage efficient use of precious , In (e) The meeting ofimmediate needs for emergency and global resources, and address economic and social prob­ Ites humanitarian assistance and setting the conditions for long­ lems through coherent and mutually reinforcing policies. se- term development. The eighth session ofthe Conference was also remarkable :em 68. The United Nations is the only institution capable for the willingness shown on all sides to use the occasion of the of comprehensively addressing global problems in their the Conference to rethink the directions ofthe work ofthe lOs, political, humanitarian and socio-economic dimensions. organization and to start with a fresh agenda. ler· In the new climate of international relations, we must not 74. At the global level, the interrelationships between the miss the opportunity to develop the necessary international trade and development are the central focus ofthe contri­ en- consensus and policy instruments-and also to adapt bution of UNCTAD. In the present economic context, a United Nations structures, and interactions within the greater appreciation ofthe linkages between trade, foreign the United Nations system-to promote this integrated ap­ investment, and the globalization of economic activities lto proach. We must have the necessary vision and political and corporate operations is critical. The role ofthe United ent will. Nations in that respect and its contribution to development eds 69. The prospects for achieving these objectives will, and poverty alleviation will be strengthened as a result of Itic of course, be brighter in a more robust global economy. In the reoriented work programme of the Conference stem­ ds. this respect, the past year has not been encouraging. The ming from its eighth session. success stories in some parts ofthe world notwithstanding, in· UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT be world output as a whole declined in 1991 and there were too AND DEVELOPMENT 1>0- few signs ofrecovery in 1992. ns. 70. In assisting the global economy back onto the path 75. The Earth Summit held at Rio de Janeiro in June I>se ofstrong recovery, the United Nations is gradually consid­ marked an important milestone in awakening the world to 'il- ering a more integrated approach towards development. the need for a development process that does notjeopardize ab· Conceptually, such an approach recognized linkages be­ future generations. tween the economic and social dimensions of develop- 76. The Rio Conference achieved consensus in more ~anization Ill. Global partnershipfor development 13 nong the than one area: first, it secured a set ofagreements between of concentration. I have already recommended that the The aim Governments which mark a significant advance in interna­ Security Council invite a reinvigorated and restructured and the tional cooperation on development and environment issues. Economic and Social Council to provide reports, in accord­ )vides to Second, it marshalled political commitment to these ar­ ance with Article 6S of the Charter ofthe United Nations, d results rangements at the highest level and placed the issue of on those economic and social developments that may, sustainable development at the heart of the international unless mitigated, threaten international peace and security. rooted in agenda. Third, it opened new paths for communication and I urge Governments to pursue this recommendation. Ilent and cooperation between official and non-official organiza­ 83. During the high-level segment, I also suggested mties of tions working towards developmental and environmental that the Economic and Social Council might introduce a m "early goals. Fourth, it led to an enormous increase in public flexible high-level inter-sessional mechanism in order to Irity and awareness ofthe issues that were tackled in the process-an facilitate a timely response to evolving socio-economic re­ :bt, from awareness that ought to facilitate the adoption ofpolicies alities. Through such a mechanism, the Council would, in a and the allocation ofadditional resources to fulfil the task. continuing dialogue with the organizations of the system, two ma­ 77. A comprehensive and far-reaching programme for build and expand agreement on common ends and objec­ nd social sustainable development is Agenda 21, which constitutes tives and adapt the economic and social policy agendas INations the centrepiece of international cooperation and coordina­ to changing requirements. In the framework of an inte­ .D), held tion activities within the United Nations system for many grated approach to the objectives of the United Nations, Nations years to come. Its role in galvanizing international coopera­ such a mechanism would enable the Council to play a cen­ he Earth tion will be crucial. Building on the spirit ofRio, the imple­ tral monitoring and surveillance role within the United I1y 1992, mentation ofAgenda 21 must be seen as an investment in Nations. I will urge Member States represented in the high­ lmic and our future. I call upon the donor community to ensure a level inter-sessional mechanism to send experts and repre­ mtanew flow ofnew resources which will serve the common inter­ sentatives ofstature, who have access to top decision mak­ round in ests ofthe whole world. ers and can speak for their Governments on issues ofglobal 78. The adoption of the United Nations Framework concern. ERENCE Convention on Climate Change, which launches a process 84. I fully share the emphasis placed by the Council of cooperation aimed at keeping greenhouse gases in the . on the need for enhanced inter-agency cooperation and, in atmosphere within safe limits, was a major achievement that context, a closer and improved relationship between icipating I urge Governments to ratify it as soon as possible. the United Nations and the Bretton Woods institutions. develop­ 79. The establishment of a high-level Commission Through such a closer relationship, the United Nations based on would bring to bear its overall global responsibilities in :rest and .on Sustainable Development in follow-up to the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development will the political, humanitarian and socio-economic spheres on ip is the the work and the policies ofthe Bretton Woods institutions. to help be crucial for achieving the vital environmental and devel­ opmental goals outlined in Agenda 21. They in turn would lend their analytical and financial sup­ :ountries port to the achievement of the overall United Nations ob­ reactiva­ UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME jectives. rid. I am )that the 80. This year marked the culmination of a number of 85. The members of the Council expressed concern erty and major efforts by the United Nations Environment Pro­ about levels of official development assistance. I fully ional re­ gramme (UNEP): the strengthening ofits Earthwatch Pro­ share these concerns. There is also a need to take a critical precious gramme; the publication of the State of the Environment look at its modalities; it is imperative that this assistance be lal prob­ 1972-1992; the completion ofa comprehensive assessment used for fully productive purposes. In recent years, less policies. of desertification; and the entry into force of provisions than one tenth of official development assistance was di­ narkable strengthening the Montreal Protocol on Substances that rected to programmes in the critical human development :asion of Deplete the Ozone Layer. UNEP made important contribu­ areas, such as basic education, primary health care, supply rk ofthe tions to the entire preparatory process for the United ofsafe water, family planning and nutrition. Nations Conference on Environment and Development and in particular towards the negotiation ofthe Convention on B. Action undertaken for development between Biological Diversity, which was adopted at Rio. econtri­ GLOBAL ECONOMIC COOPERATION mtext, a THE 1992 SUBSTANTIVE SESSION OF THE 86. Data gathering and analysis, the review of global I foreign EcONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL lctivities economic trends and policies, and the provision ofanalyti­ 81. New approaches to the role of the United Nations cal support to the Economic and Social Council and the eUnited system in enhancing international cooperation for develop­ lopment General Assembly in the economic and social fields are key ment were discussed at the July meeting of the high-level elements ofthe continuing functions of the Secretariat, as result of segment ofthe Economic and Social Council. I was pleased ~e stem- is the substantive support required by these organs and by that members ofthe Council viewed the objectives ofsecur­ the Secretary-General in the exercise ofoverview functions ing peace, development and justice as indivisible and in relation to the work of the United Nations system as a ENT equally essential. They also reiterated that international de­ whole. Both the research and the technical cooperation ac­ velopment cooperation and the eradication of poverty are tivities undertaken by the Secretariat in New York have inextricably linked with the preservation ofpeace. The two increased over the years and have expanded to cover a in June must be pursued with equal vigour. IVorld to growing number ofareas-science and technology, natural )pardize 82. The Economic and Social Council has adopted sig­ resources, energy, the environment, the role of transna­ nificant improvements in its methods ofwork, including a tional corporations, public administration and economic high-level policy segment and the identification of "co­ management. These activities were consolidated, in the first in more ordination" and "operational activities" as the main areas phase ofthe reorganization to which I have referred in the -~.._._---~- .. _'--'_."-~' .-. ~-,~---',.-.-_._-~.. ~---_": .• ,'-

