InsectInsect reviewreview -- pestspests ofof museummuseum facilitiesfacilities
HannaHanna Legutowska,Legutowska, PhDPhD Prof.Prof. StanisławStanisław Ignatowicz,Ignatowicz, PhDPhD WarsawWarsaw UniversityUniversity ofof LifeLife SciencesSciences WarsawWarsaw PestPest risksrisks
TheThe followingfollowing factorsfactors favourfavour pestpest proliferationproliferation inin archivesarchives andand museums:museums: humidhumid andand warmwarm conditionsconditions inin thethe storagestorage areasareas
LackLack ofof frequentfrequent collectioncollection checkschecks andand archivearchive storagestorage cleaningcleaning (dust)(dust)
TheThe vicinityvicinity ofof cateringcatering facilities.facilities. PestPest risksrisks
PestsPests oftenoften destroydestroy museummuseum collections.collections.
TheThe collectionscollections shouldshould bebe monitoredmonitored continuouslycontinuously inin orderorder toto detectdetect pests.pests. HarmfulHarmful organismsorganisms
HarmfulHarmful organismsorganisms inin museumsmuseums andand archivesarchives include:include: RodentRodent andand birdbird nestsnests andand batbat presencepresence inin buildingsbuildings posepose aa threatthreat toto collectionscollections insects, insects, asas theythey attractattract insectsinsects rodents,rodents, (museum beetles, hide beetle, fur beetle), which then migrate bats,bats, beetle), which then migrate insideinside lookinglooking forfor food.food. birds,birds, mould.mould. HarmfulHarmful insectsinsects
TheThe insectsinsects areare ableable toto destroydestroy collectionscollections keptkept inin museumsmuseums andand archives.archives. drugstore beetle
common furniture beetle HarmfulHarmful insectsinsects TracesTraces ofof insectinsect presencepresence
TheThe mostmost commoncommon proofproof ofof insectinsect presencepresence areare tracestraces ofof theirtheir activityactivity,, andand notnot thethe insectsinsects themselves.themselves. TracesTraces ofof insectinsect presencepresence
LiveLive oror deaddead insectsinsects inin variousvarious developmentdevelopment stagesstages ((mothmoth larva).larva). TracesTraces ofof insectinsect presencepresence
PresencePresence ofof exuviaeexuviae (shed(shed skins)skins) andand otherother bodybody parts.parts.
Empty pupa shell TracesTraces ofof insectinsect presencepresence
TracesTraces ofof feeding.feeding. TracesTraces ofof insectinsect presencepresence
ExitExit holesholes onon woodenwooden surfaces.surfaces. TracesTraces ofof insectinsect presencepresence
DamageDamage toto fur,fur, feathersfeathers andand leather.leather.
A leather box destroyed by a hide beetle larva. TracesTraces ofof insectinsect presencepresence
Feeding larva
FecesFeces (frass):(frass): lumps/pellets,lumps/pellets, drieddried specks.specks. TracesTraces ofof insectinsect presencepresence
UponUpon findingfinding tracestraces ofof insectinsect presence,presence, itit isis importantimportant toto ascertainascertain wherewhere theythey feedfeed andand developdevelop inin orderorder toto destroydestroy them.them. HarmfulHarmful insectsinsects
HarmfulHarmful insectsinsects inin museumsmuseums andand archivesarchives belongbelong toto thethe followingfollowing groups:groups:
textiletextile pestspests processedprocessed woodwood pestspests paperpaper pestspests pestspests ofof storedstored productsproducts pestspests ofof sanitarysanitary significancesignificance I.I. TextileTextile pestspests
CanCan digestdigest keratinkeratin and/orand/or chitin.chitin. SkinSkin beetlesbeetles (Dermestidae)(Dermestidae)
OmnivorousOmnivorous
PlantPlant andand animalanimal productsproducts
Furs,Furs, leatherleather products,products, wool,wool, silk,silk, carpets,carpets, ...... DermestesDermestes andand AttegenusAttegenus beetlesbeetles
10 mm LarderLarder beetlebeetle –– DermestesDermestes lardariuslardarius
HideHide beetlebeetle –– DermestesDermestes maculatusmaculatus
BlackBlack carpetcarpet beetlebeetle -- AttagenusAttagenus megatomamegatoma 3-5 mm FurFur beetlebeetle –– AttagenusAttagenus pelliopellio BrownBrown carpetcarpet beetlebeetle -- AttagenusAttagenus smirnovismirnovi DermestesDermestes andand AttegenusAttegenus beetlesbeetles
InIn casecase ofof DermestesDermestes beetles,beetles, onlyonly adultsadults andand larvaelarvae areare harmful.harmful.
