Kashmir Birds Being a Key to the Birds Commonly Seen in Summer N The

' ’ F i r st Pu blzs/zea 1 9 23

Mad e an d Pri n t e d In G re a t BrIta in at W llla B l e M a owe r P r es s P l mo uth i m re n o n Son Lt d. yﬂ , y d , TREFA CE

THE object of t hi s b o ok is to enable people interested in birds to identify those they meet with while walking in the hill stati ons o f the Himalayas and Kashmi r and those they see i n the Kashmir valley . The birds dealt with are the ones commonly i seen IN S U M M ER at such places . As n ne out o f t en species of hill birds move to lower o f levels in winter, the bird population a hill station in winter di ff ers from that in summer . Had the scope of this book included birds seen in winter at the various hill stations , and those f ound in summer only at lower eleva tions than 5 000 feet above the sea-level or hi 00 it s gher altitudes than 75 , bulk would have been considerably increased . It would have attained even greater dimensions had I noticed the rare birds that are sometimes seen in hill stations in summer .

Paradoxical though it may sound, the value of this book lies largely in i t s omissions P r ef ace

If this key had included all the birds of H Kashmir and the imalayas , it would have i t s i bewildered the user by complex ty, and

so i i t s . As it it fa led in object stands , should enable anyone who consults it to identif y re adily twenty-nine-thirtieths o f the birds he sees i n summer at elevations between 5000 and 75 00 f eet . Except in so f ar as they may serve as aids to identiﬁcation , nothing has been said about o f i i i s the habits b rds in this book, wh ch merely an artiﬁcial key . A treatise on the life -histories and habits o f the birds o f Kashmir and the Hi malayas has i M f yet to be wr tten . uch in ormation , how o f con ever, about the habits these birds is ’ t ai ne d in Hume s Nest: and Egg: of Indi an ’ Bi rdr erdon s Bi rd: o Indi a , I f , the bird volumes of the Fanna of Br i ti rb Indi a and my own little B rd; o tb a Indi an Hi lls book entitled i f . C ON TEN TS

Ho w To USE THI S B O OK L OCAL LI STS OF THE BI RDS OF THE HI MALAY AS AND KASHM I R W HICH HAV E APPEARED IN (a) The Ibi s (b) The Journal of t he Asi at i c So ci et y (0) The Jo urnal of t he Bo mb ay Nat ural Hi st ory So ci e t y

PART I

C LASSIFICATI ON ACC ORDI N G To STRUCTURAL PECULIARITIES i l I . B l Cre st II .

Tai III . l ex l i or i m IV . S ua D m ph s

ASS B . C L IFICATI ON ACCORDI N G To C O L OUR a I . Bl ck ue II . Bl o III . Br wn Con ten ts

Fawn Co lour Gre e n Gre y Re d

Whi t e Ye llo w Bi rds o f M any Co lo urs

CLASSIFICATI O N ACCORDI N G To HABITS i r s i i I . B d hav ng re markable cr es i ds t at n i si ar d n s II . B r h commo ly v t g e i rds t t s i i s III . B ha a so c at e n ﬂo ck i rds IV . B t h at dwe ll by St re ams

. i rds t at o ccur a un dant o n V B h b ly , o e o r o n t he mar i n s of t he v r, g l ake s of t he Kashmi r valle y i r ds VI . B t hat mo ve abo ut on t he t runks of t ree s i n se arch of i n se ct s

i rds t t i VII . B ha ﬁnd much of t he r f oo d o n t he gro un d

i rd VIII . B s t hat capt ure i n se ct s o n t he wi ng

i rds t at e IX . B h sp n d gre at p art of t he day o n t he wi ng

PART II

DESC RI PTI V E LI ST OF BI RDS HOW TO USE THIS B OOK

T HIS key has been compiled on the principle followed in Indi an Bi rds . Even as the latter has been the means of teaching scores o f people the names of the birds commonly seen in the so hi plains of India , will t s , I venture to hope , so i n enable anyone who wishes to do , to learn a very short time the names o f all the birds seen commonly in summer in Kashmir and at the various Himalayan hill stations . The student Should make a note regarding any strange bird seen , giving the colours in it s plumage and any anatomical peculiarity, O . n such as a crest , a long tail or bill returning P o f to the house, art I the book should be consulted . The bird in question should ﬁnd place in two or more of the classes of birds P so set in that art, and may be down as being A probably one o f two or three Specie s. reference to the descriptions in Part II Should complete the identiﬁcation . m To take an easy exa ple . The observer sees

II How to Use Thi s Book

He a striking bird . notes that its body is o f about the size of that the myna , that it has

a long tail and that there are blue, black,

brown and white in the plumage , and the bill H is bright red . e consults in Part I of the B book, irds having the tail long in propor ” He tion to the body . finds there are fifteen f H o these birds . e then refers to the class B irds of which the plumage is black, blue, ” brown and white , and finds that there are o f o f two only three these, which only have the He i tail long . is thus sat sfied that the unknown f bird is a blue magpie . The act that the bill i s red leads him to infer that it is the red-billed A f blue magpie . re erence to the description

of this speci es in Part II conﬁrms the diagnosis . I may add that the descriptions have

designedly been made as brief as possible . Too much detail might easily hinder ide nt iﬁc a i t on , as in that case the descriptions would often include inconspi cuous f eatures which the observer had f ailed to notice . A full description o f every bird f ound i n F auna o Br i ti sh Indi a India is given in the f , to which this book i s really a Compani on and a guide for the novice . LOCAL LI STS OF THEBIRDS OF THEHIMA LAYAS AND KASHMIR WHICH HAVE APPEARED IN “ THE IBI S ”

Name o f Author Name of Locali ty d an d umaun . r Ou . L . H I by h K T e r i rds o se r e d o n a a . t m c R C . y l B b v r h f ro m Sim a t o Musso ori e l . Pelz e ln i rds co e ct e d vo n . A. B ll by Dr St o li cz ka i n Thibe t an d

t he ima a as H l y . r s i r ds O se r e d n e ar E. o o N W . B k B b v yne e

Tal an d A ra lmo . i i i E. r r d i n e i . u e s o t a d n S m G B lg B b kk , East e rn ima a as H l y . i r C . Mars a ds of am a i . T. C n t he H h ll . B h b i N . W . ma a as H l y . W e i r s f s W . Co rd aux d o a m r . B C h e e an d t he

ras i st ri ct D D .

a i dso n A S o rt t ri t o as mi r D v h p K h . LOCAL LI STS OF THE BIRDS OF THEHIMA LAYAS AND KASHMIR WHICH HAVE APPEARED IN THE “ JOURNAL OF THE ASIATIC SOC IETY

Year of Pub ﬁ c ati on Name of Author Name of Locali ty li r a i ns 1 868 F . St o cz ka Orni t o o i ca O se t o . h l g l b v N i n t he Sut e a e .W . l j V ll y,

i a a s H m l ya . r N t e s o n t he Orni t o o 1 W E. o o s 8 . o 74 . B k h l gy f s mi r o Ca h .

6 i i s f i rds f ro m t he i 1 8 . o dw n t s o 7 . H H . G L B H ll

E. Fron 1 8 8 Aust e n an e s of t he N . 7 . R g

i r f n i a t e o I d .

N t e s o n i rds co e ct e d i n 1 00 . Wa t o n o 9 . H J . l B ll maun Ku .

1 4 LOCAL LI STS OF BIRDS THAT HAVE AP FEARED IN THE “ JOURNAL OF THE BOMBAY NATURAL HI STORY SOCIETY

f ol. Name of C om er Loca t No . o V pil li y

. at t a No t e s o n ne st s t a en f o m X . R H . R r y k r Marc h t o June at o at an d Musso o i e K h r , N P W . . .

N T Wi so Ne st in i n as mi r F n . XII . . . . l g K h at t a i ds ne st i n i n t he XVI . R . H . R r y B r g Murree Hi lls an d G al li e s .

i ds o f t he Pro ince of XVII . B r v 8c E Wa d as mi an d amu an d G . . r K h r J ad acen di st ri ct s XVIII . j t . H A a rat h s i r F. M No t e o t e ds f . n h o XVIII . . g B Than di ani .

XIX H A a ra i rd e f r r F . M t h No t s o m Mu e e . . . g B r an d t he a i e s G ll .

HA F Ma rat h i r d No t e s t he Wa i n XXI . . . . g B by y as mi r K h .

W i st e So me i rds o se r e d at XXIV . H . h l r B b v D alho usi e Hi ll St at i o n i n 1 1 9 5 .

A one s i i r s f i E. A st of d o und n XXVI . . J L B t he i a i s S ml H ll . Local Li sts of Bi r ds

No of Vol Name of om i er Loca t . . C p l li y W i st er So me i rds . o se e d at XXVI . H h l B b rv Pa o o ne ar Sim a g , l . i n i R W G . H st o A st f i . . n o t he rds of XXVII . g L B a msa a Dh r l . W i st er Furt e No t e s i r . o n ds XXVII . H h l h r B o t i a ab u Sml . E Osmast o n Not e o n t he Ni di ﬁcat i n A. . o XXVIII . an d Habi t s o f So me Birds i n B ri t i sh Gat h w l a .

1 6

CLASSIFICATION C CORDING TO A . A STRUC TURAL PEC ULIARITIES

I . Bill .

II . Crest .

III . Tail .

IV . Sexual Dimorphism .

I . BILL

Bi rds wi tb Long Bills

N B —The num ers i ar i en to . . b n brackets e t h ose g v the i rds i n t e desc i t i e li st T e ca i t a le t t ers b h r p v . h p l agai nst the bi rd i ndi cat e wh ere i t o ccurs : K as i = i E=East e rn m . W estern mala as K h r W H y . i a a as H m l y .

- 1 . The Rusty cheeked Scimitar Babbler

E . W . (Fairly long , with a slight downward

curve .)

2 . The Sunbirds ( 1 1 1 and E . W . d (Very small birds with long , Slender , own w r - a dly curved bills . )

I9 Hi malayan and Kashmi ri Bi r ds

3 . The Ki ngﬁshers ( 1 27 and E . W . K .

(Fairly long and straight . )

4 . The European E . W . K . B ( ill very long and slender, with a slight down ward curve . )

5 . The Herons ( 1 74 K . (Fairly long - and dagger Shaped .)

S II . CRE T

Crested Bi rds

- B . . I . The lack throated Jay W K

H . . . 2 . The imalayan Jay E W K - 3 . The Yellow Che cked Tit W .

B . . 4 . The Crested lack Tit W K

5 . The Brown Crested Tit W . K .

- 6 . The Black headed Sibia E . W . - Ixulus . . 7 . The Yellow naped E W 8 H B B . . The imalayan lack ulbul K

W .

B . 9 . The Striated Green ulbul E

- B . 1 0 . The Bengal Red vented ulbul E

- P B . I I. The unjab Red vented ulbul W — B . c . 1 2 . The White che ked ulbul E W

K .

1 3 . The Indian Paradise Flycatcher

W . K .

Hi malayan and Kashmi ri Bi rds

A III . T IL

Bi ds avi n t c ta l mar edl or 1 . r b g b i k y f ked

I B . . . The lack Drongo W E A 2 . . . The Indian shy Drongo E W . K

. S 3 The Western , potted Forktail W

K . k il o r t a . 4 . The Eastern Spotted F E

5 . The Swallow E . W . K . - S . . 6 . The Wire tailed wallow W K ’

S . . 7 . Syke s Striated wallow E W

P . . 8 . The Common ariah Kite E W i i K . (The tail is only sl ghtly forked, but th s

f o r is important purposes of identiﬁcation , as all other bi rds of prey have rounded or wedge shaped tails . )

i n tb c tai l lon i n ro orti on to the 2 . Bi rds b av g g p p b ody

- B M . I . The Red billed lue agpie W

(Tail very long . ) - B M 2 . The Yellow billed lue agpie

E . W . K . (Tail very long . )

2 2 Classiﬁcati on Str uctur al P eculi ari ti es

H - 3 . The imalayan Tree pie E . W H B B . 4 . The imalayan lack ulbul E

f . W K . (Tail airly long )

5 . The Black Drongo W . E . A 6 . . . The Indian shy Drongo E W K . P 7 . The Indian aradise Flycatcher

W . K . (Tail very long in cock only . )

o r i 8 . The Western Spotted F kt a l

W . K .

9 . The Eastern Spotted Forktail E . - 1 0 . The Wire tailed Swallow W . K . (The two outer-tail f eathers are prolonged far

beyond the others and look like wires . They

sometimes get broken Off .) - 1 1 . The European Bee eater K . (The middle pair of tail feathers are prolonged beyond the others as bristles . )

1 2 . C 1 2 1 1 1 6 1 The uckoos ( 3 , 33 , 35 , 3 , 37 , H ( ave rather long tails . ) 1 P 1 . 1 0 3 The aroquets ( 39, 4 ,

1 4 . Some o f the Pheasants (not the Kali ] or t e M h onal) . T e - K h Pheasant tailed Jacana . Hi malayan and Kashmi r i Bi r ds

r s b arri n ver sk or tai o o on to 3 . Bi d g y t ls i n pr p rti tb e body

- I . . The White tailed Nuthatch E W .

2 . The Kashmir Wren W . K .

— S . . 3 . The caly breasted Wren E W B 4 . The rown Dipper E . W . K . 1 1 5 . The Woodpe ckers ( 4 (Fairly short .) - B 6 . The Golden throated arbet

(Fairly short . ) Ki n ﬁsher 1 2 7 . The g s ( 7 and 1 8 . The Owls ( 42 C 9 . The ommon Grey Quail E . W

C . . 1 0 . The hukor W K B P 1 1 . The lack artridge W K

M . 1 2 . The oorhen K

C . . . 1 3 . The oot E W K

- 1 . 4 The Red wattled Lapwing E .

W . K . 1 2 1 5 . The Cormorants ( 7 and K . 1 N H 6 . The ight eron K .

B . 1 7 . The Little ittern K

M . 1 8 . The allard K

- 1 . 9 The White eyed Pochard K .

20 . The Indian Little Grebe K .

(No tail at all . ) 2 4 Classiﬁcati on Str uctural P eculi ari ti es

AL MOR H M IV . SEXU DI P IS

Bi rds i n wbi cb tbe sex es diﬁer greatly i n appearance

1 - . The Fire cap W . 2 - . The Spotted wing W . - M S . . 3 . The hort billed inivet E W

O . . 4 . The Indian riole W K - B 5 . The White browed lue Flycatcher

E . W . - l a Ni t v a . . 6 . The Rufous bellied E W

K . l Ni t av a . 7 . The Large E P 8 . The Indian aradise Flycatcher

W . K . P B 9 . The Common ied ush Chat

W . K .

B . 0 C . 1 . The Indian ush hat W K 1 1 - B . The Dark grey ush Chat E . W .

K . 1 2 B - . The lue fronted Redstart E . W .

K .

1 3 . The Plumbeous Redstart E . W K . - ﬂ nk d B - 1 . a e R 4 The Red ush obin E .

W . K . 2 5 Hi malayan and Kashmi r i Bi r ds

M - 1 5 . The agpie Robin W .

- 1 i O . 6 . The Grey w nged uzel E W ’

1 Ti ckell s O . 7 . uzel K

- - 1 8 . The Blue headed Rock Thrush E .

W . K . 1 B - - 9 . The lack and yellow Grosbeak

W. K . 0 2 . The Scarlet Finch E .

- — 2 1 . The Red mantled Rose Finch

W . K .

- 2 . . 2 . The Red browed Finch W K

H . 2 3 . The ouse Sparrow W K . C - S 24 . The innamon Tree parrow

W . K . - B 2 5 . The White capped unting W . K . 2 S I I I 6 . The unbirds ( and - - 27 . The Fire breasted Flower pecker

E . W . 2 8 1 1 ff . The Woodpeckers ( 4 (Di er ence not very great the cock has on the head red which the hen lacks . )

2 . . 9 . The Indian Koel W K 0 B - 3 . The Western lossom headed Paroquet

W . K . P 1 2 3 1 . The heasants ( 6

2 B . 3 . The lack Partridge W K T h . . e -M 33, allard K

g ﬁc I IO D T B . CLASSIF CA T N ACCOR IN G O COLOUR

B . I . lack B II . lue .

B . III . rown

IV . Fawn colour .

V . Green .

VI . Grey .

VII . Red .

VIII . White .

IX . Yellow . f B o . X . irds many colours

Colour aff ords the easiest means of identify i ing the great maj or ty of birds , but in many cases the colours displayed are not of a nature to admit o f strict classiﬁcation . There are a great many shades of all the primary colours , and to attempt to distinguish in the lists the various shades of each colour would be con fusing to the reader ; in most cases therefore ot so M I have n attempted to do . any birds have colouring which some people would call 2 2 Hi malayan and Kashmi ri Bi r ds

brown and others grey . In doubtful cases I have included such colouring in both the grey and the brown lists . o f In the case many birds , such as owls and birds of prey, the various species have generally

Similar colouring .

B AC I . L K

1 B . irds of which the plumage is entirely black or appears to be so f rom a distance . B 2 . irds of which the plumage is mainly black . - B . 3 . lack headed birds B 4 . lack collaret or gorget or band across the breast . B 5 . lack band running longitudinally along abdomen .

B . 6 . lack streak through eye

Birds having a black moustachial streak .

B . 8 . lack and blue birds

B . 9 . lack and brown birds

B . 1 0 . lack and grey birds

1 B . 1 . lack and red birds

B . 1 2 . lack and white birds

B . 1 3 . lack and yellow birds

1 B . 4 . lack, blue and white birds

B i . I . 5 lack, brown and wh te birds

Hi malayan and Kashmi ri Bi r ds

- (Cock only . There is some silver grey in the

wings, but the bird looks black from the dis

B . tance . ill coral red )

7 . The Indian Koel W . K . (Cock

only . Eyes red, bill green . )

8 . The Large White Scavenge r Vulture

W . K . (Young bird only . )

9 . The Coot E . W . K . (White

bill and shield on forehead . )

1 0 . The Indian Shag K .

Bi r s o w i cb tb luma e i s mai nl black 2 . d f b c p g y

H C . . . I. The Indian ouse row E W K

(Grey neck . )

2 . The Jackdaw K . (Grey neck . ) H 3 . The imalayan Whistling Thrush

P . E . W . K . ( atches of cobalt blue )

H S . 4 . The imalayan tarling K P ( lumage glossed with purple, red, and green ,

with many yellow spots .) P B C 5 . The Common ied ush hat

- W . K . (Cock only . White wing bar and patch on lower back .)

- 6 . The White capped Redstart E .

W . K . (White cap tail , rump , and abdomen chestnut .) 3 0 Classiﬁcati on accor di ng to Colour

- M C . 7 . The agpie robin ock only A - bdomen, outer tail feathers , and wing bar

white . )

- 8 . The Grey winged Ouzel E . W .

- (Cock only . Silvery grey on wing . )

S . 9 . The Common Indian wift W P - w K . ( lumage brownish black, with hite

bar across the lower back . ) - - 1 0 . The White necked Spine tail E . P - W . ( lumage blackish brown with middle

back and chin white . )

1 1 . The Pied Crested Cuckoo W . K . (White wing- bar ; lower plumage white ; tail

tipped white . ) 1 B 2 . The Black Vulture E . W . ( reast

and thighs white bare head and wattles red . ) 1 - 3 . The Indian White backed Vulture

E . W . (White back . ) 1 - K 4 . The White crested ahJ Pheasant

W . (Crest white wings and tail dark brown glossed with blue . ) - i 1 5 . The Black backed Kal ] Pheasant

E . (Wings and tail dark brown glossed with

blue . )

1 . 6 . The Black Partridge W . K (White on head and white spots and bars on

body ; chestnut collar . ) 3 1 Hi malayan and Kashmi ri Bi r ds

- 1 7 . The Red wattled Lapwing E .