13 14 Report ofthe Secretary-General on the work ofthe Organization I that the second section of this report, in a single Department of erable progress has been registered in developing a draft ltructured Economic and Social Development at Headquarters. declaration on the issue ofviolence against women. Prepa­ In accord­ rations are already under way for the Fourth World Confer- I Nations, REGIONAL COOPERATION ence on WCJimen to be held at Beijing in 1995 to review that may, 87. The United Nations regional commissions have progress made in the implementation of the Nairobi I security. assumed an ever greater role in support of Member States Forward-looking Strategies for the Advancement of on. in their respective regions over the years. In April 1992, I Women. suggested addressed the Economic Commission for Europe at Geneva 92. The integration o''''vulnerable groups into the main- troduce a and the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the stream ofdevelopment efforts is a valid goal in itself, but it l order to Pacific at Beijing. In July, I appointed a new Executive also serves as a guarantee of social peace and political nomic re­ Secretary for the Economic Commission for Africa. I will stability. The promotion ofrespect for minority rights and rould, in a chair the Executive Secretaries Meeting at Addis Ababa in the designation of 1993 as the International Year of the e system, December 1992, at which representatives of the regional World's Indigenous People will create the necessary impe- nd objec­ commissions will come together. At a time when regional tus to address their concerns. In addition, the Unite 1 , agendas cooperation holds, in many different ways, the key not only Nations is fostering awareness in developed and developing l' an inte­ to conflict resolution but also to economic and social pro- countries of the need to integrate the elderly and persons I Nations, gress, these regional entities represent more than ever an with disabilities into a productive social life. lay a cen­ important asset for the Organization. 93. One major development in the last year has been le United 88. The capacity ofeach region to harness its collective the world-wide mobilization ofsupport for the implemen- the high­ strength with respect to trade, investment and technological tation of the commitments adopted by the World Summit md repre­ opportunity will undoubtedly be increasingly essential to for Children. The Declaration endorsed by the Summit, lion mak­ their development. The commissions play a major role in which has now been signed by some 140 heads of State ofglobal this process. Making better use of their potential, for the or Government, sets goals, through which we can save benefit of both their respective constituencies and the the lives of some 50 million children by the decade's Organization as a whole, will be one ofmy principal objec- end and improve the lives ofmillions more. Over 130 coun- : Council tives in the forthcoming phases ofthe restructuring ofthe tries have prepared or are in the process ofdeveloping na- >n and, in economic and social sectors. tional programmes of action detailing their strategies to I between ;titutions. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT achieve these goals. The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) is mobilizing analytical and operational capac­ I Nations 89. Traditionally, United Nations social development ity from a wide range of United Nations organizations in >ilities in activities have concentrated primarily on the most vulner­ support ofthese efforts, which are focused on a broad range pheres on able groups. In the emerging trend to view the social and ofissues, including health, basic education, nutrition, water ltitutions. economic dimensions ofdevelopment in a more integrated and sanitation, and the rights ofwomen and children. Non­ ilcial sup­ way, the Organization is also beginning to take a closer look governmental organizations and the private sector have also ltions ob- at specific phenomena affecting social cohesion. Once been actively involved. again there are much larger areas of mutually shared con­ I concern cerns among both the developed and the developing coun­ OPERATIONAL ACTIVITIES e. I fully tries than have been hitherto recognized. The degrees of 94. Operational activities constitute the practical a critical social cohesion and the levels ofdevelopment do not nec­ means by which the mandates ofthe United Nations in the lstance be essarily coincide. economic and social fields are put into action. I am com­ ears, less 90. The demographic trends in some developed coun­ mitted to using the operational capabilities ofthe Organiza­ e was di­ tries indicate that, in the future, a larger number ofdepen­ tion to the fullest to transform into reality our vision of elopment dent people is likely to have to be supported by a smaller equitable and sustainable development. :e, supply workforce. Among the developing countries, the very ef­ 95. The basic strengths of the United Nations in the forts at modernization are tugging at the traditions and in­ economic and social field lie in its neutrality, impartiality stitutions which held the social fabric together. As societies and cultural sensitivity. The focus of development assist­ It at different levels of development cope with increasing ance must be continuously adjusted to changes in the world pressures on basic social structures, like the family unit, in which it operates. The extensive field network of the their exposure to the media becomes an additional factor United Nations, with offices in the majority ofdeveloping of global for adaptation. Issues of cultural, religious, ethnic and lin­ countries, should enable the Organization to respond flex­ ,fanalyti­ guistic diversity are so closely related today to the pros­ ibly and rapidly to changing national priorities. The United I and the pects ofpolitical stability and economic advancement that Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is working Jsare key the involvement ofthe United Nations in the area ofsocial across all sectors to assist developing countries in strength­ ~tariat, as development is acquiring a qualitatively different nature. ening national capacities for managing all phases of the 1S and by 91. A particular emphasis in the Organization's work development process from formulation, design and plan­ functions over the past year has been given to promoting the full ning ofpolicies and programming to execution and imple­ ;tem as a participation of women in the development pn>cess by mentation. ration ac­ helping devise policies that facilitate their acress to the 96. The United Nations is increasingly involved in ork have basic tools ofproduction, credit and technology and enable helping to continue the process ofdemocratization and pro­ , cover a them to share in the decision-making process. Efforts have viding technical assistance for the electoral process in a y, natural , transna­ been made to address the problems of discrimination and number ofcountries. I am particularly pleased to respond to ~conomic poverty affecting both rural and urban women, and to the requests for support in this process that I am receiving bridge the gap between equality de jure and de facto by from Governments. In 1992, the United Nations has pro­ nthe first increasing the awareness of women's legal rights. Consid- vided technical assistance for elections in Albania, the :ed in the rhe Organization Ill. Globalpartnership/or development 15 (eloping a draft Congo, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Guinea, Guyana, Liberia, rights