AdultsAdults ofof AttegenusAttegenus andand otherother DermestidaeDermestidae beetlesbeetles feedfeed onon aa differentdifferent materialmaterial fromfrom thethe larvae:larvae: pollenpollen oror nectar.nectar. DermestesDermestes andand AttegenusAttegenus beetlesbeetles
TheThe larvaelarvae destroydestroy andand contaminate:contaminate: museummuseum collections,collections, furs,furs, leatherleather products,products, woollenwoollen materials,materials, textiletextile materials,materials, carpets,carpets, leguminousleguminous seeds,seeds, Antlers damaged by Dermestes beetle Antlers damaged by Dermestes beetle grains.grains. larvaelarvae LarderLarder beetlebeetle
Adults may live up to 3 Adults may live up to 3 7-10 mm yearsyears (they(they feedfeed onon thethe materialmaterial inin whichwhich theythey werewere hatched).hatched). TheyThey destroydestroy entomologicalentomological collections,collections, bookbook covers,covers, wax,wax, bones,bones, horns,horns, feathers,feathers, Very resistant to seedsseeds (oleaginous),(oleaginous), drought and cold drieddried flowers,flowers, woolwool unwillingly,unwillingly, clubbed paperpaper isis notnot attackedattacked antennae LarderLarder beetlebeetle larvalarva
TheyThey leaveleave numerousnumerous 2020 mmmm oblongoblong exuviaeexuviae andand sausage-shapedsausage-shaped fecalfecal pelletspellets inin thethe formform ofof chains.chains.
TheyThey avoidavoid light.light.
curved spines (hooks) turned downwards BeforeBefore pupation,pupation, thethe larderlarder beetlebeetle larvaelarvae burrowburrow intointo aa solidsolid objectobject
A wooden element damaged by a larder beetle HideHide beetlebeetle
InIn nature,nature, itit infestsinfests birdbird 10 mm nestsnests andand feedsfeeds onon animalanimal carcasses.carcasses. HideHide beetlebeetle
TheThe larvallarval periodperiod isis betweenbetween 4040 andand 6060 days.days. TheThe larvalarva isis 11-13 mm almostalmost blackblack (a(a redred lengthwiselengthwise stripestripe onon thethe back).back). SmallSmall chitinchitin spinesspines onon thethe sides.sides. TheyThey damagedamage furs:furs: byby eatingeating hairhair andand puncturingpuncturing skin.skin. TheyThey burrowburrow tunnelstunnels inin solidsolid materials:materials: wood,wood, cork,cork, plastic,plastic, curved spines (hooks) leadlead andand zinc.zinc. turned upwards AA leatherleather boxbox destroyeddestroyed byby aa hidehide beetlebeetle larva.larva. FurFur beetlebeetle BrownBrown carpetcarpet beetlebeetle
ItIt infestsinfests birdbird nestsnests inin FoundFound onlyonly inin buildings.buildings. buildingbuilding cracks,cracks, thenthen MigrateMigrate throughthrough airair holes.holes. migratesmigrates indoors. indoors. AttractedAttracted byby light.light. LifespanLifespan upup toto severalseveral weeks.weeks.