W . K . (Some white in wings ; lower parts white white band down side of neck ; crim

son wattle yellow legs .)

1 8 . The Large Cormorant K .

(White band across throat .)

B a k- a ed bi rds 3 . l c be d

(Birds which are all black are not included . )

H . . . 1 . The Indian ouse Crow E W K

2 . The Jackdaw K . (Nape and neck grey) - M . 3 . The Red billed Blue agpie W - M 4 . The Yellow billed Blue agpie

- B . . 5 . The lack throated Jay W K

I I . . . . 6 . The Indian Grey Tit ( ) E W K

(White cheeks . ) - 7 . The Green backed Tit E . W . K .

(White cheeks .) - 8 Y c . . The ellow che ked Tit W

C . ( heeks , nape, and tip of crest yellow )

B . . 9 . The Crested lack Tit W K

(Cheeks and patch on nape white . ) - 1 B S . . 0 . The lack headed ibia E W - B M . 1 1 . The Red tailed inla E ( road

White eyebrow .) 3 2 Classifi cati on accordi ng to Colour

- 1 B B . 2 . The engal Red vented ulbul E - 1 P B . 3 . The unjab Red vented ulbul W

- 1 4 . The White che cked Bulbul E . W .

K . (Cheeks white .) 1 - M 5 . The Short billed inivet E . W .

1 6 . The Common Myna K . W .

(Yellow patch of skin behind the eye .)

1 M . . 7 . The Jungle yna E W 1 8 . The Indian Paradise Flycatcher

W . K .

1 9 . The Common Pied Bush Chat

W . K . (Cock . )

20 . B C . The Indian ush hat W K .

(Cock .) - 2 1 . B The Dark grey ush Chat E . W .

. C K ( ock) (White eyebrow .)

2 2 . The Western Spotted Forktail

. . W W K ( hite patch on crown . )

2 . o rkt ai 3 The Eastern Spotted F l E .

(White patch on crown .)

2 . L 4 The ittle Forktail E . W . K .

(White patch on crown .)

— 2 . 5 The White capped Redstart E . W .

. C K ( rown white . ) - 26 . M e The agpi Robin W . (Cock . ) 2 - - 7 . The Black and yellow Grosbeak

W . K . 3 3 Hi malayan and Kashmi ri Bi r ds

’

H . 2 8 . odgson s Pied Wagtail K

(Face white . ) 2 9 . The Common Indian Swift

0 3 . The Pied Crested Cuckoo W . K . 1 3 The Black Vulture E . W . - 3 2 . The Indian White backed Vulture

E . W .

. H P 34 The obby E . W . ( ale eye f brow and orehead . )

- 35 . The Black backed Kali ] Pheasant

E . (Cock . )

36 . The Black Partridge W . K .

(Cock) (Crown b uff . )

- 37 . The Red wattled Lapwing E . W .

K . (Red wattles and white band on side of head .)

3 8 . The Large Cormorant K . (White band from eye to eye across throat .)

N H . W 39 . The ight eron K ( hite

forehead and checks.)

B ack collaret or or et or band across tbc 4 . l g g breast

- i B . I . Wh te browed lue Flycatcher E dark blue W . (Collaret is and interrupted in

A . middle . ppears black from a distance ) 3 4 Classif i cati on accor di ng to Colour

S . . . 2 . The wallow E W K

- Be . 3 . The European e eater K

4 . The Chukor W . K .

Black band runn n lon i tu i nall a on 5 . i g g d y l g abdomen

1 . . . The Indian Grey Tit E W . K

- 2 . The Green backed Tit E . W . K . - 3 . The Yellow cheeked Tit W .

. l c bill 6 B a k streak tb ou e i . rom r gb tbe ye ( e . f to back of b ead)

1 H - . The imalayan White crested Laughing

Thrush E . W .

2 . The Shrikes (5 5 and

3 . The Verditer Flycatcher E . W

— - 4 . The Blue headed Rock Thrush E .

W . K - 5 . The European Bee eater K .

6 . L B The ammergeyer W . K . ( lack band runs from the eye to the bill and is con ” t i nued as a beard )

B ar/ 7 . i rds b i ng a black moustacbi al streak

1 H . The imalayan Jay E . W . K . - 2 . Y Ixulus The ellow naped E . W . 35 Hi malayan an d If ashmi r i Bi r ds

B ack and b ue bi rds 8 . l l

1 . The Himalayan Whistling Thrush

2 . The Verditer Flycatcher E . W . A f ( beauti ul pale blue bird, with a black band through the eye .)

N lt av a . . 3 . The Large i E (Cock ) B -P 4 . The Indian lue Rock igeon - . . A E W . K ( slaty blue bird with black wing bars and red legs . )

ack and brown birds 9 . Bl

(See Brown and Black Birds .)

B ack and re bi rds 1 0 . l g y

H C . . . 1 . The Indian ouse row E W K

2 . The Jackdaw K .

- H . . 3 . The imalayan Tree pie E W (Back and shoulders reddish-brown patch of chestnut under tail . )

4 . The Indian Grey Tit E . W . K . (White cheeks and ﬂanks ; some white in wings . )

B . . 5 . The Crested lack Tit W K

(Nape and band on sides of neck white .) 3 6

Hi malayan an d Kashmi ri Bi r ds

S . C . 4 . The carlet Finch E ( ock )

- 5 . The Red browed Finch W . K .

(Some white in wings and tail . )

. B 6 . The Black Vulture E W ( reast

and patch on thigh white . )

B ack and w i te bi rds 1 2 . l b

I i . The Indian Parad se Flycatcher i W . K . (Cock . White bird with very long ta l ; head and crest black . ) P B C 2 . The Common ied ush hat B w W . K . (Cock . lack bird with White ing

bar and patch on back . ) S 3 . The Western potted Forktail

- W . K . (Long tailed white bird, much spotted

and barred with black . )

S . 4 . The Eastern potted Forktail E (Like

5 . The Little Forktail E . W . K .

(Like 3, but tail short . ) - C . M . 6 . The agpie Robin W ( ock

Black and white as in the magpie . ) ’ H Pi . 7 . odgson s ed Wagtail K P 1 1 8 . The ied Woodpeckers ( 7 S - — ( potted black and white birds , which have

a little red or yellow i n plumage . ) 3 8 Classiﬁcati on accor di ng to Colour

H P 9 . The imalayan ied Kingﬁsher — — h A . E . W . K . ( spotted black and w ite bird ) f 1 0 . The Common Indian Swi t W .

A . K . ( black bird with a white rump )

- - I I. The White necked Spine tail E . A - W . ( blackish brown bird having middle of

back and Chin white . )

1 2 . P . The ied Crested Cuckoo W . K (Upper parts black with white wing-bar lower

parts white . ) 1 B A 3 . The lack Vulture E . W . ( black bird with white breast and thighs

wattles and bare head and neck red . )

— 1 4 . The Indian White backed Vulture A E . W . ( black bird with white back and some

white in the wings . ) 1 A 5 . The Coot E . W . K . ( black duck-like bird with white bill and shield on

forehead . )

1 6 . C A The Large ormorant K . ( t black bird with white band across throa ) ,

a - n — 1 3 . Bl ck a d yellow bi rds

- I . The Yellow che cked Tit W . (Some - b olive green and rown in tail and wings . ) 2 - M . The Short billed inivet E . W . He n ( . ) 3 9 Hi malayan and Kashmi ri Bi rds

O . . 3 . The Indian riole W K

- - 4 . The Black and yellow Grosbeak W .

K . (Cock .) ’ H Y - 5 . odgson s ellow headed Wagtail

K . (Some brown in the wings . )

B k b ue and wbi te bi rd 1 . lac l 4 ,

The Large Nilt av a E .

B brown and wbi te bi rds 1 . lack 5 ,

See B B B . ( rown , lack and White irds )

- o n e bi rd 1 6 . Black , fawn col ur a d wbi t

The European Hoopoe E . W . K .

B ack re and wbi te bi rds 1 . l 7 , g y,

1 . The Indian Grey Tit E . W . K .

C B . . 2 . The rested lack Tit W K

(A little chestnut on the wings .)

- G C . 3 . The Dark rey uckoo Shrike E

W . (Very little white . )

G B C . . 4 . The Dark rey ush hat E W K

C . . B 5 . The Indian uckoo E W ( ack brown . ) — 1 6 1 . . 6 . The Indian Ring Dove ( ) W K

(Very little blach only a half collar . ) w e Classiﬁcati on acc ordi ng to Colour H 7 . The Common eron K . 8 . The Night Heron K .

B 1 8 . ack b u s n i rds l , l e, wbi te and cbe t ut b

I — . The White tailed Nuthatch E . W . - 2 . f . The Ru ous bellied Nilt av a E . W

C . K . ( ock ) B - - 3 . The lue headed Rock Thrush E .

W . K . (Cock .)

4 . The Swallow E . W . K . (Very

little white . )

- 5 . The Wire tailed Swallow W . K . ’

6 . S . ykes s Striated Swallow E W .

(Very little white .)

1 . Black blue wbi te and brown bi rds 9 , ,

- I B M . . The Red billed lue agpie W 2 Y - B M . The ellow billed lue agpie E .

W . K .

- 3 . The White browed Blue Flycatcher

E . W . (Cock . )

20 . Black b ue c , l , wbi te and ri mson bi rd

-ﬂ nked a B . The Red ush Robin E W . K . 4 1 Hi malayan an d Kashmi ri Bi r ds

B ack u 2 1 . l bl e w i te n , , b , a d red bi rd

C . . The ommon Kingﬁsher E . W K i (Very little wh te on side of f ace . )

2 2 . Black re wbi te and cb estnut bi rd , g y, B C . The rested lack Tit W . K

B II . LUE

1 B i n . irds having blue the plumage .

2 B . . lue and red birds

Bi rds b at/i n blue i n tb c luma e 1 . g p g

8 B . See I . lack and blue birds 1 B I 4 . lack, blue and white bird . B I I8 . lack, blue , white and chestnut

birds . 1 B 1 . 9 lack, blue, white and brown

birds . 1 20 B . lack, blue, white and crimson

bird .

B . 2 1 . I lack, blue , white and red bird

- B M i 1 . The Red billed lue agp e

See I 1 9 . - B M 2 . The Yellow billed lue agpie

See I 1 9 . 4 2 Classif i cati on accordi ng to Colour

- B . . 3 . The lack throated Jay W K

(Some blue in wing . ) H 4 . The imalayan Jay E . W . K .

(Some blue in the Wing . )

5 . The Himalayan Whistling Thrush 8 See I . - 6 . The White tailed Nuthatch See

I 1 8 . - B 7 . The White browed lue Flycatcher S 1 ee I 9 . 8 Se I . The Verditer Flycatcher e 8 . - 9 . The Rufous bellied Nilt av a See I I8 . 1 0 Nilt av 8 . The Large a See I .

- II. B The lue fronted Redstart E . W .

- K . (Cock . Tail Chestnut red . ) 1 2 . The Plumbeous Redstart E . W . K .

(Cock . Tail rusty red) . -ﬂ anke - 1 3 . The Red d Bush Robin 1 B - - 4 . The lue headed Rock Thrush

(Cock .) See I 1 8 . 1 - 5 . The Red browed Finch W . K . B - ( lue black in wing .)

1 6 . Se The Swallow e I 1 8 . 1 - 7 . The Wire tailed Swallow See I 1 8 . ’

1 8 . S S 1 Sykes s triated Swallow ee I 8 . 1 - - 9 . The Fire tailed Yellow backed Sunbird

- I II . . A ( ) E (Cock . metallic blue crown .) 4 3 Hi malayan and Kashmi ri Bi r ds H 20 . The Great imalayan Barbet H - E . W . ( ead and neck violet blue . ) 2 1 - B . The Golden throated arbet E .

(Plumage largely green washed with blue . ) A 2 . 2 . The European Roller K (

brilliant light and dark blue bird . )

C . . 2 3 . The ommon Kingﬁsher E W S P . ee K . ( lumage largely blue I B - 24 . The Western lossom headed Paroquet P W . K . ( lumage mainly bright green

some blue in tail .) — P S . 2 5 . The laty headed aroquet E P W . K . ( lumage mainly bright green ; some blue in tail .) 2 B -P 6 . The Indian lue Rock igeon

See I 8 . 2 - Kah P 7 . The White crested j heasant i n i s W . (The black the plumage glossed with blue .) 2 8 B - i P . The lack backed Kal ] heasant

E . (The black in the plumage is glossed with blue .)

u nd red bi rds 2 . Bl e a

- B . . 1 . The lue fronted Redstart E W

A . K . ( little black in the wing )

P . . . 2 . The lumbeous Redstart E W K 44

Hi malayan and Kashmi ri Bi rds the lower parts are in the shade and so appear A darker than they really are . s it is often of advantage to a bird to be inconspicuous , natural selection has doubtless been responsible in many cases for the fact that the lower s plumage i of paler hue than the upper . As this book is intended for the ﬁeld observer I shall describe these brown birds as they appear to the observe r in the ﬁeld and so describe simply as an earthy-brown bird one which is - earth coloured above and creamy below .

Bi ds o w i cb t e e e al me tb 1 . r f b b g n r ! i s ear y brown

(a) Bi rds smaller tb an tb e sparrow

B . . 1 . The rown Crested Tit W K (Brownish-grey above with a creamy band on each side of the n eck . Tinted with yellow below, crested . )

B . 2 . The Nepal abbler E (Uniform grey-brown with a ring of white feathers round the eye . )

3 . The Kashmir Wren K . W . (Red — dish brown barred with black . ) - 4 . The Scaly breasted Wren E . W . b uff (Rich brown , dotted with ; black scaly markings on lower plumage . ) 4 6 ‘ Classyi cati on accor di ng to Colour

5 . The Sooty Flycatcher E . W . K .

(Spotted on head . Ring of white round the

eye . )

- 6 . The White browed Blue Flycatcher

- He n . E . W . ( ) (Olive brown tinged with dark blue on the lower back . )

7 . The Brown Flycatcher W . K .

(Ring of white feathers round the eye . )

- 8 . The Rufous tailed Flycatcher W .

K . (Tail chestnut . )

. B . 9 The Indian ush Chat W K .

(Hen .)

(b) Bi rds about tbe si z e of tbc Sp arrow or tbc Bulbul

I. The Himalayan Streaked Laughing

Thrush W . K . (Streaked with black and White ; some chestnut on cheeks and lower parts .)

- 2 . H The imalayan Tree creeper W .

K . (Streaked light and dark brown .) - 3 . The Sikkim Tree creeper E . - 4 . The Indian Lesser White throated

Warbler K .

- . B H . 5 The rown ill Warbler E W . K . - - 6 . B The lue headed Rock Thrush E . - W . H . en . K ( Olive brown .) 4 7 Hi malayan and Kashmi ri Bi rds

- - R d . 7 . The e mantled Rose Finch W H K . ( en .)

H . H . . en 8 . The ouse Sparrow W K ( ) - 9 . The Cinnamon Tree Sparrow W .

- H n . K . ( e . Reddish brown ) - S Pi . 1 0 . The Indian Tree pit W ( ome white in tail .)

- B P . 1 1 . The rown, Rock ipit W - (Grey brown with dark streaks . )

P . . . 1 2 . The Indian ipit E W K

(Dark streaks .)

P . . 1 3 . The Upland ipit E W (Dark brown with b uff streaks . )

1 4 . The Skylark W . K . (Dark brown with pale Streaks . )

1 5 . The Common Wryneck K . - (Grey brown with dark bars . ) S H Owl 1 6 . The potted imalayan Scops M E . W . ( ottled brown ; large

aigrettes . )

P O . 1 7 . The Collared igmy wlet E W

ff . (Mottled brown . Bu collar )

- H C . . 1 . The Large awk uckoo E W

- (Plumage with dark cross bars . ) - H Owl . . 2 . The imalayan Wood E W 4 8 Classiﬁcati on accor di ng to Colour

A u ( good deal larger than a myna . Pl mage mottled .) L 3 . The arge Barred Owlet E . W . has (Smaller than a myna . Plumage pale - cross bars . )

. L B 4 The ittle rown Dove W . M - - (Smaller than yna . Red and black chess board on each side of neck .)

. C . 5 The ommon Grey Quail E W . (A good deal smaller than a myna legs short tail short plumage spotted and streaked with

black . )

2 . Bi rds of wbi cb tbc plumage i s largely deep or ri eb brown

(a) Cb ocolate

1 . The Larger Spotted Nutcracker

W . K . (With large white spots .)

2 . B The rown Dipper E . W . K .

- . C S 3 The rested erpent Eagle E . W . C - L ( ream cross bars on wings and tail . arge

white spots on lower parts .)

(b) Umber

1 . H The imalayan Nutcracker W .

(With white Spots and streaks . ) 49 Hi malayan and Kashmi ri Bi r ds

- 2 . The Striated Laughing Thrush E . W (Streaked with white ; tail Chestnut ;

some chestnut in wing .)

Thrush E . W . e - - 2 . The Whit throated Laughing Thrush

(I E . W . (Under parts rust coloured) . f - i - 3 . The Ru ous ch nned Laughing Thrush

E . W . K . (Under parts ashy brown . )

- - 4 . The Red headed Laughing Thrush

W . (Some bright golden yellow in wing .)

5 . The Eastern Variegated Laughing M - i n Thrush W . ( uch golden yellow wing .) - S B 6 . The Rusty Cheeked cimitar abbler

B . (2 E . W . ( ill rather long )

- 7 . The Indian Great Reed warbler

K . - B 8 . The White browed lue Flycatcher

Hen . . E . W . ( Tinged with blue on lower back )

- 9 . The Rufous tailed Flycatcher W .

K .

— Nilt av a 1 . . 1 0 . The Rufous bellied (7 ) E W W f Hen . K . ( hite patch on ore neck and a blue

patch on each side o f neck . ) 5 0 Classiﬁcati on accordi ng to Colour

Nil av H n . 1 L t a . e 1 . The arge E ( )

(Blue patch on each side of neck .) - d B - 1 . ﬂ anke 2 The Red ush Robin E . He n . W . K . ( White bib some blue on tail

and chestnut on sides of body . ) 1 - n O 3 . The Grey wi ged uzel E . W .

B . (Hen . right red bill ) ’ l s u l . i l H . 1 4 T ckel Q z e K . ( en Bill yellow . )

- - 1 . Bl 5 The ue headed Rock Thrush E . He . . n W K ( .) 1 - - 6 . The Fire breasted ﬂower pecker

E . W . (Hen .)

1 M . 7 . The oorhen K (Only back

— and shoulders olive brown . Red Shield on

forehead .)

(d) Reddi sb-brown

1 . The Himalayan Streaked Laughing

Thrush W . K . (Black and white streaks in plumage . ) 2 . The Kashmir Wren W . K . (Closely - cross barred with black tail very short . )

3 . The Ferruginous Flycatcher E . C - ( ream coloured ring round eye . ) - . C S 4 The innamon Tree parrow (97) W .

. H K ( en . ) 5 1 Hi malayan and Kashmi ri Bi r ds

- i . . 5 . The Wh te capped Bunting W K

M . . 6 . The Eastern eadow Bunting W K B 7 . The Chukor W . K . ( ill and

legs red .) - 8 . The White eyed Pochard K .