obligations. Particularly significant has been the twomen. Prepa­ Madagascar, Mali, Rwanda and Togo, and most notably in work ofthe Centre for Human Rights at Geneva. ~ World Confer­ Angola. The United Nations is assisting as well in prepa­ 101. However, if standards and procedures exist for 1995 to review rations for referendums planned for Eritrea and Western normal situations, the United Nations has not been able to of the Nairobi Sahara. act effectively to bring to an end massive human rights :lvancement of 97. Population growth in developing countries is a violations. Faced with the barbaric conduct which fills the source of deep and justified concern. Numerous United news media today, the United Nations cannot stand idle or )s into the main­ Nations agencies under the aegis of the United Nations indifferent. The long-term credibility of our Organization 11 in itself, but it Population Fund (UNFPA) are engaged in the promotion as a whole will depend upon the success ofour response to :e and political of family planning and other population policies. The this challenge. I suggest that we explore ways ofempower­ lority rights and collaborative work of UNDP, UNICEF, the World Health ing the Secretary-General and expert human rights bodies nal Year of the Organization and UNFPA in maternal and child health to bring massive violations ofhuman rights to the attention necessary impe­ care and family planning in support of national popula­ ofthe Security Council, togF;ther with recommendations for on, the Unitf 1 tion frameworks is promising. The International Confer­ action. I and developing ence on Population and Development to be held in 1994 102. Preventing violations before they occur is also of :rly and persons will be an important occasion to review progress made primary importance. The United Nations must be able to e. in this critical area. identify situations which could degenerate into violations :t year has been 98. The symbiosis between drugs and many social and and to take preventive measures. For example, we are r the implemen­ political ills is evident. In addition, the ploughing back of studying those elements which have in the past helped to : World Summit vast proceeds from illicit drug trafficking into international overcome situations of tension related to minorities. Our by the Summit, money markets is having increasingly destabilizing conse­ impartial intervention based on widely accepted standards I heads of State quences for national economies. The question ofdrug con­ could dissipate misunderstandings and help build a frame­ :h we can save trol requires coordinated international f'ff'ort and, indeed, work for living together. An impressive quantity of infor­ ly the decade's international legislation. The United Nations Inter;:.ational mation on human rights is already available within the Over 130 coun­ Drug Control Programme encourages Governments to con­ United Nations system, submitted by Governments, non­ f developing na­ sider drug problems in their totality and also in relation to governmental organizations and individuals to committees, eir strategies to other social, economic and developmental issues. It pro­ commissions, the Secretary-General or various other bod­ Children's Fund vides Governments with guidance and technical coopera­ ies. The challenge is now to bring this information together erational capac­ tion regarding all aspects ofdrug control, income sub­ in a focused way so as to understand complex si .uations organizations in stitution, law enforcement, treatment and rehabilitation, better and thus be in a position to suggest appropriate ac­ :>0 a broad range legislative and institutional reform at the national, sub­ tion. The World Conference on Human Rights to be held at ,nutrition, water regional and regional levels. The connection between drug Vienna in 1993 will be important in this regard. i children. Non­ trafficking and crime and approaches to crime prevention sector have also 103. Our long-term objective must be to achieve re­ and criminal justice are reflected in a strengthened United spect for human rights in every country. Building human Nations crime programme. rights institutions and promoting the human rights culture' 99. The recent increase in emergencies has served to necessary for the functioning ofsuch institutions is crucial e the practical highlight the important contribution ofthe World Food Pro­ here in connection with the transition ofmany countries to d Nations in the gramme in providing assistance to affected populations. democracy. In the recent past, we have learned of the im­ tion. I am com­ Over the last two years, the Programme has increased its portance of strengthening respect for the rule of law and ofthe Organiza­ resources by 50 per cent and is moving increasingly to­ human rights in general through training, education, infor­ mation and furnishing of expert advice. Many aspects of y our vision of wards integrating food aid with national development strategies. In addition to the provision oHood, its logistical country programmes in this area could be carried out support has become an indispensable part of the interna­ within the broader development programmes of United I Nations in the tional response to large-scale reliefoperations. It is coor­ Nations agencies or bilateral donors. At the same time, the lity, impartiality dinating, within the United Nations system, the transport manifestations ofconcern for human rights and democracy ~lopment assist­ and logistic efforts for the drought emergency in southern must go hand in hand with action on such issues as debt, 1ges in the world Africa. terms oftrade and access to development assistance. network of the 104. In our efforts to build a culture of human rights, y ofdeveloping HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT to respond flex­ we must not forget the importance ofhuman rights workers 100. The protection of vulnerable groups is only one and non-governmental organizations, nor the courage ties. The United aspect ofthe commhment ofthe United Nations to human )P) is working shown by many who risk their lives and security for the rights in general. Human rights are an essential component rights of others. Those who work in the field understand. tries in strength­ ofsustainable development. Sustainable development is not II phases of the that development provides the foundation for human rights possible without respect for human rights. Human rights advances, and that, equally, human rights are the key which esign and plan­ are meaningless in an environment ofpoverty and depriva­ ltion and imple- unlocks the creative energies of people so central to eco­ tion. The Charter ofthe United Nations places the promo­ nomic progress. tion ofhuman rights as one ofour priority objectives, along gly involved in with promoting development and preserving international C. An agenda for development tization and pro­ peace and security. Achievements to date include the devel­ ral process in a opment of a significant body of international standards of 105. An integrated approach to this wide range of is­ led to respond to universal applicability based on the Universal Declaration sues, in sum an agenda for development, can only be pro­ t I am receiving ofHuman Rights and the two International Human Rights moted through a stronger United Nations. It has to become: ~ations has pro­ Covenants, as well as a wide-ranging system supervising (a) An organization which views its objectives in re­ in Albania, the the compliance by States with their intern~tional human spect ofeconomic and social cooperation and development I.·"