4-5 mm
3-4 mm furfur beetle,beetle, brownbrown carpetcarpet beetlebeetle larvalarva
Flat,Flat, bronze-brownbronze-brown larvae,larvae, 12 mm brush-shapedbrush-shaped tufttuft ofof hairhair atat thethe rearrear end.end. TheyThey damagedamage wool,wool, furs,furs, skins,skins, bones,bones, bookbook covers,covers, plantplant andand insectinsect collectionscollections andand food.food. HolesHoles ofof variousvarious sizes.sizes. Up to 8 mm TheyThey leaveleave aa significantsignificant amountamount ofof frass.frass. CarpetCarpet beetlebeetle larvalarva feedingfeeding onon aa carpetcarpet CarpetCarpet beetlesbeetles inin museumsmuseums
2-42-4 mmmm CarpetCarpet beetlesbeetles (Anthrenus(Anthrenus spp).spp). SkinSkin beetlesbeetles (Dermestidae)(Dermestidae)
TheThe mostmost importantimportant pests:pests:
variedvaried carpetcarpet beetlebeetle (office)-- AnthrenusAnthrenus verbasciverbasci,, museummuseum beetlebeetle -- A.A. museorummuseorum,, buffalobuffalo carpetcarpet beetlebeetle -- A.A. scrophulariaescrophulariae,, furniturefurniture carpetcarpet beetlebeetle -- A.A. flavipesflavipes TheThe adultsadults ofof thethe variedvaried carpetcarpet beetlebeetle feedfeed onon pollenpollen oror nectar.nectar. VariedVaried carpetcarpet beetlebeetle
OvalOval bodybody 2-4 mm TheyThey flyfly inin AprilApril -- May.May. TheyThey laylay eggseggs inin meatmeat products,products, carrion,carrion, deaddead insects,insects, wool,wool, leatherleather andand bonesbones
InIn thethe spring,spring, installinstall finefine wirewire gauzegauze inin windowswindows inin orderorder toto preventprevent beetlebeetle proliferationproliferation VariedVaried carpetcarpet beetlebeetle
TheThe larvaelarvae destroy:destroy: carpets,carpets, woolwool products,products, silk,silk, leatherleather products,products, 4-5 mm furs,furs, feathers,feathers, hair,hair, horns,horns, AnyAny otherother productproduct ofof Very dangerous to large plantplant oror animalanimal origin.origin. entomological collections.
MuseumMuseum beetlebeetle
CommonCommon inin bird,bird, antant andand waspwasp nests.nests.
Indoors,Indoors, thethe larvaelarvae destroy:destroy: fabrics,fabrics, leatherleather products,products, museummuseum collections.collections. DamageDamage causedcaused byby thethe museummuseum beetlebeetle AnthrenusAnthrenus beetlesbeetles andand theirtheir harmfulnessharmfulness
AA hoofhoof infestedinfested byby larvaelarvae ofof AnthrenusAnthrenus flavipesflavipes AnthrenusAnthrenus beetlesbeetles andand theirtheir harmfulnessharmfulness
WoolWool damageddamaged byby larvaelarvae ofof AnthrenusAnthrenus flavipesflavipes AnthrenusAnthrenus beetlesbeetles andand theirtheir harmfulnessharmfulness
Anthrenus,Anthrenus, carpetcarpet beetlebeetle MothsMoths
Moths are common in museum stores and libraries. They often inhabit books bound in wool fabrics. MothsMoths
ThreeThree mothmoth typestypes causecause damagesdamages inin museums:museums: 8-12 carpet moth, mm Trichophaga tapetzella webbing clothes moth (clothing), Tineola bisselliella case-bearing clothes moth (casemaking),Tinea pellionella. MothsMoths
webbing clothes moth 14-18 11 carpet moth (clothing)
wingwing spanspan (mm)(mm) case-bearing case-bearing 10-14 clothes moth FoodFood ofof mothmoth larvaelarvae
MothMoth larvaelarvae feedfeed on:on:
