Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 185 / Monday, September 25, 1995 / Proposed Rules 49359

Director, North Pacific Coast Ecoregion, ACTION: Proposed rule. hannerae, Kokia kauaiensis, Labordia 3704 Griffin Lane SE, Suite 102, tinifolia var. wahiawaensis, Olympia, Washington 98501 (360/534– SUMMARY: The U.S. Fish and Wildlife linearifolia, Phyllostegia knudsenii, 9330); or Mr. Ron Crete, Manager, Service (Service) proposes endangered Phyllostegia wawrana, Habitat Protection and Restoration, status pursuant to the Endangered napaliensis, Pritchardia viscosa, Office of Technical Support-Forest Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act), helleri, Schiedea Resources, P.O. Box 3623, Portland, for 17 : lychnoides membranacea, , Oregon 97204–3623 (503/326–6700). (kawawaenohu), Alsinidendron and Viola kauaensis var. wahiawaensis viscosum (No common name (NCN)), are endemic to the island of . SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: remyi (haha), Cyrtandra The island of Kauai is the Background cyaneoides (mapele), Delissea rivularis northernmost and oldest of the eight (’oha), Hibiscadelphus woodii (hau major Hawaiian Islands (Foote et al. The implementing regulations for kuahiwi), waimeae ssp. threatened wildlife generally 1972). This highly eroded island, hannerae (koki’o ke’oke’o), Kokia characterized by deeply dissected incorporate the prohibitions of section 9 kauaiensis (koki’o), Labordia tinifolia of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, canyons and steep ridges, is 1,430 var. wahiawaensis (kamakahala), as amended (Act), for endangered square kilometers (sq km) (553 sq miles Phyllostegia knudsenii (NCN), wildlife, except when a ‘‘special rule’’ (mi)) in area (Department of Geography Phyllostegia wawrana (NCN), promulgated pursuant to section 4(d) of 1983). Kauai was formed about six Pritchardia napaliensis (loulu), the Act has been issued with respect to million years ago by a single shield Pritchardia viscosa (loulu, Shiedea a particular threatened species. At the volcano. Its caldera, once the largest in helleri (NCN), time the northern spotted owl, Strix the Hawaiian Islands, now extends (NCN), Schiedea stellarioides occidentalis caurina, was listed as a about 16 km (10 mi) in diameter and (laulihilihi), and Viola kauaensis var. threatened species in 1990, the Service comprises the extremely wet, elevated wahiawaensis (nani wai’ale’ale). The did not promulgate a special section tableland of Alakai Swamp (Department 4(d) rule and therefore, all of the section Service also proposes threatened status of Geography 1983). Because the highest 9 prohibitions, including the ‘‘take’’ for two species: Cyanea recta point on Kauai, at Kawaikini Peak, is prohibitions, became applicable to the (haha) and Myrsine linearifolia (kolea). only 1,598 m (5,243 ft) in elevation species. To replace the blanket All of the species are endemic to the (Walker 1990), it lacks the contrasting prohibitions against take of spotted island of Kauai, Hawaiian Islands. The leeward montane rainfall patterns found owls, the Service published a proposed 19 plant taxa and their habitats have on other Hawaiian islands that have special rule, 50 CFR Part 17, on been variously affected or are currently higher mountain systems. Rainfall is February 17, 1995, in the Federal threatened by one or more of the distributed throughout the upper Register, pursuant to section 4(d) of the following: competition, predation or elevations, especially at Mount Act, which proposes a narrower, more habitat degradation from introduced Waialeale, Kauai’s second highest point tailor-made set of standards that reduce species; natural disasters; and trampling at 1,569 m (5,148 ft) in elevation prohibitions applicable to timber by humans. This proposal, if made final, (Walker 1990) and one of the wettest harvest and related activities on would implement the Federal protection spots on earth, where annual rainfall specified non-Federal forest lands in provisions provided by the Act. Listing averages 1,145 centimeters (cm) (450 Washington and California. under the Act would also trigger listed inches (in)) (Wagner et al. 1990). To the status for these 19 taxa under State law. west of the Alakai Swamp is the deeply List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17 DATES: Comments from all interested dissected Waimea Canyon, extending 16 Endangered and threatened species, parties must be received by November km (10 mi) in length and up to 1.6 km Exports, Imports, Reporting and 24, 1995. Public hearing requests must (1 mi) in width. Later volcanic activity recordkeeping requirements, and be received by November 9, 1995. on the southeastern flank of the volcano Transportation. ADDRESSES: Comments and materials formed the smaller Haupu caldera. Subsequent erosion and collapse of its Authority concerning this proposal should be sent to Robert P. Smith, Manager, Pacific flank formed Haupu Ridge (Macdonald The authority for this action is the Islands Ecoregion, U.S. Fish and et al. 1983). One of the island’s most Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended Wildlife Service, 300 Ala Moana famous features is the Na Pali Coast, (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.) Boulevard, Room 6307, P.O. Box 50167, where stream and wave action have cut Dated: September 11, 1995. Honolulu, 96850. Comments deep valleys and eroded the northern Don Weathers, and materials received will be available coast to form precipitous cliffs as high Acting Regional Director, U.S. Fish and for public inspection, by appointment, as 910 m (3,000 ft) (Joesting 1984). Wildlife Service, Region 1, Portland, Oregon. during normal business hours at the Because of its age and relative isolation, levels of floristic diversity and [FR Doc. 95–23556 Filed 9–22–95; 8:45 am] above address. BILLING CODE 4310±55±P endemism are higher on Kauai than on FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: any other island in the Hawaiian Robert P. Smith, Manager, Pacific archipelago. However, the vegetation of Islands Ecoregion (see ADDRESSES Kauai has undergone extreme 50 CFR Part 17 section) (telephone: 808/541–2749; alterations because of past and present RIN 1018±AD46 facsimile: 808/541–2756). land use. Land with rich soils was Endangered and Threatened Wildlife SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: altered by the early Hawaiians and, more recently, converted to agricultural and Plants; Proposed Endangered or Background Threatened Status for Nineteen Plant use (Gagne and Cuddihy 1990) or Species From the Island of Kauai, , pasture. Intentional or inadvertent Hawaii , Cyanea recta, introduction of alien plant and animal Cyanea remyi, Cyrtandra cyaneoides, species has also contributed to the AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Delissea rivularis, Hibiscadelphus reduction of native vegetation on the Interior. woodii, Hibiscus waimeae ssp. island of Kauai. Native forests are now 49360 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 185 / Monday, September 25, 1995 / Proposed Rules limited to the upper elevation mesic and rocky terrain or cliff faces. The substrate sprawling habit, color of the sepals, wet regions within Kauai’s conservation is generally well-drained soils that may number of flowers per cluster, and size district. The 19 taxa proposed in this support canopies up to 40 m (130 of the leaves. Alsinidendron lychnoides rule occur in that district, between 150 ft) in height (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, is closely related to Alsinidendron and 1,310 m (500 and 4,300 ft) Gagne and Cuddihy 1990). The habitat viscosum, which differs primarily in elevation, within large State-owned of 8 of the 19 taxa in this proposed rule having narrower leaves, fewer capsule tracts of natural area reserves, forest extends to the higher elevation montane valves, and fewer flowers per cluster reserves, and parks, and smaller mesic or wet forests. Alsinidendron (Wagner et al. 1990). privately owned tracts. Most of the lychnoides, Delissea rivularis, and Historically, Alsinidendron proposed taxa persist on steep slopes, are the only proposed lychnoides has been found on the east precipitous cliffs, valley headwalls, and taxa found strictly within these montane rim of Kalalau Valley near Keanapuka, other regions where unsuitable communities, which typically occur the western and southeastern margins of topography has prevented agricultural above 910 m (3,000 ft) evaluation the Alakai Swamp, and southwest of the development or where inaccessibility (Hawaii Heritage Program (HHP) 1994a). Swamp near Kaholuamano on the island has limited encroachment by alien The annual rainfall in montane of Kauai (HHP 1994b2 to 1994b4, animal and plant species. communities may exceed 700 cm (280 1994b7; Wagner et al. 1990). This The 19 taxa proposed in this rule are in) (Gagne and Cuddihy 1990). species is extant on State-owned land in distributed mostly in the northern and The land that supports these 19 plant the Alakai Swamp, including the Alakai northwestern portions of the island and taxa is owned by various private parties Wilderness Preserve, and on State- grow in a variety of vegetation and the State of Hawaii (including State owned land on the east rim of Kalalau communities (shrublands, forests, and parks, forest reserves, and natural area Valley. This latter population occurs on mixed communities), elevational zones reserves). the boundary of Hono O Na Pali Natural (lowland to montane), and moisture Area Reserve (NAR) and Na Pali Coast Discussion of the 19 Taxa Proposed for regimes (dry to wet). Only one species, State Park. The four known populations Listing Pritchardia napaliensis, is found in contain a total of fewer than 10 plants lowland dry communities. These once Alsinidendron lychnoides was first (HHP 1994b1, 1994b5, 1994b6; Hawaii abundant communities are now described by Wilhelm Hillebrand (1888) Plant Conservation Center (HPCC) fragmented due to fire, development, as Schiedea lychnoides based on a 1992a; Wood and Perlman 1993a; and the ingression of alien plants and specimen collected by Valdemar Yoshioka 1992). Alsinidendron animals. Lowland dry forests in Hawaii Knudsen (between about 1853 and lychnoides typically grows in montane are characterized by an annual rainfall 1871) above Waimea, Kauai. While both wet forest dominated by Metrosideros of 50 to 200 cm (20 to 80 in) which falls Hillebrand and Amos A. Heller (1897) polymorpha (‘ohi’a) and Cheirodendron between November and March, and a believed that there were good reasons to sp. (‘olapa), or by ‘ohi’a and well-drained, highly weathered place Schiedea lychnoides in the genus (uluhe), trailing substrate rich in aluminum (Gagne and Alsinidendron, it wasn’t until 1944 that on the ground or on other vegetation, Cuddihy 1990). Earl E. Sherff transferred the species to and at elevations between 1,100 and Most populations of the 19 taxa in this genus. 1.320 m (3,600 and 4,330 ft). Associated this proposed rule are in lowland mesic Alsinidendron lychnoides, a member plant species included Athyrium sp., or wet shrubland or forest communities. of the pink family (), is Carex sp., Cyrtandra sp. (ha’iwale), Lowland mesic shrublands lie between a weakly climbing or sprawling Machaerina sp. (‘uki), Vaccinium sp. 30 and 850 m (100 and 2,790 ft) subshrub. The main stems are 0.4 to 3 (‘ohelo), Peperomia sp. (‘ala ‘ala wai elevation and are characterized by an m (1.3 to 9.8 ft) long with short side nui), Hedyotis terminalis (manono), open or closed canopy up to 3 m (10 ft) branches. The plant is woody, at least at Astelia sp. (pa’iniu), and tall with little or no herbaceous layer the base, and densely covered with fine arquta (Kanawao) (HHP 1994b5, development. These shrublands usually glandular hairs throughout. The thin 1994b6; HPCC 1992a; Wagner et al. occur in habitats where forests cannot leaves are egg-shaped to elliptic and are 1990; Marie M. Bruegmann, U.S. Fish develop, such as on cliffs, ridges, and 3.5 to 6.5 cm (1.4 to 2.6 in) long and 1.5 and Wildlife Service (USFWS). in litt., steep slopes. The annual rainfall of 100 to 3.8 cm (0.6 to 1.5 in) wide. Eighteen 1994). to 200 cm (40 to 80 in) falls primarily to 21 flowers are arranged in clusters The major threats to Alsinidendron during the winter months (Gagne and with stalks ranging from 2 to 2.4 cm (0.8 lychnoides are competition from the Cuddihy 1990). Lowland mesic forest to 0.9 in) long. The four sepals are white aggressive alien plant species Rubus communities lie between 30 and 1,600 and thin, and remain so at maturity. The arqutus (prickly Florida blackberry), m (100 and 5,250 ft) elevation and are outer two sepals greatly overlap the habitat degradation by feral pigs (Sus characterized by a 2 to 20 m (6.5 to 65 inner ones. The sepals are oblong-ovate. srofa), and trampling by humans. One ft) canopy and a diverse understory of 10 to 12 millimeters (mm) (0.4 to 0.5 in) plant has died since Hurricane ‘Iniki shrubs, herbs, and ferns. The annual long, but enlarge to 12 to 16 mm (0.5 to struck Kauai in September 1992. This rainfall of 120 to 380 cm (45 to 150 in) 0.6 in) long in fruit, completely species is also threatened by a risk of falls predominantly between October enclosing the fruit at maturity. The from naturally occurring and March (Gagne and Cuddihy 1990). stamens are scarcely fused at the base events (such as landslides or hurricanes) Lowland mesic forests often grade into with basal outgrowths 2.5 to 3.5 mm and/or reduced reproductive vigor due lowland wet forests that are typically (0.1 in) long. nearly as wide, and two- to the small number of extant found on the windward sides of islands to three-toothed. The fruit are egg- individuals (Center for Plant or in sheltered leeward situations shaped capsules, 9 to 12 mm (0.4 to 0.5 Conservation (CPC) 1990; HHP 1994b1, between 100 and 1,200 m (330 and in) long. with 8 to 11 valves. The black 1994b5., 1994b6; HPCC 1992a; M. 3,940 ft) elevation. The rainfall in this are approximately 1 mm (0.04 in) Bruegmann, in litt., 1994). lowland wet community may exceed long with low transverse ridges on the Horace Mann, Jr. (1866) originally 500 cm (200 in) per year. These forests surface. This species is distinguished described Alsinidendron viscosum as were once the predominant vegetation from others in this endemic Hawaiian Schiedea viscosa based on a collection on Kauai but now exist only on steep genus by the weakly climbing or he made with William T. Brigham Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 185 / Monday, September 25, 1995 / Proposed Rules 49361