16 Report ofthe Secretary-General on the work ofthe Organization with the same sense of responsibility and urgency as its opment and technical assistance are mobilized in a mutu­ commitments in the political and security area; ally reinforcing, concerted way. (b) An organization where the intergovernmental bod­ 108. I warmly welcome the proposal to convene a ies promote policy coherence, and where the Economic and world summit for social development in 1995, which Social Council plays the central role envisaged for it in the has now bee endorsed by the Economic and Social Charter ofthe United Nations; Council. Consultations on the preparatory process have already begun. I am confident that the summit would A. (c) An organization which takes full advantage of r,.)vide leadership at the highest level fo: a shared world­ 110. the central coordinating capacity available to it on eco­ wide commitment to put people at the centre of develOp­ Nations nomic, social and humanitarian issues, and of the inter­ ment and international cooperation. It would also sUirely the deep sectoral capabilitnes at its disposal in the regional com­ act as a source of inspiration for new ideas and proposals the Unit missions and in the various United Nations programmes towards the development of a more comprehensive ap­ cause 0 and organs; proach to actions ofthe United Nations system in the social vocabul sphere. of troop (d) An organization whose extensive operational capa­ operatio bilities-available through UNDp, the World Food Pro­ 109. Respect for human rights ir. clearly important in order to maintain international peace and security and to purpose gramme, UNICEF and UNFPA-are fully supportive ofits sion aro policy objectives, and where economic and social research achieve social and economic development. In turn, without and policy analysis, operational activities, humanitarian development, long-term enjoyment of human rights and 111. assistance and the promotion of human rights support democracy will prove illusory, and war, of course, is the nity wit and reinforce each other. antithesis ofboth. Good governance, democracy, participa­ ing arra tion, an independent judiciary, the rule of law, and civil masked 106. The further phases ofthe reorganization ofUnited peace create conditions necessary to economic progress. national Nations Secretariat structures in the economic and social Increasingly, each area of our Organization sees the rele­ 112. field w;ll be geared to those objectives. vance of human rights in its own objectives and pro­ evolved grammes. The Vienna World Conference on Human Rights and prac 107. At the level of the United Nations system, my in 1993 will bring together world leaders at the highest new de goal is not only to strengthen the coordination of the level. We look to this conference to reaffinn the need for dealing contributions which the various organizations of the sys­ the full implementation of economic, social and cultural longer s tem are in a position to make, it is also--and perhaps more rights, together with civil and political rights, and to re­ the case importantly-to ensure that the overall capacities of the affirm the link between development and the enjoymer:t of must in system for research and policy analysis, finance for devel- all human rights. rights e number and in t quire a c 113. design 0 service 0 be appro each pa ments an 114. envisage cies as peace an ments w system fi worked quired fo cold war deed, in t against r Charter. zations undertak Chapter 115. and fulfi which th regional the peace division 18 Ge gr sio the IV: Peace endeavours rol sta A. An overview ofUnited Nations activities the maintenance of international peace and security, while cri its burden is lightened, and its mission reinforced and un­ 110. With the collective security role of the United derlined by the active involvement of appropriate regional Nations impaired in the post-Second World War era by arrangements and agencies. The exact modalities of this de~p the divisions between the two major nuclear nations, division of labour remain to be worked out, as regional the United Nations created a new procedure to advance the organizations, no less than the United Nations itself, re­ cause ofpeace. "Peace-keeping" entered the int(:rniXtional define their missions in the post-eold war period. vocabulary with a fairly specific meaning: the erepklyment of troops under United Nations command in non-violent 116. The range ofconflict we see today is immense. To operations, with the consent ofparties to a conflict, for the provide a sense of this, the following review, based on purpose ofmaintaining stability in numerous areas often­ events as of the end of August, surveys most, but not all, sion around the world. peace operations under way at present as represented on the map at the end of this section (see figure 6). The United 111. The cold warconfronted the international commu­ Nations attaches equal importance to all these conflicts; nity with a singular threat to security; now, a widely vary­ when it comes to death and misery, no one situation takes ing array of resentments, ambitions, rivalries and hatreds priority over another. masked for decades have come to the fore to threaten inter­ national harmony and shared purpose. CYPRUS 112. The nature of peace-keeping operations has 117. The intensive efforts over the past year to reach evolved rapidly in recent years. The ,tablished principles agreement on the set of ideas on an overall framework and practices ofpeace-keeping have responded flexibly to agr~ement on Cyprus culminated in five weeks ofmeetings new demands. The most notable feature of change in under my auspices with the leaders oftile two communities. en dealing with regional conflicts is that peace-keeping is no While these talks did not achieve the goal that one could Ar ~t longer solely a military function. is now almost always have expected, a set of ideas has now been sufficiently ofl the case that operations undertaken by the United Nations developed to enable the two sides to reach an overall agree­ Par must include civilian police, electoral personnel, human ment. I share the Security Council's expectation, reflected flig rights experts, information specialists and a significant in its resolution 774 (1992), that when the talks resume on tiOl number ofpolitical advisory staff. In Asia, Europe, Africa 26 October 1992, the two leaders will pursue direct and tiOl and in the Western Hemisphere new forms of conflict re­ uninterrupted negotiations to reach an agreement. mh quire a comprehensive approach. ETHIOPIA AND ERITREA 24 113. Just as today no two conflicts are the same, so the On design of cooperation and the division of labour in the 118. In order to promote democracy, I have been ac­ Co service of peace, stability and renewal after conflict must tively engaged in efforts to provide the Government of pro be approached with flexibility and creativity adapted to Ethiopia with assistance in the organization of regional que each particular situation. In this regard, regional arrange­ elections. In the same vein, and as part oftransitional !lSsist­ tio ments and agencies have new contributions to make. ance, i have been actively engaged in consultations aiming at the provision of United Nations assistance for the con­ 114. Chapter VIII ofthe Charter ofthe United Nations duct ofthe planned referendum in Eritrea. A technical team envisages a clear role for regional arrangements and agen­ visited Eritrea in August to collect information required for seq cies as part of a structure foil' coping with international the involvement of the United Nations in the referendum peace and security issues. In the past, regional arrange­ Ho process. Shortly, I shall assign two officers to Asmara to Wo ments were created because of the absence of a universal assist in the initial preparations and r shall report to the system for collective security; thus, their activities often General Assembly in order to obtain a mandate for further worked at cross-purposes with the sense of solidarity re­ action. quired for the effectiveness ofthe world Organization. The cold war crippled the proper use of Chapter VIII and, in­ HAITI deed, in that era regional arrangements worked on occasion 119. Following the overthrow of President Aristide in against resolving disputes in the manner foreseen by the September 1991, the Organization of American States Charter. But in the post-eold war period, regional organi­ (OAS) has taken the lead in restoring democracy in Haiti. zations can play a crucial role, if their activities are The United Nations has supported OAS in that regard, and undertaken in a manner consistent with the principles of my mandate, by General Assembly resolution 46/7 of Chapter VIII. 11 October 1991, has been to provide the Secretary­ 115. This is a critical mome 'J advance this concept General of that Organization with the support he.might and fulfil this opportunity. In many of the instances in seek. I accepted his proposal to include a representative of which th'" United Nations has been active during 1992, the Secretary-General in a high-level mission of OAS to regional organizations have played a part, particularly on ~aiti, which took place from 18 to 21 August. Nothing that the peacemaking side. My aim is to see that, in any new the mission heard in Haiti during its visit indicates that the division oflabour, the United Nations retains its primacy in parties are closer to agreement than before. The Secretary- 1 reg 17 cen