woolwool fabrics,fabrics, cotton,cotton, silk,silk, furs,furs, featherfeather products,products, bristles.bristles. CaseCase oror tunneltunnel TheThe case-bearingcase-bearing clothesclothes mothmoth larvalarva willwill dragdrag aa tubulartubular casecase alongalong asas itit feeds.feeds. TheThe casecase isis usedused duringduring pupation.pupation. TheThe larvaelarvae ofof thethe carpetcarpet mothmoth andand thethe webbingwebbing clothesclothes mothmoth 10-12 formform aa tunneltunnel,, attachedattached toto thethe mm surfacesurface andand expanded,expanded, toto createcreate aa pupapupa cocoon.cocoon. TheThe lengthlength ofof thethe larvallarval stagestage dependsdepends onon thethe alimentaryalimentary qualityquality ofof thethe infestedinfested productproduct -- fromfrom 3535 daysdays toto 2.52.5 years.years. DamageDamage causedcaused byby thethe case-bearingcase-bearing clothesclothes mothmoth webbingwebbing clothesclothes mothmoth MothsMoths II.II. ProcessedProcessed woodwood pests.pests. dry wood
FurnitureFurniture beetlesbeetles (Anobiidae)(Anobiidae)
LonghornLonghorn beetlesbeetles (Cerambycidae)(Cerambycidae)
PowderpostPowderpost beetlesbeetles (Lyctinae)(Lyctinae) CommonCommon furniturefurniture beetlebeetle CommonCommon furniturefurniture beetlebeetle CommonCommon furniturefurniture beetlebeetle CommonCommon furniturefurniture beetlebeetle CommonCommon furniturefurniture beetlebeetle
Pleyel piano CommonCommon furniturefurniture beetlebeetle ((AnobiumAnobium punctatumpunctatum)) AntennaeAntennae withwith aa 3-segmented3-segmented club.club. TheThe headhead isis notnot visiblevisible fromfrom above,above, beingbeing hiddenhidden 4 mm underunder thethe prothorax.prothorax.
TheThe mostmost commoncommon pestpest ofof processedprocessed wood.wood. MayMay developdevelop inin oldold wood.wood. Cool and humid places, it does DamagesDamages hard-hard- not tolerate dry conditions andand softwood.softwood. (central heating). Average life cycle: 1 to 3 years. CommonCommon furniturefurniture beetlebeetle
TheThe larvaelarvae targettarget thethe 6 mm externalexternal layerlayer ofof sapwood.sapwood. TunnelsTunnels filledfilled withwith finefine woodwood powderpowder andand grittygritty frass.frass.
tunnels Ø 1-2 mm
Larvae and adults bore tunnels CommonCommon furniturefurniture beetlebeetle SapwoodSapwood andand heartwoodheartwood
oak yew pinepine oak yew
white fir CommonCommon furniturefurniture beetlebeetle
ItIt targetstargets hardwoodhardwood andand softwoodsoftwood (building(building materials,materials, furniture,furniture, wickerwork).wickerwork).
BetterBetter feedingfeeding conditionsconditions forfor larvaelarvae -- hardwood.hardwood. DeathwatchDeathwatch beetlebeetle ((XestobiumXestobium rufovillosumrufovillosum))
ItIt inhabitsinhabits old,old, decomposingdecomposing 5-9 boughsboughs andand trunkstrunks inin thethe forest.forest. mm
VeryVery dangerousdangerous toto woodenwooden monumentsmonuments andand roofroof structures.structures.
ItIt prefersprefers moistmoist woodwood usuallyusually withwith fungalfungal growth.growth.
ItIt infestsinfests oak,oak, alder,alder, beech,beech, hornbeamhornbeam wood,wood, sometimessometimes alsoalso softwood.softwood. DeathwatchDeathwatch beetlebeetle
10 mm TheThe femalesfemales laylay smallsmall clustersclusters ofof 3-43-4 eggseggs inin crevicescrevices andand crackscracks inin thethe woodwood surface.surface.