(between 1864 and 1865) on Kauai Mohihi-Waialae Trail) total between 40 longitudinal stripes, 30 to 40 mm (1.2 to (Wagner et al. 1990). He chose the and 60 mature plants on State-owned 1.6 in) long, and 3 to 4 mm (0.1 to 0.2 specific name in reference to the sticky land. One population is within the in) wide, with spreading lobes. The hairs covering the whole plant. Later, Alakai Wilderness Preserve (Flynn and staminal column is smooth or sparsely Sherff (1944) placed the taxon in the Lorence 1992; HHP 1994c4; HPCC hairy at the base. The anthers are genus Alsinidendron based on a 1993a1, 1993a2; Yoshioka 1992; covered with minute epidermal reassessment of this species and Timothy Flynn and Kenneth Wood, projections, the lower two with tufts of Schiedea lychnoides, as suggested by NTBG, pers. comms., 1994). white hairs at the tip. The fruit is an egg- Hillebrand (1888) and Heller (1897). Alsinidendron viscosum is typically shaped, purple berry. Cyanea recta is Alsinidendron viscosum, a member of found at elevations between 820 and distinguished from other species in the the pink family, is a weakly climbing or 1.070 m (2,700 and 3,510 ft), on steep genus that grow on Kauai by the sprawling subshrub. The stems are 0.6 slopes in Acacia koa (koa)-’ohi’a following collective characteristics: to 3 m (2.0 to 9.8 ft) long, and densely lowland mesic or set forest. Associated horizontal or ascending , covered with fine glandular hairs plant species include Alyxia oliviformis narrowly elliptic leaves 12 to 28 cm (4.7 throughout. The thin and membranous (maile), sp. (’ahakea), Carex sp., to 11 in) long, flat leaf margins, and leaves are narrowly elliptic and are 2.5 Dodonaea viscosa (’a’ali’i), purple berries (Lammers 1990). to 5 cm (1.0 to 2.0 in) long and 0.8 to (’aiea), Melicope sp., (alani), Pleomele Historically, Cyanea recta was known 1.8 cm (0.3 to 0.7 in) wide. Usually sp. (hala pepe), and sp. from scattered locations of northeastern three to nine flowers are arranged in (kopiko) (HHP 1994c4; HPCC 1993a1, and central Kauai, including upper loose clusters with stalks ranging from 1993a2; Flynn and Lorence 1992; Hanalei Valley, Waioli Valley, 2 to 3.5 cm (0.8 to 1.4 in) long. The four Wagner et al. 1990; K. Wood, pers. Hanapepe Valley, Kalalau cliffs, sepals are white, thin, and membranous, comm., 1994). Wainiha Valley, Makaleha Mountains, and remain so at maturity. The outer Destruction of habitat by feral pigs Limahuli Valley, Powerline Trail, and two sepals greatly overlap the inner and goats (Capra hircus); competition the Lehua Makanoe-Alakai area (HHP ones. The sepals are oblong in shape with the alien plant species prickly 1994d1 to 1994d7). Currently, six and 8 to 9 mm (0.3 in) long. but enlarge Florida blackberry, Lantana camara populations of this species, totalling to approximately 12 mm (0.5 in) long in (lantana), and Melinis minutiflora approximately 500 to 1,500 individuals, fruit, completely enclosing the fruit at (molasses grass); and a risk of extinction are found on State and private land in maturity. The stamens are scarcely from naturally occurring events and/or the following areas: upper Waioli fused at the base and the basal reduced reproductive vigor, due to the Valley, with more than 150 plants; outgrowths are about 3 mm (0.1 in) long, small number of extant populations and Wainiha Valley, with several hundreds nearly as wide, and two-toothed. The individuals, are the major threats to of plants; Makaleha Mountains, with an fruits are egg-shaped capsules, 8 to 12 Alsinidendron viscosum (HHP 1994c4; estimated 123 plants; Limahuli Valley mm (0.3 to 0.5 in) long, and opening by HPCC 1993a1, 1993a2; Steven Perlman, with fewer than 50 plants; Powerline five to seven values. The seeds are dark and K. Wood, NTBG, pers. comms., Trail with a single plant; and the back reddish brown, and approximately 0.8 1994; Christa Russell, The Nature of Hanalei Valley with an unknown mm (0.03 in) long with a minutely hairy Conservancy of Hawaii (TNCH), pers. number of plants (HHP 1994d3, 1994d8 surface. This species is distinguished comm. 1994). to 1994d10; HPCC 1992b, 1993c1, from others in this endemic Hawaiian While a member of the Austrian East genus by the weakly climbing or Asiatic Exploring Expedition, Dr. 1993c2; Lorence and Flynn 1993a, sprawling habit, color of the sepals, Heinrich Wawra collected a new 1993b; K. Wood and S. Perlman, pers. number of flowers per cluster, and size lobelioid on Kauai which he later comms., 1994). Cyanea recta grows in of the leaves. Alsinidendron viscosum is described and named Delissea recta lowland wet or mesic ’ohi’a forest or closely related toAlsinidendron (Wawra 1873). In 1888, Hillebrand shrubland, usually in gulches or on lychnoides, which differs primarily in transferred this species to the genus slopes, and typically from 400 to 940 m having wider leaves and more capsule Cyanea, and this is the name accepted (1,300 to 3,070 ft) elevation. Associated valves and flowers per cluster (Wagner in the current treatment of the family plant species include kopiko, et al. 1990). (Lammers 1990). Other published names sp. (hame), Cheirodendron Historically, Alsinidendron viscosum which Lammers (1990) considers to be platyphyllum (lapalapa), sp. was known from the Kaholuamano, synonymous with Cyanea recta include (hapu’u), and Diplazium sp. (HHP 1992; Kokee, Halemanu, Nawaimaka, and Cyanea larrisonii, Cyanea rockii, HPCC 1992b, 1993c1, 1993c2; Lammers Waialae areas of northwestern Kauai Cyanea salicina, Delissea larrisonii, and 1990; Lorence and Flynn 1993a, 1993b). (HHP 1994c1 to 1994c3). This species Delissea rockii (Rock 1915, St. John The major threats to Cyanea recta are had not been seen since Forbes’ 1917 1987b, Wimmer 1968). bark removal by ; habitat collection near Kauaikinana in Kokee Cyanea recta, a member of the degradation by feral pigs; browsing by when, in 1991, Steven Perlman and bellflower family, is an unbranced shrub goats; and competition with the alien Kenneth Wood of HPCC discovered a 1 to 1.5 m (3.3 to 4.9 ft) tall. The plant species Blechnum occidentale population of 11 mature plants on the narrowly elliptic leaves are 12 to 28 cm (blechnum fern), lantana, Rubus ridge between Waialae and Nawaimaka (4.7 to 11 in) long and 1.2 to 5 cm (0.5 rosifolius (thimbleberry), valleys. In 19893, another 20 to 30 to 2 in) wide, with minutely toothed (Koster’s curse), Crassocephalum plants were discovered in the same margins. The upper surface is green and crepidioides, Deparia petersenii, general area on a north-facing ridge in smooth, while the lower surface is Erechtites valerianifolia (fireweed), Nawaimaka Valley. In 1992, Timothy whitish green to pale green, and smooth Melastoma candidum, Paspalum Flynn and David Lorence of the or hairy. Five to seven flowers are conjugatum (Hilo grass), Sacciolepis National Tropical Botanical Garden arranged on an inflorescence stalk 7 to indica (Glenwood grass), and Youngia (NTBG) located 10 plants along the 10 cm (3 to 4 in) long, each having an japonia (Oriental hawksbeard) (Lorence Mohihi-Waialae Trail. The 2 known individual stalk 5 to 17 mm (0.2 to 0.7 and Flynn 1993a, 1993b; Wood and populations (2 subpopulations in in) in length. The densely hairy flowers Perlman 1993b; K. Wood, pers. comm., Nawaimaka Valley and 1 population on are purple or white with purple 1994). 49362 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 185 / Monday, September 25, 1995 / Proposed Rules