'7 rzz ,

18 Report ofthe Secretary-General on the workofthe Organization IV. General of OAS has proposed to deploy to Haiti a first Moldova, Romania, the Russian Federation and Ukraine. group of observers. In my view, the deployment of a mis­ Concerned about the escalation of violence, I sent a fact­ Ma sion, adequately staffed, with a well-defined mandate and finding mission to the area at the end ofJune. On 21 July, on the ability to visit the entire country, could play a useful an agreement was signed by the Moldovan and Russian 1 role. I intend to continue to cooperate with OAS and to presidents, resulting in the consolidation of a cease-fire pri stand ready to help in any other way to solve the Haitian monitored by a trilateral peace-keeping force. Following all crisis. the Republic of Moldova's request for a United Nations una observer mission, I sent the fact-finding mission back to vite LIBERIA the Republic of Moldova from 25 to 29 August. The mis­ sen 120. My representatives and I have been in regular con­ sion noted that the situation in the Republic ofMoldova had Afr tact with the leadership of the Economic Community of greatly improved; the escalation of violence has been re­ Als West African States (ECOWAS) and with other leaders in versed; and the parties to the conflict have been cooperating obs the region. In this connection, I support tha efforts of in the implementation of most of the provisions ofthe 21 me ECOWAS towards a peaceful settlement of the Liberian July Agreement, including mechanisms such as the trilat­ wor situation. At its fifteenth session, held at Dakar from 27 to eral peace-keeping force. However, the prevailing condi­ tari 29 July 1992, the heads of State and Government of tions remain fragile and could rapidly deteriorate ifnego­ ons ECOWAS invited the United Nations to facilitate the veri­ tiations towards an overall settlement do not progress more 1 fication and monitoring of the electoral process. Between quickly. luti May and July 1992, I sent two consultants to Liberia to ,~. MOZAMBIQUE obs evaluate the availability ofpopulation data and the situ­ tive ation of constituency maps and to provide support to the 125. At the invitation of the Government of Mozam­ 199 Electoral Commission ofLiberia. I am continuing with my bique, issued in June, the United Nations is participating tion endeavours to assist in the organization and conduct ofthe as an observer in the Italian-mediated talks between the cont planned election. Government and the Resistencia Nacional MOyambicana, thei joining France, Portugal, the United Kingdom of Great LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA crea Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of ful 121. At the request ofthe Security Council, I have been America. The talks have been going on in Rome since 1990, Afri endeavouring to persuade the Government of the Libyan and the recent declaration by the two parties establishing an Arab Jamahiriya to comply with resolutions for the purpose October deadline for the cease-fire augurs well for the of establishing responsibility for the terrorist acts against peace process. I have made it clear that the United Nations Pan American flight 103 and Union de transports aeriens stands ready to support the envisaged electoral process as 1 flight 7"72, and contributing to the elimination of interna­ the necessary, including the provision of electoral specialists to t tional terrorism. In the context ofSecurity Council resolu­ and other relevant assistance. An electoral mission left crite tion 731 (1992), I have dispatched six United Nations for Mozambique on 4 September; it was followed by a missions to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: on 26 January, technical team on 6 September. The Organization's efforts sent 24 February, 27 February, 7 April, 11 May and 20 August. with Mozambique will be important in the region as a whic ning On each occasion, my envoy carried a letter from me to whole and the measures required must be approached as a AUgl Colonel Muammar Qaddafi. These missions so far have not comprehensive package. produced a full and effective response to the Council re­ tions quests. This effort to achieve compliance with the resolu­ NAGORNO-KARABAKH agrel tions ofthe Council will continue. 126. The four-and-a-half-year-Iong conflict in and vote around Nagorno Karabakh has left some 3,000 dead and repo THE MIDDLE EAST over half a million refugees and displaced persons. Con­ 122. Developments ofthe past year have had stark con­ cern over the deteriorating situation and the threat to re­ sequences for the Palestinian people, including the 2.6 mil­ gional peace and security led to two United Nations fact­ lion refugees served by the United Nations Relief and 13 finding missions being sent to the area, from 16 to 21 Unit Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East March and from 21 to 28 May, in support of the efforts of (UNRWA). The aftermath ofthe Gulfcrisis has continued the n the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe Unit to cause hardship for tens ofthousands ofPalestinians who (CSCE) to achieve a peaceful settlement. A third mission lost jobs and employment opportunities in Kuwait and disp was dispatched from 4 to 10 July to investigate Azerbaijani sent other Arab Gulf States. Their influx into camps and towns claims that Armenia had used chemical weapons, but found in Jordan, the Syrian Arab Republic, Lebanon and the occu­ Unit no evidence to that effect. Preliminary peace talks in Rome, oper pied territories has further tightened the already over­ sponsored by CSCE, were attended by a United Nations stretched financial resources ofUNRWA. troop observer to look at arrangements for a cease-fire. time 123. New challenges are arising from the more positive SOUTH AFRICA have developments of the past year in the Middle East, namely, has the start ofsubstantive discussions between Israel, its Arab 127. Following the Boipatong massacre in June, I dis­ estab neighbours and the Palestinians over the framework of a cussed the situation in South Africa with the Minister for proc peace settlement. The situation calls for a spirit ofcompro­ Foreign Affairs, R. F. Botha, ChiefMangosuthu Buthelezi assist mise and a mutual building ofconfidence. and Mr. Nelson Mandela, respectively. During the course of invol my official visit at the end ofJune to Abuja (Nigeria) and REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA The my attendance at the summit meeting of the Organization there 124. The conflict which erupted between the Dniester ofAfrican Unity held at Dakar (Senegal), I continued talks ofth region's separatists and the Government has been at the with these leaders and, in addition, with the representative centre ofthe peaceful settlement efforts ofthe Republic of of the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania, Mr. Clarence 13 lenge ,