TheThe lifelife cyclecycle takestakes 11 year,year, sometimessometimes eveneven 3-103-10 years.years. DeathwatchDeathwatch beetlebeetle
IrregularIrregular tunnelstunnels 44 mmmm inin dia.,dia., mainlymainly alongalong thethe grain,grain, packedpacked withwith woodwood powderpowder andand bun-likebun-like ØØ 44 mmmm pelletspellets ofof frass.frass.
OftenOften presentpresent inin combinationcombination withwith fungifungi oror afterafter fungalfungal growth.growth.
OakwoodOakwood isis thethe preferredpreferred food.food. OldOld househouse borerborer ((HylotrupesHylotrupes bajulusbajulus))
7-21 mm15-25 mm ItIt inhabitsinhabits deaddead andand drydry softwood.softwood.
StenothermicStenothermic (30(30oC)C) OldOld househouse borerborer ((HylotrupesHylotrupes bajulusbajulus))
protuprotu beranberan cesces
A strongly flattened body OldOld househouse borerborer
TheThe larvaelarvae feedfeed onon softwoodsoftwood (moisture(moisture contentcontent ofof 10-2010-20 percent).percent). TheyThey easilyeasily digestdigest cellulose.cellulose. 3030 mmmm
TheyThey avoid:avoid: decomposingdecomposing wood,wood, heartwoodheartwood richrich inin oilsoils andand resins.resins. OldOld househouse borerborer
TunnelsTunnels 5-75-7 mmmm inin diameter,diameter, mainlymainly alongalong thethe grain.grain.
LarvaeLarvae lifelife cycle:cycle: 3-43-4 years.years.
TheThe olderolder larvaelarvae borebore labyrinthslabyrinths 1-21-2 mmmm underunder thethe surface.surface.
TunnelsTunnels filledfilled withwith finefine woodwood powderpowder andand frass.frass. OldOld househouse borerborer
ItIt posesposes aa threatthreat toto itemsitems notnot olderolder thanthan 150-200150-200 yearsyears (floors,(floors, furniture,furniture, open-airopen-air ethnographicethnographic museumsmuseums –– ofof thethe 19th19th andand thethe firstfirst halfhalf ofof thethe 20th20th century)century) ..
AgeAge reducesreduces emissionsemissions ofof pinenepinene whichwhich attractsattracts females.females. OldOld househouse borerborer PowderpostPowderpost beetlebeetle ((LyctusLyctus brunneusbrunneus))
PowderpostPowderpost beetlesbeetles cancan bebe 3- 5 mm foundfound inin drydry lumber.lumber. WoodWood richrich inin starch,starch, proteinprotein -- foodfood forfor larvae.larvae.
AA stronglystrongly flattenedflattened body.body.
TheyThey damagedamage furniturefurniture (preferably(preferably oak)oak) andand picturepicture frames.frames. PowderpostPowderpost beetlebeetle
Fleshy,Fleshy, cylindricalcylindrical body,body, finefine 6 mm hair,hair, 33 pairspairs ofof legs.legs. TheyThey feedfeed onon thethe woodwood cellscells (starch,(starch, sugars,sugars, proteins).proteins). TheyThey dodo notnot produceproduce cellulasecellulase -- soso theythey cannotcannot digestdigest woodwood cells.cells. TheThe larvallarval periodperiod isis 2-92-9 months.months. PowderpostPowderpost beetlebeetle
ØØ 0.8-0.8- -1.6-1.6 mmmm LarvalLarval frassfrass -- veryvery finefine (like(like powderpowder oror talcum).talcum).
TheyThey damagedamage woodwood protectiveprotective materials,materials, i.e.i.e. leather,leather, coveringcovering andand eveneven goldgold EuropeanEuropean lyctuslyctus beetlebeetle ((LyctusLyctus linearislinearis)) 2.5-5 mm It destroys hardwood with sapwood (oak, ash, mahogany, walnut) - parquet, wood panelling and furniture.
It inhabits the sapwood over many generations, until full destruction.