The French naturalist and ethnologist years, Cyanea remyi was rediscovered in (1 to 1.4 in) in length when the flower Ezechiel Jules Remy first collected the Blue Hole on Kauai by botanists is fully open, but falls off after the Cyanea remyi on Kauai or Niihau from NTBG. Currently, this species is flower matures. The fruit is an egg- between 1851 and 1855. The specimen, known from four widely separated shaped berry which is covered with labelled as an unidentified Delissea, locations in northeastern and shaggy hairs, at least when young. languished in the herbarium of the southeastern Kauai: a population of 14 Although poorly known, Cyrtandra Natural History Museum in Paris until plants in Waioli Valley; several hundred cyaneoides is a very distinctive species Joseph F. Rock formally described it and plants at the base of Mount Waialeale; (Wagner et al. 1990). It differs from named it in honor of the collector, in about 140 to 180 plants in the Wahiawa others of the genus that grow in Kauai 1917. In the current treatment of the Mountains, near Hulua; and a by being a succulent, erect or ascending family, Lammers (1990) surmised that population of about 10 to 50 plants on shrub and having a bilaterally the taxon may be synonymous with the summit plateau of the Makaleha symmetrical calyx that is spindle- Cyanea truncata due, at that time, to the Mountains. This species, therefore, shaped in bud and falls off after inadequate material available for study. totals over several hundred plants on flowering; leaves with a wrinkled However, several recent collections by State and private land. Cyanea remyi is surface, 40 to 55 cm (16 to 22 in) long botanists from NTBG have confirmed usually found in lowland wet forest or and 22 to 35 cm (9 to 14 in) wide; and the distinctness of this species shrubland at an elevation of 360 to 930 berries with shaggy hairs (Wagner et al. (Lammers 1993; Thomas Lammers, m (1,180 to 3,060 ft). Associated plant 1990). Field Museum of Natural History, and S. species include hame, kanawao, ’ohi’a, Cyrtandra cyaneoides was originally Perlman, pers. comms., 1994). (’ie’ie), and known only from the type collection Cyanea remyi, a member of the Perrottetia sandwicensis (olomea) (HHP made at Kaholuamanu 80 years ago, bellflower family, is a shrub 0.9 to 2 m 1992, 1994e; HPCC 1991a1, 1991a2, along the trail to Waialae Valley on the (3 to 6.6 ft) tall with generally 1992c; Lorence and Flynn 1991, 1993a, island of Kauai (HHP 1994fl, Wagner et unbranched stems 1 to 2.5 cm (0.4 to 1 1993b). al. 1990). In 1991, botanists from NTBG in) in diameter. The stems are erect, Competition with the alien plant discovered a population of 50 to 100 unarmed (lacking prickles), dark purple species fireweed, Hilo grass, Psidium individuals at Namolokama above and hairy toward the apex, and brown cattleianum (strawberry guava), Lumahai Valley. Three additional and hairless below. The leaves are thimbleberry, and Melastoma populations were discovered over the broadly elliptic, egg-shaped, or broadly candidum; habitat degradation by feral next 2 years: 1 plant on the Makaleha oblong, and 16 to 40 cm (6 to 16 in) long pigs; browsing by goats; predation by Plateau; more than 300 plants in and 9.5 to 19.5 cm (3.7 to 7.7 in) wide. rats; unidentified slugs that feed on the Wainiha Valley; and 1 plant in upper The upper leaf surface is green, glossy, stems; and a risk of extinction from Waioli Valley for a total of between 350 and hairless. The lower leaf surface is naturally occurring events, due to the and 400 plants (HHP 1994f2; Lorence whitish green and glossy with scattered small number of remaining populations, and Flynn 1993a, 1993b; Wood and short white hairs on the midrib and are the major threats to Cyanea remyi Perlman 1993b). The four known veins. The leaf margins are hardened (HPCC 1991a1, 1991a2, 1992c; Lorence populations occur on private and State and slightly toothed. The inflorescence and Flynn 1991, 1993b; S. Perlman, land, between 550 and 1,220 m (1,800 rises upward, contains 6 to 23 flowers, pers. comm., 1994). and 4,000 ft) elevation. This species and is covered with short white hairs. In 1909, J.F. Rock collected a plant typically grows on steep slopes or cliffs The dark maroon sepal lobes are specimen on Kauai which he named near streams or waterfalls in lowland or triangular or narrowly triangular, Cyrtandra cyaneoides (Rock 1913a). The montane wet forest or shrubland spreading or ascending, and 4 to 6 mm specific epithet refers to the dominated by ’ohi’a or a mixture of (0.2 in) long and 1 to 2 mm (0.04 to 0.08 resemblance of this distinctive plan to a ’ohi’a and uluhe. Associated species in) wide. The tubular flowers, 40 to 53 species of the endemic Hawaiian genus include Boehmeria grandis (’akolea). mm (2 in) long, have two lips, are dark Cyanea. Pipturus sp. (mamaki), ’olapa, ’uki, purple (shading to purplish white at the Cyrtandra cyaneoides, a member of Athyrium sp., and Jedyotis sp. (manono) apex of the lobes on their inner surface), the African violet family (Gesneriaceae), (Lorence and Flynn 1993a, 1993b; Wood and are densely covered with short is an erect or ascending, fleshy, and Perlman 1993b). white hairs. The flower tube is curved, unbranched shrub, about 1 to 1.3 m (3.3 The major threat to Cyrtandra 30 to 31 mm (1 in) long and 5 to 5.5 mm to 4.3 ft) tall. The opposite, symmetrical, cyaneoides is competition with alien (0.2 in) in diameter. The staminal egg-shaped leaves are fleshy and plant species such as fireweed, Hilo column is slightly protruding. The leathery, 40 to 55 cm (16 to 22 in) long grass, thimbleberry, Deparia petersenii, maroon or dark purple fruit is a round and 22 to 35 cm (9 to 14 in) wide. The and Drymaria cordata (pipili). Because berry, 10 to 13 mm (0.4 to 0.5 in) in upper surface of the toothed leaves is of the small number of known diameter, with orange flesh and small wrinkled with impressed veins and populations, this species is especially projections on the outer surface. Cyanea sparsley covered with long hairs. The vulnerable to extinction by reduced remyi is distinguished from others in lower surface has raised veins and is reproductive vigor and/or naturally the genus that grow on Kauai by its sparsely covered with hairs. The leaf occurring events (for example, shrubby habit; relatively slender, stalks are 4.5 to 14 cm (1.8 to 5.5 in) landslides and hurricanes). Feral pigs unarmed (lacking prickles) stems; long and winged. The white flowers, are reported to occur in lower Wainiha smooth or minutely toothed leaves; covered with shaggy brown hairs, arise Valley; however, no evidence exists of densely hairy flowers; the shape of the from the leaf axils in small dense their incursion into the upper valley to calyx lobes; length of the calyx and clusters. The corolla tube (fused petals) date (HHP 1994f2; HPCC 1993d; corolla, and length of the corolla lobe is narrowly funnelform, curved near the Lorance and Flynn 1993a, 1993b; S. relative to the floral tube (Lammers and middle, about 25 mm (1 in) long, and Perlman, pers. comm., 1994). Lorence 1993). hairless. The corolla lobes are elliptic In 1909, J.F. Rock collected a plant Cyanea remyi was originally known and about 7 mm (0.3 in) long. The specimen on Kauai which he later only from Remy’s nineteenth century bilaterally summetrical calyx is spindle- named Cyanea rivularis (Rock 1913b). collection. In 1991, after more than 130 shaped in bud and about 26 to 36 mm In 1943, F.E. Wimmer transferred this Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 185 / Monday, September 25, 1995 / Proposed Rules 49363 species to Delissea, and Thomas including a new species in the endemic extinction from naturally occurring Lammers (1990), in the current Hawaiian genus Hibiscadelphus. events (e.g., rock slides) and/or reduced treatment of this endemic Hawaiian Hibiscadelphus woodii was described in reproductive vigor, due to the small genus, concurred. The specific epithet 1995 by D. Lorence and Warren Wagner number of existing individuals in the refers to streams or brooks, the typical (1995; Wood and Perlman 1993a; D. only known population, are the major habitat of this plant. Lorence and K. Wood, pers. comms., threats to Hibiscadelphus woodii (HPCC Delissea rivularis, a member of the 1994). 1991c; Lorence and Wagner 1995; D. bellflower family, is a shrub, Hibiscadelphus woodii, a member of Lorence, pers. comm., 1994). unbranched or branched near the base, the mallow family (), is a Reverned John Mortimer Lydgate with hairy stems 4 to 5 m (13 to 16 ft) small branched tree 2.5 to 5 m (8.2 to collected Hibiscus waimeae ssp. long. The leaves are arranged in a 16.4 ft) tall with a rounded crown. The hannerae on Kauai in 1913, and more rosette at the tips of the stems. The leaves have stalks 2.8 to 5.8 cm (1.1 to than 60 years passed before it was elliptic to lance-shaped leaves are 20 to 2.3 in) long, with star-shaped hairs collected again, in 1978, by Steven 30 cm (8 to 12 in) long and 3 to 8 cm when young which are mostly lost as Perlman. Otto and Isa Degener named (1.2 to 3.2 in) wide, with minutely the leaf matures. Awl-shaped stipules, Lydgate’s collection as a variety of toothed margins. Both leaf surfaces are also covered with star-shaped hairs, are Hibiscus waimeae in honor of Mrs. Ruth covered with hairs. Six to 12 flowers are found at the base of the leaf stalk. The Knudsen Hanner, a supporter of their arranged on an inflorescence stalk 4 to leaf blade is ovate, 7 to 9 cm (2.6 to 3.5 work on Kauai (Degener and Degener 8 cm (1.6 to 3.2 in) long, each having an in) long, and 6.5 to 8.4 cm (2.6 to 3.3 1962). David M. Bates, the author of the individual stalk 10 to 15 mm (0.4 to 0.6 in) wide. Star-shaped hairs are scattered current treatment of the Hawaiian in) in length. The curved, hairy flowers along the veins of the leaves. The leaf members of the family, elevated the are white with blue longitudinal stripes, margins are irregularly and coarsely varietal name to a subspecies (Bates 30 to 40 mm (1.2 to 1.6 in) long, with toothed with the teeth either pointed or 1989, 1990). one dorsal knob. The fruit is a spherical, rounded. Flowers are borne individually Hibicus waimeae ssp. hannerae, a dark purple berry 10 to 15 mm (0.4 to on stalks 1.4 to 2.1 cm (0.6 to 0.8 in) member of the mallow family, is a gray- 0.6 in) in diameter. This species is long with star-shaped hairs. Below each barked tree, 6 to 10 m (20 to 33 ft) tall, distinguished from others of the genus flower are four to six bracts 11 to 15 mm with star-shaped hairs densely covering by the color, length, and curvature of (0.4 to 0.6 in) long and 1.8 to 4 mm (0.07 its leaf and flower stalks and branchlets. the corolla; shape of the leaves; and to 0.16 in) wide. The calyx is tubular, The circular to broadly egg-shaped presence of hairs on the stems, leaves, 1.3 to 1.5 cm (0.5 to 0.6 in) long, green leaves are usually 5 to 18 cm (2 to 7 in) flower clusters, and corolla (Lammers shallowly lobed, and moderately hairy long and 3 to 13 cm (1.2 to 5 in) wide. 1990). with star-shaped hairs. The corolla is The strongly fragrant flowers are borne Historically, Delissea rivularis was 4.5 to 4.7 cm (1.8 to 1.9 in) long, yellow singly near the ends of the branches on known from Waiakealoha waterfall with a coppery tinge when fresh which flower stalks 2 to 3 cm (0.8 to 1.2 in) (location unknown), Waialae Valley, rapidly turns purplish-maroon. The long. The calyx is tubular, normally 3 to Hanakoa Valley, and Kaholuamano on staminal column extends about 7 mm 4.5 cm (1.2 to 1.8 in) long, with lobes the island of Kauai (HHP 1994g1 to (0.3 in) beyond the lobes of the corolla. 8 to 15 mm (0.2 to 0.6 in) long. The 1994g3, Lammers 1990). This species, Fruits are not known from this species. flaring petals are white when the flower recently recollected after almost 80 Hibiscadelphus woodii differs from the opens in the morning, but fade to years, is now known only from the other known Kauai species by pinkish in the afternoon. The petals, upper Hanakoa Valley stream area of differences in leaf surface and usually 4 to 6 cm (1.6 to 2.4 in) long, northwestern Kauai (HPCC 1993e; S. involucral bract characters, and by are basally attached to the staminal Perlman, pers. comm., 1994). This flower color (Lorence and Wagner 1995; column to form a tube about 1.5 cm (0.6 population of 15 to 20 plants, scattered D. Lorence, pers. comm., 1994). in) long. The exserted staminal column over an area of more than 100 sq m Hibiscadelphus woodii is known only is up to 15 cm (6 in) long and reddish (1,100 sq ft), is on State land within the from the site of its discovery in Kalalau to crimson at the tip. The filaments arise Hono O Na Pali NAR at about 1,190 m Valley on the island of Kauai within the in the upper half of the staminal column (3,900 ft) elevation. Delissea rivularis is Na Pali Coast State Park, from about 990 and spread up to 2.5 cm (1 in) long. The found on steep slopes in ‘ohi’a-’olapa to 1,000 m (3,250 to 3,280 ft) elevation. fruit is a cartilaginous, egg-shaped montane wet or mesic forest, near Only four of this species are capsule 1.8 to 2.5 cm (0.7 to 1 in) long streams. Associated native species known. The plants grow on cliff walls and hairless. Two subspecies are include kanawao, Athyrium sp., Carex in an ‘ohi’a montane mesic forest with recognized, both occurring on Kauai: sp., Coprosma sp. (pilo), and Sadleria alani, Dubautia sp. (na’ena’e), Lepidium spp. hannerae and ssp. waimeae. sp. (‘ama’u) (HPCC 1993e; Lammers serra (‘anaunau), Lipochaeta sp. (nehe), Subspecies hannerae is distingushed by 1990; S. Perlman, pers. comm., 1994). Lysimachia sp., Chamaesyce sp. having larger leaves but smaller flowers The major threats to Delissea rivularis (‘akoko), manono, Nototrichium sp. (Bates 1990). The species is are competition with the encroaching (kulu’i), Myrsine sp. (kolea), and the distinguished from others of the genus alien plant prickly Florida blackberry, federally endangered species Stenogyne by the position of the anthers along the by feral pigs, and campanulata, Lobelia niihauensis, and staminal column, length of the staminal reduced reproductive vigor and/or a risk Poa mannii (Mann’s bluegrass) (HPCC column relative to the petals, color of of extinction from naturally occurring 1991c; Lorence and Wagner 1995; D. the petals, and length of the calyx (Bates events due to the small number of Lorence and K. Wood, pers. comms., 1990). remaining individuals in the single 1994). Three collections of Hibiscus remaining population (HPCC 1993e; S. Habitat degradation by feral goats and waimeae ssp. hannerae are known, all Perlman, pers. comm., 1994). pigs, competition and invasion by the from the island of Kauai (HHP 1994i2). In 1991, several new species were alien plant species Erigeron The Kalihiwai population of this collected by Ken Wood of NTBG, M. karvinskianus (daisy fleabane), nectar subspecies is apparently extinct and the Query, and Steve Montgomery on the robbing by Japanese white-eye two remaining populations are found in cliff walls of Kalalau Valley, Kauai, (Zosterops japonicus), and a risk of adjacent valleys on Kauai’s northern 49364 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 185 / Monday, September 25, 1995 / Proposed Rules coast on State and private land, and distinguished from others of this (Loganiaceae), is a shrub or small tree, total between 75 and 125 individuals. endemic Hawaiian genus by the length usually 2 to 8 m (6.6 to 26.2 ft) tall. The Between 50 and 100 plants are scattered of the bracts surrounding the flower young branches are cylindrical or nearly over a 100 sq m (1,100 sq ft) area along head, number of lobes and width of the so and hairless. The elliptic to lance- the stream in Limahuli Valley, and leaves, the length of the petals, and the shaped leaves are usually 4.5 to 21 cm another 50 or so plants were distributed length of the hairs on the seeds (Bates (1.8 to 8.3 in) long and 2 to 5 cm (0.8 over a 10 to 100 sq m (110 to 1,100 sq 1990). to 2 in) wide. The membranous leaves ft) area below the cliffs in the back of Kokia kauaiensis is known from six are medium green hairless, and the Hanakapiai Valley before Hurricane scattered populations on northwestern veins are not impressed on the upper ’Iniki (HPCC 1990a, 1991d). After the Kauai, but only five of these populations leaf surface. Normally, 9 to 12 hairless hurricane, only 25 plants remain in have been relocated within the last six flowers are clustered on a downward Hanakapiai Valley (M. Bruegmann, in years (HHP 1994j1 to 1994j4). The five curving inflorescence stalk 9 to 22 mm litt., 1994). In Limahuli Valley, Hibiscus extant populations are found on State (0.35 to 0.9 in) long each having an waimeae ssp. hannerae is growing in an land in the following areas: Paaiki individual stalk 8 to 11 mm (0.2 to 0.4 ’ohi’a-uluhe lowland wet forest between Valley; Mahanaloa-Kuia Valley junction in) in length. The pale yellowish green 190 and 560 m (620 and 1,850 ft) within or on the boundary of Kuia NAR; flower is narrowly urn-shaped, 17 to 19 evaluation. At this location, associated the western side of Kalaulau Valley, and mm (0.7 to 0.75 in) long. The tubular species include ’ahakea, ’ama’u, haha, Pohakuao Valley, both within Na Pali portion of the flower is 5.5 to 7.8 mm ha’iwale, and Syzygium sp. The Coast State Park; and Koaie Stream (0.2 to 0.3 in) long with long, white Hanakapiai Valley population is branch of Waimea Canyon, where some hairs inside, while the egg-shaped lobes growing in Pisonia sp. (papala kepau)— plants may be within the boundary of are 1.7 to 2.3 mm (0.07 to 0.09 in) long. Charpentiera elliptica (papala) lowland the Alakai Wilderness Preserve. The The fruit is an egg-shaped capsule, 8 to mesic forest with ’ahakea, hame, kopiko, three largest populations contain 17 mm (0.2 to 0.7 in) long, usually with mamaki, and the alien species Aleurites between 30 and 70 individuals each, two valves and an apex with a beak 0.5 moluccana (kukui), between 220 and with the others each numbering fewer to 1.5 mm (0.02 to 0.1 in) long. Three 370 m (720 and 1,200 ft) (Bates 1990; than 10 individuals. Estimates of the varieties of Labordia tinifolia are HHP 1990a, 1994i1; 1994i2; HPCC total number of individuals range from recognized: var. lanaiensis on and 1990a, 1991d). 145 to 170 (HHP 1994j1, 1994j3 to Molokai, var. tinifolia on Kauai and four The major threats to Hibiscus 1994j6; J. Lau and S. Perlman, pers. other islands, and var. wahiawaensis, waimeae ssp. hannerae are habitat comms., 1994). This species typically endemic to Kauai. Variety wahiawaensis degradation by feral pigs; competition grows in diverse mesic forest at is distinguished from the other two by with alien plant species, including elevations between 475 and 795 m its larger corolla. This species differs thimbleberry, Koster’s curse, and (1,960 and 2,600 ft). Associated species from others of the genus by having a lantana; and a risk of extinction from include ’ahakea, koa, kukui, Diospyros long common flower cluster stalk, naturally occurring events (e.g., sandwicensis (lama), manono, hala hairless young stems and leaf surfaces, hurricanes) and/or reduced pepe, papala, Nestegis sandwicensis transversely wrinkled capsule valves, reproductive vigor due to the small (olopua), and ’ohi’a (Bates 1990; HHP and corolla lobes usually 1.7 to 2.3 mm number of remaining populations (HHP 1990a, 1994j1, 1994j3 to 1994j6; HPCC (0.1 in) long (Wagner et al. 1990). 1994i2, 1994i3; HPCC 1990a, 1991d; M. 1990b1 to 1990b3; Wood and Perlman Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis Bruegmann, in litt., 1994). 1993a; M. Bruegmann, in litt., 1994; J. is only known from the Wahiawa In 1919, J.F. Rock and Augustus F. Lau, pers. comm., 1994). Drainage in the Wahiawa Mountains of Knudsen collected a specimen of a tree Competition with a habitat Kauai from about 630 to 740 m (2,070 that Rock (1919) named as Kokia rockii degradation by the invasive alien plant to 2,430 ft) elevation on privately owned var. kauaiensis. Later, Otto Degener and species lantana, Passiflora liqularis land, within a 0.8 by 1.2 km (0.5 by 0.75 Albert W. Duvel (1934) elevated the (sweet granadilla), thimbleberry, mi) area (HHP 1994k; HPCC 1991e1, variety to a full species, Kokia Kalanchoe pinnata (air plant), 1991e2; Lorence and Flynn 1991). More kauaiensis. The current treatment of the strawberry guava, and Triumfetta than 100 plants were known from the family upholds this designation (Bates semitriloba (Sacramento bur); substrate area before Hurricane ’Iniki swept over 1990). loss; habitat degradation and browsing Kauai in 1992. During a 1994 visit to the Kokia kauaiensis, a member of the by feral goats and mule deer area, only 20 to 30 surviving individuals mallow family, is a tree 5 to 10 m (16.4 (Odocoileus hemionus); predation by were found (S. Perlman, pers. comm., to 33 ft) tall. The seven- or nine-lobed, rats, which eat the seeds; and a risk of 1994). The plants grow along streams in circular leaves are 12 to 25 CM (5 to 10 extinction from naturally occurring lowland wet forests dominated by ‘ohi’a in) wide with a heart-shaped base. The events due to the small number of and often in association with ’olapa or solitary, brick-red flowers are clustered remaining populations are the major uluhe. Plants found in association with near the ends of the branches on stout threats affecting the survival of Kokia this taxon include ha ’iwale, hame, flower stalks 3 to 9 cm (1.2 to 3.5 in) kauaiensis (HHP 1994j1, 1994j3 to kopiko, manono, and Athyrium sp. long. The broadly egg-shaped floral 1994j6; HPCC 1990b1 to 1990b3; Wood (HPCC 1991e1, 1991e2). bracts are 4 to 6 cm (1.5 to 2.4 in) long and Perlman 1993a; M. Bruegmann, in The primary threats to the remaining and hairless except toward the base, litt., 1994; J. Lau, S. Perlman, and K. individuals of Labordia tinifolia var. which has a sparse covering of long, soft Wood, pers. comms., 1994). wahiawaensis are competition with the hairs. The curved petals, 10 to 15 cm (4 Based upon a specimen collected by alien plant strawberry guava, habitat to 6 in) long, are twisted at the base and Steven Perlman on Kauai in 1980, degradation by pigs, trampling by densely covered with yellowish, silky Harold St. John (1984) described humans, and a risk of extinction from hairs. The fruit is an egg-shaped Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis, naturally occurring events and/or capsule. The egg-shaped seeds are 10 to naming it for the Wahiawa Mountains reduced reproductive vigor due to the 12 mm (0.4 to 0.5 in) long and densely where it was first collected. small number of individuals in the only covered with reddish, woolly hairs up Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis, known population (HPCC 1991e1, to 10 mm (0.4 in) long. These species is a member of the logania family 1991e2; S. Perlman, pers. comm., 1994). Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 185 / Monday, September 25, 1995 / Proposed Rules 49365