H . ( ead, neck and breast )

(e) Dark brown

- B . 1 . The Bengal Red vented ulbul E (Creamy crescentic markings red patch under

tail .) b - B 2 . The Punja Red vented ulbul

W . (Creamy crescentic markings red patch

under tail . ) - c B . . 3 . The White Che ked ulbul E W

K . (Creamy crescentic markings ; sulphur yellow patch under tail . )

- H . 4 . The imalayan Tree creeper W

— K . (Yellowish brown streaks . ) - 5 . The Sikkim Tree creeper

- (Yellowi Sh brown streaks . ) - 6 . The Scaly breasted Wren E . W .

(Short tail .)

- H . . 7 . The Brown ill warbler E W K

- (Lower parts pale ruddy yellow .)

M . . 8 . The Common yna K W - (Yellow legs white wing bar . ) 5 2

Hi malayan and Kashmi ri Bi r ds

. C . W ( ock Wings and tail brown , glossed with green . ) B - K h P 24 . The lack backed a j heasant W . C E ( ock . ings and tail brown, glossed with green . )

25 . The Common Grey Quail E . W .

P . B . 26 . The lack artridge W K

(Hen . ) M B ff 2 . . 7 The allard K . (Duck ) ( u

crescentic markings . )

- 2 8 . The White eyed Pochard K .

2 1 . 9 . The Indian Little Grebe ( 79) K (Very dark rich brown ; chestnut on sides o f

neck . )

A CO O IV . F WN L UR

Bi rds b at/i ng fawn-colour i n plumage

- B . . I. The lack throated Jay W K - (Back fawn colour . )

2 H . . . . The imalayan Jay E W K - (Plumage mainly fawn colour .)

H . . . 3 . The European oopoe E W K (Body plumage fawn ; wings boldly banded

black and white . )

5 4 Classif i cati on accor di ng to Colour

V . GREEN

1 . Birds in the plumage of which bright green occurs .

2 . Birds in the plumage of which dull green

OCCU IS.

a - ( ) Dull yellow green . b O - ( ) live green .

1 B . i rds i n tb c plumage of wbi cb brigb t green occurs

1 The Great Himalayan Barbet ( I E . W . 2 - . The Golden throated Barbet E .

— (Plumage mainly grass green washed with blue . )

— . B 3 The European ee eater K . (Two middle tail feathers prolonged as bristles .)

4 . The Paroquets ( 1 39 (Plumage

- mainly grass green . Tail long . )

. Pi . 5 The Kokla Green geon E W . H — K . ( ead and lower plumage yellowish green .)

2 B . i rds i n plumage of wbi cb dull green occurs (a) Dull yellow-green

I - . The Green backed Tit E . W . K .

- 2 . M The Red tailed inla E .

. Hi r nﬁn h G e e c . 3 The malayan E . W K . 5 5 Hi malayan an d Kashmi ri Bi r ds

4 . The G rey Wagtail K . - - S 5 . The Fire tailed Yellow backed unbird H en . E . ( ) I1 6 . The Green Woodpeckers ( 4 and

(b) Oli ve-green

- Y c . 1 . The ellow Che ked Tit W

- 2 B . . The Red headed abbler E

- 3 . The Red billed Liothrix E . W .

- The Fi re cap W . (Cock . )

S B . 5 . The triated Green ulbul E ’ - 6 H . . . ume s Willow warbler W K ’ H — 7 . odgson s Grey headed Flycatcher warbler W . ’ B - - 8 . rook s Grey headed Flycatcher warbler E

Y - 1 9 . The Nepal ellow backed Sunbird (

Hen . E . ( )

1 0 . . The Kokla Green Pigeon E

W . K .

Y VI . GRE

1 B o f . irds which the plumage is

grey .

2 B . . irds having the head only grey

G . 3 . rey and black birds 5 6 Classiﬁcati on accordi ng to Colour b 4 . Grey, black and white irds .

5 . Grey and red bird .

6 . . Grey and white birds

B rds o i cb t c luma e 1 . i f wb b p g i s largelygrey

1 . II The Indian Grey Tit ( ) . E . W . K .

See I 5 .

- 2 . R . The ufous backed Shrike (5 E . W H K . ( ead , neck and upper back pale grey . )

- . G 3 The rey backed Shrike E . W . K . H ( ead , neck, shoulders and most of back grey . )

- 4 . The Dark Grey Cuckoo Shrike E . B W . ( ody dark grey wings and tail black .) - M 5 . The Grey headed yna W . - 6 . The Grey headed Flycatcher E . H W . K . ( ead, neck and breast grey ; lower plumage bright yellow . ) P B 7 . The Common ied ush Chat

H n . W . K . ( e ) M — 8 . H en . The agpie Robin W . ( ) l ’ . Ti cke l s O 9 uzel K . (Cock . Plumage dark grey . )

- - 1 0 . B lack and yellow Grosbeak W . K . H ( en . )

1 1 . H The Grey Wagtail K . ( ead, neck and shoulders bluish—grey ; lower parts bright yellow . ) 5 7 Hi malayan an d Kashmi ri Bi rds

1 . . 2 . The Cuckoo E W . K

1 H . 3 . The imalayan Cuckoo E W

1 S C . . 4 . The mall uckoo E W

1 . . 5 . The Indian Cuckoo E W

— 1 P . 6 . The Slaty headed aroquet E A - - . r W K . ( long tailed, grass g een bird, with a

grey head . )

1 . . 7 . The Lammergeyer W K

1 8 H . . . The obby E W H 1 . . . . 9 The Kestrel E W K ( ead , neck and tail grey back and wings pale brick red . )

- i . . 20 . The Ind an Turtle Dove W K

- 2 1 . The Indian Ring Dove W . K . H 2 M . 2 . The oorhen K ( ead and breast dark slaty grey . ) Si 2 3 . The Whiskered Tern K . ( lvery grey with black cap and abdomen . )

2 H . 4 . The Common eron K

N H . 2 5 . The ight eron K

B rds av i n tb c b ead onl re 2 . i b g y g y

’ 1 H - . odgson s Grey headed Flycatcher warbler W . ’ - - 2 . Brooks s Grey headed Flycatcher warbler

(5 3) E .

3 . The Shrikes (5 5 and (These have 5 8 Classiﬁcati on accor di ng to Colour

some of the back grey also , and a black band through eye . ) See I 6 .

- 4 . The Grey headed Flycatcher E . W.

K . (Neck also grey . )

3 Grey and black bi rds S ( ee Black and grey birds . )

Gre b ack an e b rds . l d wbi t i 4 y, S ee B . ( lack, grey, and white birds )

Gr and red b rds 5 . ey i

The Kestrel E . W . K . (Wings dull red .)

re and i te bi s 6 . G y wb rd M H I . e n The agpie Robin W . ( . )

2 H . . The Common eron K

VII . RED

1 B . irds having red in the plumage or red wattles or red Skin on the head .

a ( ) Bright red . b ( ) Dull red (chestnut, bay, maroon .) 2 - . Red billed birds . 5 9 Hi malayan and Kashmi ri Bi r ds

- 3 . Red legged birds . s 4 . Birds having patch of bright red feather

under the tail . B 5 . ird having patch of chestnut feathers

under the tail .

6 . B irds having patch of red on shoulder .

7 . Red and black birds .

B av i n red i n t c luma e or at 1 . i rds b g b p g red w tles or red ski n on tb e b ead

(a) Brigb t red

- I . . The Red billed Liothrix E W .

(Cock . Wing narrowly margined with crimson . ) - M 2 . The Red tailed inla E . (Some

crimson in wings and tail . ) - . C a 3 The Fire cap W . ( ock . C p

ﬂaming red .) B - B 4 . The engal Red vented ulbul

E . (Crimson patch under tail . ) - B 5 . The Punjab Red vented ulbul

W . (Crimson patch under tail . ) - M E S . . 6 . The hort billed inivet W

M . (Cock . uch crimson in plumage ) - ! 7 . The White capped Redstart E .

- W . K . (Tail bright chestnut red .)

T ese i rds are cons i cuo usl re d h b p y .

Hi malayan and Kashmi r i Bi r ds

20 . The Common Kingﬁsher E . W .

K . (Some red on f ace ; lower parts rust

coloured . ) See I 2 1 and II .

2 1 . The Paroquets ( 1 39 (Red patch

on Wing .) See Green birds .

2 2 . The Black Vulture E . W . (Wat tles and bare head and neck red . ) - 2 . 3 The Red wattled Lapwing E . W

K . (Wattles crimson .)

Dull red cbestnut ba maroon (b) ( , y, )

- 1 . The Himalayan Tree pie E . W . P S e B ( atch of chestnut under tail . ) e irds having tail long in proportion to body .

- 2 . . . The Red headed Tit E W (Top of head and nape chestnut .) - - 3 . The White throated Laughing Thrush

- E . W . (Lower plumage rust coloured .) s- - 4 . The Rufou chinned Laughing Thrush

. . . C E W K ( heeks , chin and upper throat red .)

- - 5 . The Red headed Laughing Thrush

W . (Top of head chestnut .) H 6 . The imalayan Streaked Laughing

. . C Thrush W K ( heeks , chin , throat and breast chestnut .)

6 2 Classiﬁc ati on accor di ng to Colour

- 7 . The Striated Laughing Thrush

E . W . (Tail Chestnut chestnut in Wing . ) 8 - B . The Rusty Cheeked Scimitar abbler 2 che cks ( E . W . (Forehead and rust

coloured . ) See Birds with long bills .

- 9 . The Red headed Babbler E . H ( ead Chestnut . )

- 1 . . 0 . The Black headed Sibia E W

- See . (Lower plumage rust coloured .) I 3

- II . The Yellow naped Ixulus E . W . C - ( hestnut half collar . )

- 1 2 . The White tailed Nuthatch E . W .

(Lower parts chestnut . )

- 1 . 3 . The Rufous backed Shrike (5 E W .

K . (Shoulders and lower back rusty red .)

- 1 . 4 The Grey backed Shrike E . W . K . L ( ower back rusty red .) 1 5 . The Ferruginous Flycatcher E . 1 - 6 . The Ruf ous tailed Flycatcher W .

K . (Tail Chestnut .) 1 - 7 . The Rufous bellied Nilt av a E . W .

K . (In cock lower plumage chestnut in hen tail chestnut . )

1 8 . H n The Large Nilt av a E . ( e has deep rufous in tail .)

1 9 . The Indian Paradise Flycatcher

. H W . K ( en and young cock have body and 5 3 Hi malayan and Kashmi ri Bi rds

S tail pale chestnut .) ee Birds having tail long

in proportion to body .

20 . The Indian Bush Chat W . K .

(Lower plumage russet . )

1 . . 2 The Dark G rey Bush Chat E W .

K . (Hen has some dull red on rump and tail .)

22 . The Redstarts (80

- H . . 2 3 . The ouse Sparrow W K (Cock

has dark chestnut on upper back . ) - P 24 . The Tree Sparrow E . ( ale

chestnut on shoulders and upper back . )

- 25 . The Cinnamon Tree Sparrow W .

K . (Cock has light cinnamon upper plumage .)

26 . The Swallow E . W . K . (Fore B . See head, chin and throat chestnut ) lue

birds . - 2 . . 7 . The Wire tailed Swallow W K H B . ( ead Chestnut .) See lue birds ’ ' W . 2 8 . Sykes s Striated Swallow E .

S e B . (Chestnut collar and rump . ) e lue birds - S 1 29 . The Nepal Yellow backed unbird (

E . (Cock . ) ( Upper back maroon . ) B 0 . . . 3 The Kestrel E . W K ( ack

- S . and wings brick red . ) ee Grey birds

- 3 1 . The Kokla Green pigeon E . W .

K . (Cock has middle back maroon . ) 6 4 Classiﬁcati on accor di ng to Colour

- 3 2 . The White eyed Pochard K .

H . ( ead, neck and breast dull dark chestnut )

3 3 . The Little Grebe K . (Chestnut on sides of neck . )

R d- b b 2 . e i lled i rds

- 1 . The Red billed Blue Magpie W .

- 2 . The Red billed Liothrix (3 E . W .

H . 3 . The imalayan Black Bulbul E

W . K .

- 4 . The Grey winged Ouzel (8 E . W .

5 . The Large Indian Paroquet E . W .

6 . . The Chukor W . K M 7 . The oorhen K . (Tip of bill

- greenish yello w . )

- 8 . The Red wattled Lapwing E . W . K

9 . The Whiskered Tern K .

R - 3 . ed legged bi rds

- I . M The Red billed Blue agpie W .

2 . H The imalayan Black Bulbul E .

W . K .

3 . The Common Kingﬁsher E . W . K . - 4 . The Indian Blue Rock Pigeon

- E . W . K . (Legs reddish pink .)

5 . The Doves ( 1 59 6 5 Hi malayan and Kashmi r i Bi r ds

6 . The Chukor W . K . - O 7 . The Black bellied Tern ( range red .)

Bi rds b ar/i ng patcb of br igb t red f eatbers under tb e tai l

- The Bengal Red vented Bulbul W . - The Punjab Red vented Bulbul E . The Woodpeckers ( 1 1 4

The Great Himalayan Barbet E .

B r o atb ers 5 . i d b aui ng patcb f cb estnut f e under tbc tai l

H - The imalayan Tree pie E . W .

B / r 6 . i rds b ar i ng patcb of red on sb oulde

- I . The Tree Sparrow E .

P . . 2 . The Large Indian aroquet E W

See Green birds . B - 3 . The Western lossom headed Paroquet

W . K . See Green birds .

— 4 . The Slaty headed Paroquet (Cock .)

See Green birds .

R d and b ack b rds 7 . e l i

(See Black and red birds .) 6 6 Classiﬁcati on accordi ng to Colour

H VIII . W ITE

1 . Birds having much white in the plumage .

2 . Birds having numerous white spots in the plumage . B 3 . irds having a white bar in the wing ; seen during ﬂight .

4 . Birds having white cheeks .

5 . Birds having ring of white feathers round the eye . B - ca . 6 . ird having a snow white p

1 B s n um e . i rd b ar i g macb wbi te i n tbe pl ag I The Himalayan White-crested Laughing

Thrush E . W . (Crested head and throat white with black streak through eye . )

2 . The Indian Paradise Flycatcher

W . K . (Cock . All white except crested head tail very long . )

3 . The Forktails (77 See Black and white birds . - . M 4 The agpie Robin W . ’

H P . 5 . odgsons ied Wagtail K H 6 . The imalayan Pied Kingﬁsher

K. 7 . The European Hoopoe E . W . 6 7 Hi malayan and Kashmi r i Bi r ds

(Wings and tail boldly banded black and white .) See Crested birds .

8 . The Pied Crested Cuckoo W . K . See Crested Birds .

9 . The Large White Scavenger Vulture

W . K . ’

1 0 . . . Pallas s Fishing Eagle E . W K H i . ( ead , chin and throat wh te White band across tail . )

- 1 1 . The Pheasant tailed Jacana K .

- 1 2 . The Red wattled Lapwing E .

W . K .

1 . H 3 The Grey eron K . (Lower parts white some white in the head .)

1 H . 4 . The Night eron K (Forehead, cheeks and under parts white .)

B u rou e s ot n b c 2 . i rds b ar i ng n me s wbi t p s i t plumage

H . 1 . The imalayan Nutcracker W (On the wing body looks white and wings black . )

2 . The Larger Spotted Nutcracker

W . K . - . C . 3 . The Spotted wing W ( ock ) See B 4 . The Forktails (77 lack and white birds . 68

Hi malayan and Kashmi ri Bi r ds

B r/ 4 . i rds b a i ng wbi te cb eeks

i T . i t I I . . . 1 . The Ind an Grey ( ) E W K

- 2 . The Green backed Tit E . W . K .

B Ti t . C . 3 . The rested lack W K

- - 4 . The White throated Laughing Thrush

E . W . B - B 5 . The lack throated abbler E . - c B . 6 . The White che ked ulbul E

W . K . - K H . S W . C . 7 . The ouse parrow ( ock )

- S . 8 . The Tree parrow E P B . . 9 . The lack artridge W K

(Cock . ) - 1 0 La w . . . The Red wattled p mg E W A K . ( white band runs from eye down the

neck . )

B r s b av n r i n o wb te eatb rs 5 . i d i g g f i f e round tb c eye

B . I . The Nepal abbler E

- i . 2 . . . The Ind an White eye E W K - I u xul s . . 3 . The Yellow naped E W

S . . . 4 . The ooty Flycatcher E W K

5 . The Ferruginous Flycatcher E . R - ( ing cream coloured . ) 7 0 Classiﬁcati on accor di ng to Colour

6 . B The rown Flycatcher W . K . B - 7 . The lue fronted Redstart W Hen m- K . ( . Ring crea coloured . )

B rd arr n — 6 . i b i g a snow wb i te cap

- The White capped Redstart E . W K .

O IX . YELL W

B 1 . irds having bright yellow or gold in the plumage .

2 . Birds having bright yellow or orange legs . B — 3 . irds having dull coloured upper plumage and bright yellow under parts .

4 . Birds having patch of yellow feathers i under the ta l .

B s v n o or old i n tb e 1 . i rd b a i g br igb t yell w g plumage

- I. The Green backed Tit E . W . K .

- 2 . The Yellow cheeked Tit W

- 3 . The Red headed Laughing

Thrush W . Golden

— 4 . The Western Yellow winged yellow

- Laughing Thrush E . in

5 . The Eastern Variegated wing . - Laughing Thrush W . 7 1 Hi malayan and Kashmi ri Bi r ds

- B B . 6 . The lack throated abbler E i - (Lower plumage br ght reddish yellow . ) - 7 . The Indian White eye E . W . K .

- 8 . The Red billed Liothrix E . W - 9 . The Fire cap (3 W .

1 0 S B . . The triated Green ulbul E i (Yellow patch under ta l . )

- 1 1 . c B The White che ked ulbul E . W . ' h un der at c . K . (Yellow p tail ) ’ 1 H - 2 . odgson s Grey headed Flycatcher warbler W . ’ 1 B G - 3 . rooks s rey headed Flycatcher warbler E . - M 1 . . 4 The Short billed inivet E W .

(Hen . )

O . 1 5 . The Indian riole W K .

- 1 . 6 The Grey headed Flycatcher E .

W . K . 1 B - - 7 . The lack and yellow Grosbeak

W . K . Hen 1 8 . . The Scarlet Finch E ( .

Rump bright yellow . ) H 1 . 9 . The imalayan Goldﬁnch W K .

(Some gold in wing . ) H r nﬁnch G ee . 20 . The imalayan E W

K .

1 i . 2 . The Grey Wagta l K 7 2 Classiﬁcati on accor di ng to Colour

’ 2 2 H Y - . odgson s ellow headed Wagtail

K . 2 - - 3 . The Fire tailed Yellow backed Sunbird

E . (Cock . ) 2 N - 4 . The epal Yellow backed Sunbird ( 1

E . (Cock .) 2 - P 5 . The Brown fronted ied Woodpecker

. . C . W K ( ock Some gold in the crest .) - B 26 . The Golden throated arbet E . 2 P - 7 . The heasant tailed Ja cana K .

— (Back of neck golden yellow .)

B rd av n br t e lo o o n 2 . i s b i g igb y l w r ra ge legs

I M . The Common yna K . W M 2 . The Jungle yna E . W i k ll’ T c e s O . 3 . uzel K

4 . The Cuckoo E . W . K . H . C 1 5 The imalayan uckoo ( 3 E . W

6 . S The mall Cuckoo E . W .

7 . The Indian Cuckoo E . 8 H — . The Large awk Cuckoo W E H 9 . The obby

1 0 . . . The Kestrel E W K .

— 1 1 . The Red wattled Lapwing E .

W . K . 1 M 2 . O The allard K . ( range red .) 73 Hi malayan an d Kashmi r i Bi rds

Bi rds aui n dull- coloured u er lum 3 . b g pp p age and br igb t-yellow under p ar ts

- 1 . The Green backed Tit E . W . K .