Scarcer in Poland than the Anobiidae beetles. EuropeanEuropean lyctuslyctus beetlebeetle
2.5-5 mm
The tunnels of Lyctinae beetles are packed with wood powder, without visible pellet frass, which distinguishes them from Anobiidae beetles. EuropeanEuropean lyctuslyctus beetlebeetle
Tunnels - round cross section ØØ 22 mm.
The exit holes of Lyctinae beetles are mistaken for exit holes of the common furniture beetle. ProcessedProcessed woodwood pests.pests.
lengthlength (mm)(mm) Hole diameter (mm) common 4 6 2 furniture beetle 5-9 10 3.5-4 deathwatch beetle
15-25 30 old house 4x11 borer powderpost 3-7 6 1-2 beetle
2.5-5 European 2 lyctuslyctus beetlebeetle 2.5-5 FeaturesFeatures ofof exitexit holesholes andand foodfood typestypes ofof LyctinaeLyctinae andand AnobiidaeAnobiidae beetles.beetles.
Insect Damaged Shape and size of Larval frass species lumberlumber pupae exit holes types Common hardwood round, Ø = 0.7 - 2.2 spindle-shaped pellets and furniture and mm wood powder beetle softwood Deathwatc hardwood round, Ø = 3.5 - 4 wood powder and strongly h beetle (especially mm flattened pellets oak) and softwood Powderpos hardwood round, Ø = 1 - 2 ample wood powder, no t beetles mm distinct frass pellets
Old house softwood oval, Ø = 2-4 x 5-11 fine wood powder and borer mm cylindrical frass LimitsLimits andand optimumoptimum woodwood moisturemoisture contentcontent (in(in %)%) forfor woodwood pestpest larvallarval developmentdevelopment
Insect Lower limit of Optimum wood Upper limit of wood species wood moisture moisture content moisture content content Powderpos 5.5 15 25 t beetle Old house 8 30 60 borer Common 12 28 45 furniture beetle The larvae of xylophagous beetles, feeding on air- dried wood, cover their water needs through wood digestion. DeterminingDetermining thethe insectinsect typestypes whichwhich causecause woodwood damagedamage
Other methods - TaxonomyTaxonomy (appearance)(appearance) ofof Other methods - adults,adults, pupaepupae andand larvae.larvae. specialisedspecialised equipment:equipment: X-ray,X-ray, CT,CT, thermalthermal scan,scan, ultrasoundultrasound ((soundsound waveswaves).). FeedingFeeding areasareas andand exitexit holesholes ofof adults.adults.
FeedingFeeding areaarea appearanceappearance (shape(shape ofof frassfrass pelletspellets inin woodwood powder).powder).
SoundsSounds whilewhile feedingfeeding
OldOld househouse borerborer –– chewingchewing soundssounds mademade byby largelarge sizedsized larvaelarvae cancan bebe heardheard atat aa distancedistance ofof 11 -- 22 mm FurnitureFurniture beetlesbeetles –– femalesfemales andand malesmales (by(by hittinghitting thethe prothoraxprothorax againstagainst thethe wood)wood)
MethodMethod ofof thethe future:future: Writing the sound wave electroacousticelectroacoustic registrationregistration generated by the insect ofof signalssignals generatedgenerated feeding in wood. byby thethe larvae.larvae. III.III. PaperPaper pestspests
10 mm
silverfishsilverfish
booklicebooklice Silverfish
drugstoredrugstore beetlebeetle Silverfish,Silverfish, LepismaLepisma saccharinasaccharina
TheyThey inhabitinhabit livingliving quartersquarters (humid),(humid), warehouses,warehouses, museumsmuseums andand libraries.libraries. TheyThey feedfeed onon productsproducts richrich inin starch,starch, cellulosecellulose andand glucose.glucose.
TheyThey preferprefer dark,dark, warmwarm andand humidhumid (>60%)(>60%) places.places.