Lydgate first collected Myrsine total about 100 plants; hence, number of individuals in the only linearifolia on Kauai in 1912. Edward Y. approximately 1,000 to 1,500 known population (HPCC 1993j). Hosaka (1940) chose the specific epithet individuals are known for the entire Phyllostegia wawrana was described to describe its distinctive linear- species. Plants growing in association by Sherff (1934) from a collection made lanceolate curved leaves. In an action with this species include ’ahakea,’ aiea, in the 1800s. Sherff chose the specific that was not supported by other alani, Eurya sandwicensis (anini), epithet to honor the collector, Dr. taxonomists, Otto and Isa Degener kopiko, Lysimachia sp., and native Heinrich Wawra. (1971, 1975) transferred several species ferns. Phyllostegia wawrana, a member of from the genus Myrsine to the genus Competition with alien plants such as the mint family, is a perennial vine that Rapanea based upon minute floral daisy fleabane, lantana, prickly Florida is woody toward the base and has long, features. The currently accepted blackberry, strawberry guava, crinkly hairs along the stem. The leaves treatment of the Hawaiian members of thimbleberry, and air plant, and habitat are opposite, ovate, and covered with the family follows Hosaka’s earlier, degradation by ungulates such as pigs hairs, especially along the veins of the broad concept of Myrsine (Wagner et al. and goats are major threats to Myrsine lower surface. The leaves are 10.5 to 20 1990). linearifolia (HPCC 1991f1 to 1991f5, cm (4.1 to 7.8 in) long and 4 to 11 cm Myrsine linearifolia, a member of the 1993f; J. Lau, S. Perlman, and K. Wood, (1.6 to 4.3 in) wide. Flowers are borne myrsine family (Myrsinaceae), is a pers. comms., 1994). in groups of four to six along a leafy branched shrub, 2.5 to 8 m (8.2 to 26.2 Hillebrand (1888) described flower stalk with one or two short ft) tall. The slightly fleshy, linear leaves Phyllostegia knudsenii from a specimen lateral branches. Each of these lateral are 5 to 9 cm (1.7 to 3 in) long, 0.25 to collected by Knudsen in the 1800s. He branches have a pair of leaves at the 0.4 cm (0.09 to 0.14 in) wide, often chose the specific epithet to honor the base. The corolla tube is about 10 mm yellowish purple toward the base, and collector. (0.03 in) long, with an upper lip about tend to be clustered toward the upper Phyllostegia knudsenii, a member of 2 mm (0.08 in) long. The fruits are four branches. The margins of the leaves are the mint family (Lamiaceae), is an erect, greenish-black nutlets in each flower smooth and roll slightly toward the perennial herb or vine. The opposite and are about 2 mm (0.8 in) long. This underside of the leaf. One to three leaves are limp, ovate, faintly species may be related to Phyllostegia apparently perfect (containing male and pubescent, 11.5 to 18 cm (4.5 to 7 in) floribunda and Phyllostegia knudsenii, female parts) flowers, on stalks 1 to 4.2 long, and 5.1 to 9 cm (2 to 3.5 in) wide. but has a less specialized flower stalk mm (0.04 to 0.17 in) long, occur in Flowers are borne in groups of two to (Degener 1946, Sherff 1934, Wagner et clusters among the leaves. The greenish four along a flower stalk 4 to 6.5 cm (1.6 al. 1990). petals are inversely lance-shaped, about to 2.6 in) long. The corolla is 6 to 8 mm Phyllostegia wawrana was reported 2.2 to 2.5 mm (0.09 to 0.1 in) long, and (0.2 to 0.3 in) long. The fruits are four from Hanalei in the 1800s and was last also have margins fringed with hairs. At black fleshy nutlets in each flower and observed along Kokee Stream in 1926, maturity, the fruits are black elliptic- are 1.5 to 2 mm (0.06 to 0.8 in) long. until 1993 when NTBG botanists found shaped drupes, about 6 mm (0.2 in) This species differs from others in this two populations on State-owned land: long. This species is distinguished from genus in its specialized flower stalk. It 10 to 50 individuals in the Makaleha others of the genus by the shape, length, differs from the closely related Mountains and 5 or 6 in Honopu Valley and width of the leaves, length of the Phyllostegia floribunda in often having (HHP 1991bl, 1991b2; HPCC 1993k1, petals, and number of flowers per four flowers per group (Hillebrand 1888, 1993k2; Sherff 1934, 1935; Wagner et al. cluster (Wagner et al. 1990). HPCC 1993j, Sherff 1935, Wagner et al. 1990). This species grows in ’ohi’a- Historically, Myrsine linearifolia was 1990). dominated forest with either ’olapa or known from nine scattered locations on Until 1993, Phyllostegia knudsenii uluhe as codominant species. Kauai: Olokele Valley, Kalualea, Kalalau was only known from the type Associated species include Diplazium Valley and Kahuamaa Flat, Limahuli- collection made in the 1800s, from the sandwichianum, ’ohelo, kanawao, kolea, Hanakapiai Ridge, Koaie Stream, woods of Waimea (HHP 1991a, kopiko, Dubautia knudsenii (na’ena’e), Pohakuao, Namolokama Summit Hillebrand 1888, Sherff 1935, Wagner et Scaevola procera (naupaka kuahiwi), Plateau, and Haupu (HHP 1994L1, al. 1990). In 1993, botanists at NTBG Gunnera sp., Pleomele aurea (hala 1991L4, 1994L6, 1994L9). This species rediscovered one individual of this pepe), Claoxylon sandwicense (po’ola), is currently known from six populations species in Koaie Canyon. This species is Elaphoglossum sp., ’ala ’ala wai nui, on State and private land: Kalalau found in ’ohi’a lowland mesic forest at manono, haupu’u, ’ama’u, ho’awa, ’uki, Valley including Kahuamaa Flat above 865 m (2,840 ft) elevation. Associated and Syzygium sandwicensis (’ohi’a ha) Kalalau, Limahuli-Hanakapiai Ridge, species include olomea, Cyrtandra (HPCC 1993k1, 1993k2). Wahiawa Drainage, Koaie Stream, kauaiensis (ulunahele), Cyrtandra The major threats to Phyllostegia Pohakuao, and Namolokama Summit paludosa (moa), Elaeocarpus bifidus wawrana include degradation of habitat Plateau (HHP 1994L2, 1994L3, 1994L5, (kalia), Cryptocarya mannii (holio), by feral pigs and competition with alien 1994L7; HPCC 1991f5, Wood and Doodia kunthiana, Selaginella plant species such as thimbleberry, Perlman 1993a; J. Lau, pers. comm., arbuscula, lama, Zanthoxylum Passiflora mollissima (banana poka), 1994). Myrsine linearifolia typically dipetalum (a’e), Pittosporum sp. (ho’ prickly Florida blackberry, Melastoma grows in mesic to wet ’ohi’a forests that awa), Pouteria sandwicensis (’ala’a), and candidum, fireweed, and daisy fleabane are sometimes co-dominant with ’olapa Pritchardia minor (loulu) (HPCC 1993j; (HPCC 1993k1, 1993k2). or uluhe from 585 to 1,280 m (1,920 to S. Perlman, pers. comm., 1994). Harold St. John described Pritchardia 4,200 ft) elevation (HHP 1994L2, Major threats to Phyllostegia napaliensis based upon a specimen 1994L3, 1994L5, 1994L7; HPCC 1991f5; knudsenii include habitat degradation collected by Charles Christensen on Wood and Perlman 1993a; J. Lau and K. by pigs and goats; competition with Kauai in 1976 (St. John 1981). He named Wood, pers. comms., 1994). The largest alien plant species such as pipili, Hilo this plant for the Na Pali Coast of Kauai population, located in Kalalau Valley, grass, lantana, and air plant; and a risk where it was first collected. contains several hundreds of of extinction from naturally occurring Pritchardia napaliensis, a member of individuals (S. Perlman, pers. comm., events (e.g., landslides) and reduced the palm family (), is a small 1994). The remaining five populations reproductive vigor due to the small palm with about 20 leaves and an open 49366 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 185 / Monday, September 25, 1995 / Proposed Rules crown. The palm ranges from 4 to 6 m predation by rats; competition with the individuals in the only known (13 to 10 ft) tall and has a slender trunk alien plants air plant, daisy fleabane, population, this species is susceptible to measuring 18 to 20 cm (7 to 8 in) in lantana, Psidium guajava (common extinction because a single naturally diameter. The green leave blades are guava), and possibly ti; and a risk of occurring event (e.g., a hurricane) could about 85 cm (33.5 in) long and are extinction from naturally occurring destroy all remaining plants. almost flat irrespective of the events and/or reduced reproductive In 1895, Heller collected a plant longitudinal folds). The lower leave vigor due to the small number of specimen on Kauai that Sherff (1943) surface is covered with elliptic, pale, remaining populations and individuals later named Schiedea helleri in honor of thin, flexible, and somewhat translucent (HPCC 1990c1, 1990c2, 1991g). its collector. Listed as possibly extinct scales with fringed margins. Upon Pritchardia viscosa was first described in the current treatment of the family maturity, the leaves are almost smooth by Rock in 1921, based on a specimen (Wagner et al. 1990), Schiedea helleri and the leaf segments are lax, flexible, he collected on Kauai a year earlier was recently collected on Kauai by and droop with increasing age. The (Beccari and Rock 1921). The specific botanists from NTBG (HPCC 1993g). flowers are arranged in branched epithet refers to the very viscous Schiedea helleri, a member of the clusters about 14 cm (5.5 in) long which inflorescence, calyx, and corolla. pink family, is a vine. The stems, are equal or shorter in length than the Pritchardia viscosa, a member of the smooth below and minutely hairy leaf stalks. Each flower is associated palm family, is a small palm 3 to 8 m above, are probably prostrate and at with a small, bristly bract. Bracts (10 to 26 ft) tall. The lower surface of least 0.15 m (0.5 ft) long with internodes associated with the flowers or flower the leaf blades is silvery grey and at least 4 to 15 cm (1.6 to 6 in) long. The stalks are sparsely and inconspicuously covered with small scales. The opposite leaves are somewhat thick and coated with scales which are usually are about the same length range from 10 to 14 cm (4 to 5.5 in) long lost at maturity. The black fruits are 1.7 as the leaf stalks and consist of one to and 4.5 to 6 cm (1.8 to 2.4 in) wide. The to 2.3 cm (0.7 to 0.9 in) long, 1.4 to 1.8 three loosely branched panicles, each leaves are triangular, egg-shaped to cm (0.6 to 0.7 in) in diameter, and about 15 to 20 cm (6 to 8 in) long. The heart-shaped, conspicuously three- inversely egg-shaped. This species is flowers occur in two opposite rows and veined, and nearly hairless to sparsely distinguished from others of the genus are extremely sticky and shiny. The covered with short, fine hairs, especially that grown on Kauai by having about 20 elliptic, pear-shaped fruits are up to 4 along the margins. The perfect flowers flat leaves with pale scales on the lower cm (1.6 in) long and about 2.5 cm (1 in) occur in loose, open branched clusters, surface that fall off with age, wide. This species differs from others of each branch being 20 to 26 cm (8 to 10.2 inflorescences with hairless main axes, the genus that grow on Kauai by the in) long. The flower contains three and globose fruits less than 3 cm (1.2 in) degree of hairness of lower surface of styles and probably ten stamens. The long (Read and Hodel 1990). the leaves and main axis of the flowr fruits are capsules, about 3 to 3.4 mm Pritchardia napaliensis is known from cluster, and length of the flower cluster (0.12 to 0.13 in) long. This species three locations on the island of Kauai on (Read and Hodel 1990). differs from others of the genus that State-owned land: Hoolulu and Historically, Pritchardia viscosa was grow on Kauai by its viney habitat Waiahuakua valleys in the Hono O Na known only from the 1920 collection (Wagner et al. 1990). Pali NAR and Alealau in Kalalau Valley from Kalihiwai Valley on the island of Schiedea helleri was originally known (within or close to the boundaries of Kauai (HHP 1994n2). It was not seen only from a single location above Hono O Na Pali NAR and Na Pali Coast again until 1990, when naturalist John Waimea, at Kaholuamano on the island State Park) (HHP 1994m1, 1994m2; K. Obata and NTBG botanist Ken Wood of Kauai, collected 100 years ago (HHP Wood, pers. comm., 1994). This species observed it in the same general area as 1994o). In 1993, this species was is not known to occur anywhere else Rock’s type locality off the Powerline discovered on a steep wall above a side (HHP 1994ml, 1994m2). Pritchardia Road at 510 m (1,680 ft) elevation on stream off Mohihi Stream, napaliensis typically grows in a wide State land (HHP 1994n1; J. Obata, pers. approximately 5.6 km (3.5 mi) north of variety of habitats ranging from lowland comm., 1991; S. Perlman, pers. comm. the original location (HPCC 1993g). The dry to mesic forests to montane wet 1994). This population of one juvenile only known population consists of 30 to forests dominated by lama and and two mature plants comprise the 40 mature individuals found on a steep sometimes, kukui, ’ohi’a, and uluhe only known extant individuals; three cliff in closed ’ohi’a-uluhe montane wet from 150 to about 1,160 m (500 to about additional plants from this population forest on State-owned land, within or 3,800 ft) elevation (HHP 1994m1, were destroyed by Hurricane ’Iniki in close to the Alakai Wilderness Preserve, 1994m2; HPCC 1990c1, 1990c2, 1991g; 1992. The plants are found in an ’ohi’a- at approximately 1,070 m (3,500 ft) S. Perlman and K. Wood, pers. comms., uluhe lowland wet forest associated elevation (HPCC 1993g); S. Perlman, 1994). The largest population in with plant species including ’aiea, pers. comm., 1994). Other native plants Hoolulu Valley contains between 60 and ’ahakea, hame, hapu’u, and kopiko (S. growing in association with this 80 plants and the 2 other populations Perlman, pers. comm., 1994). population include hapu’u, kanawao, each contain 3 or fewer plants, giving a Strawberry guava and alien grasses ’olapa, Cyanea hirtella (haha), Dianella total of fewer than 90 known such as Hilo grass are major threats to sandwicensis (’uki’uki), and Viola individuals for this species (HHP Pritchardia viscosa because these alien wailenalenae (HPCC 1993g). The 1994m1, 1994m2; HPCC 1991g; S. plants are effective competitors for federally endangered Poa sandvicensis Perlman and K. Wood, pers. comms., space, light, nutrients, and water. Rats is also found here (M. Bruegmann, in 1994). Several associated plant species are known to eat the fruit of Pritchardia litt., 1994). besides those mentioned above include viscosa and are, therefore, a serious Competition with the noxious alien hala pepe, kopiko, Cordyline fruticosa threat to the reproductive success of this plant prickly Florida blackberry and a (ti), Cheirodendron trigynum (’olapa), species (S. Perlman, pers. comm., 1994). risk of extinction from naturally and Ochrosia sp. (holei) (HHP 1994m1, At least one of the remaining mature occurring events and/or reduced 1994m2; HPCC 1990c1, 1990c2, 1991g). trees has been damaged by spiked boots reproductive vigor, due to the small Major threats to Pritchardia used by a collector to scale these number of extant individuals in the only napaliensis include habitat degradation trees (L. Mehrhoff, in litt., 1994). Also, known population, are serious threats to and/or grazing by goats and pigs; seed because of the small numbers of Schiedea helleri (HPCC 1993g). Pigs Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 185 / Monday, September 25, 1995 / Proposed Rules 49367 have not yet been reported from this to 1990d3, 1991h, 1993h; S. Perlman, slopes in a closed koa-’ohi’a a lowland drainage, but pose a potential threat pers. comm., 1994). to montane mesic forest between 610 since they are found in nearby areas (M. Habitat degradation by feral ungulates and 1,120 m (2,000 and 3,680 ft) Bruegmann, in litt., 1994). (mule deer, goats, and pigs); elevation (HHP 1994q4, HPCC 1993i). Robert Hobdy collected a specimen of competition with the alien plant species The plants are scattered in an Schiedea membranacea on Kauai in daisy fleabane. lantana, prickly Florida approximately 2-km (1.25-mi) by 0.3-km 1969. Harold St. John (1972) later blackberry, thimbleberry, strawberry (0.2-mi) area. Associated plant species described and named the taxon. The guava, Ageratine adenophora ( include ’a’ali’i, alani, ’uki’uki, Bidens specific epithet refers to the pamakani), A. riparia (Hamakua cosmoides (po’ola nui), Mariscus sp., membranous texture of the leaves. pamakani), and banana poka; and and Styphelia tameiameiae (pukiawe) Schiedea membranacea, a member of landslides are the primary threats to (HHP 1994q4). the pink family, is a perennial herb. The schiedea membranacea (CPC 1990; The primary threats to this species unbranched, fleshy stems rise upwards HPCC 1990d1 to 1990d3, 1991h, 1993h; include habitat degradation by feral from near the base and are somewhat Wood and Perlman 1993a; M. ungulates (pigs and goats), direct sprawling. They are 0.5 to 1 m (1.6 to Breugmann, in litt., 1994; S. Perlman, destruction of plants by goats, 3.3 ft) long with internodes 6 to 12 cm pers. comm., 1994). competition with the alien plants (2.4 to 4.7 in) long. During dry seasons, Mann and Brigham first collected a molasses grass and prickly Florida specimen of Schiedea stellarioides in the plant dies back to a woody, short blackberry, and a risk of extinction of the mountains of Kauai between 1864 stem at or beneath the ground surface. the one remaining population from and 1865. Benedict Pierre Georges The oppositely arranged leaves, 13 to 20 naturally occurring events (HPCC 1993i; Hochreutiner (1925) and E.E. Sherff cm (5 to 8 in) long and 5 to 8 cm (2 to S. Perlman, pers. comm., 1994). (1943, 1945, 1954) published several Charles Noyes Forbes collected a 3.2 in) wide, are broadly elliptic to egg- varieties of this species, characterized specimen of Viola kauaensis var. shaped, generally thin, have five to only by slight differences in leaf shape wahiawaensis on Kauai in 1909. In seven longitudinal veins, and are and size, which are not recognized in 1920, he described the variety, naming sparsely covered with short, fine hairs. the current treatment of the family it for Wahiawa Bog where it was first The perfect flowers have no petals, are (Wagner et al. 1990). collected. numerous, and occur in large branched Schiedea stellarioides, a member of Viola kauaensis var. wahiawaensis, a clusters. The inflorescences are about 25 the pink family, is a slightly erect to member of the violet family (Violaceae), to 27 cm (10 to 10.6 in) long. The prostrate subshrub 0.3 to 0.6 m (1 to 2 is a perennial herb with upward curving purple, lance-shaped sepals are about 2 ft) tall with branched stems and or weakly rising, hairless, lateral stems mm (0.08 in) long and have thin, dry, internodes generally 3.5 to 6.5 cm (1.4 about 10 to 50 cm (4 to 20 in) long. The membranous margins. The flowers to 2.5 in) long. The opposite leaves are kidney- to heart-shaped leaves are contain three to five styles and probably very slender to oblong-elliptic, 2.7 to 8.2 usually 2 to 5 cm (0.8 to 2 in) long and ten stamens. The capsular fruits, 2.5 to cm (1.1 to 3.2 in) long. 0.2 to 1.3 cm (0.1 3.5 to 6 cm (1.4 to 2.4 in) wide, and 3 mm (0.1 to 0.12 in) long, are purple to 0.5 in) wide, and one-veined. The widely spaced. The toothed leaf blades at the apex. This species differs from perfect flowers lack petals and occur in are unlobed or rarely three-lobed, others of the genus that grow on Kauai open branched clusters. The hairless or covered with a few minute by having five- to seven-nerved leaves inflorescence ranges from 15 to 32 cm hairs, with a broadly wedge-shaped and an herbaceous habit (Wagner et al. (6 to 12.6 in) long. The flower stalks are base. The solitary flowers are borne in 1990). 7 to 10 mm (0.28 to 0.4 in) long and the the leaf axils. Two types of flowers are Schiedea membranacea is known narrowly egg-shaped sepals are 2.9 to present. One is self-pollinating and does from six current populations on the 3.3 mm (0.11 to 0.13 in) long. The not open, while the other opens and western side of the island of Kauai: flowers contain ten stamens, three requires cross-pollination. The flowers Mahanaloa-Kuia, Paaiki, Kalalau, styles, and a two-lobed nectary. The that open have hairless petals which are Nualolo, Wainiha and Waialae valleys capsular fruits are 2.2 to 3.4 mm (0.09 white on the upper surface and purple on State (including Kuia NAR and Na to 0.13 in) long and contain tiny, dark or blue to white on the lower surface. Pali Coast State Park) and privately brown, circular to kidney-shaped, These petals are narrowly spatula- owned land (HHP 1994p1 to 1994p3; slightly wrinkled seeds. This species is shaped, the upper petals measuring Wood and Perlman 1993a; S. Perlman distinguished from others of the genus about 15 to 19 mm (0.6 to 0.7 in) long, and K. Wood, pers. comm., 1994). This that grow on Kauai by the number of the lateral ones about 18 to 23 mm (0.7 species is not known to have occurred veins in the leaves, shape of the leaves, to 0.9 in) long, and the lower ones about at any other locations. Although the presence of a leaf stalk, length of the 18 to 23 mm (0.7 to 1 in) long. The non- number of plants of this species flower cluster, and shape of the seeds opening flowers usually occur on short remaining in Paaiki Valley is not (Wagner et al. 1990). lateral stems. Their greenish petals are known, about 200 to 250 individuals are Historically, Schiedea stellarioides hairless, the upper ones being three- known in the other five populations was known from the sea cliffs of lobed and about 1 to 1.6 mm (0.04 to (HHP 1994p1 to 1994p3; S. Perlman and Hanakapiai Beach, Kaholuamano- 0.06 in) long. The fruit is a deeply lobed K. Wood, pers. comm., 1994). This Opaewela region, the ridge between capsule 8 to 13 mm (0.3 to 0.5 in) long. species is typically found on cliffs and Waialaw and Nawaimaka valleys, and Two varieties of this species are cliff bases in a wide variety of mesic to Haupu Range on the island of Kauai recognized, both occurring on Kauai: wet habitats between 520 and 1,160 m (HHP 1994q1 to 1994q3). This species is var. kauaensis and var. wahiawaensis. (1,700 and 3,800 ft) elevation. The now known only from the ridge between Variety wahiawaensis is distinguished vegetation ranges from open to closed Waialea and Nawaimaka valleys on by having broadly wedge-shaped leaf lowland to montane shrubland to forest State land, just 0.8 km (0.5 mi) bases, whereas var. kauaensis has heart- communities with either a variety of northwest of the Kaholuamano- shaped to truncate leaf bases. The canopy and understory species or Opaewela region (HHP 1994q4). This species is distinguished from others of dominated by kukui, mamaki, or ’ohi’a population of approximately 500 to the genus by its non-woody habit, (HHP 1994p1 to 1994p3; HPCC 1990d1 1,000 individuals is found on steep widely spaced leaves, and by having 49368 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 185 / Monday, September 25, 1995 / Proposed Rules two types of flowers: conspicuous, open approximately 1,700 Alsinidendron viscosum, Schiedea flowers and smaller, unopened flowers species, including all of the above taxa helleri, and Schiedea stellarioides were (Wagner et al. 1990). considered to be endangered. The list of considered Category 1*, and were Viola kauaensis var. wahiawaensis is 1,700 plant taxa was assembled on the moved to Category 3A in the 1990 known only from the Wahiawa basis of comments and data received by notice. Category 1* species are those Mountains of Kauai on privately owned the Smithsonian Institution and the which are possibly extinct. Cyanea recta land (HHP 1994r, Lorence and Flynn Service in response to House Document and Phyllostegia wawrana were 1991). This taxon is not known to have No. 94–51 and the July 1, 1975, Federal considered Category 3A species in the occurred beyond its current range. Register publication. 1990 notice. Because new information Fewer than 100 individuals are known General comments received in indicates their current existence and to remain in Kanaele Swamp (often response to the 1976 proposal are provides support for listing, the above referred to as Wahiawa Bog), an open summarized in an April 26, 1978, seven taxa have been included in this bog surrounded by low scrub of Federal Register publication (43 FR proposed rule. Hibiscus waimeae ssp. ’ohi’a,uluhe, and ’ohi’a ha at about 640 17909). In 1978, amendments to the Act hannerae (as H. waimeae) was m (2,100 ft) elevation. Another eight required that all proposals over two considered Category 3C in the 1980 and plants are on a nearby ridge between years old be withdrawn. A one-year 1985 notices. Category 3C species are Mount Kapalaoa and Mount Kahili in grace period was given to proposals those that have proven to be more wet shrubland dominated by uluhe- already over two years old. On abundant or widespread than previously Diplopterygium pinnatum ground cover, December 10, 1979, the Service believed and/or are not subject to any with scattered ’ohi’a and Syzygium sp., published a notice in the Federal identifiable threat. In the 1990 and 1993 at about 865 m (2,840 ft) elevation (HHP Register (44 FR 70796) withdrawing the notices, this subspecies was considered 1994r; Lorence and Flynn 1991; K. portion of the June 16, 1976, proposal a Category 2 species, along with Wood, pers. comm., 1994). that had not been made final, along with Pritchardia napaliensis and Pritchardia The primary threats to Viola viscosa. Alsinidendron lychonoides and kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis are a risk four other proposals that had expired. The Service published an updated Cyrtandra cyaneoides were considered of extinction from naturally occurring Category 2 species in the 1993 notice. notice of review for plants on December events and/or reduced reproductive Since the last notice, new information 15, 1980 (45 FR 82479), September 27, vigor due to the small number of suggests that the numbers and 1985 (50 FR 39525), February 21, 1990 existing populations and individuals, distribution are sufficiently restricted (55 FR 6183), and September 30, 1993 habitat degradation through the rooting and threats sufficient for the above nine (58 FR 51144). Fourteen of the species activities of feral pigs, and competition Category 2 species, as well as Cyanea in this proposal (including synonymous with alien plants such as Juncus remyi and the recently discovered taxa) have at one time or another been planifolius and Pterolepis glomerata Hibiscadelphus woodii, to warrant considered either Category 1 or Category (HHP 1994r; Lorence and Flynn 1991; K. listing. Wood. pers. comm., 1994). 2 candidates for Federal listing. Section 4(b)(3)(B) of the Act requires Category 1 species are those for which Previous Federal Action the Secretary to make findings on the Service has on file substantial petitions that present substantial Federal action on these plants began information on biological vulnerability information indicating that the as a result of section 12 of the and threats to support preparation of petitioned action may be warranted Endangered Species Act (16 U.S.C. listing proposals but for which listing within 12 months of their receipt. 1533), which directed the Secretary of proposals have not been published Section 2(b)(1) of the 1982 amendments the Smithsonian Institution to prepare a because they are precluded by other further requires all petitions pending on report on plants considered to be listing activities. Category 2 species are October 13, 1982, be treated as having endangered, threatened, or extinct in the those for which listing as endangered or been newly submitted on that date. On United States. This report, designated as threatened is possibly appropriate, but October 13, 1983, the Service found that House Document No. 94–51, was for which sufficient data on biological the petitioned listing of these taxa was presented to Congress on January 9, vulnerability and threats are not warranted, but precluded by other 1975. In that document, Hibiscus currently available. Schiedea pending listing actions, in accordance waimeae ssp. hannerae (as H. waimeae), membranacea and Kokia kauaiensis with section 4(b)(3)(B)(iii) of the Act; Kokia kauaiensis, Myrsine linearifolia, were considered Category 2 species in notification of this finding was (as Myrsine linearifolia var. linearifolia), all notices of review. In the 1980 and published on January 20, 1984 (49 FR Phyllostegia knudsenii, and Viola 1985 notices, Myrsine linearifolia (as M. 2484). Such a finding requires the kauaensis var. wahiawaensis were linearifolia var. linearifolia), Service to consider the petition as considered to be endangered. Delissea Phyllostegia knudsenii, and Viola having been resubmitted, pursuant to rivularis and Schiedea membranacea kauaensis var. wahiawaensis were section 4(b)(3)(C)(i) of the Act. The were considered to be threatened. On considered Category 1 species. In the finding was reviewed annually in July 1, 1975, the Service published a 1990 and 1993 notices, Myrsine October of 1984 through 1993. notice in the Federal Register (40 FR linearifolia and Viola kauaensis var. Publication of the present proposal 27823) of its acceptance of the wahiawaensis were considered Category constitutes the final such finding for Smithsonian report as a petition within 2 status. Phyllostegia knudsenii was these taxa. the context of section 4(c)(2) (now considered Category 3A in the 1990 section 4(b)(3)) of the Act, and giving notice. Category 3A species are those for Summary of Factors Affecting the notice of its intention to review the which the Service has persuasive Species status of the plant taxa named therein. evidence of extinction. Delissea Section 4 of the Endangered Species As a result of that review, on June 16, rivularis was considered a Category 2 Act and regulations (50 CFR part 424) 1976, the Service published a proposed species in the 1980 and 1985 notices, promulgated to implement the listing rule in the Federal Register (41 FR but was believed to be extinct and provisions of the Act set forth the 24523) to determine endangered status considered Category 3A in the 1990 procedures for adding species to the pursuant to section 4 of the Act for notice. In the 1985 notice, Federal lists. A species may be Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 185 / Monday, September 25, 1995 / Proposed Rules 49369 determined to be an endangered or 4(a)(1). The threats facing these 19 taxa threatened species due to one or more are summarized in Table 1. of the five factors described in section