(Deep yellow with black medi an band . ) - B 2 . The Yellow Cheeked Tit W . ( lack median band . )

- B B . 3 . The lack throated abbler E - (Reddish yellow . ) ’ H - 4 . odgson s Grey headed Flycatcher warbler E . B ’ - -W 5 . rooks s Grey headed Flycatcher arbler

(5 3) E . - E M . W . 6 . The Short billed inivet H ( en . )

- 7 . The Grey headed Flycatcher E .

W . K .

8 H G reenﬁnch . . The imalayan E W

K .

9 . The Grey Wagtail K .

B rds b av i n atcb o ellow ea tb ers 4 . i g p f y f under tb c tai l

1 B . . The Striated Green ulbul E - 2 c B . . The White che ked ulbul E

W . K . 74 Classiﬁcati on accordi ng to Colour

B OF MA Y COLO X . IRDS N URS

i - Y - 1 . The F re tailed ellow backed Sunbird

E . (Cock . ) 2 Y - . The Nepal ellow backed Sunbird

C . E . ( ock ) H B . 3 . The Great imalayan arbet E W - B 4 . The Golden throated arbet E .

- Bee . 5 . The European eater K

6 . C . . The ommon Kingﬁsher E W K . P 7 . The Kokla Green igeon E . W . K . M 8 . The allard K . (Drake)

75 C ASS F CA ION ACCORDING TO C . L I I T HABITS

B S HA MA ABL C S I . IRD VING RE RK E RIE

Name No . of of Bi rd i n D escripti on of Call Bird Part II The Jack A short, sharp Jack daw A sibilant ti — ti — cb ee or p retty The Indian pretty } Grey Tit i (All the tits have sim lar calls .)

T re A oor- wee-wee plaintive p , the i e a (Feedd wee second very high . pitched Laughrng Thrush

The e C all like the ringing o f h 6 a f ei little hell Babbler The Hima L e la anWhi st oud, pl asant whistle y ling-Thrush 29 76

Hi malayan an d Kashmi r i Bi rds The Indian ee-b o Soft, mellow p . OIIOIC 59

Keck keek keek cburr Co m y, y, y , The cb urr kok k ok k ok M 6 1 , , , mon yna T e Ver A pleasant trill of about a h drt er d Fly ozen notes catcher A loud, pleasant call of The grey three notes Tbi nk- of headed Fly me catcher The Co m Sweet little warble mon Pied Bush Chat 74 A sweet and powerful song

A - ﬁne, blackbird like song winged

’ Ditto Ti ckell s Ouzel The blue A e swe t, soft song headed Rock Thrush The Black Kui-Kree and-Yellow G rosbeak 89 Classiﬁcati on accordi ng to Habi ts

Sweet song in air The Sky-lark 1 1 0

L ee- ou ee oud, plaintive p y , p The Great you Himalayan Barbet The Golden Katak-katak-ka tak throated Barbet 1 24 A soft uk- uk- uk The Hoopoe 1 29 The Corn A shivering scream mon Indian Swift 1 30 Cuckoo-cuckoo The Cuckoo 1 3 2 The Hima Coo-coo-coo layan Cuc koo The Sm all Pot-you-cb i ck- cb i ck- t b i ek Cuckoo Melodious wb eref ore— wbere The Indian fore Cuckoo The Large A crescendo - brain fever, Hawk-Cuc brazn— euer B AIN-FEVE f , R R koo

R e d A - The high pitched , wild , me C rested t allIC call Cuckoo 7 9 Himalayan and Kashmi r i Bi r ds

- — 1 . A cresc n o u l k l e d k i , u i , KU ‘ IL The Indian 2 - - ° Ku y o Koel . Kekaree kekaree karee 3 , , , karee Loud screams uttered duri ng The Paro

— ﬂight } qu et s . 1 39 1 4 1 A C soft , low whistle repeated The ollar at intervals of thirty ed Pigmy seconds Owlet l ueru C o m Rather a mournfu , q The lous ebce-b e-b e— b e— b e-b e- b e mon Pariah Kite The Kok Kokla-kokla 1a Green Pigeon The t t le A cuk-cuk-coo soft , subdued Brown coo—coo Dove i - The Ind an Ku ku . ku Ring Dove 1 6 1

- - - k uk tee tee tur . j u rj Very The Black b lah-Pi tched and rapi dly Partridge . 1 66 uttered The Red A -he— loud, shrill Did do wattled I i It t ! P ty to do . Lapwing 1 70

8 0 Classiﬁcati on accor di ng to Habi ts

H - M — 6 arsh Jay like cries The agpies 4 8c 8 Do . The Jays 7 The Nut Do . crackers 9 8C 1 0 The Wood peckers 1 1 4— 1 2 1 The Euro pean Roller 1 2 5 The Bab Chattering cries b lers 1 7- 2 5 The Hima Shrill Screams layanWhi st ing— Thrush 29 The Fork tails 77— 79 The King ﬁshe rs I27— 1 2 8

B HA MMO Y II . IRDS T T CO NL VISIT GARDENS

1 . The Indian House Crow (Sri n agar and Almora . )

2 . The Jackdaw (Srinagar)

- 3 . The Black throated Jay (Naini Tal M and ussoorie . )

8 1 Himalayan and Kashmi ri Bi r ds

1 1 4 . The Tits ( H 5 . The imalayan Streaked Laughing Thrush

- 6 . The Black headed Sibia - 7 . The Indian White eye - 8 . The Red billed Liothrix (3 (Dar jeeling . ) - M 9 . The Red tailed inla jeeli ng . ) 1 - 0 . The Red vented Bulbuls (39 and 1 - Al 1 . The White Cheeked Bulbul ( mora and Srinagar . ) 1 2 . The Indian Ashy Drongo 1 - 3 . The Tree creepers (45 and 1 — - 4 . The Grey headed Flycatcher warblers (5 2 and 5 3) - M 1 5 . The Short billed inivet A 1 6 . The Indian Oriole ( lmora and

Srinagar . ) 1 H S S 7 . The imalayan tarling ( rinagar) A M . 1 8 . The Common yna ( lmora , Dharm

S . sala, rinagar )

1 9 . The Ferruginous Flycatcher (Dar jeeling . ) 0 - 2 . The White browed Blue Flycatcher

2 1 . The Verditer Flycatcher - Nilt av a 2 2 . The Rufous bellied

8 2 Classiﬁcati on accor di ng to Habi ts

2 3 . The Indian Paradise Flycatcher

(Almora .)

- 24 . The Dark grey Bush Chat - 8 2 5 . The Grey winged Ouzel ( ’ k ll s 26 . Ti c e Ouzel (Srinagar) 2 7 . The Sparrows (95 M B 2 8 . The Eastern eadow unting ’ 29 . Sykes s Striated Swallow ’ H - 30 . odgson s Yellow headed Wagtail (Srinagar) 1 1 3 1 . The Sunbirds ( I and 1 (Darjeeling)

3 2 . The Common Indian Swift P 33 . The Common ariah Kite

- 34 . The Indian Ring Dove (Sri n agar . )

B HA A A III . IRDS T T SSOCI TE IN FLOCKS

1 I . The Tits ( 1

2 . The Babblers ( 1 7

- 3 . The Indian White eye

- 4 . The Yellow naped Ixulus

- 5 . The Red billed Liothrix (3

- 6 . The Spotted Wing (3

— 7 . The White tailed Nuthatch M 8 . inivets (5 8 3 Himalayan an d Kashmi r i Bi r ds

H S 9 . The imalayan tarling M 1 0 . The Jungle yna P 1 1 1 . The aroquets ( 39 C G 1 2 . The ommon rey Quail

1 3 . The Chukor h 1 4 . The W iskered Tern 1 1 5 . The Ducks ( 77 and 1 B B 6 . The lack ulbul

S HA BY AMS IV . BIRD T T DWELL STRE

H - 1 . The imalayan Whistling Thrush — i 2 . The Fork ta ls (77 80 3 . The Redstarts ( B i 4 . The rown D pper G i 5 . The rey Wagta l Ki n ﬁshers 1 2 6 . The g ( 7 and

V BIRDS THAT OCCUR ABUNDANTLY ON O OR ON THE MA NS , VER , RGI OF THE LAKES OF THE KASHMIR VALLEY

1 The W - B . hite cheeked ulbul (Makes sallies into the air over the water to catch insects .) 8 4

Hi malayan and Kasb mi r i Bi r ds

1 B S 5 . The Little ittern ( tands in

Shallow water and catches ﬁsh . ) 1 1 6 . The Ducks ( 77 and i i G S 1 7 . The Ind an L ttle rebe ( wims like a duck f requently dives .)

B S HA MO ABO VI . IRD T T VE UT THE TRUNKS OF TREES SEARCH OF INSECTS

- N I . The White tailed uthatch - 2 . The Tree creepers (45 and 1 3 . The Woodpeckers ( 1 4 C 4 . The ommon Wryneck

B S HA N M CH OF VII . IRD T T FI D U THEIR FOOD ON THE GROUND

1 C I O . The rows ( and ( mnivorous and f eed anywhere and everywhere .)

2 . The Jackdaw B 1 3 . The abblers ( 7

- 4 . The Red billed Liothrix (3 S 5 . The hrikes (5 5 and (Descend from perch to ground , seize their quarry, and return to perch to devour it) 8 6 Classiﬁcati on accor di ng to Ha bi ts

S M 60 6 1 6 . The tarlings and ynas ( , , C 7 . The hats (74 8 M - . The agpie Robin B - - 9 . The lue headed Rock Thrush 0 B - — 1 . The lack and yellow Grosbeak 1 1 0 . The Finches and Sparrows (9 1 2 B 8 . The untings (9 and 1 0 1 3 . The Wagtails ( 3 1 P 1 06 4 . The ipits ( 1 5 . The Skylark 1 6 . The European Roller (Descends f rom perch to ground, seizes its quarry and

returns to perch . ) 1 H 7 . The European oopoe (Probes

earth with the long bill . ) 1 1 8 . The Vultures ( 46 1 9 . The Common Pariah Kite 20 H . The Kestrel ( overs on rapidly 1 0 vibrating wings and d ps on to its prey .) 2 B - 1 . The lue Rock Pigeon 2 2 . The Doves ( 1 5 9

2 3 . The Pheasants ( 1 62 and 2 4 . The Common Grey Quail 2 5 . The Partridges ( 1 65 and 2 - 6 . The Red wattled Lapwing

See : B also irds that spend the day by streams . 8 7 Hi malayan and Kashmi ri Bi r ds

B HA A VIII . IRD S T T C PTURE INSECTS ON THE WING

I . The Drongos (43 and 2 . The Flycatchers (64 B 3 . The Dark G rey ush Chat (76)

4 . The Swallows ( 1 00 5 The European Be e- eater 6 The Swi f ts ( 1 30 and

B HA A PA IX . IRD S T T SPEND G RE T RT OF THE DAY ON THE WING

h — T e IOO IOZ . 1 . Swallows ( ) S 2 . The Skylark ( oars and sings in the air . ) Hi P 3 . The malayan ied Kingﬁsher i (This b rd quarters the waters for its quarry,

— O f ten hoveri ng Kestrel like . ) S 1 0 4 . The wifts ( 3 and 1 6 S 5 . The Vultures ( 4 ( ail for hours together on outstretched wings . ) i S i 6 . The Common Pariah K te ( a ls i n Circles . ) H l 7 . The Kestrel ( overs on rapid y

moving wi ngs . ) 8 hi . The W skered Tern 8 8

DESCRIP TI VB LIST OF BIRDS

EXPLANA TION OF ABBREVIATIONS

TAN Fauna o Bri ti sb Indi a F . S DS for the f , and the number which follows indicates

the number of the bird in the Fauna . 6 Thus (F . 3) against a bird indicates that it is the species bearing the number 63 in the bird volumes of the Fauna of Br ti s Indi a i b (First Edition) . ’ do s . er n Bi rds o Indi a J stands for J f , and the number that follows indicates the ’ o f erdo n s number the bird in J work . The above two works contain de sc ript i o ns f ar more detailed than t hose given in this little book the reader may wish in some cases to re f er to these volumes to check his identiﬁcation of

a bird . I m e ans the bird described is 6 inches in

length , or the size of a sparrow . 9 I Hi malayan and Kashmi r i Bi rds

— I means that the bird is smaller than a

sparrow . + I means that the bird is slightly larger

than a sparrow . II means that the bird is 8 -2 inches in

o f . length , or the size a bulbul — II means that the bird is slightly smaller

than a bulbul . + II means that the bird i s slightly larger

than a bulbul . t he i s 1 0 III means that bird inches long, i o f or the s ze a myna . — i t i + III and III , that is sl ghtly larger or

smaller . i 1 IV means that the b rd is 74 inches long, - or the size o f a house crow . + IV and - IV mean that it is a little larger

or smaller .

i s 2 i n V means that the bird 3 inches length ,

or the size o f a kite . + V and — V mean that it i s a little smaller

or larger .

— Ornithologists usually measure birds f rom the t ip of the bill to the tip o f the tail hence a small bird with a long tail 9 2

Hi malayan and Kashmi r i Bi r ds

Tb e Crow Fami ly

r/ 1 . C or us macrorbyncb us The Jungle Crow

i C . . . 660 + . . . . or Ind an orby F 4, J , IV E W K

Glossy black all over .

The common crow of all the hill stations , A S except lmora and rinagar, where it is largely replaced by Corr/us splendens (the H ouse Crow) .

2 . C ort/us splendens The Indian House

C . . . 66 . . . . row F 7, J 3 , IV E W K A i glossy black bird w th the neck, upper back and breast grey . Thus it is not unlike a jackdaw in appearance . It is the commonest crow of Almora and

is S . Srinagar . It occasionally seen at imla

I have not observed it at any other hill station .

. C orvus monedula . . 3 The Jackdaw F 9,

. 66 . . J 5 , + III K A glossy black bird with grey nape and

- neck . This is rather like the house crow in appearance, but may be easily distinguished by

1 It s caw. ( ) short , sharp j(2) The grey of the neck is paler and extends up the nape .

(3) The white eye .

(4) It s much smaller size . 9 4 Descr ip ti ve Li st of Bi r ds

H s This bird does not occur in the imalaya ,

but is a permanent resident in Kashmir . It

is abundant at Srinagar .

Tb e M agpi es

- 4 . Uroci ssa occi pi tali s The Red billed Blue M . . 1 2 . 6 1 + 111 agpie F , J 7 , , with a tail

nearly 1 9 inches long . W .

H . C ead , neck and breast black onspicuous

white patch on nape and neck . Rest of upper plumage is purplish-blue Tail blue tipped with white ; the middle pair of tail feathers

has a black band next to the white tip . Wings

L . brown, blue and white . ower parts whitish B ill and legs bright red . i s This ﬁne bird common at Naini Tal, but M does not occur at urree, Dharmsala, or M Darjeeling . I have seen it at ussoorie and

at Annandale (Simla) . c - 5 . Uro i ssa f laui r ostri s The Yellow billed M B . . 1 . 6 2 + 111 lue agpie F 3 , J 7 , , with a tail

1 8 . . nearly inches long E W . K .

Very like the last species in colouring, but readily distinguished by the yellow bill and the much smaller nuchal patch of white

feathers . The blue of the upper parts is

- greyer than in the red billed species . 9 5 Hi malayan an d Kashmi ri Bi r ds

This bird i s less often seen than the red- billed s e c1es In p the western hill Stations , as it seems A to keep to higher elev at ro ns in summer . bout Simla it begins to get abundant at 8000 feet but at Darjeeling it occurs from 6000 feet upwards . Occurs in Kashmir in hills and valley D n 6 . e dr oci tta a s H b i mal yen i s. The ima

- - . 8 . 1 6 6 layan Tree pie F , J . 7 , III , with tail 9 inches long . E . W .

Forehead black ; crown of head , nape and - S o f o f . back neck dark ashy grey ides head,

- chin, throat and upper breast brownish black . i Belly grey a patch o f chestnut under the ta l . - i Back and shoulders reddish brown . W ngs black, with a white bar . Tail black and grey . This may be described as a small and dingy

- edition of the tree pie of the plains . This species is less common at most hill stations than the blue magpie .

7 4 s!

u - 7 . Garrul s lanceolatus The Black throated

. . 2 . 6 0 + . . . Jay F 4, J 7 , III W K The crested head is black the remainder of - f upper plumage is fawn coloured . The eathers of the chin and throat are black with white 9 6 Descrip ti ve Li st of Bi r ds

- Shafts . Tail jay blue with narrow black cross

bars ; the tip is white , but there is a broad i black subterm nal bar . The wings are coloured blue , fawn , black, white and grey . Not common at Dharmsala ; fairly so at M S N urree and imla , and abundant at aini M Tal and ussoorie , where it seeks its food in

gardens and among outhouses . Sometimes it

goes about in ﬂocks . The ﬂight is somewhat

heavy, like that of a crow, but the ﬂaps of the

wings are more rapid . Its call is harsh . Garru us bi s ecu ari s : H 8 . l p l The imalayan

. . 26 . 66 + . . . . Jay F , J 9, III E W K A fawn- coloured bird with a conspicuous

black moustache . Tail black . Wings jay

blue , fawn , grey, black and white . A Often goes about in ﬂocks . Shier bird - H than the black throated jay . arsh voice .

Rare at Dharmsala and Darjeeling . Co m mon at Naini Tal common at Simla in

winter .

Nutcrackers These members of the crow family are large of arboreal birds , which feed largely on seeds

pine and cedar trees . They emit harsh,

- jay like notes . G 9 7 Hi malayan and Kashmi ri Bi r ds

Nuc r a a H 9 . if ag b emi spi l . The imalayan - 66 . . . . 2 . 6 Nutcracker F 7 , J , IV W P lumage brown , heavily spotted and streaked with white . Wings black with white bars . Rare at Dharmsala ; not very common at s Simla and Naini Tal . It is rarely een in f gardens , being a orest bird . 1 Nuci ra a multi unctata 0 . f g p : The Larger

— N . S . . 2 8 66 . . potted utcracker F , J 7, IV W K Head and hind neck chocolate-brown ; rest of body plumage dark chocolate-brown with many large white spots ; these spots occupy more space than the brown on the lower plumage . Wings black, spotted with white .

Tail black, tipped with white . During ﬂight the body appears mainly cr h white and the wings black . The y is hars , o like that f the magpie . This ﬁne bird is not often seen below 8000

feet in summer . It is fairly common in the

ﬁr f orests of Gulmarg .

Ti ts

Small birds which usually go about in ﬂocks . A lthough unlike crows in appearance and size, they Show thei r afﬁ nity to the corvidae by the 9 8 Descrip ti ve Li st of Bi r ds way they have of holding their quarry under

their claws .

1 1 . Parus atri ceps . The Indian Grey Tit . F — . 1 . K. I E W . 6 . . 3 , J 45 , H ead, neck and breast black, except cheeks , B which are white . ack grey, tinged with blue

near the tail . Wings and tail black, white and A grey . broad black band runs down the

middle of the white abdomen . C A ommon at Dharmsala , lmora , and in

the Kashmir valley . In most hill stations it 6000 is not seen , as about feet elevation is

ordinarily the highest limit of i t s range . L ess gregarious than most tits .

- 1 2 . Parus mon c a ti ol . The Green backed Tit .

— . . 6 I. . . . F 34, J 44 , E W K H ead, neck and breast black, with the Cheeks A white . black band runs down the middle of - B the deep yellow abdomen . ack and shoulders

- greenish yellow . Wings and tail black, slaty blue and white . The commonest tit of all the hill stations M from urree to Darjeeling . It occurs at

Gulmarg, but is not very abundant there .

