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Principles of VLSI IC CMPE 413 IC Technology

What advantages do ICs have over discrete components?

Š Size: Sub-micron vs. millimeter/centimeter.

Š Speed and Power: Smaller size of IC components yields higher speed and lower power consumption due to smaller parasitic resistances, capacitances and induc- tances. Switching between ‘0’ and ‘1’ much faster on chip than between chips. Payoff at the level: are physically smaller, e.g. cell phones. Lower power consumption effect => less heat => cheaper power supplies => reduced system cost.

Š is versatile. Simply change the mask to change the design. However, designing the layout (changing the masks) is usually the most time consum- ing task in IC design.

1 Principles of VLSI Design IC Technology CMPE 413 IC Technology

A Sample of Integrated Circuit : MOS CMOS PMOS-only NMOS-only

Bipolar -transistor logic (TTL) Integrated Injection Logic (I2L)

Gallium Arsenide (GaAs)

Silicon

BiCMOS

Superconducting technologies

2 Principles of VLSI Design IC Technology CMPE 413 Brief

 1958: First Integrated Circuit Flip-flop using two Built by at

 2004 Pentium 4 (~55 million transistors) 512 Mbit DRAM ( > 0.5 billion transistors)

 53% compound annual growth rate over 45 years No other technology has grown so fast so long

 Driven by of transistors Smaller is faster, cheaper, lower in power Revolutionary effects on

 Size: Smallest feature on an IC, currently the length of the transistor Current feature sizes: 130 nm/ 90 nm

3 Principles of VLSI Design IC Technology CMPE 413 Annual Sales

1018 transistors manufacture in 2003 100 million for every on the planet Global Billings Semiconductor Global 200 (Billions of US$) of (Billions 150

100

50

0 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 Year

4 Principles of VLSI Design IC Technology CMPE 413 of the transistor

Vaccum-tubes ruled in the first half of . Large, expensive, power-hungry, unreliable

1947: First point contact transistor John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at

5 Principles of VLSI Design IC Technology CMPE 413 MOS Integrated Circuits

1970’s processes usually had only nMOS transistors Inexpensive, but consume power when idle

Intel 1101 256-bit SRAM 4-bit µProcessor

1980’s present: CMOS processes for low idle power

6 Principles of VLSI Design IC Technology CMPE 413 Why CMOS?

Power consumption (heat) of bipolar circuits reduce level of integration.

„ Multiple ICs offset advantage of faster speed of bipolar since intra-chip signal propagation is much smaller than inter-chip propagation. „ On-chip suffer capacitance and resistance. However, off-chip wires suf- fer from capacitance and inductance (ringing effects).

CMOS advantages:

„ Low power. „ Fully restored logic levels. „ Rise and fall transition times are of the same order. „ Very high levels of integration. „ High performance.

7 Principles of VLSI Design IC Technology CMPE 413 Moore’s Law

1965: Gordan Moore plotted transistor on each chip Fits straight line on a semilog doubles every 18-26 months 1,000,000,000

100,000,000 Pentium 4 Pentium III 10,000,000 Pentium II Transistors Pentium Pro Pentium Intel486 1,000,000 Intel386 80286 100,000 8086 10,000 8080 8008 4004 1,000

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Year

8 Principles of VLSI Design IC Technology CMPE 413 Corollaries

Many other factors grow exponentially ( frequency, performance, ...)

10,000

1,000 4004

8008

Clock Speed (MHz) Speed Clock 8080

100 8086

80286

Intel386

10 Intel486

Pentium

Pentium Pro/II/III

1 Pentium 4

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Year Cost of a semiconductor fab is doubling every three to four years.

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