TheyThey inhabitinhabit booksbooks andand paperspapers (stored(stored overover longlong periodsperiods ofof time).time). Silverfish,Silverfish, Lepisma saccharina
TheyThey leaveleave yellowishyellowish discolouringdiscolouring onon thethe fabricsfabrics (wool,(wool, cotton,cotton, silk).silk).
TheyThey destroydestroy goldengolden lettersletters -- byby consumingconsuming thethe glueglue underneath.underneath.
AA silverfishsilverfish maymay survivesurvive aroundaround 11 yearyear withoutwithout food.food.
GenerationGeneration lifelife cyclecycle fromfrom 4-54-5 monthsmonths toto 2-32-3 years.years. Paper destroyed by silverfish Booklice,Booklice, barkfliesbarkflies ((PsocopteraPsocoptera))
VisibleVisible whenwhen browsingbrowsing thethe book.book.
TheirTheir presencepresence inin booksbooks indicatesindicates aa highhigh moisturemoisture content.content.
TheyThey feedfeed onon mouldmould hyphae.hyphae.
CanCan bebe foundfound inin entomologicalentomological andand botanicalbotanical collections.collections. BookliceBooklice
TheyThey dodo notnot proliferateproliferate whenwhen thethe RHRH isis lowerlower thanthan 55%.55%. TheyThey inhabitinhabit humidhumid andand warmwarm archives.archives. TheyThey destroydestroy bookbook bindingsbindings byby feedingfeeding onon thethe glue.glue. TheyThey destroydestroy leatherleather bindings.bindings. TheyThey burrowburrow shallowshallow andand narrownarrow tunnelstunnels leadingleading inin variousvarious directions.directions. PsocidsPsocids
TheThe mostmost commoncommon types:types: furniturefurniture beetlebeetle
ItIt cutscuts circularcircular holes,holes, leavingleaving significantsignificant quantitiesquantities ofof brown-redbrown-red powderedpowdered 15 mm frass.frass.
SeveralSeveral generationsgenerations everyevery year.year. PsocidsPsocids PsocidsPsocids TheThe lifecyclelifecycle ofof thethe drugstoredrugstore beetlebeetle ((StegobiumStegobium paniceumpaniceum))
2-5 mm
TheThe developmentdevelopment cycle:cycle:
50-6050-60 (200)(200) days.days. WithinWithin aa year:year: 2-32-3 generations.generations. DamageDamage causedcaused byby thethe drugstoredrugstore beetlebeetle
4-5 mm OmnivorousOmnivorous larvae:larvae: grain,grain, flour,flour, drieddried food,food, herbs,herbs, bookbook paperpaper richrich inin glue.glue.
TheThe damagedamage isis causedcaused byby larvaelarvae 3 pairs of legs (females(females diedie afterafter layinglaying eggs).eggs). DrugstoreDrugstore beetlebeetle
VeryVery dangerousdangerous toto collections.collections. ResponsibleResponsible forfor 4/54/5 ofof damagesdamages causedcaused byby insectsinsects inin librarieslibraries andand archives.archives. FemalesFemales laylay eggseggs nearnear bookbook spines.spines. TheThe larvaelarvae spreadspread inin variousvarious directions,directions, burrowingburrowing oblongoblong tunnelstunnels ofof anan identicalidentical diameter.diameter. DrugstoreDrugstore beetlebeetle
TheThe olderolder larvaelarvae damagedamage leatherleather oror woodwood bindings.bindings.
PupationPupation occursoccurs justjust belowbelow thethe objectobject surface.surface.
TheThe developmentdevelopment toto adultadult stagestage takestakes placeplace insideinside thethe book.book. DamageDamage causedcaused byby thethe drugstoredrugstore beetlebeetle EthnographicEthnographic collectionscollections damageddamaged byby aa drugstoredrugstore beetlebeetle
TheThe drugstoredrugstore beetlebeetle destroys:destroys:
herbs,herbs, pharmaceuticalpharmaceutical preparations,preparations, spices,spices, drieddried fruitfruit andand vegetables,vegetables, leather.leather. EthnographicEthnographic collectionscollections damageddamaged byby thethe drugstoredrugstore beetlebeetle EthnographicEthnographic collectionscollections damageddamaged byby aa drugstoredrugstore beetlebeetle EthnographicEthnographic collectionscollections damageddamaged byby aa drugstoredrugstore beetlebeetle IV.IV. StorageStorage pests.pests.