1 Al i b ali scu r b r c b alus . R 3 . g t s e yt o ep The ed

— F . . I. . 6 . . headed Tit 35 , J 34, E W A midget , only 4 inches long . 9 9 Hi malayan and Kashmi ri Bi r ds

TO C P of head and nape chestnut . hin, S eyebrow and moustache white . ides of head

and round patch on the throat black . Upper plumage blue-grey with brown in the wings

and brown and white in the tail . Lower

- plumage is rust coloured . This species lacks the black abdominal band which is so co n s i cuo us p in most tits . Very common at every hill station (except A lmora) from Dharmsala to Darjeeling . i Usually seen n ﬂocks . M 1 4 . acblolopb us x antb ogenys The Yellow - I. . . . 2 . 6 cheeked Tit F 4 , J 47 , W Ha H s rather a long pointed crest . ead and neck black, except the eyebrow, a patch on the nape, the cheeks and the tip of the crest , i B which are br ght yellow . ack, wings and

- tail are olive green , brown, black and white .

Lower parts yellow, except for a broad black band running down the middle of the breast and abdomen . No t Occurs from Murree to Naini Tal . so common as the red-headed and green backed tits . o b o b anes melanolo bus C 1 5 . L p p p The rested - I . . B . . . 6 8 . lack Tit F 44 , J 3 , W K A H tiny bird . ead , crest and breast black,

1 00

Hi ma layan and Kashmi ri Bi r ds

C rest , head , throat , breast , and neck snowy f o r a i white , except broad black streak runn ng nd an through the eye a ashy band on the nape . i o f Rema nder plumage brown . Goes about i n ﬂocks o f about twenty uttering

loud and discordant cri es .

Not f ound west of G arhwal . In the Eastern Himalayas it is not often seen higher than 6000 feet . 1 8 Garrulax albi ulari s i . g The Wh te - . . 6 . 1 1 throated Laughing Thrush F 7 , J 4 ,

+ III . E . W .

- Upper plumage olive brown , lower rust

. C . coloured heeks , chin and throat white

Feathers round eye black . Some of the tail

f eathers have white tips .

Goes about in noisy ﬂocks in the woods . It o f has a number cries one is plaintive, a

r . second a trill, a thi d a squeak A M f bundant at ussoorie , airly common at

S . Naini Tal and imla , rare at Darjeeling Not

found at Dharmsala or Murree . Iantb oci ncla ru ulari s I9 . ﬁg The Rufous

- — 80 . 2 1 chinned Laughing Thrush . F . , J 4 , III

S Forehead and crown black . ides of head

black and white, with a red patch on each

1 0 2 Descrip ti ve Li st of Bi r ds

o f cheek . Grey ring round eye . Rest upper - N plumage olive brown . arrow white bar near f edge o wing . Chin and upper throat red ; o f lower throat white . Rest lower parts ashy M brown . Gregarious . ussoorie is the only

hill station at which I have f ound it common . It occurs in the vicinity of Darjeeling and in

the dense woods o f the lower hills of Kashmir . 2 Tr ocb alo terum er tbroce b alum 0 . p y p The

— - 8 2 . 1 Red headed Laughing Thrush . F . , J 4 5 , 1 11 TO . + . W . P of head chestnut Lower che cks part of , chin and upper throat dark

— Chocolate almost black . Rest of plumage

- - olive brown, with some bright golden yellow

in the wing . This gregarious bird has a curious plaintive -w e-wee oor e . call, which sounds like p The

- second wee is very high pitched . In summer this bird is not often seen below Lari akant a 7000 feet . I have noticed it on at

Naini Tal . It occurs in the higher woods

A . near Simla and Dharmsala . great skulker Trocb alo terum ni ri mentum 2 1 . p g The

— - Western Yellow winged Laughing Thrush .

8 . 1 . 6 . F . 5 , J 4 , III E Feathers o f f orehead reddish with black Shafts ; those o f rest of head grey with black 1 0 3 Hi malayan and Kashmi ri Bi r ds

B shafts . Nape bright chestnut . ack and

shoulders reddish, spotted with black . Rump - ff olive green . Tail grey, su used with golden

- yellow . There is much golden yellow in the o f wings . Sides head are black and grey .

Chin and throat black with reddish mottlings . This is one of the commonest babblers at f Darj eeling . It o ten feeds on the paths , diving into the nearest thicket at the approach of

man . 22 Trocb alo terum vari e atum . p g The Eastern - 0 1 8 Variegated Laughing Thrush . F . 9 , J 4 ,

11 . + 1 . W An olive- brown bird with macb golden yellow in the wings . It may be distinguished f rom the two species described above by the

facts that ( I) It has no red on the head . The — 2 crown and nape are greyish brown . ( )

Tail feathers are tipped with white . Sides of C head black and white . hin and upper throat

black .

In summer it is not found below 7000 feet . It nests at Simla and is abundant at Dharm

A . sala . noisy, gregarious species H Trocb alo terum li neatum. 2 3 . p The ima - S . . . layan treaked Laughing Thrush F 99, J

2 . . . 4 5 , II W K 1 0 4

Hi malayan and Kashmi r i Bi r ds

Poma or i nus er tbro en s 2 5 . t b y g y The Rusty

B . 1 2 0 cheeked Scimitar abbler . F 9, J . 4 5 ,

+ III . E . W . B I i ill inches long, slender and curved l ke - a scimitar . Upper plumage olive brown . Fore - C head and sides of head rust coloured . hin , throat, and lower parts streaked white and grey . Rusty patch under the tail .

i C . Goes about in pa rs . all a loud whistle

Fairly common at Naini Tal, Simla , and i Darjeeling, but not, I believe , at other h ll stations .

2 Alci e ne alensi s B . 6 . pp p The Nepal abbler - I . . 1 6 . 88 . F 3 , J 3 , E A tiny grey-brown bird with a conspicuous Its ring o f white feathers round the eye . sober colouring led Jerdon to call it the Quaker

Thrush . It occurs in small parties in dense

jungle . The call is a low twitter . 2 S ac r bi s ni r i ce s B - 7 . t by g p The lack throated

— B . . 1 6 . 1 I. abbler F 9, J 39 , E .

H . C ead black, streaked with white heeks

- . o f white Rest upper plumage olive brown,

W ashed with red on wings and tail . Lower

- plumage bright reddish yellow . A tiny bird which goes about in small a in f p rties the upper oliage .

1 0 6 Descrip ti ve Li st of Bi r ds

2 S ac rb i do si s ru ce s : 8 . t by p ﬁ p The Red — I . B . 1 . . headed abbler . F 74, J 393 , E

Head chestnut . Rest of upper plumage O - L live green . ower plumage white , tinted with

red . It s i note is said to be clear and mus cal, ” like the ringing of a little bell . Common at Darjeeling in parties in tall trees . 2 M i o oneus m i nck H 9 . y pb te m i The imalayan - 111 . . 1 8 . + . . Whistling Thrush F 7 , J 343, E

W . K . From a little distance it looks like a cock blackbird the yellow bill adding to the simili tude .

There is , however , a good deal of cobalt blue in the black plumage, only noticeable in the l sun ight . One of the commonest birds of the Streams of the Himalayas and Kashmir . It likes to perch on boulders in mountain streams , by the side of which it nests . It feeds on insects , which it catches on boulders . It has a loud and pleasant whistling call . When disturbed

o ﬁ . it ﬂies , uttering a shrill cry In this respect it resembles other birds which frequent

mountain streams . 1 0 7 Hi malayan and Kashmi ri Bi r ds

0 i o a ca i st ata : B - 3 . L ptil p r The lack headed

S . . 20 . 2 . . . ibia F 4, J 4 9, II E W A - i i H bulbul l ke b rd with a Short crest . ead f A . o and crest black . reddish collar Rest

— upper plumage greyish brown , the wings and A tail having some chestnut in them . white

- bar in the wing . Lower plumage rust coloured . i i The tail is rather long, the m ddle feathers be ng

the longest and the outer ones the shortest .

It usually keeps to the upper parts of trees . Sometimes it attaches itself to a wandering i - party of tits . Its call is so loud , h gh pitched , f and penetrating, that it cannot ail to attract

notice . The call resembles one of the louder - H cries of the streaked laughing thrush . utton

ti tteree ti tteree twee o. syllabises the call , , y C S N M ommon at imla , aini Tal, ussoorie ,

and Darjeeling . os ero s al ebrosa 3 1 . Z t p p p The Indian White

- I . . . 6 1 . . 2 26 . eye . F , J 3 , E W K Known also as the girdle- eye and spectacle o f bird , because of a conspicuous ring white A feathers round the eye . tiny bird , that goes about in little ﬂocks among the foliage . Upper - plumage golden yellow . Wings and tail green i - h . s brown Chin and throat bright yellow, rest o f lower plumage grey .

1 0 8

Hi malayan an d Kashmi r i Bi rds

M W lower plumage yellow . any of the ing

feathers are edged with yellow and , in the A cock, with crimson also . very lively tee-tee sprightly bird . The ordinary call is tee- - tee tee. In the spring the cock sings beautifully . Gregarious . On e of the commonest birds of Darjeeling, but in the Western Himalayas it does not usually ascend as high as the hill stations . It has been seen near Kausauli and is common B at him Tal below Naini Tal . - Mi n 34 . Mi nla ignei ti ncta The Red tailed

— I. . . . 2 8 . 6 1 8 la F 5 , J , E H ead black with broad white eyebrows , which almost meet at the back of the head .

- Back yellowish green suffused with dull red .

Wings and tail black and crimson . Throat white, rest of lower plumage yellow . The hen i s duller and her underparts are white . This species is often seen at Darjeeling along with parties of tits . - o a e s ca . 35 . Cepb al pyrusj l mmi c p The Fire p

— I . . 260 . 6 . F , J 33, W

A midget 4 inches long .

- C ock Upper parts olive green . Throat and breast golden-yellow ; rest of lower parts dull ff yellow ; a c ap of ﬂaming red . Chin su used

IIO Descrip ti ve Li st of Bi r ds

with bright red . Wings and tail brown edged

with yellow . Hen Has no red on head or Chin and the yellow parts of her plumage are duller and

tinged with green .

36 . Psaroglossa spiloptera The Spotted - . . 26 1 . 6 1 . . wing F , J 9 , II W The classiﬁcation of this bird has puzzled

ornithologists . Jerdon classes it with the starlings ; but the hen is not coloured like

the cock as is the case with the starlings . Cock The ground colour of the head and

back is grey, each feather being edged with black on the head and shoulders and brown on so has the back, that the bird markings like

- the scales of a ﬁsh . Rump reddish brown . C hin and throat deep Chestnut maroon .

Rest of lower parts reddish brown . The wings are black glossed with green or blue of and spotted white, like the plumage a

Starling . Hen : Upper plumage brown with grey spots ; lower parts brown with cream edges

to the feathers . Wings dark brown with some

grey in them . No t found west of Dharmsala . Not found as as s high Simla in ummer, but occurs at

1 1 1 Hi malayan an d Kashmi r i Bi r ds

Naini Tal . A ﬂock of half a dozen or more

- birds having a Starling like appearance, which twitter like starlings and keep to the topmost of branches trees , from which they make set co m sallies into the air, may be down as a

- pany of spotted wings .

Bulbuls

Bulbuls are larger than sparrows . The sexes

are alike . The typical ones have the head crested and a patch of red or yellow under the tail . They frequent gardens and have i cheerful , tinkl ng calls . si etes sa oi des : H 37 . Hyp p p r The imalayan

B B . 26 . lack ulbul F 9, J 444, II , with tail

4} inches long . E . W . K . Head and untidy loose crest black ; cheeks grey bill and legs coral red . Upper plumage dark grey ; wings and tail dark brown , edged with grey . Lower parts grey, pale on the S abdomen . een from a distance this bird A looks black, hence its popular name . party

- of dull black looking birds , with red bills and C legs , which keeps to the tops oftrees and hatters harshly may be set down with certainty as

black bulbuls . These birds are common at the various

1 1 2

Hi malayan an d Kashmi r i Bi r ds

o i A i f white just above the ta l . consp cuous i crimson patch under the ta l . m Co mon at Darjeeling . 0 M ol astes i ntermedi us P 4 . p The unjab Red 8 2 B . . 2 . 8 . . vented ulbul F 3 , J 3 , II W This is the western form o f the last- named is Species . It merely a race and not a separate B i n a species . It is very like the engal race p e aranc e f ff p , the chie di erence being that the

- cheeks are chocolate brown instead o f black . i A as It is a common b rd at lmora , but, it i i 00 rarely ascends the h lls h gher than 5 5 feet , it is only seen at the lowest parts o f most hill

Stations . 1 M ol astes leuco en s 4 . p g y The White

8 . . . . . B . 2 8 Cheeked ulbul . F 4, J 45 , II E W K In shape and colouring this is not unlike ff the two Species described above . It di ers , i however, in the crest be ng longer and ending i in a forwardly d rected point . It has white cheeks and the patch o f f eathers under the

- tail is bright sulphur yellow instead of crimson .

It is very common at a Almora and in the At Kashmir v alley . Srinagar it hawks insects over the backwaters and canals just as ﬂy catchers do . As 000 7 feet is about as high as it is found, 1 1 4 Descrip ti ve Li st of Bi r ds

it is not common at most hill stations , but S may occasionally be seen at Dharmsala , imla

and other western stations . In the Eastern Himalayas it does not seem to ascend higher 0 than 5 00 feet .

Nutb atcbes

S - mall, short tailed climbing birds which often go about in small ﬂocks searching trunks

and branches of trees for insects . S - 42 . i tta bi malayensi s : The White tailed

— . 1 . 2 8 I . . Nuthatch F . 3 5 , J 4, . E W - Upper parts slaty blue . Forehead and a broad line running down the sides of the

head and neck black . There is some white

in the tail . Under parts chestnut .

The hen is duller than the cock . The common nuthatch of Naini Tal and

Darjeeling . Rare at Simla and Dharmsala . DOeS not occur west of Kangra .

Drongos

- w Drongos are active, long tailed birds hich o f ﬂ a r have many of the habits yc t che s. Their plumage is largely black and both sexes are

arrayed alike . D cr B . i urus ater : 43 The lack Drongo, or 1 1 5 Hi malayan and Kashmi ri Bi r ds

. 8 . 2 2 i C . King row F 3 7 , J 7 , II , w th a tail

6 inches long . W . E . - f A glossy jet black bird with a orked tail . It is fond of sitti ng on telegraph wires and f on the backs o cattle . It is very common everywhere in the plains A o f India . It is common at lmora and on

the Kashmi r Road . It is fairly abundant at Dharmsala and Mussoorie and has been seen i i o f Si at Naini Tal . In the vic n ty mla it has not been Observed at elevations of over 5 000 f H eet , and in the Eastern imalayas it does not

ascend as high as this . Di crurus lon i caudatus 44 . g The Indian 8 2 0 2 . 8 A . . shy Drongo F 3 , J , II , with a tail

6 inches long . E . W . K . i Upper plumage metall c dark indigo , lower i C plumage dark grey . Very like the K ng row in habits and appearance ; but its cry is less harsh . This is the commonest drongo o f most a i s hill stations , but at Dharms la its place i C i taken by the K ng row, this species liv ng at altitudes of 9000 f eet i n summer at that locality . It i s common in the Kashmir valley and

M S M . at urree, imla , ussoorie and Darjeeling

1 1 6

Hi malayan and Kashmi r i Bi r ds brown instead of white and there are no black - cross bars on the tail . An eastern race o f the Himalayan tree

C . creeper . ommon at Darjeeling

Wrens

- - Wrens are mottled brown, short tailed mid gets which creep about i n brushwood . i n a lecta . 47 . A ortbur neg The Kashm r Wren

— I. . 2 N . . ot F 35 , ( recorded by Jerdon ) K

W . P Less than 4 inches long . lumage reddish brown ; the lower back, wings and short tail

- being closely cross barred with black . At Common at Gulmarg and Dharmsala . Simla and other stations it lives at high eleva tions in summer . Pn a s uamata S — 48 . cepyg q The caly breasted

— I. . . 6 . 2 Wren . F . 35 , J 3 9, E W

Upper plumage rich brown , dotted with

b uff . L ower plumage in cock white, dotted se ale d and with black ; in hen ruddy, dotted and scaled with black The tail o f this tiny bird is so short as to

be almost invisible . In the western hill stations it i s seen only

At . in winter . Darjeeling it occurs in summer

1 1 8 Descrip ti ve Li st of Bi r ds

Warblers A f very large amily of tiny brownie birds , of which nearly one hundred members occur i in Ind a . As these birds are all small and have i very little dist nctive colouring , they are the f most difﬁ cult bi rds to identi y . croc a s us 49 . A epb lu stentore The Indian

— - 6 . 1 . Great Reed warbler . F . 3 3 , J 5 5 , II K An - A giant among W arblers . olive brown

- bird with a cream coloured eyebrow . Chin and throat nearly white , the throat sometimes has brown streaks ; rest of lower plumage creamy . This bird lives among reeds in which it moves about with much address . Fairly common on the margins of the

Kashmir lakes . 0 S v a 5 . yl i a ﬁ ni s The Indian Lesser White

0 2 . 8 throated Warbler . F . 4 , J 5 3 , I . K . - Upper plumage earthy brown , tinged with grey on head and nape . Lower plumage pale f i grey . Tail eathers tipped with wh te . Occurs in the Kashmir valley in Open country near streams . ’ 1 P 5 . bylloscopus b umi i : Hume s Willow 1 1 9 Hi malayan and Kashmi r i Bi r ds

. 1 8 warbler . F 4 (not described by Jerdon) ,

— I . . . W K

A midget 4 inches long . Upper plumage - f i light olive green , with a a nt grey patch on A head and a creamy eyebrow . yellowish bar o f in the wing . Sides head and lower plumage

f aint buff colour . This bird is said to leave Simla in the middle o f Ma y, but it is found at Dharmsala and in the Kashmi r valley throughout the

summer . ’ Cr tolo b a x antb oscb i sta : H 5 2 . yp p odgson s - - Grey headed Flycatcher warbler . F . 434, J . — I W ’ 5 73 3 ' H A . small bird , just over 4 inches long ead and neck grey ; a broad band of pale grey runs from the bill over the head to the nape this band is more disti nct in some individuals

. o f u than in others Eyebrow white . Rest pper — plumage olive green . Lower plumage bright

l . f ye low Wings brown , the eathers having

- yellowish green margins . Tail brown . The commonest warbler at all the West H i N imalayan hill stations , ncluding aini Tal

and Almora . Its loud call of f our or ﬁve high pitched , not very musical notes , emanates i f rom everytree in Spr ng . It nests in gardens . 1 20

Hi malayan an d Kashmi r i Bi r ds

o utcb er Bi ds Sbr i kes, r B r

f - f Shrikes orm a well marked amily of birds . sit i When perched, they upright w th the tail i pointing downwards . Their hab t is to sit exposed on a perch and from there pounce M on some insect on the ground . any species have a broad black band running backwards

from the beak through the eye . S hrikes are common birds in the plains , but do not ascend the Himalayas to any great f altitude , they are there ore rarely seen at i i . On e any h ll station spec es , however, is i very abundant in the Kashm r valley . ani us ron us — 5 5 . L erytb ot The Rufous backed i — S . . 2 . . . 6 . . hr ke F 47 , J 5 7 , III E W K H ead, neck and upper back pale grey, with a broad black band running across the f orehead

and through the eyes . Shoulders and lower back

C . rusty red . hin, throat and upper breast white i Wings and ta l black, some of the feathers i - having redd sh edges . White wing bar . i Very common in the Kashm r valley . Dozens may be seen on the journey from Baramula to S i i n . r nagar . They perch the poplars It 0 f i breeds as high as 600 eet near S mla . Jones

says it is a dupe of the cuckoo . In most parts 1 2 2 Descr ip ti ve Li st of Bi r ds

o f the Hi malayas this species does not ascend

A . above 5 000 f eet . It occurs at lmora ani us e bronotus - 5 6 . L t p The Grey backed

2 8 . . . . S . . . hrike F 477 , J 5 , II E W K Very like the ru f ous- backed Shrike in appear a f I nce . It diff ers rom it in that ( ) the grey o f the head extends more than half-way down 2 the back , and the shoulders are grey ; ( ) the red of the lower back is chestnut rather o - than rusty (3) it has n white wing bar . This species is common in the Kashmir

valley but not in the hill stations , at any rate

in summer .