TABLE 1.ÐSUMMARY OF THREATS

Alien mammals Sub- Alien strate Human Limited Species plants loss/hur- impacts numbers* Other Deer Goats Pigs Rats ricane

Alsinidendron lychnoides ...... X X X X X1,2 Alsinidendron viscosum ...... X X X X P X1,3 Cyanea recta ...... X X X X X P Cyanea remyi ...... X X X X X1 Slugs. Crytandra cyaneoides ...... P P X X X1 Delissea rivularis ...... X P X X X1,3 Hibiscadelphus woodii ...... X X X X X1,2 White-eye. Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae ...... X X X X1 Kokia Kauaiensis ...... X X X X X X1 Labordia tininfolia var. wahiawaensis ...... X X X X X1,3 Myrsine linearifolia ...... X X X Phyllostegia knudsenii ...... X X X X1,2 Phyllostegia wawrana ...... X X X1,3 Pritchardia napaliensis ...... X X X X X1,3 Pritchardia viscosa ...... X X X X X1,2 Schiedea helleri ...... P X P X1,3 Schiedea membranacea ...... X X X X X Schiedea stellarioides ...... X X X X1 Viola kauaensis var. wahiawaensis ...... X X X1,3 Key X = Immediate and significant threat. P = Potential threat. * = No more than 100 individuals and/or no more than 5 populations. 1 = No more than 5 populations. 2 = No more than 10 individuals. 3 = No more than 100 individuals.

These factors and their application to introductions, agricultural development, changing forest composition and Alsinidendron lychnoides (Hillebr.) and recreational use. Natural affecting native species (Cuddihy and Sherff (kuawawaenohu), Alsinidendron disturbances such as storms and Stone 1990). viscosum (H. Mann) Sherff (NCN), landslides also destroy habitat and can Beginning with Captain James Cook in Cyanea recta (Wawra) Hillebr. (haha), have a significant effect on small 1792, early European explorers Cyanea remyi Rock (haha), Cyrtandra populations of plants. Destruction and introduced livestock, which became cyaneoides Rock (mapele), Delissea modification of habitat by introduced feral, increased in number and range, rivularis (Rock) F. Wimmer (’oha), animals and competition with alien and caused significant changes to the Hibiscadelphus woodii Lorence and plants are the primary threats facing the natural environment of Hawaii. The Wagner (hau kuahiwi), Hibiscus 19 taxa being proposed (See Table 1). waimeae ssp. hannerae A. Heller (koki’o 1848 provision for land sales to When Polynesian immigrants settled individuals allowed large-scale ke’oke’o), Kokia kauaiensis (Rock) in the Hawaiian Islands, they brought agricultural and ranching ventures to Degener & Duvel (koki’o), Labordia with them water-control and slash-and- begin. So much land was cleared for tinifolia var. wahiawaensis St. John burn systems of agriculture and these enterprises that climatic (kamakahala), Myrsine linearifolia encouraged plants that they introduced conditions began to change, and the Hosaka (kolea), Phyllostegia knudsenii to grow in valleys. Their use of the land Hillebr. (NCN), Phyllostegia wawrana resulted in erosion, changes in the amount and distribution of rainfall were Sherff (NCN), Pritchardia napaliensis composition of native communities, and altered (Wenkam 1969). Plantation St. John (loulu). Pritchardia viscosa a reduction of biodiversity (Cuddihy owners supported reforestation Rock (loulu), Schiedea helleri Sherff and Stone 1990, HHP 1990b, Kirch programs which resulted in many alien (NCN), Schiedea membranacea St. John 1982, Wagner et al. 1985). Hawaiians trees being introduced in the hope that (NCN), Schiedea stellarioides H. Mann settled and altered many areas of Kauai the watershed could be conserved. (laulihilihi), Viola kauaensis var. including areas in which some of the Beginning in the 1920s, water collection wahiawaensis C. Forbes (nani proposed taxa grew (Department of and diversion systems were constructed wai’ale’ale) are as follows: Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) in upland areas to irrigate lowland A. The present or threatened 1981a; HHP 1990a, 1990b). Many fields, and this undoubtedly destroyed destruction, modification, or forested slopes were denuded in the individuals and populations of native curtailment of its habitat or range. The mid-1800s to supply firewood to plants. The irrigation system also habitats of the plants included in this whaling ships, plantations, and island opened new routes for the invasion of proposed rule have undergone extreme residents. Native plants were alien plants and animals into native alteration because of past and present undoubtedly affected by this practice. forests (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, land management practices, including Also, sandalwood and tree fern Culliney 1988, Wagner et al. 1990, deliberate alien animal and plant harvesting occurred in many areas, Wenkam 1969). 49370 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 185 / Monday, September 25, 1995 / Proposed Rules