MuseumMuseum collectionscollections include:include: nut,nut, seed,seed, graingrain drieddried fruitfruit andand vegetables,vegetables, herbsherbs andand drieddried plants.plants.
TheseThese collectionscollections areare infestedinfested byby storagestorage pests.pests. StorageStorage pests.pests.
3.5-4 mm 2-5 mm TheThe mostmost commoncommon pestspests inin museums:museums:
CigaretteCigarette beetle,beetle, LasiodermaLasioderma serricorneserricorne DrugstoreDrugstore beetle,beetle, StegobiumStegobium paniceumpaniceum CigaretteCigarette beetlebeetle
ItIt leavesleaves powderpowder andand exitexit holes.holes.
FlyingFlying specimensspecimens maymay bebe presentpresent inin thethe room.room. CigaretteCigarette beetlebeetle
MuseumMuseum pest:pest: 4 mm
textiletextile materials;materials; botanicalbotanical collections;collections; books;books; thethe adultsadults dodo notnot feed,feed, periodsperiods ofof thethe highesthighest activityactivity inin thethe eveningsevenings andand atat night;night; thethe femalesfemales laylay eggseggs directlydirectly onon productsproducts onon whichwhich thethe larvaelarvae feed.feed. V.V. PestsPests ofof sanitarysanitary significancesignificance
TheThe mostmost commoncommon -- cockroachescockroaches andand amongamong themthem -- GermanGerman cockroaches.cockroaches.
TheyThey areare omnivorous.omnivorous.
TheyThey destroydestroy leather,leather, paper,paper, glue,glue, animalanimal hairhair andand wool,wool, ifif soiledsoiled withwith sweatsweat oror food.food. GermanGerman cockroachcockroach ((BlatellaBlatella germanicagermanica))
Well-developedWell-developed wingswings 12-12- 1616 mmmm (does(does notnot fly).fly). ♀♀
AverageAverage lifelife cycle:cycle: 2222oCC 66 months.months. 3030oCC 2.52.5 months.months.
GermanGerman cockroachcockroach
TheThe femalefemale layslays 4-84-8 cocoonscocoons duringduring herher lifelife (ootheca).(ootheca).
AnAn oothecaootheca hatcheshatches 30-4030-40 smallsmall larvae.larvae. OrientalOriental cockroachcockroach (waterbug)(waterbug) ((BlattaBlatta orientalisorientalis)) ShinyShiny andand dark-brown,dark-brown, almostalmost blackblack body,body, flattened.flattened. 18-18- 3030 mmmm ♀♀ ItIt movesmoves slowly.slowly.
TheyThey likelike thethe heatheat (20-29(20-29oC),C), butbut theythey cancan alsoalso inhabitinhabit ♂ unheatedunheated areas.areas.
ItIt isis moremore sensitivesensitive toto waterwater deficienciesdeficiencies inin foodfood thanthan aa GermanGerman cockroach.cockroach. HarmfulnessHarmfulness ofof cockroachescockroaches
TheyThey transfertransfer fungi,fungi, protozoaprotozoa andand bacteriabacteria (pathogenic(pathogenic toto peoplepeople andand animals).animals).
TheyThey causecause allergiesallergies inin people.people. AllergensAllergens fromfrom cockroachescockroaches -- thethe mostmost commoncommon afterafter allergensallergens fromfrom mitesmites andand househouse dust.dust. HarmfulnessHarmfulness ofof cockroachescockroaches
TheyThey feedfeed on:on: leatherleather andand parchmentparchment binding,binding, alsoalso destroyingdestroying bookbindingbookbinding glue.glue. BibliographyBibliography
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