IV. Peace endeavours 19 Makwetu. I urged them to resume negotiations and reported warrant analysis: Cambodia, Yugoslavia, Somalia, Angola on my discussions to the Security Council. and El Salvador. These undertakings were all initiated, 128. On 16 July 1992, after hearing statements by the or have witnessed major developments, since I took office. principal representatives of the above-mentioned parties, All involve non-State parties whose cooperation is crucial all of whom were in attendance, the Security Council for success. Each has a special character, yet all, in one way unanimously adopted resolution 765 (1992), which in­ or another, require a comprehensive approach to peace­ vited the Secretary-General to appoint a special repre­ keeping or peace-building. The integrated approach des­ sentative. I named Mr. Cyrus R. Vance, who visited South cribed in section III ofthe present report applies not only Africa immediately after the adoption of the resolution. to structural and developmental matters bUL to peace and Also, at the request of the parties, 10 United Nations security issues as well. In Asia, in Europe, in Africa and in observers witnessed mass action during the week com­ t~e Western Hemisphere, new forms ofconflict are giving mencing 3 August 1992. The United Nations observers rIse to new forms of peace operations. The operations in worked in close cooperation with the National Peace Secre­ Cambodia, Angola, Somalia, El Salvador and the former tariat during that week to observe mass mobilization, dem­ Yugoslavia, which I wish to highlight in this section, epito­ onstrations and political rallies. mize, in my view, the Organization's role in peace-keeping in the broader sense in which it now is coming to be under­ ~29. FoHowing the adoption ofSecurity Council reso­ stood. lution 772 (1992) on 17 August 1992, 50 United Nations observers have been deployed in order to address effec­ 133. Increasingly, United Nations peace-keeping tively the areas ofconcern noted in my report of7 August forces are being established in situations where the suc­ 1992, in coordination with the structures set up by the Na­ cess of the operation depends on the cooperation of non­ tional Peace Accord. The international community must governmental entities or irregular groups. This presents the continue to assist the people ofSouth Africa as a whole in Organization with a whole new set ofproblems, such as the their effort to bring an effective end to the violence and !ac~ of~ u~ified or single chain ofcommand, and difficulty create conditions for negotiations leading towards a peace­ ID IdentIfymg the real source of authority and in estab- ful transition to a democratic, non-racial and united South . lishing direct dialogue with the real as opposed to the for­ Africa. mal leadership of these movements, factors which in turn may result in agreements not being honoured at lower I WESTERN SAHARA levels. Frequently, these entities or groups, lacking interna­ .; 130. In my efforts to reactivate the implementation of tional recognition, encounter obstacles in obtaining partici­ the settlement plan, I have tried to overcome the obstacles pation in peace conferences or intergovernmental consulta­ to the holding of a referendum. The differences over the tions and have thus not always been parties to the political criteria for eligibility to vote persist. My special repre­ agreements underpinning the e;:stablishment of a peace­ sentative has continued efforts to break the deadlock in keeping force. It is alsu not uncommon for the leadership of which the settlement plan has found itselfsince the begin­ these groups to be located in geographical!y remote areas ning of this year. Since my report on the subject of 20 lacking an established liaison with the United Nations August 1992, my special representative has started negotia­ Force Commander. Their very nature may lead them in turn tions with the two parties concerned in order to reach an to a generally mistrustful view ofthe outside world and of agreem~n~ ?J.1 the interpretation of the criteria relating to the intergovernmental community in particular, and to their voter ehgIbIhty. The outcome ofthese negotiations will be being less susceptible to outside influence, while their often reported to the Security Council. clandestine status sometimes makes it all the more difficult to obtain, where the need arises, reliable information about B. An analysig offive conflicts the locations, number of combatants or inventories of weapons. 1.31. A~ the preceding list indicates, involvement by the Umted NatIOns has taken many forms, depending both on CAMBODIA the nature ofthe situation itself and on the role which the 1.3~. As a result oftheAgreements on a Comprehensive United Nations has been called upon to perform. We have Pohttcal Settlement, concluded at the Paris Conference dispatched fact-finding missions and special repre­ of October 1991, the United Nations has undertaken in sentatives; observer teams have been deployed under Cambodia one ofthe most ambitious and complex peace­ Unite~ ~uspices; Na!ions th.ere have been peace-keeping keeping operations ofits history. The mandate entrusted to operations mvolvmg substantIal numbers ofUnited Nations the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia troops and police; major humanitarian operations, some­ (UNTAC) and its estimated cost, ifnot its size, are indeed ~illions times involving ofrefugees and displaced persons, unprecedented. On the military side, the operation involves have been orgamzed; and an active role in peace-building perfo~ing t.he difficult task~ of supervision, monitoring has brought involvement by the United Nations in the and venficatlOn ofthe cease-fIre, the withdrawal offoreign establishment of electoral machinery and participatory troops, and the regrouping, cantonment, disarming and processes and even, in some cases, in providing advice and subsequent demobilization ofthe armed forces ofthe four assistance on Mexico agreement and others pre­ fu­ people eventually with alternatives to armed action for their viously sil!oed during the two-year negotiating process ~t­ survival. constitute ablueprint for the comprehensive, positive trans­ is- 148. In short, the task involves nothing less than the formation of Salvadoran society, which was required to reconstruction ofan entire society and nation. For this task, bring about national reconciliation. A new nation eq~ipped it is necessary to broaden the scope ofUnited Nations mili­ with reformed institutions is to emerge after a penod of he tary involvement beyond the li~ited deployment, res~~ted transition, which is Hkely to last through the general elec­ he to Mogadishu, which was preVIOusly conSidered suffiCient. tions in early 1994. n­ For the same purpose, the United Nations is working with 153. The Organization is playing a major and unprece­ R. the Organization of African Unity, the League of Arab dented role in this transition, in verifying the implementa­ in States and the Organization of the Islamic Conference on tion ofall agreements, including the nationwide monitoring ~d arrangements for convening a conference on national rec­ ofrespect for human rights, which had begun last year. New onciliation and unity in Somalia. verification mandates relate to the separation offorces and Id ANGOLA the cease-fire, the concentration of combatants, and the reintegration ofthe members ofthe Frente Farabundo Marti ip 149. The peace process in Angola remains one of the Ilt para la Liberaci6n Nacional into society, as well as those most remarkable and challenging developments in Africa. relating to the reduction and reform ofthe armed forces and y, For three decades, the United Nations has been deeply com­ :n the reform ofthe judiciary and the electoral system. A new mitted to the quest for peace and to social development in civilian police is being created, as a substitution for pre­ le Angola, and the process has now entered its most critical 1t vious security bodies controlled by the armed forces. The phase. It has been over a year since the end ofthe war, and United Nations is playing a central role in coordinating n multi-party elections are scheduled to take place at the end d international assistance in this project. The United Nations of September. We have been providing the services of the is also overseeing action in regard to land and other eco­ United Nations peace-keeping forces and in 1992 have also s nomic and social issues. An ad hoc commission composed begun to assist in the electoral process in an endeavour to ofdistinguished Salvadorans appointed by my predecessor 1I help bring about a permanent solution. The registration of a is reviewing the entire officer corps ofthe armed forces to eligible voters, despite the logistical difficulties, was a re­ make binding recommendations regarding their future on 11 markable achievement. s the basis of their respect for human rights, professional 150. I appointed a special representative in February competence and aptitude for service under the new, peace­ 11 1992 and, with the recent expansion by the Security Coun- time criteria for the functioning of that institution. The 22 Report ofthe Secretary-General on the work ofthe Organization Commission on the Truth, composed ofthree eminent non- ofthe capacity to deliver, but rather the security conditions Salvadorans, also designated by my predecessor, is inves- pertaining to distribution of relief supplies, which deter- tigating serious acts of violence that have occurred since mines whether humanitarian assistance can be provided. 