Past and present activities of population of Myrsine linearifolia; the more populations of ten of the proposed introduced alien mammals are the Kalalau Valley population of Pritchardia taxa are currently threatened by direct primary factor altering and degrading napaliensis; three of the six populations damage from feral goats, such as vegetation and habitats on Kauai. Feral of Schiedea membranacea at Kalalau trampling of plants and seedlings and ungulates trample and eat native Valley, Nualolo, and Waialae Valley; erosion of substrate (Clarke and vegetation and disturb and open areas. and the Wahiawa Mountains population Cuddihy 1980, Culliney 1988, Scott et This causes erosion and allows the entry of Viola kauaensis var. wahiawaensis. al. 1986, van Riper and van Riper 1982). of alien plant species (Cuddihy and Pigs also constitute a potential threat to The only known populations of Stone 1990, Wagner et al. 1990). Sixteen the only known population of Schiedea Hibiscadelphus woodii, Phyllostegia taxa in this proposal are directly helleri off Mohihi Stream, the Pohakuao knudsenii, and Schiedea stellarioides threatened by habitat degradation and Kalalau cliffs populations of are threatened by goats. Populations of resulting from introduced ungulates: 15 Myrsine linearifolia, and the Wainiha other proposed taxa threatened by goats taxa are threatened by pigs, 10 by goats, Valley populations of Cyanea recta and include: the Waialae and Nawaimaka and 2 by deer. Cyrtandra cyaneoides. Habitat Valley populations of Alsinidendron The pig (Sus scrofa) is originally degradation reported to occur in areas viscosum, the Makaleha Mountains native to Europe, northern Africa, Asia near these populations, if not populations of Cyanea recta and Cyanea Minor, and Asia. European pigs, controlled, may become a problem for remyi, four of the five populations introduced to Hawaii by Captain James these populations (HHP 1990a, 1992, (Kalalau Valley, Koaie Stream, Cook in 1778, became feral and invaded 1994b7, 1994i1, 1994i3; HPCC 1990a, Mahanaloa Valley, and Pohakuao forested areas, especially wet and mesic 1991a2, 1991d, 1991f1, 1991f3, 1991f4, Valley) of Kokia kauaiensis, the Kalalau forests and dry areas at high elevations. 1992a, 1993a1, 1993c1, 1993e, 1993j, cliffs and Namolokama Summit plateau They are currently present on Kauai and 1993k1, 1993k2; Lorence and Flynn populations of Myrsine linearifolia, the four other islands, and inhabit rain 1991, 1993b; Wood and Perlman 1993a; largest population of Pritchardia forests and grasslands. Pig hunting is M. Bruegmann, in litt., 1994; T. Flynn, napaliensis at Hoolulu Valley, and three allowed on all islands either year-round J. Lau. D. Lorence, S. Perlman, and K. of the six populations (Kalalau Valley, or during certain months, depending on Wood, pers. comms., 1994). Mahanaloa-Kuia Valley, and Waialae the area (DLNR n.d.-a, n.d.-b, n.d.-c, The goat (Capra hircus), a species Valley) of Schiedea membranacea (HHP 1990). While rooting in the ground in originally native to the Middle East and 1994j5, 1994j6; HPCC 1990b3, 1990c2, search of the invertebrates and plant India, was successfully introduced to 1991f5, 1991h, 1993a1, 1993a2, 1993f, material they eat, feral pigs disturb and the Hawaiian Islands in 1792. Currently 1993i; Lorence and Flynn 1993b; Wood destroy vegetative cover, trample plants populations exist on Kauai and four and Perlman 1993a; J. Lau, D. Lorence, and seedlings, and threaten forest other islands. On Kauai, feral goats have S. Perlman, K. Wood, pers. comms., regeneration by damaging seeds and been present in drier, more rugged areas 1994). seedlings. They disturb soil and cause since the 1820s and they still occur in Individuals of mule deer (Odocoileus erosion, especially on slopes. Alien Waimea Canyon and along the Na Pali hemionus), native from western North plant seeds are dispersed on their Coast, as well as the drier perimeter of America to central Mexico, were hooves and coats as well as through Alakai Swamp and even in its wetter brought to Kauai from Oregon in the their digestive tracts, and the disturbed areas during periods with low rainfall. 1960s for game hunting and have not soil is fertilized by their feces, helping Goats are managed in Hawaii as a game been introduced to any other Hawaiian these plants to establish. Pigs are a animal, but many herds populate island. Mule deer were introduced, in major vector in the spread of banana inaccessible areas where hunting has part, to provide another animal for poka and strawberry guava, and little effect on their numbers (HHP hunting, since the State had planned to enhance populations of common guava. 1990c). Goat hunting is allowed year- reduce the number of goats on Kauai Hamakua pamakani, Maui pamakani, round or during certain months, because they were so destructive to the and prickly Florida blackberry, all of depending on the are (DLNR n.d.–a, landscape (Kramer 1971). About 400 which threaten one or more of the n.d.–b, n.d.–c, 1990). Goats browse on animals are known in and near Waimea proposed taxa (Cuddihy and Stone introduced grasses and native plants, Canyon, with some invasion into Alakai 1990, Medeiros et al. 1986, Scott et al. especially in drier and more open Swamp in drier periods. Mule deer, 1986, Smith 1985, Stone 1985, Tomich ecosystems. Feral goats eat native legally hunted during only one month 1986, Wagner et al. 1990). vegetation, trample roots and seedlings, each year, trample native vegetation and Feral pigs pose an immediate threat to cause erosion, and promote the invasion cause erosion by creating trails and 1 or more populations of 15 of the of alien plants. They are able to forage removing vegetation (Cuddihy and proposed taxa. All known populations in extremely rugged terrain and have a Stone 1990, DLNR 1985, Tomich 1986). of the following taxa are threatened by high reproductive capacity (Clarke and They are a threat to the Mahanaloa-Kuia feral pigs: Alsinidendron viscosum, Cuddihy 1980. Cuddihy and Stone Valley and Nualolo populations of Delissea rivularis, Hibiscadelphus 1990, Culliney 1988, Scott et al. 1986, Schiedea membranacea and the Paaiki woodii, Hibiscus waimeae ssp. Tomich 1986, van Riper and van Riper and Kuia Valley populations of Kokia hannerae, Labordia tinifolia var. 1982). kauaiensis (M. Bruegmann, in litt., 1994; wahiawaensis, Phyllostegia knudsenii, Although many of the proposed S. Perlman, pers. comm., 1994). Phyllostegia wawrana, and Schiedea plants survive on steep cliffs Substrate loss due to agriculture, stellarioides. Populations of other inaccessible to goats, their original range grazing animals (especially goats), proposed taxa threatened by feral pigs was probably much larger, and they are hikers, and vegetation change results in are: the Alakai Wilderness and vulnerable to the long-term, indirect habitat degradation and loss. This Keanapuka populations of effects of goats, such as large-scale particularly affects plant populations on Alsinidendron lychnoides; the Makaleha erosion (Corn et al. 1979). The habitats cliffs or steep slopes, such as the Koaie Mountains population of Cyanea recta; of many of the 19 proposed plants were Stream population of Kokia kauaiensis the Makaleha Mountains and Wahiawa damaged in the past by goats, and these (HHP 1994j6). Mountains populations of Cyanea effects are still apparent in the form of B. Overutilization for commercial, remyi; the Wahiawa Mountains alien vegetation and erosion. One or recreational, scientific, or educational Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 185 / Monday, September 25, 1995 / Proposed Rules 49371 purposes. Unrestricted collecting for Lorence, S. Perlman, K. Wood, pers. of Oahu from eastern Asia in 1930, and scientific or horticultural purposes and comms., 1994). The lack of seedlings of has since spread to all of the main excessive visits by individuals many of the taxa and the occurrence of Hawaiian Islands. It is currently the interested in seeing rare plants are individuals of several taxa only on most abundant bird in Hawaii (Pratt et potential threats to all of the proposed inaccessible cliffs may indicate that al. 1989). Japanese white-eye has been taxa, but especially to Hibiscadelphus browsing animals, especially goats, have observed piercing the corollas of woodii, Phyllostegia knudsenii, and restricted the distribution of these Hibiscadelphus woodii, presumably to Pritchardia viscosa, each of which has plants (HPCC 1991c; Wood and Perlman rob nectar (Lorence and Wagner 1995). only one or two populations and fewer 1993a; D. Lorence and K. Wood, pers. D. The inadequacy of existing than five individuals. Collection of comms., 1994). regulatory mechanisms. Hawaii’s whole plants or reproductive parts of Of the four species of rodents that Endangered Species Act states—‘‘Any any of these three species could have been introduced to the Hawaiian species of aquatic life, wildlife, or land adversely impact the gene pool and Islands, the species with the greatest plant that has been determined to be an threaten the survival of the species. impact on the native flora and fauna is endangered species pursuant to the Some taxa, such as Alsinidendron probably Rattus rattus (black or roof [Federal] Endangered Species Act shall lychnoides, Alsinidendron viscosum, ), which now occurs on all the main be deemed to be an endangered species Cyanea recta, Labordia tinifolia var. Hawaiian Islands around human under the provisions of this chapter wahiawaensis, Pritchardia viscosa, and habitations, in cultivated fields, and in ** *’’ (Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS), Schiedea helleri have populations close dry to wet forests. Black rats and to a sect. 195D–4(a)). Therefore, Federal to trails or roads and are thus easily lesser extent Mus musculus (house listing would automatically invoke accessible to collectors and, therefore, mouse), Rattus exulans (), listing under Hawaii State law, which are potentially threatened by and R. norvegicus (Norway rat) eat the prohibits taking of listed plants in the overcollection (Flynn and Lorence 1992; fruits of some native plants, especially State and encourages conservation by HHP 1994b1, 1994d8, 1994h1, 1994n1; those with large, fleshy fruits. Many State agencies (HRS, sect. 195D–4 and HPCC 1991e2, 1993g; T. Flynn, pers. native Hawaiian plants produce their 5). comm., 1994). At least one of the three fruit over an extended period of time, None of the 19 proposed taxa are remaining Pritchardia viscosa and this produces a prolonged food listed by the State. Eight of the proposed individuals has been damaged by spiked supply which supports rodent taxa have populations on privately boots used to scale those trees and populations. Black rats strip bark from owned land. Labordia tinifolia var. collect seeds (L. Mehrhoff, in litt., 1994). some native plants, and their predation wahiawaensis and Viola kauaensis var. Many of the proposed plants occur in of plants in the bellflower and African wahiawaensis are found exclusively on recreational areas used for hiking, violet families, which have fleshy stems private land. At least 1 population of camping, and hunting. Tourism is a and fruits, has been confirmed (Cuddihy each of the other 17 taxa occurs on State growing industry in Hawaii, and as and Stone 1990; Tomich 1986; J. Lau, land. Fourteen of the proposed taxa more people seek recreational activities, pers. comm., 1994). Rat damage to the have one or more populations in State they are more likely to come into stems of species of Cyanea has been parks, NARs, or the Alakai Wilderness contact with rare native plants. People reported in the Makaleha Mountains, Preserve, which have rules and can transport or introduce alien plants Waioli Valley, and at the base of Mount regulations for the protection of through seeds on their footwear, and Waialeale, and poses a threat to the resources (DLNR 1981b; HRS, sects. they can cause erosion, trample plants, populations of Cyanea recta and Cyanea 183D–4, 184–5, 195–5, and 195–8). and start fires (Corn et al. 1979). remyi that occur there (HPCC 1991a1; However, the regulations are difficult to Alsinidendron lychnoides and Labordia Lorence and Flynn 1993a; L. Mehrhoff, enforce because of limited personnel. tinifolia var. wahiawaensis have in litt., 1994; S. Perlman, pers. comm., One or more populations of each of populations near trails and are 1994). It is probable that rats eat the the 19 proposed taxa is located on land considered to be immediately fruits of related species such as classified within conservation districts threatened by recreational use of the Cyrtandra cyaneoides and Delissea and owned by the State of Hawaii or areas in which they occur (HHP 1994b1; rivularis (C. Russell, pers. comm., 1994). private companies or individuals. HPCC 1991e2, 1992a). Rats threaten the only known Regardless of the owner, lands in these C. Disease or predation. Browsing population of Pritchardia viscosa, two districts, among other purposes, are damage by goats has been verified for of three populations of Pritchardia regarded as necessary for the protection Cyanea recta and Cyanea remyi napaliensis, and one population of of endemic biological resources and the (Lorence and Flynn 1993b). Goats have Kokia kauaiensis by predation of their maintenance or enhancement of the directly destroyed individuals of flowers or fruit (HPCC 1990b1, 1990c2; conservation of natural resources (HRS, Schiedea stellarioides (S. Perlman, pers. S. Perlman and K. Wood, pers. comms., sect. 205–2). Some uses, such as comm., 1994). The remaining proposed 1994). maintaining animals for hunting, are species are not known to be unpalatable Little is known about the predation of based on policy decisions, while others, to goats or deer and, therefore, predation certain rare Hawaiian plants by slugs. such as preservation of endangered is a probable threat where those animals Indiscriminate predation by slugs on species, are mandated by State laws. have been reported, potentially affecting plant parts of Cyanea remyi has been Requests for amendments to district eight additional proposed taxa: observed by field botanists (L. Mehrhoff, boundaries or variances within existing Alsinidendron viscosum, in litt., 1994; S. Perlman, pers. comm., classifications can be made by Hibiscadelphus woodii, Kokia 1994). The effect of slugs on the decline government agencies and private kauaiensis, Myrsine linearifolia, of this and related species is unclear, landowners (HRS, sect. 205–4). Before Phyllostegia knudsenii, Pritchardia although slugs may pose a threat decisions about these requests are made, napaliensis, Schiedea membranacea, because they feed on the stems and eat the impact of the proposed and Schiedea stellarioides (HHP 1994J5, the fruit, reducing the vigor of the plants reclassification on ‘‘preservation or 1994j6; HPCC 1990b3, 1990c2, 1991f5, and limiting regeneration. maintenance of important natural 1991h, 1993a1, 1993f, 1993i, 1993j; Japanese white-eye (Zosterops systems or habitat’’ (HRS, sects. 205–4, Wood and Perlman 1993a; J. Lau, D. japonicus) was introduced to the island 205–17) as well as the maintenance of 49372 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 185 / Monday, September 25, 1995 / Proposed Rules natural resources is required to be taken the Act for any person to remove, cut, Ageratina adenophora (Maui into account (HRS, sects. 205–2, 205–4). dig up, damage, or destroy any such pamakani), naturalized in dry areas to Before any proposed land use that will plant in knowing violation of State law wet forest on Kauai and also classifed as occur on State land, is funded in part or or regulation or in the course of any a noxious weed by the Federal whole by county or State funds, or will violation of a State criminal trespass government (7 CFR 360), threatens the occur within land classified as law. Kalalau Valley population of Schiedea conservation district, an environmental E. Other natural or manmand factors membranacea (Wood and Perlman assessment is required to determine affecting its continued existence. The 1993a). Ageratina riparia Hamakua whether or not the environment will be small numbers of populations and pamakani), naturalized in disturbed, dry significantly affected (HRS, chapt. 343). invididuals of most of these taxa to mesic areas and wet forests on Kauai, If it is found that an action will have a increase the potential for extinction is a threat to the same population of significant effect, preparation of a full from naturally occuring events. The Schiedea membranacea (Wood and Environmental Impact Statement is limited gene pool may depress Perlman 1993a). Belchnum occidentale required. Hawaii environmental policy, reproductive vigor, or a single human- (blechnum fern), probably accidentally and thus approval of land use, is caused or natural environmental introduced from tropical America, has required by law to safeguard ‘‘* * * the disturbance could destroy a significant naturalized in mesic forests on most of State’s unique natural environmental percentage of the individuals or the only the main Hawaiian Islands (Degener characteristics * * *’’ (HRS, sect. 344– known extant population. Seven of the 1932; J. Lau, pers. comm., 1994). 3(1)) and includes guidelines to ‘‘protect proposed taxa, Delissea rivularis, Blechnum fern poses a threat to the endangered species of individual plants Hibiscadelphus woodii, Laboridia Waioli Valley population of Cyanea and animals * * *’’ (HRS, sect. 344– tinifolia var. wahiawaensis. Phyllostegia recta (Lorence and Flynn 1993a; T. 4(3)(A)). Federal listing, because it knudsenii, Pritchardia viscosa, Flynn, pers. comm., 1994). Schiedea helleri, and Schiedea automatically invokes State listing, Classified as a noxious weed by the stellarioides, are known only from a would also implement these other State State of Hawaii, Clidemia hirta (Koster’s single population. Nine other proposed regulations protecting the plans. curse) is an aggressive shrub found in State laws relating to the conservation taxa are known from only two to five mesic to wet forests on at least five of biological resources allow for the populations (See Table 1). Eleven of the islands in Hawaii (Almeda 1990, DOA acquisition of land as well as the proposed taxa are estimated to number 1981). It is a threat to the Waioli Valley development and implementation of no more than 100 known individuals programs concerning the conservation (See Table 1). Four of these taxa, populations of Cyanea recta and the of biological resources (HRS, sect. Alsinidendron lychnoides, Limahuli Valley population of Hibiscus 195D–5(a)). The State also may enter Hibiscadelphus, woodii, Phyllostegia waimeae ssp. hannerae (HHP 1992, into agreements with Federal agencies knudsenii, and Pritchardia viscosa, 1994i1; HPCC 1991d; Lorence and to administer and manage any area number fewer than 10 individuals. Flynn 1993a, 1993b; J. Lau and K. required for the conservation, One or more species of almost 30 Wood, pers. comms., 1994). Cordyline management, enhancement, or introduced plants directly threaten all fruticosa (ti) is a shrub brought to protection of endangered species (HRS, 19 of the proposed taxa. The original Hawaii by the Polynesian immigrants. sect. 195D–5(c)). If listing were to occur, native flora of Hawaii consisted of about Its original range is unknown, but in funds for these activities could be made 1,000 species, 89 percent of which were Hawaii it is now naturalized on all the available under section 6 of the Act endemic. Of the total native and main islands except Kahoolawe in (State Cooperative Agreements). The naturalized Hawaiian flora of 1,817 Pandanus tectorius (hala) forest and Hawaii DLNR is mandated to initiate species, 47 percent were introduced mesic valleys and forests, sometimes changes in conservation district from other parts of the world and nearly forming dense stands (Wagner et al. boundaries to include ‘‘the habitat of 100 species have become pests (Smith 1990; J. Lau, pers. comm., 1994). The rare native species of flora and fauna 1985, Wagner et al. 1990). Naturalized, Hoolulu Valley population of within the conservation district’’ (HRS, introduced species compete with native Pritchardia napaliensis may compete for sect. 195D–5.1). Twelve of the proposed plants for space, light, water, and space with ti (HHP 1994m1). taxa are threatened by seven plants nutrients (Cuddihy and Stone 1990). Crassocephalum crepidioides, an considered by the State of Hawaii to be Some of these species were brought to annual herb native to tropical Africa, is noxious weeds. The State has provisions Hawaii by various groups of people, naturalized in dry areas to wet forest on and funding available for eradication including the Polynesian immigrants, Kauai and four other islands. This weed and control of noxious weeds on State for food or cultural reasons. Plantation has been considered a pest in Hawaii and private land in conservation owners, alarmed at the reduction of since 1966, and is a threat to the Waioli districts and other areas (HRS, chapt. water resources for their crops caused Valley population of Cyanea recta 152; Hawaii Department of Agriculture by the destruction of native forest cover (Haselwood and Motter 1983; Lorence (DOA) 1981, 1991). by grazing feral animals, supported the and Flynn 1993a; K. Wood, pers. Despite the existence of various State introduction of a alien tree species for comm., 1994). Deparia petersenii is a laws and regulations that protect reforestation. Ranchers intentionally perennial fern capable of forming a Hawaii’s native plants, their introduced pasture grasses and other thick groundcover (J. Lau, pers. comm., enforcement is difficult due to limited species for agriculture, and sometimes 1994). The Makaleha Mountains funding and personnel. Listing of these inadvertently introduced weed seeds as populations of Cyanea recta and 19 plant taxa would trigger State listing well. Other plants were brought to Cyrtandra cyaneoides compete for space under Hawaii’s Endangered Species Act Hawaii for their potential horiticultural with this fern (Lorence and Flynn and supplement the protection available value (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, Scott et 1993b). Drymaria cordata (pipili), a under other State laws. The Federal al. 1996, Wenkam 1969). pantropical annual herb, is naturalized Endangered Species Act would offer Two subshrubs in the genus Ageratina in shaded, moist sites on Kauai and four additional protection to these 19 taxa. gave naturalized in the Hawaiian other islands (Wagner et al. 1990). Pipili For example, for species listed as Islands and are classified as noxious threatens the Makaleha Mountains endangered, it would be a violation of weeds by the State (DOA 1981). population of Cyrtandra cyaneoides and Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 185 / Monday, September 25, 1995 / Proposed Rules 49373 the only known population of Alsinidendron viscosum, Cyanea recta, population of Schiedea membrancea Phyllosteqia knudsenii (HPCC 1993j, Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae, Kokia (HPCC 1991f3, 1991f4, 1992c; Lorence Lorence and Flynn 1993b). kauaiensis, Myrsine linearifolia, the and Flynn 1991, 1993b; Smith 1995; M. Erechtites valerianifolia (fireweed) is only known population of Phyllostegia Bruegmann, in litt., 1994; T. Flynn and an annual herb native from Mexico to knudsenii, Pritchardia napaliensis, and S. Perlman, pers. comms., 1994). Brazil and Argentina. It is naturalized Schiedea membranacea (HHP 1990a, Common guava invades disturbed sites, on all of the main Hawaiian Islands 1994i3, 1994j1, 1994j3 to 1994j6, forming dense thickets in dry, mesic, except Niihau and Kahoolawe, and is 1994m2, HPCC 1990a, 1990b1, 1990c2, and wet forests (Smith 1985, Wagner et found in disturbed, relative wet areas. 1991d, 1993a1, 1993j; Lorence and al. 1990). Common guava threatens the This weed threatens the Makaleha Flynn 1993b; S. Perlman and K. Wood, Honolulu Valley population of Mountains and Waioli Valley pers. comms., 1994). Melastoma Pritchardia napaliensis (HHP 1994m1, populations of Cyanea recta, the candidum is a member of a genus in HPCC 1990c2). Pterolepis glomerata, an Makaleha Mountains and Wahiawa which all species have been classified as herb or subshrub locally naturalized in Mountains populations of Cyanea noxious weeds by the State of Hawaii mesic to wet disturbed sites on Kauai, remyi, and the Makaleha Mountains (DOA 1992). This species is naturalized Oahu, and Hawaii, threatens the populations of Cyrtandra cyaneoides in mesic to wet areas on Cyanea recta, Wahiawa Bog population of Viola and Phyllostegia wawrana (HPCC Cyanea remyi, Phyllostegia wawrana kauaensis var. wahiawaensis (Lorence 1993k2; Lorence and Flynn 1991. 1993a, (Almeda 1990, HPCC 1993k2, Lorence and Flynn 1991; K. Wood. pers. comm., 1993b; Wagner et al. 1990; K. Wood, and Flynn 1993b). 1994). pers. comm., 1994). Brought to Hawaii Passiflora mollissima (banana poka), a Rubus argutus (prickly Florida as a cultivated , woody vine, poses a serious problem to blackberry), an aggressive alien species (daisy fleabane) mesic forests on Kauai and Hawaii by in disturbed mesic to wet forests and is naturalized in wetter areas of Kauai covering trees, reducing the amount of subalpine grasslands on Kauai and three and three other islands (Wagner et al. light that reaches trees as well as other islands, is considered a noxious 1990). An invasion of daisy fleabane on understory, and causing damage and weed by the State of Hawaii (DOA 1981, the Kalalau cliffs threatens Schiedea death to trees by the weight of the vines. Smith 1985, Wagner et al. 1990). Prickly membranacea, Myrsine linearifolia, and Animals, especially feral pigs, eat the Florida blackberry threatens the only the only population of Hibiscadelphus fruit and distribute the seeds (Cuddihy known populations of Schiedea helleri, woodii. Daisy fleabane also threatens the and Stone 1990, Escobar 1990). Banana Schiedea stellarioides, and Delissea Alealau population of Pritchardia poka is classified as a noxious weed by rivularis, the Alakai Wilderness and napaliensis and the Honopu Valley the State (DOA 1992) and threatens the Keanapuka populations of population of Phyllostegia wawrana Nualolo population of Schiedea Alsinidendron lychnoides, the Waialae- (HPCC 1990d1, 1991c, 1993f, 1993k1; membranacea and the Honopu Valley Nawaimaka population of Lorence and Wagner 1995; K. Wood, population of Phyllostegia wawrana Alsinidendron viscosum, the Koaie pers. comm., 1994). (HPCC 1993k1: K. Wood, pers. comm., Stream, and Pohakuao populations of Juncus planifolius is a perennial herb 1994). Passiflora liqularis (sweet Myrsine linearifolia, the Honopu Valley native to South America, New Zealand, granadilla) was first collected in Hawaii population of Phyllostegia wawrana, and Australia and is naturalized in in 1909, and has since spread to mesic and the Nualolo population of Schiedea open, disturbed, moist areas in forest and wet areas of Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, membranacea (HHP 1994b4; HPCC edges and bogs (Wagner et al. 1990). and Hawaii (Escobar 1990). This taxon 1992a, 1993a1, 1993a2, 1993g, 1993i, Found on Kauai and four other islands, threatends Kokia kauaiensis (M. 1993k1; J. Lau. S. Perlman, K. Wood, Juncus planifolius threatens the Bruegmann, in litt., 1994). pers. comms., 1994). Rubus rosifolius population of Viola kauaensis var. Two small tree species, Psidium (thimbleberry), native to Asia, is wahiawaensis in the Wahiawa Bog cattleianum (strawberry guava) and naturalized in disturbed mesic to wet (Lorence and Flynn 1991; K. Wood, Psidium quajava (common guava), were forest on all of the main Hawaiian pers. comm., 1994). Kalanchoe pinnata brought to Hawaii and have become Islands. This shrub threatens the three (air plant) is an herb which occurs on widely naturalized on all the main largest populations of Cyanea recta in all the main islands except Niihau and islands, forming dense stands in Wainiha Valley, Makaleha Mountains, Kaholawe, especially in dry to mesic disturbed areas. Strawberry guava, and Waioli Valley; the Wahiawa areas (Wagner et al. 1990). The Paaiki found in mesic and wet forests, Mountains an Waioli Valley populations Valley and Kuia populations of Kokia develops into stands in which few other of Cyanea remyi; the Makaleha kauaiensis, the only known population plants grow, physically displacing Mountains population of Cyrtandra of Phyllostegia knudsenii, the Pohakuao natural vegetation and greatly affecting cyaneoides, the Limahuli Valley population of Myrsine linearifolia, and Hawaiian plants, many of which are population of Hibiscus waimeae ssp. the Alealau and Hollulu Valley narrowly endemic taxa. Pigs depend on hannerae; the Mahanaloa-Kuia Valley populations of Pritchardia napaliensis strawberry guava for food and, in turn, junction population of Kokia are threatened by competition with air disperse the plant’s seeds through the kauaiensis; the Limahul-Hanakapiai plant (HPCC 1991g, 1993j; M. forests (Smith 1985, Wagner et al. 1990). Ridge population of Myrsine linearifolia; Bruegmann, in litt., 1994; K. Wood, Strawberry guava is considered to be the the Makaleha Mountains population of pers. comm., 1994). greatest weed problem in Hawaiian rain Schiedea membranacea (HHP 1992, Lantana camara (lantana), brought to forests and is known to pose a direct 1994i1, 1994j3, HPCC 1990d2, 1991d, Hawaii as an ornamental plant, is an threat to all remaining plants of 1991f2, 1992c, 1993c2, 1993k2; Lorence aggressive, thicket-forming shrub which Pritchardia viscosa, the Wahiawa and Flynn 1991, 1993a, 1993b; S. can now be found on all of the main Mountains populations of Cyanea remyi Perlman and K. Wood, pers. comms., islands in mesic forests, dry shrublands, and Labordia tinifolia var. 1994). and other dry, disturbed habitats wahiawaensis, the Paaiki population of Triumfetta semitriloba (Sacramento (Wagner et al. 1990). One or more Kokia kauaiensis, the Wahiawa bur) is a subshrub now found on four populations of each of the following Drainage population of Myrsine Hawaiian Islands and considered to be species are threatened by lantana: linearifolia, and the Mahanaloa-Kuia a noxious weed by the State of Hawaii 49374 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 185 / Monday, September 25, 1995 / Proposed Rules