Mi ni vets Little birds that go about in ﬂocks and keep o to the tops f trees . The cocks are usually bright red and black and the hens vivid yellow

and black . Peri croco us bre i ostri s 5 7 . t v r The Short M 2 — I billed inivet . F . 495 , J . 73 , , but with

a tail 4 inches long . E . W . ock H C ead and shoulders glossy black . B ack and lower parts crimson . Wings black with a crimson band running along (not across) M each . iddle tail feathers black, the others

crimson . 1 23 Hi ma layan an d Kashmi r i Bi rds

Hen C o f rown head, neck and Shoulders — o f greyish green . Forehead, remainder upper plumage , and lower plumage bright yellow . i ’ W ngs brown with yellow band . Tail black and yellow .

Common at Dharmsala and Darjeeling . i Fa rly common at other hill stations .

Cuckoo— Sbr i kes

Cuckoo- Shrikes have the h abits of minivets but they lack their bri ght colouri ng . a o 5 8 . C mp pb aga melanoscb i sta : The Dark

— C S . 0 . . . . . 26 Grey uckoo hrike F 5 5 , J 9, II E W A dark grey bird having wings and tail black . The latter tipped with white . In the Western Himalayas this species is not often seen above 5 000 f eet ; but it goes higher in the eastern part o f the range and occurs at Darjeeling .

Ori oles O rioles are birds of brilliant plumage , nearly

i . as large as mynas . They have melod ous calls

. Or i olus kundoo i O 5 9 The Ind an riole , or M B — . . 1 8 . 0 . ango ird F 5 , J 47 , III . W . K C ock P i i lumage ma nly br ght yellow . Some black on the sides of the he ad and in the wings 1 2 4

Hi malayan an d Kashmi r i Bi r ds

i f i Ta l eathers black, all except the m ddle pair tipped with white : thus the white is visible only during ﬂight . Bill and legs bright yellow ; bright yellow o f i patch skin beh nd the eye .

This is the common myna o f the plains . It is also the common myna o f the Kashmir At A . valley, Simla , Dharmsala and lmora the it i f other hill stations is largely, not entirely, B replaced by the Jungle Myna . rooks observed it at Naini Tal i n 1 869 ; I do not remember seeing it there .

- 62 . Sturni a malabari ca The Grey headed M 8 . . 8 . 8 . 6 . yna F 5 3 , J , II W

Forehead pale grey, almost white in some specimens . Remainder o f upper plumage

- dark grey, tinged with reddish yellow on the lower back the feathers o f the head and neck have white shafts , giving this part of the plumage a streaked appearance . Wings black i o f and grey . Ch n almost white ; rest lower

- parts reddish grey, the red being deepest M towards the tail . any of the feathers have white shafts . o m This b i rd ke e s to the tops of trees . C ji p mon at Almora ; but I have not seen it at other hill stations .

1 2 6 Descr ip ti ve Li st of Bi r ds

6 M t sa s . 3 . Ai b i op r fusca : The Jungle yna

. 2 . 686 . . . F 5 5 , J , III E W Very like the common myna and is doubtless

often mistaken for it .

It may, however, be readily distinguished by the fact that there is no yellow patch of bare

i s . skin behind the eye . The entire head black There is a little tuft of black f eathers on the

forehead which the common myna has not .

- The base of the bill is blue black .

C M S . At ommon at ussoorie, rare at imla

Dharmsala and, I think, Darjeeling it does not ascend the mountains so high as the hill

. B stations rooks observed it at Ramgarh,

between Naini Tal and Almora .

Flycatcb ers Flycatchers are well-represented in the H imalayas . They feed exclusively on insects

which they catch on the wing . Their habit is to make sallies into the air from a perch in All ﬂ c at chers order to capture their quarry . y

have this habit, but some birds which are not

- ﬂ c at chers wa e . . y behave in this y, g bee eaters ,

drongos . S ﬂ 64 . Hemi cb eli don si bi ri ca : The ooty y

— I . . . . 8 2 6 . . catcher F 5 5 , J . 9 , E W K 1 2 7 Hi malayan and Kashmi r i Bi r ds

Upper plumage brown, with dark spots on

o f . the head . Ring white feathers round eye

- Tail brown . Lower plumage smoky brown with i h hi . S l grey sh patc es ma l w te patch on throat , i ndistinct in some Specimens . C ommon at Darjeeling and Dharmsala , i ll but rare at intermed ate hi Stations . It occurs abundantly on the pine-covered hills o f Kashmir . i c 65 . Hem b eli don ferrugi nea The Ferru i n — I ous . . . 2 . . g Flycatcher F 5 5 9, J 99, E A brown bird in whi ch the greater part o f i s the plumage tinted with red . The red

on the rump almost entirely obscures the brown , so o f that this part the bird appears Chestnut . A ring of cream- coloured feathers round the

eye .

Common at Darjeeling . It usually makes its ﬂights after insect quarry from a low

branch or the stump of a tree . 6 C or n s su e c l a 6 . y i p r i i ri s The White

— B 0 I. . . 68 . 1 browed lue Flycatcher F 5 , J 3 ,

E . W . C ock P Upper plumage dull russian blue, i n A with some brown the wings . conspicuous

White eyebrow . Tail black, edged with blue

all feathers , except middle pair, tipped with

1 28

Hi malayan and Kashmi ri Bi r ds

closely scrutinised . The upper plumage i s

- earthy brown , with darker markings on the head . The lower parts are white tinged with grey on the breast . There is a ring of white

feathers round the eye . i Th s bird is nowhere common . It is rare

at Simla and Dharmsala . Fairly common at

Naini Tal and Almora . It may be diffi cult to disti nguish this bird from the Sooty Flycatcher It is a little o 6 o f i larger than N . 4 and the edges the ﬂ ght f eathers have paler edges , the bill is a little

i . s . 6 longer . This a commoner bird than No 4 Alseona ru caudatus 69 . x f i The Rufous

- 8 . I . . 0 . . . tailed Flycatcher F 5 9, J 3 7, W K — Dull olive brown above . Tail chestnut .

- Lower plumage pale earthy brown .

This i nconspicuous bird i s nowhere common . S M I have not noticed it at imla , ussoorie, or Naini Tal : but it has been recorded from At Kumaun . I have seen it at Gulmarg . f Dharmsala it is found up to 6000 eet . Culi ci ca a ce lonensi s 70 . p y The Grey

. . 2 . 2 + 1 . . headed Flycatcher F 5 9 , J 95 , E

W . K .

H . ead, neck and breast grey Wings and

B . tail brown . ack dull yellow Lower plumage 1 3 0 D escr ip ti ve Li st of Bi r ds

l bright yellow . The ye low in the plumage is not very noticable except when the bird is on the wing .

It is often found near streams .

It has a loud, pleasant call of three notes , -o - which may be syllabised Tbi nk f me . N It is common at aini Tal , Simla and

Dharmsala but not at Darjeeling . N - 7 1 . iltav a sundara The Rufous bellied

Nilt av a. . . 1 + 1 . . . . F 5 94, J 3 4, E W K - Jerdon calls this bird the rufous bellied,

fairy blue chat , and the cock indeed is the kind o f bird one would expect to meet in

fairyland . C ock : Front and sides of head , Chin and

- . C throat rich velvety black rown , nape, lower C back, a spot on each heek and one on each wing brilliant , glistening cobalt blue . Rest

- of lower plumage chestnut red . Tail black and bright blue . Hen : - Upper plumage olive brown , with a white patch on fore-neck and a brilliant blue patch on each side of the neck . Tail and f - eathers above it chestnut red . Lower plumage

- pale olive brown .

Very common at Darjeeling, less common in the western hill stations and the Kashmir valley . 1 3 1 Hi malayan and Kashmi r i Bi r ds

ilt a a. 7 2 . Ni ltava grandi s : The Large N v

— . r 1 6 . . F 593, J 3 , II E

Like the last Species , but larger , and there is no red on the under plumage , the red being replaced by dull blue . No white patch on f - o f ore neck hen .

This bird is common near Darjeeling, but does not come up as high as the stati on .

r i one a adi si i P 73 . Te ps pb p r The Ind an ara

8 . 2 88 dise Flycatcher . F . 5 9 , J , II , but the cock

i . has a very long ta l . W . K Perhaps the most beautif ul and most striking i n i s i bird the world . It somet mes called the Bi Ribbon rd . Hen and Young C ock like a bulbul in size and shape . The crested head is metallic blue

. i B i . black ack, w ngs and ta l chestnut Lower parts white . Second- ear C ock As y above, but the two middle tail f eathers are much longer than the

O 1 6 . thers , being inches long Old C ock C o f hestnut parts plumage white , i n with some black the wing . It i s impossible to mistake thi s bird as it ﬂit s i i it s about among trees d splay ng long, thin chestnut or white ribbon- like tail f eathers i wh ch ﬂutter in the ai r like satin streamers . 1 3 2

Hi malayan and Kashmi ri Bi r ds

Hen Upper plumage brown , without any - e . white . Lower plumage pal reddish yellow B A reeds in Spring in Kashmir and at lmora , At Simla and Naini Tal . Dharmsala it occurs up to 6000 f eet . co a er a 76 . Orei l f re The Dark Grey Bush

C . . 6 1 . 86 . . . . hat F 5 , J 4 , I E W K C ock Upper plumage black with a white eyebrow and some white in the wings and tail . Lower plumage whi te washed with grey on i breast and th ghs . Hen Upper plumage reddish-grey with faint dark spots ; the red is pronounced on i the rump and ta l . Lower plumage as in cock . This species habitually makes sallies into the air after its insect quarry and doubtless i s often mistaken f or a ﬂycatcher . N Si Very common at aini Tal, mla and f so Dharmsala , and airly at other hill stations, except Almora . Occurs In Kashmir valley .

F ork tai ls

Forktails are glorified wagtails . The startling black- and—white plumage renders thei r i den t i fi c at i o n easy . They live by mountain streams , i and utter a loud scream during fl ght . Heni curus acula t s 77 . m u The Western 1 3 4 Descrip ti ve Li st of Bi r ds

8 . 6 0 . Spotted Forktail . F 3 , J 5 4, II , with a tail of 6 inches . W . K .

A very beautiful bird . H ead and neck jet black, save for a white patch extending f rom the centre of the crown

to . S the bill houlders black, copiously spotted

i . with white . Wings , black and wh te Tail As black, each feather tipped with white . the tail feathers are graduated, the middle pair being the shortest and the outer pair the longest , the tail , when closed , appears to be V- barred with broad shaped black , and narrow L L . white , bars . egs pale pink ower back and rump white .

Inhabits mountain streams , feeding on tiny o ff insects which it picks the boulders . Nest ’ often within a yard o f the water s edge . Occurs on every hill Stream in Kashmir and H the Western imalayas , at places where the water rushes down the hillside .

7 8 . Heni curus guttatus : The Eastern Spotted

o kt a l. r i . 6 1 . 8 F F 3 J 5 4, II , with tail 5 3 inches long . E . This is the East Himalayan race of the last

Species . Jerdon (rightly in my opinion) , does not distinguish between the two . This is a t riﬂe smaller than the West ern 1 35 Hi malayan an d Kashmi ri Bi r ds

hi form . It has fewer w te marks on the shoulder and these are smaller and round instead of being oval . Habits identical with those o f the last C species . ommon on every mountain torrent H in the Eastern imalayas . M c c c a sc u 79 . i ro i bl o leri The Little Fork — I . 6 ...... 8 tail F 37 , J 5 7 , E W K This i s just a Short- tailed miniature of the

S . Western potted Forktail Its plumage, mark i ings and hab ts are the same .

It is less common than the larger species , but i s a common bird . In Kashmir and the Western Himalayas It 1 5 more abundant at higher elevations than the Spotted species , being most common in summer between 6000 8000 f H and eet , but in the Eastern ima layas it is most often seen between 2000 and

5 000 f eet .

Redstarts

- Redstarts are robin like birds , having red M o f tails which they constantly ﬂirt . ost them frequent mountain streams . m arr or i leucoce b alus 80 . Cb i m b n s p The h - 8 . 06 . 6 W ite capped Redstart F 3 , J 5 , + 1.

1 3 6

Hi malayan and Kashmi r i Bi r ds si onally seen at Naini Tal and Dharmsala in rhododendron f orests . R a orni s uli i nosus P 8 2 . by c f g The lumbeous

— I. . . . 6 6 . 0 . . Redstart F 4 , J 5 5 , E W K Very robin-like in appearance— Jerdon calls - o ff it the water robin . It picks its food the boulders o f mountain torrents and streams . C ock Plumage dull dark blue with tail and - abdomen rusty red . - Hen Upper plumage dull bluish brown .

Wings brown . Lower back and base of tail

- white . Lower plumage greyish brown , mottled with white . Common on all streams in Kashmir and the H 6000 imalayas , from to feet elevation, except in the Eastern Himalayas where its 1 0 0 usual range is from 5 0 to 5 00 feet .

Robi ns

Iantbi a ru lata - ﬂ anke d B 8 3 . ﬁ The Red ush

. 8 ...... 6 0 Robin F 54, J 5 , I E W K C ock Forehead, eyebrow and rump ultra o f marine blue, a patch this colour on the f C . o wings . heeks black Rest upper plumage

- and sides o f breast deep purple blue . Tail black and blue . Lower plumage white except the blue sides of the breast and a large showy 1 3 8 Descrip ti ve Li st of Bi r ds patch of bright chestnut on each side of the body . Hen : Olive-brown suff used with blue on the rump and tail, a white bib and a bright chestnut patch on the sides of the body . A — forest haunting bird having a noisy call . It is fairly common at Gulmarg and Dharm sala in summer , but at other hill stations it seems to occur only in winter . - o c us saulari s M R . 84 . C psy b The agpie obin - 6 . . . . 6 F 3 , J 475 , II W C ock All plumage glossy black, except the i A following which are wh te bdomen , outer f - tail eathers , and wing bar . Hen Grey-brown where cock 1s black ; white as in cock .

This speci es frequently elevates the tail .

This is essentially a bird of the plains , but in summer some individuals ascend the Hima layas . A It occurs in summer at lmora , Dharmsala and Simla , where it visits gardens . I have seen 00 f the nest at Almora . 65 eet appears to be the limit of it s upward range and 6000 feet of the nesting range in the Western Himalayas . H In the Eastern imalayas it is rarely, if ever, 00 seen at altitudes over 30 feet . I3 9 Hi malayan an d Kashmi ri Bi r ds

Blackbi rds and Tb rusb es

a oulboul — 85 . Merul b The Grey winged

O . . 6 6 . 6 1 + . . . uzel F 7 , J 3 , III E W i P The Kastura o f Ind ans . erhaps the ﬁnest M t o songster of the Hi malayas . From urree 6000 000 f Darjeeling, between and 9 eet the hills ring with the blackbird-like song of this species .

- C ock Black w1t h Silvery grey on the wings .

- - Hen : Olive brown . The bill is coral red in both sexes . k ’ 8 M erula uni color : Ti c ell s O . . 6 . uzel F

6 8 . 6 + 11 . . 7 , J 35 , K - C ock An ashy grey bird . - o Hen Upper plumage olive br wn . Wings

i . C and ta l dark brown hin, throat and abdo

— men white . Breast ashy brown with dark spots .

Bill yellow . s The common thrush o f the Ka hmir valley . Its blackbird- li ke song is to be heard in spring in every garden and grove . Nests in poplar trees . Pe ro i a c nc or ncb a B 8 7 . t pb l i l by The lue

— 6 1 . . headed Rock Thrush . F . 9 , J 35 3 , II H Cock A . e handsome and striking bird ad , 1 40

Hi malayan an d Kashmi r i Bi r ds the Western Hi malayas and Kashmir dippers spend the summer at elevations between 6000 f - eet and the snow line . In the Eastern Himalayas they are more commonly f ound 1 000 0 f between and 5 00 eet .

Fi ncb es

o f Finches , which the sparrow and canary f i - are am liar examples , are thick billed birds f i that eed largely on grain . The stout b ll is f an organ adapted to huski ng seeds . The amily is well represented in the Hi malayas . P o 89 . ycn rb ampbus i cteroi des : The Black

- — 1 . 2 . and Yellow Grosbeak . F . 74 , J 7 5 , III

W . K . Cock Coloured very like a black-headed

Oriole . H ead , throat , wings , shoulders and a patch i o f above the ta l black . Rest plumage rich yellow tinged with orange on t he hi n dn eck .

Bill very stout . H W o f en ings black and grey . Rest plum — f i age ashy grey, tinged a ntly with yellowish red on the back and abdomen . This species goes about in couples or small l ﬂocks and f eeds largely on the ground . C al - sounds like ki u kree. 1 42 Des crip ti ve Li s t of Bi r ds

M Fairly common at urree and Dalhousie , but less so at the other western hill stations

and in Kashmir .

90 . Ha matospi z a sipab i The Scarlet

— 1 . . . Finch . F . 75 , J 735 , II E

‘ C ock Plumage brilliant scarlet with some

black in wings and tail . Hen Upper plumage brown with greenish

- yellow crescent Shaped markings . Rump

bright yellow . Lower plumage dull pale

- yellow with dark crescent Shaped markings . B ill stout . Darjeeling i s the only hill station at which

this ﬁne ﬁnch occurs . 1 P o ass - 9 . r p er grandi s The Red mantled

. . . 1 + 1 . . . Rose Finch F 75 7 , J 74 , W K C ock Most of the plumage brown tinged o f with rosy red . Eyebrow, sides head , chin

and throat shining rosy pink . Rest of lower

- plumage rosy red . Hen : - Grey brown , darkest in the upper plumage and everywhere streaked with dark

brown . Wings and tail brown . I have not noticed this bird at any of the H imalayan hill stations, as it seems to live f at higher elevations , but it is airly common at

Gulmarg . I4S Hi malayan and Kashmi r i Bi r ds

a c 92 . C rdueli s ani ceps The Himalayan

. 6 . . . . Goldﬁnch F . 7 7 , J 749, I W K

Very like the European Goldﬁnch . o f f f o f Forehead, chin and part ace in ront i n . eye crimson , rather dull the hen Wings o f gold and black . Rest upper plumage grey, merging into white on the lower back . Tail black and white . so Fairly common in Kashmir , less in the o f Western Himalayas . Does not occur east

Kumaun . allcantb s bur on - 93 . C i t i The Red browed

. . 68 . 8 + 1 . . . Finch F 7 , J 74 , W K

Both cock and hen are striki ng birds . C rown and nape black in cock, dark brown C f in hen . ock has orehead and large patch f of eathers round the eye crimson . In the hen ff these parts o f the plumage are bu . Wings - i i and tail blue black w th a good deal of wh te, which is very conspicuous during ﬂight . When the wings are closed the white takes the f o f so i orm Square spots , that the b rds have then somewhat the appearance of miniature j ays .