1980 and "whose impact on society urgently demands that Volatile security situations have in several cases led to the the public should know the truth". suspension of operations. In other cases, relief operations 154. The implementation of this complex series of have continued, but at considerable hazard for those in- J agreements was to have been carried out in accordance with volved. United Nations and other humanitarian reliefwork- an intricate calendar painstakingly negotiated by the par- ers are often exposed to great dangers and many are risking ties. While the cease-fire is being respected, considerable their lives on a daily basis. I greatly admire the courage problems have arisen in respect of the implementation of and humanitarian commitment of these dedicated col- other agreements, to the point where adherence to the cal- leagues. I am, however, very conscious of the heavy re- endar, already twice revised, may be in question. The sponsibility I bear in exposing them to fatal danger. Each United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador is working situation is unique, requiring caution, as well as imagi- closely with the parties to make certain that, through con- nation and flexibility of approach. In finding viable tinued dialogue, differences can be smoothly resolved. solutions, I shall need the full cooperation of all parties concerned. 155. These five conflicts reveal the paradox ofpresent- day conflict: each is unique, requiring a specific response, 159. In cases of man-made emergencies, essential yet all require a comprehensive approach that takes into humanitarian assistance must be accompanied by measures account the wide range ofsubstantive issues and calls for a to address the root causes through peacemaking and peace- coordinated and multidimensional international effort. building efforts. Providing succour to the victims of con­ flict through effective relief programmes can positively c. Conflicts and humanitarian assistance assist peacemaking efforts. Corridors ofpeace and zones of tranquillity for relief delivery can reinforce peacemaking 156. Natural disasters continue to cause massive de­ processes. By expanding or broadening such concepts­ struction and suffering, requiring relief aid. Increasingly, with the consent ofthe parties-momentum can be gener­ however, there is a need to assist people suffering from ated for political dialogue and peace efforts. In insisting on man-made devastation and warfare. The international com­ close cooperation, I see a dynamic link between peacemak­ munity has thus been called upon to respond to massive ing' peace-keeping and humanitarian assistance, constitut­ new demands involving the provision of urgent humani­ ing the essence ofhumanitarian diplomacy. tarian assistance in conditions ofviolent civil conflict. The magnitude and complexities ofthe crises make these efforts 160. The mechanisms for refugee assistance that especially difficult. To the extent possible, humanitarian emerged in the light of experience in the post-war period action is being integrated with efforts to resolve the under­ have served us well. But with ever-increasing numbers of lying causes ofthe crisis. internally displaced persons-in fact exceeding the number ofrefugees-there is a reed to bring clarity to institutional 157. The difficulty of providing humanitarian assist­ mandates. This problem has been addressed on an ad hoc ance to the needy has nowhere been more painfully exhib­ basis, but it is now timely to devise a clear United Nations ited than in Somalia and the former Yugoslavia. At the onset system-wide approach to it. of the crisis, my predecessor designated the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees as the 161. A well-coordinated and coherent United Nations lead agency for providing assistance to the refugees and system response to emergencies requires close cooperation displaced persons in the former Yugoslavia. The role ofthat among the key operational organizations, the International organization has since vastly expanded. Even after repeated Committee ofthe Red Cross, the regional and subregional attempts by the international community, assured mecha­ organizations, and the non-governmental organizations, nisms for providing assistance to the needy are still not working together as a team dedicated to the achievement of available. In Somalia, where the entire social infrastructure a shared objective. I am making every effort to ensure that has collapsed, reliefpersonnel from the United Nations and this cooperation and collaboration is achieved, both at the other organizations, the International Committee of the policy level and in the field. This requires changes in atti­ Red Cross and non-governmental organizations have been tude, and a broad global rather than institutional approach repeatedly subject to assault. The World Food Programme to addressing problems ofcoordination. I am pleased to say has carried the principal responsibility, with its logistical that, even in this short time, considerable progress has been support, of providing food aid and helping transport non­ achieved. This is reflected in the newly established inter­ food aid items along with UNICEF under these difficult agency process for carrying out needs assessment, the circumstances. Both in the case of Somalia and in the for­ preparation of consolidated appeals, the mobilization of mer Yugoslavia there have been instances where the provi­ resources and follow-up. sion of relief assistance was deliberately prevented, thus 162. In accordance with General Assembly resolution perpetuating the misery ofinnocent victims held in ransom 46/182, the Central Emergency Revolving Fund has by the parties to the conflict. been established for use in "start-up" emergency opera­ 158. Humanitarian assistance must be provided regard­ tions. Its ultimate success will depend on the cooperation of less ofwhether or not there is an immediate political solu­ the operational organizations and the international commu­ tion. However, the security and protection of staffand the nity. The former must ensure that funds advanced are re­ safe and effective delivery of relief materials are major plenished promptly in accordance with the established concerns with regard to humanitarian efforts in conflict guidelines, while the response of the latter to consoli­ situations. Indeed, the situations in Somalia and the former dated appeals for emergency assistance will be of critical Yugoslavia have demonstrated that it may not be a question importance. irganization Iv. Peace endeavours 23 conditions 163. Disaster preparedness and mitigation constitute lion appeal for assistance to the drought-stricken countries hich deter­ major objectives for the United Nations. These are also the of southern Africa when it pledged almost $600 mimon : provided. focus ofthe International Decade for Natural Disaster Re­ at the Pledging Conference in June. In contrast, however, s led to the duction. The cooperation and involvement ofdevelopment most operational organizations continue to face serious operations organizations will be vital to the realization ofthese ob­ financial difficulties, in view ofless generous responses r those in­ jectives. Indeed, enhancement ofthe preparedness capacity to appeals for assistance. My appeal for emergency hu­ eliefwork­ ofdeveloping countries is perhaps one ofthe most impor­ manitarian assistance for Afghanistan is a case in point, are risking tant elements of humani.:arian response to major natural where less than one third ofthe $180 million sought has le courage disasters. so far been pledged. I call upon the international commu­ cated col­ 164. The capacity of the system to provide effective n;ty to look once again with solidarity upon those less for­ 'heavy re­ and timely assistance is largely dependent upon the re­ tunate and to redouble its financial commitments for the nger. Each sources available to it. I was pleased to see that the inter­ benefit of humanitarian programmes in all parts of the I as imagi­ national community responded positively to the $854 mil- world. ng viable all parties