(DOA 1981, Wagner et al. 1990). population of Schiedea membranacea these 17 taxa are in danger of extinction Sacramento bur threatens the Koaie (HPCC 1990d2, 1991c, 1993c1, 1993j; throughout all or a significant portion of Stream population of Kokia kauaiensis Lorence and Flynn 1993a, 1993b; their ranges, they fit the definition of (HPCC 1990b3). Youngia japonica Lorence and Wagner 1995; L. Mehrhoff, endangered as defined in the Act. (Oriental hawksbeard) is an annual herb in litt., 1994; J. Lau and K. Wood, pers. Although populations of Cyanea recta native to southeast Asia and now is a comms., 1994). This process is often and Myrsine linearifolia are threatened common weed in disturbed moist and exacerbated by human disturbance and by predation (by rats and/or goats), shaded sites, as well as intact wet land use practices (See Factor A). habitat modification by pigs and goats, forests, on most of the main Hawaiian In September 1992, Hurricane ’Iniki and competition with alien plant Islands (Wagner et al. 1990). The Waioli struck the Hawaiian Islands and caused species, the larger distribution of Valley population of Cyanea recta is extensive damage, especially on the populations, presence of population threatened by this weed (Lorence and island of Kauai. Many forest trees were regeneration, and total numbers of Flynn 1993a). destroyed, opening the canopy and thus plants reduce the likelihood that these Several hundred species of grasses allowing the invasion of light-loving species will become extinct in the near have been introduced to the Hawaiian alien plants, which are a threat to the future. For these reasons, Cyanea recta Islands, many for animal forage. Of the continued existence of many of the and Myrsine linearifolia are not now in approximately 100 grass species that proposed taxa. Over three-fourths of all immediate danger of extinction have become naturalized, 3 species known Labordia tinifolia var. throughout all or a significant portion of threaten 8 of the 19 proposed plant taxa. wahiawaensis plants were destroyed as their ranges. However, both species are Melinis minutiflora (molasses grass), a a result of the hurricane-force winds likely to become endangered in the perennial grass brought to Hawaii for and substrate subsidence caused by the foreseeable future if the threats affecting cattle fodder, is now naturalized in dry hurricane (S. Perlman, pers. comm., these species are not curbed. As a result to mesic, disturbed areas on most of the 1994). One plant of Alsinidendron Cyanea recta and Myrsine linearifolia main Hawaiian Islands. The mats it lychoides and half of one population of are proposed to be listed as threatened forms smother other plants and fuel Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae were species. more intense fires than would normally destroyed by the hurricane (M. Critical habitat is not being proposed affect an area (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, Bruegmann, in litt., 1994). Damage by for the 19 taxa included in this rule, for O’Connor 1990, Smith 1985). The future hurricanes could further decrease reasons discussed in the ‘‘Critical largest populations of Alsinidendron the already reduced numbers and Habitat’’ section of this proposal. viscosum and Schiedea stellarioides, in reduced habitat of most of the 19 Critical Habitat Waialae-Nawaimaka Valley, are proposed taxa. threatened by molasses grass (HPCC The Service has carefully assessed the Critical habitat is defined in section 3 1993a1, 1993a2, 1993i). The perennial best scientific and commercial of the Act as: (i) the specific areas grass Paspalum conjugatum (Hilo grass), information available regarding the past, within the geographical area occupied naturalized in moist to wet, disturbed present, and future threats faced by by a species, at the time it is listed in areas on most Hawaiian Islands, these species in determining to propose accordance with the Act, on which are produces a dense ground cover, even on this rule. Based on this evaluation, the found those physical or biological poor soil), and threatens the Makaleha preferred action is to propose listing 17 features (I) essential to the conservation Mountains population of Cyanea recta, of these plant taxa as endangered of the species and (II) that may require Cyanea remyi, Cyrtandra cyaneoides, (Alsinidendron lychnoides, special management consideration or the only know population of Alsinidendron viscosum, Cyanea remyi, protection and; (ii) specific areas Phyllostegia knudsenii, and the Cyrtandra cyaneoides, Delissea outside the geographical area occupied Powerline Road population of rivularis, Hibiscadelphus woodii, by a species at the time it is listed, upon Pritchardia viscosa (HHP 1992; HPCC Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae, Kokia a determination that such areas are 1993j; Lorence and Flynn 1993b; J. Lau kauaiensis, Labordia tinifolia var. essential for the conservation of the and S. Perlman, pers. comms., 1994). wahiawaensis, Phyllostegia knudsenii, species. ‘‘Conservation’’ means the use Sacciolepis indica (Glenwood grass), Phyllostegia wawrana. Pritchardia of all methods and procedures needed and annual or perennial grass napaliensis, Pritchardia viscosa, to bring the species to the point at naturalized on five islands in Hawaii in Schiedea helleri, Schiedea which listing under the Act is no longer open, wet areas, threatens the Waioli membranacea, Schiedea stellarioides, necessary. Valley and Makaleha Mountains and Viola kauaensis var. wahiawaensis) Section 4(a)(3) of the Act, as populations of Cyanea recta (HHP 1992; and 2 taxa as threatened (Cyanea recta amended, and implementing regulations Lorence and Flynn 1993a, 1993b; J. Lau and Myrsine linearifolia). Sixteen of the (50 CFR 424.12) require that, to the and K. Wood, pers. comm., 1994). taxa proposed for listing either number maximum extent prudent and Erosion, landslides, and rock slides no more than about 100 individuals or determinable, the Secretary propose due to natural weathering result in the are known from 5 or fewer populations. critical habitat at the time a species is death of individual plants as well as The 17 taxa proposed as endangered are proposed to be endangered or habitat destruction. This especially threatened by one or more of the threatened. The Service finds that affects the continued existence of taxa following: habitat degradation and/or designation of critical habitat is not or populations with limited numbers predation by feral pigs, feral goats, rats, presently prudent for these 19 taxa. and/or narrow ranges, such as: the two and deer; competition from alien plants; Service regulations (50 CFR largest populations of Cyanea recta, the substrate loss; human impacts; and lack 424.12(a)(1)) state that designation of Makaleha Mountains and upper Waioli of legal protection or difficulty in critical habitat is not prudent when one Valley populations of Cyrtandra enforcing laws that are already in effect. or both of the following situations cyaneoides, each of which has only one Small population size and limited exist—(1) The species is threatened by individual, the only populations of distribution make these species taking or other human activity, and Delissea rivularis and Phyllostegia particularly vulnerable to extinction identification of critical habitat can be knudsenii, the only population of and/or reduced reproductive vigor from expected to increase the degree of threat Hibiscadelphus woodii, and the largest naturally occurring events. Because to the species, or (2) such designation of Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 185 / Monday, September 25, 1995 / Proposed Rules 49375 critical habitat would not be beneficial destroy or adversely modify its critical Service, Ecological Services, Permits to the species. As discussed under habitat. If a Federal action may affect a Branch, 911 N.E. 11th Avenue, Portland, Factor B, these taxa are threatened by listed species or its critical habitat, the Oregon 97232–4181 (telephone: 503/ overcollection, due to low population responsible Federal agency must enter 231–6241; facsimile: 503/231–6243). size. The publication of precise maps into consultation with the Service. None Public Comments Solicited and descriptions of critical habitat in of the 19 proposed taxa occur on the Federal Register and local Federal lands and no known Federal The Service intends that any final newspapers as required in a proposal for activities occur within the present action resulting from this proposal will critical habitat would increase the known habitat of these 19 plant taxa. be as accurate and as effective as degree of threat to these plants from take The Act and its implementing possible. Therefore, comments or or vandalism and, therefore, could regulations set forth a series of general suggestions from the public, other contribute to their decline and increase prohibitions and exceptions that apply concerned governmental agencies, the enforcement problems. The listing of to all endangered and threatened plants. scientific community, industry, or any these taxa as endangered publicizes the With respect to the 19 plant taxa in this other interested party concerning this rarity or the plants and, thus, can also rule, the prohibitions of section 9(a)(2) proposed rule are hereby solicited. make these plants attractive to curiosity of the Act, implemented by 50 CFR Comments particularly are sought seekers or collectors of rare plants. 17.61, apply. These prohibitions, in concerning: All involved parties and the major part, make it illegal for any person (1) biological, commercial trade, or landowners have been notified of the subject to the jurisdiction of the United other relevant data concerning any location and importance of protecting States to import or export any listed threat (or lack thereof) to these 19 taxa; the habitat of these taxa. Protection of plant species; transport such species in (2) the location of any additional the habitats of these plants will be interstate or foreign commerce in the populations of these taxa and the addressed through the recovery process course of a commercial activity; sell or reasons why any habitat should or and through the section 7 consultation offer for sale in interstate or foreign should not be determined to be critical process as necessary. At present, the commerce; or to remove and reduce to habitat as provided by section 4 of the Service is not aware of any Federal possession any such species from areas Act; activity within the currently known under Federal jurisdiction. In addition, (3) additional information concerning habitats of these plants. it is illegal to maliciously damage or the range, distribution, and population destroy any endangered plant from areas size of these taxa; and Available Conservation Measures under Federal jurisdiction; or remove, (4) current or planned activities in the Conservation measures provided to cut, dig up, damage, or destroy any range of these taxa and their possible plant taxa listed as endangered or endangered species on any other area in impacts on these taxa. threatened under the Act include knowing violation of any State law or The final decision on this proposal recognition, recovery actions, regulation or in the course of any will take into consideration the requirements for Federal protection, and violation of a State criminal trespass comments and any additional prohibitions against certain activities. law. Section 4(d) of the Act allows for information received by the Service, and Recognition through listing results in the provision of such protection to such communications may lead to a public awareness and conservation threatened species through regulation. final regulation that differs from this actions by Federal, State, and local This protection may apply to these taxa proposal. agencies, private organizations, and in the future if regulations are The Act provides for one or more individuals. The Act provides for promulgated. Seeds from cultivated public hearings on this proposal, if possible land acquisition and specimens of threatened plants are requested. Requests must be received cooperation with the State and requires exempt from these prohibitions within 45 days of the date of publication that recovery plans be developed for provided that their containers are of the proposal in the Federal Register. listed species. The requirements for marked ‘‘Of Cultivated Origin.’’ Certain Such requests must be made in writing Federal agencies and the prohibitions exceptions to the prohibitions apply to and be addressed to the Pacific Islands against certain activities involving listed agents of the Service and State Ecoregion Manager (See ADDRESSES plants are discussed, in part, below. conservation agencies. section). Section 7(a) of the Act, as amended, The Act and 50 CFR 17.62, 17.63, and requires Federal agencies to evaluate 17.72 also provide for the issuance of National Environmental Policy Act their actions with respect to any species permits to carry out otherwise The Fish and Wildlife Service has that is proposed or listed as endangered prohibited activities involving listed determined that Environmental or threatened and with respect to its plant species under certain Assessments and Environmental Impact critical habitat, if any is being circumstances. Such permits are Statements, as defined under the designated. Regulations implementing available for scientific purposes and to authority of the National Environmental this interagency cooperation provision enhance the propagation or survival of Policy Act of 1969, need not be of the Act are codified at 50 CFR part the species. For threatened plants, prepared in connection with regulations 402. Section 7(a)(4) of the Act requires permits are also available for botanical adopted pursuant to section 4(a) of the Federal agencies to confer with the or horticultural exhibition, educational Endangered Species Act of 1973, as Service on any action that is likely to purposes, or special purposes consistent amended. A notice outlining the jeopardize the continued existence of a with the purposes of the Act. It is Service’s reasons for this determination species proposed for listing or result in anticipated that few trade permits was published in the Federal Register destruction or adverse modification of would be sought or issued for most of on October 25, 1983 (48 FR 49244). proposed critical habitat. If a species is the taxa, because they are not in listed subsequently, section 7(a)(2) cultivation or common in the wild. References Cited requires Federal agencies to ensure that Requests for copies of the regulations A complete list of all references cited activities they authorize, fund, or carry concerning listed plants and inquiries herein is available upon request from out are not likely to jeopardize the regarding prohibitions and permits may the Pacific Islands Ecoregion Office. continued existence of the species or to be addressed to the Fish and Wildlife (See ADDRESSES section). 49376 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 185 / Monday, September 25, 1995 / Proposed Rules