These birds go about in pairs , sometimes in i company w th tits . As they live at high elevations in summer , 1 44

Hi malayan and Kashmi ri Bi r ds

- - under parts . Cream coloured eyebrow and

narrow white wing bar . A A S bundant at Kasauli, lmora , imla, Dharm B . 1 868 sala and Srinagar rooks in , found it

common at Nai ni Tal . I saw it nesting there in the Club verandah t wenty years later but

it seems to be becoming scarcer there, rather

than more abundant . mo - Passe ntanus . 96 . r The Tree Sparrow

— 1 0 I . F . 779, J . 7 , . E H Sexes alike . ead chestnut with sides of face whi te and a black patch below and behind

hi . S eye . C n and throat black houlders and

upper back are pale chestnut , which fades - into yellowish brown on the rump . Tail brown . Wings brown , chestnut, black and

— L . white . ower parts pale ashy grey

The only sparrow found at Darjeeling . I have not noticed it at any other hill station . Passer ci nnamomeus C 97 . The innamon

— — . 8 I. . . S . 0 . 0 8 Tree parrow F 7 , J 7 , W K ock C Upper plumage bright Cinnamon, with pale yellow cheeks and a small black patch hi i round the eye . Wings black and w te w th

. C reddish streaks . Tail brown hin and throat

i . black, with bright yellow patch on either s de

Res t of lower plumage grey tinged with yellow . 1 46 Descrip ti ve Li st of Bi r ds

Hen - Upper plumage reddish brown , with dark streaks . Eyebrow yellow above , dark brown below . Tail brown . Wings brown, black

and white . Sides of head and neck and lower plumage grey tinged with yellow .

This sparrow is common in Kashmir, both ll in the valley and on the hi s , and at the West H imalayan hill stations , including Naini Tal,

but not Almora .

Bunti ngs The English yellow-hammer is a familiar f B member of the bunting amily . untings are ﬁnch-like birds somewhat larger than the

sparrow . They are characterised by having a conical bill which terminates in a sharp point . mb a - 98 . E i ri z a stew r ti The White capped

B . . . 1 8 + 1 . . . unting F 793, J 7 , W K C ock : - Light grey cap . Upper plumage

chestnut . Wings and tail dark brown , with

a good deal of white in the tail . Chin and

throat black with white patch in middle . Hen A brown bird streaked with darker

brown , washed with chestnut on shoulders i and rump . Some wh te in the tail . Fairly common in Kashmir on lower slopes 1 47 Himalayan and Kashmi r i Bi r ds

H of hills . In the imalayan stations this species i s not of ten seen as in the summer it lives

rather above their level . M 99 . Ember i z a stra cb eyi The Eastern ea

B i . . . 1 + 1 . . . dow unt ng F 794, J 7 4, W K This is the common bunting o f Kashmir

and the western hill stations . Easily recognised by two longitudinal black bands (with a grey one between them) running f rom the bill over the head to the neck, and

two black moustachial stripes . Upper plumage reddish-brown streaked with

black . Throat and breast grey with brown o f spots . Rest lower plumage chestnut o f brown . Tail black, with a good deal white f i in the outer eathers , vis ble only during

ﬂight . This bird feeds on the ground and is common A in gardens and on open ground . bundant

M S . at Gulmarg, urree , Dharmsala , and imla

Swallows

Hi rundo rusti ca . . 8 1 1 00 . The Swallow F 3 ,

4 . 8 2 } . . . . J , I , with tail 4 inches long E W K This i s the common swallow o f England .

Forehead , chin and throat Chestnut ; rest - i o f upper plumage steel blue . Wings and ta l 1 4 8

Hi malayan and Kashmi ri Bi r ds

Wagtai ls

Wagtails are slightly built, elegant , rather ’ - f long tailed birds , which requent the water s edge and run about over stones seeking their insect quarry . The tail constantly wags up

and down . Wagtails usually frequent streams in which i the water does not ﬂow very rap dly, hence are not of ten seen at hill stations ; but three species are common in Kashmir . ’ M a o son H 1 0 3 . otaci ll b dg i odgson s Pied

i 8 0 . 0 . . Wagta l . F . 3 , J 59 , II K o f Face white ; rest upper plumage, throat

and breast black . Rest of lower plumage white . Wings dark brown and white . Tail black and white .

Common on the Kashmir lakes . It runs about on the leaves of the lotus and its ﬂight i s undulating . Motaci lla melano e : 1 04 . p The Grey Wag

. . 8 2 . 2 + I % tail F 3 , J 59 , , with tail 3 inches long . K . H - ead, neck and shoulders bluish grey with - o f cream coloured eyebrow . Rest upper plum — C age greenish yellow and black . hin and throat

o f i . black, rest lower plumage br ght yellow 1 5 0 Descrip ti ve Li st of Bi r ds

This species f requents the stream that runs through the golf links at Gulmarg . ’ 1 0 M a es H 5 . otaci ll ci treoloid odgson s

- Y . . 8 8 . + I ellow headed Wagtail F 3 , J 594, , with tail over 3 inches long . K . He ad , neck and lower plumage rich deep yellow . Rest of upper plumage velvety black .

Wings dark brown and white . Tail black and white . i Common on the Kashm r lakes . It runs about on the ﬂoating leaves of the lotus .

Occurs also in gardens on lawns .

Pipi ts

P - ipits are dull plumaged birds , somewhat like wagtails in shape ; they feed on the ’ i ground , but not at the water s edge as wagta ls do . Several species should be placed among the o f H common birds Kashmir and the imalayas , but it i s not easy to describe such dull birds so as to enable the reader readily to distinguish them f rom one another .

A t us m cula us 1 06 . n b a t The Indian Tree

8 1 . . . 6 . . pipit F 4 , J 5 9 , I W Upper plumage sandy brown suff used with 1 5 1 Hi malayan and Kashmi ri Bi r ds

i ncon green , with indistinct dark streaks and i spi cuous creamy eyebrow . Ta l brown and i con white, Lower plumage pale cream w th spi cuo us dark streaks on the throat .

0 Ant us si mi li s B 1 7 . b The rown Rock

8 1 . 60 . . Pipit . F . 4 , J 4, II W m - Upper plu age grey brown with dark streaks .

i . N 0 white i n ta l Eyebrow sandy yellow . Breast sandy yellow with a f ew ill— deﬁn e d dark streaks . P i 1 Antb us ru ulus . 0 8 . f The Indian ip t

. 8 . 600 + 1 . . . . F 47, J , E W K -P Very like Indian Tree ipit, but upper ff plumage is not su used with green, and lower plumage i s darker . This Species does not of ten come as high i as Indian h ll stations , especially in the west ; i but t occurs in the Kashmir valley .

1 0 . reocor s s lvanus 9 O y y The Upland Pipit .

. 8 . 606 + 1 . . . F 5 3 , J , E W Upper plumage very dark brown with - ff i reddish bu edges to the feathers . Indist nct

- . Pi i pale eyebrow Tail as in Indian Tree p t . C o f hin and throat white , rest lower plumage ff bu with black streaks .

1 5 2

Hi malayan an d Kashmi ri Bi r ds

i i s o f They also eat nsects . The hen a bird dull plumage . - 1 1 1 . E tb o a i ni cauda : pyg g The Fire tailed,

- — 1 . 8 . Y 88 . 22 S . . ellow backed unbird F 7 , J , E C ock i Upper plumage crimson , w th metal - lic blue crown and yellow rump . Lower plumage yellow, with purple on throat and M o f some crimson on breast . iddle pair tail f n eathers elo gated . Hen A dull yellow- green bird with brown wi ngs and tail and some yellow on lower parts .

Middle tail f eathers not lengthened . It is only likely to be seen at Darjeeli ng i n A i It Is pr l, while migrating towards its i A breeding grounds at high elevat ons . In pril the cocks have not got their f ull plumage . i i They are then l ke the hen , but with br ght patches o f colour . ‘ a n a nsi s N 1 1 2 . Ai tb opyg ep le The epal Yel

- — I. . 8 2 . 2 2 S . . low backed unbird F 9 , J 9, E C ock : H i ead, neck and throat metall c o f green , with black on sides head and deep red on sides o f neck . Upper back deep red or o f maroon . Rest back yellow, brightest on o f o f f rump . Tail , which middle pair eathers i s l - longer than the others , meta lic green and black ; all feathers except the two middle 1 5 4 Descrip ti ve Li st of Bi r ds

pairs have pale tips . Lower plumage yellow,

washed and streaked with crimson . H n - M e : Olive green . iddle tail feathers o f not lengthened . The common sunbird

Darjeeling . Found in gardens . ' f Ai tb o a The Western orm of this species , pyg seb eri a! (The Himalayan Yellow-backed Sun

bird) , does not ascend the mountains as high as the hill stations , but I have seen it at the B rewery below Naini Tal . It may be distinguished f rom the Eastern f orm by the fact that the chin and throat are

crimson .

Flowerpeckers Flowerp eckers are minute birds which keep

to the topmost branches o f trees . D s - 1 1 3 . i ca um ignipectu The Fire breasted

— 1 . 2 1 I. . . Flowerpecker . F . 9 5 , J 4 , E W As On e o f the smallest bi rds in India . it 6000 f does not ascend the hills above eet , Almora is the only hill station at which it is

likely to be seen .

C ock Upper parts black glossed with green . ff o f i Lower parts bu , with large patch cr mson

on breast and a smaller black one . - Hen O ff . live brown above, bu below 1 5 5 Hi malayan and Kashmi r i Bi r ds

Woodpeckers Woodpeckers are birds that f eed on i nsects Off o f h which they pick the trunks trees . T ey have strong claws by means o f whi ch they are f o able to cling to the bark . The eathers f the tail are sti ff and serve to support the wood

pecker when it is climbing . The sharp chisel like bill enables the bird to dig out insects that o f lurk in the crevices the bark, and also to excavate holes in the trunk in which the eggs

are laid . When a woodpecker moves about

- a tree trunk, the head always points upwards .

- Its movements on tree trunks are jerky, like o f f those a mechanical toy . The ﬂight rom - - i s tree trunk to tree trunk undulating . When on the wing a woodpecker of ten emits a loud

scream . Geci nus uamatus H 1 1 4 . sq The West ima - 6 S . . layan caly bellied Green Woodpecker F 94 ,

- 1 0 . . . J . 7 , IV W K Cock : Upper plumage dull green, tinged with yellow on the lower back . Crown and A f nape crimson . black band round the ace f l i and one rom be ow the eye to the b ll . Wings i - and tail brown sh black, spotted and banded with white and cream . 1 5 6

Hi malayan and Kashmi ri Bi r ds

. C under the tail rown red in cock , black spotted with white in hen . Although this woodpecker ranges all along H M the imalayas , urree is the only station at which I have seen it . 1 D nd aco us i mala ens s : 1 8 . e r p b y i The Western

H . 1 . 1 . 6 imalayan Pied Woodpecker F 9 , J 54,

+ 11 . W . K .

C ock Crown crimson . Upper plumage black . Face and neck white , separated by a i black band . There s also a black band behind the ear . Lower parts grey . Hen As cock, but her crown and nape are

. C black like the back ommon at Dalhousie , M so urree , and Gulmarg, less at the other B -f western hill stations , where the rown ronted

Pied Woodpecker is the commonest Species .

1 1 9 . Dendrocopus catbpbar i us : The Lesser

. . 6 . 1 6 + 1 . . Pied Woodpecker F 9 5 , J 5 , E

A small eastern f orm o f the last species . It is distinguished by both the cock and hen having crimson on the sides of the neck . The grey lower plumage is streaked longitudinally with brown .

1 20 . Dendrocopus auri ceps The Brown f P 11 6 1 . ronted ied Woodpecker . F . 9 9, J . 5 9, W . K . 1 5 8 Descrip ti ve Li st of Bi r ds This is the commonest woodpecker of all H ll n the West imalayan hi statio s , except per H haps Dalhousie , where the Western imalayan

pied Species is commoner . It is distinguished f rom the other pied woodpeckers by the ’ - f umber brown orehead and crown . The cock s crest is golden in f ront and crimson behind ;

the crest of the hen is pale yellow . 1 1 P r o i cus r oti s -c 2 . y rb p py rb The Red ared

Ba . . 8 . 1 6 + 111 . . y Woodpecker F 97 , J 7 , E H ead brown . Cock only has crimson patch behind each ear ; patches sometimes uni t e f behind to form a hal collar . Rest of upper

plumage barred black and dull red . Lower - parts olive brown washed with red .

Fairly common at Darjeeling . 1 I la 22 . ynx torguil The Common Wry

. . 1 00 . 1 88 + 1 . . neck F 3, J , K An inconspicuous grey-brown bird with dark bars and streaks all over the body, giving the plumage a mottled appearance . This bird runs up and down the trunks o f trees after the manner o f woodpeckers . It has t w1st 1n It s a peculiar habit of g head, hence the name Wryneck .

Fairly common in Kashmir . 1 5 9 Hi malayan and Kashmi ri Bi r ds

Barbets

B - f - arbets are stout billed , ruit eating, tree haunting birds . They have monotonous calls o f t wo f re or three notes , which they utter quently . They lay their eggs in holes which they excavate in trees . 1 r 2 3 . Megalce ma ma sb allorum The Great

H IIIo B . . 1 006 . 1 1 + imalayan arbet F , J 9 ,

E . W .

- A H V IOle t . ﬁne bird . ead and neck blue i - lo n it u di n Upper back ol ve brown , streaked g i ally with pale green . Lower back and ta l i o f br ght green . Wings green , with splashes blue, brown and yellow . Upper breast brown . o f Red patch under tail . Rest lower parts yellow, with median blue band . The massive bill is yellow . This bird sometimes goes about in small I . t s ﬂocks call, which is a loud , plaintive Pee- ou ee- ou - y , p y , resounds on the hill sides and in the valleys . C M M ommon at urree , Dharmsala , ussoorie N so Si and aini Tal less at Dalhousie , mla and Darjeeling .

1 C ano s rankli ni . 24 . y p f The Golden

1 6 11 . . B . . 1 0 1 . throated arbet F 7, J 9 , E 1 6 0

Hi malayan an d Kashmi r i Bi rds

air after the manner o f ﬂycat chers. The i Bee expanded wings are tr angular in shape . i eaters nest in holes n sandbanks . e 1 26 . Merops api aster The European B e 11 . . 1 02 . 1 2 1 6 eater F 9, J , , with a tail inches long . K .

Forehead white, rest of head, neck, shoulders and upper back chestnut, darkest on the head .

Wings chestnut , green and black . Tail bronze green, the long middle pair of feathers are black at the ends . Chin and throat yellow . - B Rest of lower parts bluish green . lack band B . B . through eye lack gorget . ill black Wing lining buff . This ﬁne bird is o f ten to be seen hawking insects over the lakes in the Kashmir valley .

Ki ngfisb ers Ki ngfishers live on fish f or which they dive the bill is long and the tail short . They nest

- in holes which they excavate in river banks . Ce e lu ub H P 1 2 7 . r yl g ri s The imalayan ied

— . . 1 0 . 1 . . . . Kingﬁsher F 34, J 37 , IV E W K P lumage white, boldly barred , spotted and i streaked w th black . Bill black . This ﬁne bird is found on the Kashmir lakes and the larger hill streams up to 6000 feet .

1 6 2 D escrip ti ve Li st of Bi r ds

It quarters the water in search o f fish. Every now and then it hovers on rapidly V ibrating I . f wings it espies a fish in the water below, it s pinions cease quivering and it drops like S a stone into the water . ometimes it checks its fall and flies to another spot where it repeats the operation . It is impossible to mistake this bird . Its colouring and habits are unique . 1 o 2 8 . Alced i spi da The Common King

s . . 1 0 . 1 . ﬁ her F 35 , J 34, II , but tail very short

Head and nape blue with f aint black cross

B . bars . ack bright , glistening pale blue Tail — S of dark blue . Wings greenish blue . ides

o f . head Show streaks red, blue , black and white

- Chin cream coloured . Rest of lower parts

- — B . . rust coloured . ill black Legs coral red

Neck and tail short .

This bird squats on a bank, or a branch over As i t hanging water , watching for ﬁsh . sits its head bobs up and down . When it espies i s a ﬁsh it dives into the water . Its call a Shrill

scream . This bird occurs on all the larger hill streams 00 up to about 5 5 feet . It is very common on f i the Kashmir lakes , and is ond of perch ng on

- the heads o f lotus ﬂowers and on house boats . 1 6 3 Hi malayan and Kashmi ri Bi r ds

Hoopoes H oopoes are birds that feed on the ground , into which they probe with their long, slender, i - sl ghtly curved bills . The crest is conspicuous . When f olded it looks like a backward continua o f tion the bill . When a hoopoe is disturbed, and invariably when the bird alights , the crest is expanded like a fan .

u H . 1 29 . Up p a epops The European oopoe

. 1 066 . 2 . . . . F , J 54, III E W K - Body plumage sand coloured or pale fawn .

- Crest reddish f awn with black tips to feathers .

There i s also some white i n the crest . Wings and tail white with very bold black bars . Legs short . On the wing this bird looks like a huge - - A black and white butterﬂy . bird that cannot be mistaken f o r any other . It is f airly common in the Kashmir valley A S and at lmora . imla is the only other hill

station at which I have noticed it .

Swifts are birds which never descend to the

ground or perch in trees . Their claws are so arranged that they cannot support them s elves o n a perch . When they require rest, 1 64

Hi malayan an d Kashmi ri Bi r ds

B . reast and abdomen brown Tail short, square,

and spiny . The only hill station at which this bird is

common is Darjeeling .

Cuck oos

M o f Cuckoos are remarkable birds . ost

them are parasitic on other birds . They ﬂy i i swiftly . They have loud , d st nctive calls .

1 2 Cuculus canorus C . . 1 1 0 3 . The uckoo F 4,

— 1 . . . J . 99, III , with rather long tail E W K . i Upper plumage, ch n , throat and upper o f hi breast grey . Rest lower plumage w te,

— with numerous narrow dark brown cross bars . i i Tail tipped w th wh te . Eyes and legs yellow . o f This is the common cuckoo England . Its f i s f i call, rom which it derives its name , am liar A i to every Englishman . From pr l to June the call is heard at every hill Station and A throughout the Kashmir valley . bird more of ten seen than heard . uculus saturatus Hi 1 33 . C The malayan — 111 C . . 1 1 0 . 200 uckoo F 5 , J , , with the tail rather long . E . W . i L ke the last species in appearance, but the grey of the upper plumage i s much darker

1 66 Descrip ti ve Li st of Bi r ds and the lower parts have the background ff - pale bu and the dark cross bars more regular . The call sounds like the uk-uk-uk o f the f f o r hoopoe , and is doubtless o ten mistaken As o f f it . a matter act the call has ﬁve syllables cuck— coo- coo- coo— coo and may be rendered . The ﬁrst two syllables are like the cuckoo o f the so common cuckoo , but are uttered softly as to be inaudible at greater distances than a few yards . o- - At a distance the call sounds like co coo coo. This cuckoo is very common at Naini Tal ; f M airly so at ussoorie , Dharmsala , Dalhousie 1 and Darjeeling . do not remember hearing M it at Simla or urree . 1 Cuculus oli oce b alus uc 34 . p p The Small C

. . 1 1 06 . 20 1 + 11 . . . koo F , J , E W A i small ed tion of the cuckoo , with the lower parts tinged with buff and broader black bars on the breas t . The call of this bird has been rendered - o - cb i c - c ck- c Pot y u k b i b i ck . It is harsh and uttered both by day and by night . Darjeeli ng is the only hill station at whi ch i this cuckoo s common . Cuculus mi cro terus uc 1 35 . p The Indian C

— 1 1 0 . 20 koo . F . 7 , J 3, III , with rather a long

i . . ta l . E W 1 6 7 Hi malayan and Kashmi r i Bi rds H B . ead grey . ack brown Tail barred black i and wh te, thin throat and upper breast - o f - ashy grey . Rest lower parts cream coloured f as with black crossbars , about hal broad as

the pale interspaces .