, essential rmeasures and peace­ ns of con­ positively Id zones of lcemaking oncepts­ be gener­ lsisting on )eacemak­ constitut-

ance that var period lImbers of lenumber stitutional an ad hoc d Nations

d Nations loperation ~rnational bregional Ilizations, vementof Ilsure that oth at the es in aUi­ approach sed to say :has been led inter­ nent, the zation of

esolution 'und has :y opera­ :ration of commu­ dare re­ tablished consoli­ ,f critical 24 Report ofthe Secretary-General on the work ofthe Organization

FIGURE 4

Peace-keeping activities: Number ofpersonnel deployed, 1987-1992

Thousands 40

_30 .,~(,L__

20

10 ; ~ _---- fill' o -,." .... ------•••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••D••••'••

1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Military personnel __ • Civilian personnel ••••• Police personnel e Organization Iv.: Peace endeavours 25

FIGURES

Peace-keeping activities: Number ofoperations deployed and their annual cost, 1987-1992

Annual cost Number of (Millions ofUnited States dollars) operations

2000 12

1 500 9

I 1000 6

'-- I 500 tI' , 3 ", J .-# " - - 0 - - o 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 - - ___ Number of operations __ Annual cost 26 Report ofthe Secretary-General on the work ofthe Organization 25

FIGURE 6

Peace-keeping forces and observer missions, 1948-1992

UNPROFOR 1992- UNFlCVP 1984-

UNOGIL " 1958- " UNIlMOG 1988·1991

UNMOGIP 1949-

DOMREP"I.-I. ' "t~-~~--;-- UNGCMAP 1988·1990

ONUCA UNAMIC 19811-1982 ~~"'---4._ 1991-1992 UNrAC 1992- ONUSAL 19111 - UNSF 1982 ·19113

ONUC/ 1.·1.

UNAVEIII 1.·1111 UNAVEMI 1.1· UNOIOM UNlEFI UNIF I 18112 • 1173·1171 1l1li·1187

MAIl' NO. ~.1 UNITIO NATlClNI SEm..." 1. ....- IEFCRE,. • SINCE'• ifthe Organization

~ Conclusion: Democratization and development

165. The challenge to the United Nations is compre­ and social trends that may become sources ofpolitical ten­ hensive: to become at last an effective collective instrument sions, violence and repression. Stark poverty, economic ofglobal peace and security, to foster responsible relations deprivation, political denial, and social alienation provide within the community ofStates, to ensure the respect ofthe little nourishment for the growth ofdemocracy. The United rights of all peoples for self-determination, to achieve in­ . Nations must push for a global partnership to promote the ternational cooperation in the solution ofeconomic, social, integration ofthe developing count:es, and those in transi­ intellectual, ecological and humanitarian problems. tion, into the world economy. International financial and 166. The old international order has been swept away developmental agencies are a powerful instrument for real­ by a tidal wave of democratization. Thirst for democracy izing a people-centred vision ofdevelopment that goes be­ has been a major cause ofchange, and it will continue to be yond the statistics of economic performance among the a force for the construction of a better world. The United industrialized and the developing countries. The promotion Nations must foster, through its peace-building measures, of universal political participation and world-wide eco­ lOG the process of democratization in situations charac­ nomic recovery are not distant goals; they are the founda­ 1991 terized by long-standing conflicts, both within and among tions ofa healthy and effective movement for democracy. UNIPOM nations. 169. Democracy within the family ofnations means the 1985-1988 167. I am committed, as Secretary-General, to reform application ofits principles within the world Organization the Organization to ensure that each of its organs employs itself. I am committed to a broad dialogue between the _ UNMOGIP its fullest capabilities in the balanced and harmonious fash­ Member States and the Secretary-General. Preserving the 1949· ion envisioned by the Charter of the United Nations. The moral authority of the United Nations requires the fullest pace ofreform must be increased ifthe United Nations is to consultation, participation and engagement of all States, keep ahead ofthe acceleration ofhistory that charal~terizes large and small, in the work ofthe United Nations. That in UNGCMAP this age. All organs ofthe United Nations must be accorded turn requires the empowerment of people in civil society, 1988·1990 and play their full and proper role so that the trust of all providing help where it is needed by supporting indigenous nations and peoples will be retained and deserved. communities, non-governmental organizatiors, citizens' UNAMIC groups and the private sector. 1991·1992 168. In that regard, the United Nations is ofparticular UNrAC significance to the deve!oping countries. It is not only a 170. Here then, in 1992, a better world is within our 1992· forum where their voices can be heard; it also provides a reach. It is the time to move forward deliberately and con­ means of consensus-building aimed at securing the socio­ scientiously towards the realization ofthe vast potential of UNSF economic underpinnings of political freedom. The United this unique Organization and to bring new life to the world 1982 • 19113 Nations has a crucial responsibility to monitor economic ofthe Charter.

" UMKOM 1991·

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Litho in UnitedNations, New York ISSN 0082-8173 93314-May 1993-4,475