Author Proposed Regulation Promulgation Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361–1407; 16 U.S.C. 1531–1544; 16 U.S.C. 4201–4245; Pub. L. 99– The author of this proposed rule is Accordingly, the Service hereby 625, 100 Stat. 3500; unless otherwise noted. Marie M. Bruegmann, Pacific Islands proposes to amend part 17, subchapter 2. Section 17.12(h) is amended by Ecoregion Office. (See ADDRESSES B of chapter I, title 50 of the Code of adding the following, in alphabetical section). Federal Regulations, as set forth below: order under FLOWERING PLANTS, to List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17 the List of endangered and Threatened PART 17Ð[AMENDED] Plants to read as follows: Endangered and threatened species, Exports, Imports, Reporting and 1. The authority citation for part 17 § 17.12 Endangered and threatened plants. recordkeeping requirements, and continues to read as follows: * * * * * Transportation. (h) * * *

Species Historic range Family Status When listed Critical habi- Special Scientific name Common name tat rules

FLOWERING PLANTS

******* Alsinidendron Kuawawaenohu ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... CaryophyllaceaeÐ E NA NA lychnoides. Pink.

******* Alsinidendron None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... CaryophyllaceaeÐ E NA NA viscosum. Pink.

******* Cyanea recta ...... Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... CampanulaceaeÐ T NA NA Bellflower.

******* Cyanae remyi ...... Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... CampanulaceaeÐ E NA NA Bellflower.

******* Cyrtandra Mapele ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... GesneriaceaeÐAfri- E NA NA cyaneoides. can violet.

******* Delissea rivularis ..... Oha ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... CampanulaceaeÐ E NA NA Bellflower.

******* Hibiscadelphus Hau kuahiwi ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... MalvaceaeÐMallow E NA NA woodii.

******* Hibiscus waimeae Koki'o ke' oke' o ..... U.S.A. (HI) ...... MalvaceaeÐMallow E NA NA ssp. hannerae.

******* Kokia kauaiensis ...... koki'o ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... MalvaceaeÐMallow E NA NA

******* Labordia tinifolia var. Kamakahala ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... LoganiaceaeÐ E NA NA wahiawaensis. Logania.

******* Myrsine linearifolia ... Kolea ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... MyrsinaceaeÐ T NA NA Myrsine.

******* Phyllostegia None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... LamiaceaeÐMint .... E NA NA knudsenii.

******* Phyllostegia None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... LamiaceaÐMint ...... E NA NA wawrana.

******* Pritchardia Loulu ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... ArecaceaeÐPalm ... E NA NA napaliensis. Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 185 / Monday, September 25, 1995 / Proposed Rules 49377

Species Historic range Family Status When listed Critical habi- Special Scientific name Common name tat rules

******* Pritchardia viscosa .. Loulu ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... ArecaceaeÐPalm ... E NA NA

******* Schiedea helleri ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... CaryophyllaceaeÐ E NA NA Pink.

******* Schiedea None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... CaryophyllaceaeÐ E NA NA membranacea. Pink.

******* Viola kauaensis var. Nani wai'ale'ale ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... ViolaceaeÐViolet ... E NA ...... wahiawaensis.

*******

Dated: September 6, 1995. development and recreational activities; (kiponapona), Phyllostegia velutina John G. Rogers, habitat loss and damage to plants from (NCN), Phyllostegia warshaueri (NCN), Acting Director, Fish and Wildlife Service. fires; predation by animals (cattle, pigs, Pleomele hawaiiensis (hala pepe), [FR Doc. 95–23637 Filed 9–22–95; 8:45 am] goats, sheep, insects, and rats); and Pritchardia schattaueri (loulu), Sicyos BILLING CODE 4310±55±M natural disasters such as volcanic alba (’anunu), and Zanthoxylum activity. Due to the small number of dipetalum var. tomentosum (a’e) all are existing individuals and their very endemic to the island of Hawaii, 50 CFR Part 17 narrow distributions, these 13 taxa and Hawaiian Islands. their populations are subject to an The island of Hawaii is the RIN 1018±AD25 increased likelihood of extinction and/ southernmost, easternmost, and Endangered and Threatened Wildlife or reduced reproductive vigor from youngest of the eight major Hawaiian and Plants; Proposed Endangered natural disasters. This proposal, if made Islands. This largest island of the Status for Thirteen Plants From the final, would implement the Federal Hawaiian archipelago is comprised of Island of Hawaii, State of Hawaii protection provisions provided by the 10,458 square kilometers (sq km) (4,038 Act for listed plants. Listing under the sq miles (mi)), or two-thirds of the land AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Act would also trigger listed status for area of the State of Hawaii, giving rise Interior. these 13 taxa under State law. to its common name, the ‘‘Big Island.’’ ACTION: Proposed rule. DATES: Comments from all interested The Hawaiian Islands are volcanic parties must be received by November islands formed over a ‘‘hot spot,’’ a fixed SUMMARY: The U.S. Fish and Wildlife 24, 1995. Public hearing requests must area of pressurized molten rock deep Service (Service) determines be received by November 9, 1995. within the Earth. As the Pacific Plate, a endangered status pursuant to the section of the Earth’s surface many ADDRESSES: Comments and materials Endangered Species Act of 1973, as miles thick, has moved to the northwest, concerning this proposal should be sent amended (Act), for 13 plants: the islands of the chain have separated. to Robert P. Smith, Manager, Pacific Clermontia drepanomorpha (’oha wai), Currently, this hot spot is centered Islands Ecoregion, U.S. Fish and Cyanea platyphylla (haha), under the southeast part of the island of Wildlife Service, 300 Ala Moana Hibiscadelphus giffardianus (hau Hawaii, which is one of the most active Boulevard, Room 6307, P.O. Box 50167, kuahiwi), Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis volcanic areas on Earth. Five large Honolulu, Hawaii 96850. Comments (hau kuahiwi), Melicope zahlbruckneri shield volcanoes make up the island of and materials received will be available (alani), Neraudia ovata (no common Hawaii: Mauna Kea at 4,205 meters (m) for public inspection, by appointment, name (NCN)), Phyllostegia racemosa (13,796 feet (ft)) and Kohala at 1,670 m during normal business hours at the (kiponapona), Phyllostegia velutina (5,480 ft), both extinct; Hualalai, at above address. (NCN), Phyllostegia warshaueri (NCN), 2,521 m (8,271 ft), which is dormant Pleomele hawaiiensis (hala pepe), FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: and will probably erupt again; and Pritchardia schattaueri (loulu), Sicyos Robert P. Smith, Manager, Pacific at 4,169 m (13,677 ft) and alba (’anunu), and Zanthoxylum Islands Ecoregion (see ADDRESSES Kilauea at 1,248 m (4,093 ft), both of dipetalum var. tomentosum (a’e). All 13 section) (telephone: 808/541–2749; which are currently active and adding taxa are endemic to the island of facsimile: 808/541–2756). land area to the island. Compared to Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands. The 13 plant SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Kauai, which is the oldest of the main taxa and their habitats have been islands and was formed about 5.6 variously affected or are currently Background million years ago, Hawaii is very young, threatened by one or more of the Clermontia drepanomorpha (’oha with fresh lava and land up to 0.5 following—competition for space, light, wai), Cyanea platyphylla (haha), million years old (Cuddihy and Stone water, and nutrients by naturalized, Hibiscadelphus giffardianus (hau 1990, Culliney 1988, Department of introduced vegetation; habitat kuahiwi), Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis Geography 1983, Macdonald et al. degradation by wild, feral, or domestic (hau kuahiwi), Melicope zahlbruckneri 1983). animals (cattle, pigs, goats, and sheep); (alani), Neraudia ovata (no common Because of the large size and range of agricultural and residential name (NCN)), Phyllostegia racemosa elevation of the island, Hawaii has a