Call very distinctive . It may be rendered wb ere or wb ere or i by the words f , f mus cally o f i i ntoned . In imitation its call the b rd is f K hul o ten called the yp pakka , or broken

pekoe bird . C N Mus ommon at Darjeeling, aini Tal and so ori e f , but urther west it does not ascend the Hi malayas as far as the hill stations the bi rd

is, however , sometimes heard at Dalhousie . Hi erococc s arv er i odes 1 36 . yx p The Large - 8 20 111 H C . . 1 1 0 . awk uckoo F , J 7 , , with

rather a long tail . E . W .

B . Head grey . ack brown Tail brown with

broad dark cross bands and tipped with white . Lower plumage pale rusty with brown cross bars . i s e o f H - C This a larg race the awk uckoo , or - 1 brain fever bird o f the plains . am not able to distinguish between the calls o f the two i s species . It a loud crescendo scream , which - f brai n ever may be rendered, brain ever , , ” -F BRAIN EVER .

1 6 8

Hi malayan an d Kashmi ri Bi r ds

i Bi barred with wh te all over . ll and eye as in

cock . A very noisy bird, especially at dawn . It has three distinct calls The commonest is ” i Ku-il Ku— i l xU- IL a melod ous crescendo , , , , whence its name . The second may be syl l b i ed Ku- - o h i a s y . The t ird is a ser es of loud

Kekarees . Common in t he Kashmir valley and at

Almora . I have never seen or heard the bird

at any other hill station .

Par oquets

- Paroquets are long tailed parrots , of which

- the plumage is mainly grass green . They asso f f ciate in ﬂocks , and eed on grain and ruit .

They are noisy and destructive to crops .

Palae orni s ne alensi s 1 39 . p The Large Indian

P . . 1 1 . 1 + 111 i aroquet F 35 , J 47 , , w th a tail over a f oot long . E . W . A beauti f ul grass- green bird with some blue in the tail and a red patch on each shoulder . The cock has a pink collar round the back o f hi s i neck, which is connected w th the beak

on each side by a black band . 1 have not seen this bird at any hill station,

but it is tolerably common in Kuman , Nepal 1 70 Des cr ip ti ve Li st of Bi r ds

wh and Garhwal , and there seems no reason y it should not appear sometimes in the hill stations . It is a common bird in the plains o f C Northern and entral India , particularly in the Punjab . 1 0 Pa ’ s anoce a u 4 . la orni cy pb l s : The Western B - P . . 1 1 . 1 lossom headed aroquet F 39, J 49,

8 . . II , with tail inches long W K . Cock - General colour bright grass green, with some blue on the tail . Red patch on H wing . ead red with a bloom like that on a lum p . Hen : H - ead dull grey blue . Rest ofplumage i n as cock . The only hill station at which i s this bird is likely to be seen Dharmsala .

It occurs in the Kashmir valley . 1 1 Pa a orn s c i sti c 4 . l i s b eps The Slaty

P . 1 1 1 . 1 0 headed aroquet . F 4 , J 5 , II , with tail 9 inches long . E . W . K . Distinguished from the last species by the

- head being slate coloured in both sexes , and the cock alone having a red patch on the wing . The common green parrot of the West H A M imalayan hill stations . bundant at urree, M S . Dharmsala , imla, ussoorie and Naini Tal O Not common at Darjeeling . ccurs on Kash mir hills , but not in the valley . 1 7 1 Hi malayan an d K ask mi r i Bi rds

Owls

O of wls are nocturnal birds prey . Their i s ll- n structure we adapted to their octurnal, f i predacious habits they have so t, s lky plum f - age, large orwardly directed eyes , big ears (of ten surrounded by aigrettes or tuf ts o f f i feathers) , and eathered legs . The colour ng i i — of all s very s milar mottled brown . They i have distinct ve calls , which, however, are not easy to assign to the birds that emit them so because these are nocturnal in their habits . Owing to the unif orm colouring that runs f so through the f amily, it is di ﬁcult to describe owls as to make it easy f o r the casual observer

to identify each species he sees . 2 S rni um ni v i cola H 1 4 . The imalayan 4 y - 1 1 8 6 — l . . 6 Ow . . . . Wood F 5 , J , IV E W

No aigrettes or ear tufts . Tail rather long P f o r an owl . lumage brown with creamy spots

and thin wavy lines . Lower plumage cream coloured with dark longitudinal streaks and

crossbars . i Mr A I have not dentiﬁed its call . . . E . owl o f Jones writes , This has a variety notes ’ - n e i s besides the usual Who hoo . O a peculiar squawk which can easily be imitated by placing 1 72

Hi malayan and Kashmi ri Bi r ds H a peculiar cackle , like a laugh ume ”

i t . Speaks of as a Clucking, vibrating call i n Hi This owl is of ten out daylight . ngston has noticed that it is of ten mobbed by bulbuls at Dharmsala , where it is the commonest

owl. Fairly common at Simla ; not common at other hill stations . 1 lauci di um brodi ei C 45 . G The ollared

P O . 1 1 86 . 80 + 1 . . . igmy wlet F. , J , E W is Very like the last species , but much smaller and distinguishable by having a buff collar . saw More diurnal than most owls . I once one moving about at noon at Mussoorie . There is some diff erence o f opinion regarding f o f i . the call th s bird I believe it is the so t, low, single whistle repeated at intervals of 0 about 3 seconds , which is often heard at M i s ussoorie , where the bird sometimes known - H as the half minute bird . Jones and utton , o f f however, state that the call consists our — b oot— oot— oot— oot wb oo clear whistled notes , or

- - wb oo wb oo wb oo. Jerdon again speaks of its “ low monotonous call or whistle of two notes .

This bird occurs at most hill stations . I74 Descrip ti ve Li st of Bi r ds

Vultures

- Vultures are large, dull plumaged birds M which feed chieﬂy on carrion . ost of them o f have the head and neck devoid feathers , and hooked bills adapted to tearing ﬂesh . Their habit is to sail high in the air on out i stretched wings , watch ng for some dead animal to devour . 1 6 Oto s ca vus B 4 . gyp l The lack or Pondi

. . 1 1 1 2 + V cherry Vulture F 9 , J , , nearly twice the size of the kite . E . W .

Plumage black, with white thighs . White breast . Wattles and bare head and neck red .

Fairly common at most hill stations . 1 G s i ala si s H 47 . yp b m yen The imalayan

ff . . 1 1 . + V Gri on F 93 , J 3 , , more than twice the size of the kite . W . A - ff dingy, grey brown bird , washed with bu on rump . No white in wings . The commonest vulture of the Western H imalayan stations .

1 48 . Pseudogyps bengalensi s : The Indian - . 1 1 V . 6 . + White backed Vulture F 9 , J 5 , , nearly a yard long . E . W . A brownish-black bird with the lower back white . This white, which is visible when the 1 75 Hi malayan and Kashmi ri Bi rds

t o f bird is sitting, renders the iden iﬁcation i the bird easy . There is some wh te in the i i . On wings , vis ble only during ﬂ ght the wing the white appears as a very broad band running o f from the body nearly to the tips the wing, so that the wings look white with broad black edges .

This bi rd occurs at most Himalayan stations .

1 49 . N eopbron percnopterus The Large

S . . 1 1 8 . 6 + V White cavenger Vulture F 9 , J , ,

about the size o f a ki te . W . K . P hi o f lumage sullied w te, except tips wings B o f which are shabby black . are skin head yellow . Neck sparsely covered with sullied

l s ﬂ at . pale ye low feather , which do not lie

B . Legs yellow . ill grey As this vulture waddles along it is a revolting looking bird . When sailing through the air

on outstretched wings , this vulture looks well, and the wings are then seen to be white

margined with black . The end of the wing i s rounded and not c ut up into ﬁngers like that of the wing of the white-backed vul

ture . This bird is fairly common in the Kashmir

valley and at most Western Himalayan stations .

' aetus barbatus 1 5 0 . Gyp The Lammergeyer 1 76

Hi malayan an d K ashmi ri Bi rds and proportions which serves to distinguish ” i s it decisively . There much truth in this ; M but it is not easy to state what this is . r . H C . . . Donald, in Vols XXV, XXVI , and XXXVII o f the 7 our nal of tb c Bombay N atural Hi stor Soci et has y y, given excellent descriptions o f o f the mannerisms the birds o f prey . In f f Mr what ollows I have drawn reely on .

Donald , who probably knows more about o f birds prey in India than anyone else, having o f made a special study the subject . S i ' H ’ 1 5 1 . p z aetus nep alensi s : odgson s Hawk

. . 1 2 1 . + V . . . . Eagle F 3 , J 37 , E W K A small crest . General hue pale brown , mottled with white . Three black bands separated by two white ones run down the throat . Under surf ace o f tail pale grey . Upper surface o f tail has broad black cross bars .

The call of this bird i s a shrill musical whistle . “ Donald writes : Unmistakable in ﬂight . f ar Wings very Short and round , held very back and the tail projecting f ar beyon d the ll f line of the wings . Soars we and is o ten seen to give several short sharp ﬂaps af ter f i a bout o circling on steady p nions . Usually found over heavy pine or oak forests . 1 78 Descrip ti ve Li st of Bi r ds

Widely distributed , but not very common

anywhere . 1 S ilo ni s cb eela C 5 2 . p r The rested Serpent

. . 1 2 1 . + V . . . Eagle F 7 , J 39, E W - B . lack crest Dark chocolate brown plumage, i with white or cream bars on wings and ta l . Lower plumage spotted with large white

spots . Donald writes When soaring the wings

are held well back, but are broad in proportion

to his size , hence the tail does not project very far beyond the tertiaries (end win g

feathers) . This is a noisy bird and gives vent to a shrill succession o f whistles when on the

wing . Found on the lower hills amongst pine ” and oak . This bird does not usually ascend much above 6000 feet but is occasionally seen at the various

hill stations . ’ 1 Hali aetus leucor bus P i shi n 5 3 . yp allas s F g

. . 1 22 . 2 + V f Eagle F 3, J 4 , , nearly hal as

big again as the Kite . E . W . K . A H . ead, Chin and throat white white f band across the tail about 3 inches rom the tip .

Rest of plumage brown . The white band i s across the tail conspicuous , and Jerdon styles ” — - this bird the Ring tailed Sea Eagle . I7 9 Himalayan an d Kashmi ri Bi r ds Tail does not project much beyond wings durm g ﬂight . Extremely noisy . This bird frequents rivers and marshes and is common in Kashmir on the lakes and the

Jhelum . 1 M P 54 . i lv us gov i nda The Common ariah

. . 1 2 2 . 6 . . . . Kite F 9, J 5 , V E W K A dark- brown bird with rather a long forked ff tail , which serves to di erentiate it from other o f birds prey . i i Donald wr tes , Flight is easy and l ght , but irregular and f requently Changing direction as though the bird is uncertain which line it i should take . The w ngs are held in the same plane as the body and are f requently slightly bent as though the bi rd were meditating a stoop . A S Very abundant at lmora , imla , Dharm sala and in the Kashmir valley, where it nests in chenar and walnut trees . It utters when sailing high in the air a

- — - — — - - mournf ul sounding Gb ee b e b e b e be b e b e . 60 H . . 1 2 1 . F ubbu eo 5 5 alco s t The obby F ,

. 1 + 111 . . . J 3 , E W Head black with pale eyebrow and forehead .

— Rest o f upper plumage dark slaty grey . Under surf ace tinged with red on the abdomen and

1 8 0

Hi malayan and Kask mi r i Bi r ds

t i o f i being the longest . The p the ta l is white, with a dark broad band above the white . Next to the Kite the Kestrel i s the c o m o f h monest bird prey at the various ill stations .

Green Pigeons G reen pigeons are strictly arboreal in their i so e hab ts , and their p lumage assimilates w ll f i i s d c with the ol age that it iﬂi ult to see them . 1 S b enocer cus s en r s 5 7 . p pb u u The Kokla

P . . 1 2 8 . 8 + 111 . . Green igeon F 3, J 77 , E

W . K . H - ead and lower plumage yellowish green . M i Upper back grey . iddle back maroon ( n

o f . cock only) . Rest plumage olive green S ome black and yellow in wing . Under f o f i sur ace wings and ta l grey . Upper breast i i s tinted with p nk . i The call o f this p geon i s very curious . I do not ﬁnd i t very agree able but Indi ans cage f o r o f it s it the sake song . The name Kokla o n amat o o et i c O is p , but does not in my pinion ” represent the call . The notes , writes B m lyth, bear some resemblance to the hu an voice i n si nging and are highly musical i n i tone , being cons derably prolonged and modu i i lated, but always term nat ng abruptly, and

1 8 2 Descrip ti ve Li st of Bi r ds every time the stave is repeated exactly as f so i t be ore , that soon becomes wearisome to an European ear . This bird occurs in Kashmir and is common i at all h ll stations .

Blue Rock-Pigeons All the domestic varieties o f pigeon are f B - descended rom lue Rock pigeons . These birds are gregarious and usually nest on rocks or buildings , hence the name .

1 C olumba i ntermed a B 5 8 . i The Indian lue - 11 1 . . P . . 1 2 2 8 8 + . . Rock igeon F 9 , J 7 , E W K

This is the common pigeon o f the plains . It is not nearly so abundant in Kashmir or H the imalayas as it is in the plains of I ndia . Except at Dharmsala it does not usually occur at elevations over 5 000 feet . A slaty-blue bird with a metallic green or purple gloss on the neck . Two black bars

t he . across wing . The tail is tipped with black

- Legs reddish pink .

Doves

o f Doves are small pigeons , the plumage which is of the sandy hue known as dove colour . 1 8 3 Hi malayan and Kashmi ri Bi r ds

1 u ur r a o 5 9 . T r t f e r g The Indian Turtle

111 . 1 0 . 2 . Dove . F . 3 5 , J 79 , W K . i - Th s has the usual dove coloured plumage , with a miniature black- and- grey chess-board

on each Side o f the neck . Thi s Is the commonest dove o f the West i - Himalayan h ll stations . 1 0 Tur tur camba ensi s B 6 . y The Little rown '

1 0 . 111 Dove . F . 3 9, J 794, . W . P s — i lumage and coloured , grey sh on wings H ff and tail . ead, neck and breast su used with A - — dull pale red . miniature red and black chess o f - board on each Side neck . Legs crimson lake . The call of this bird is a subdued cuk- cuk

- - coo coo coo.

cl o f This is the common ove the plains . The only hill station at which I have seen it i s

Almora . - Tur tur It, together with the spotted dove ( suratensi s) and the Indian Ring- Dove (Tar tur r i sor i us i s ) , common on the cart road between Rawalpindi and Kohala up to elevati ons of 000 f 5 eet . 1 6 1 Tur tur r i sor i us i . The Ind an Ring

. . 1 1 0 . 6 + 111 . . . Dove F 3 , J 79 , W K A - i pale French grey b rd , with a half collar t h i round the back o f e neck . Th s collar is 1 8 4

Hi malayan and Kashmi ri Bi rds

i f In shape more l ke a owl than a pheasant . C ock Long white hairy crest . Upper i i plumage black glossed with blue , w th wh te

- bars on lower back . Wings and fowl like tail

dark brown glossed with green . Hen : Crest and upper plumage reddish M brown with ﬁne black wavy crossbars . iddle f i tail eathers black, w th cream wavy crossbars the other tail f eathers are black with a blue gloss . Both sexes have a patch o f bare red skin on o f f i s f o f f sides ace . This bird ond eeding on the road and I have shot i t f rom a motor

car while going along the road to Chakrata . 1 Genn lanonotus B 63 . mus me The lack 8 1 1 P 1 8 . . backed Kalij heasant . F . 33 , J , V E

The common Kali j of Darjeeling . i s i L ke the la t spec es , but the cock has a black h - crest , glossed wit purple blue , and there are no white bars on the lower back and rump .

N ote on tb c otb er Hi malayan Pb easants

a C treus walli cbi The Cheer . This bird has a long tail like that o f the Engli sh Pheasant . Both sexes have a long crest and a red patch o f P bare skin round the eye . lumage black with

1 8 6 Descr ip tive Li st of Bi r ds

- white and reddish yellow crossbars . Found

in Western Himalayas . Pucrasi a macrolopb a The Koklas or Pukras P heasant . C f ock has three crests , the middle one awn coloured and the side ones black glossed with

— green . A long tailed pheasant . Found in summer at high elevati ons in Kashmir and H Western imalayas . M Lopb opb orus refulgens The onal . C ock B i i - i r ll ant metallic purple , w th green

- i . peacock like crest . Short tail c nnamon Hen : B rown . This bird occurs at high elevations in Kashmir H and West imalayas . Tragop an sa tyra The Cri mson Horned P i . heasant . (E . H malayas ) C ock : Black head (and breast in western race) . Rest o f plumage mainly crimson with white or grey spots . Tail long . Hen P lumage mainly brown . Tragopan melanocepb alus The Western H P Hi orned heasant (W . malayas) . C ock : B o f lack head and breast . Rest plumage mainly crimson with white or grey spots . Tail long . Hen P lumage mainly brown . 1 8 7 Hi malayan and Kashmi r i Bi r ds

Quai l

Quail are partridges in miniature .

1 o urni x communi s 64 . C t The Common

i . . 1 . 8 2 + 11 . . . Grey Qua l F 35 5 , J 9, E W A - i h — little Short ta led, s ort legged bird . Upper plumage brown spotted with dark ff i - ff brown and bu . Lower plumage redd sh bu with dark streaks and spots . Only passes through the Hi malayas on i M migrati on i n Apr l and October . any are shot while the Spring crops are being harvested at the various hill stations .

Par tr i dges

1 . accabi s cb ucar 65 C The Chukor . F .

— 8 0 . . . 1 0 . 2 37 , J , IV W K Has red legs like the French partridge which i t resembles in appearance . G eneral colour - A o f plumage pale reddish brown . black band runs across the f orehead to the eyes and f rom there down the sides o f the head across the S throat to form a gorget . ome conspicuous black bars on the ﬂanks . Common about the West Hi malayan hill i stations and on the Kashm r hills .

1 8 8

Hi malayan and Kashmi r i Bi r ds

a white patch under the tail . A red shield f on orehead .

Commo n on the Kashmir lakes .

l ca a tra . . 1 0 1 68 . Fu i C The oot F 4 5 ,

0 . . . . J . 9 3 , IV E W K As i l 1 n th s bird ives on lakes and , except

Kashmir , does not ascend the hills above 000 i 4 feet, it is not seen at any h ll station , but occurs on some o f the lakes o f the Kashmi r valley . It used to occur on the Dal Lake , but I do not think it does now . A - i i black duck l ke bird , with a white sh eld i on the f orehead . It sw ms like a duck ; but f o ff t when flushed rom the wa er , it runs along the surface, flapping its wings vigorously, before it succeeds in rising above the water . When flying it may be likened to a bottle of Bass on wings

a anas Lil - trotters or Lotus- bi rds 7 g , y ,

J agan as are birds that live on lake s in which

- lotus and other water plants grow prof usely .

These birds have very long toes , which enable them to run about on the broad ﬂat ﬂoating

— leaves of the water plants .

6 H dr o basi anus cbi rur us : P 1 9 . y p g The heas 1 9 0 Descrip ti ve Li st of Bi r ds

- 0 1 11 . 1 2 . . 1 ant tailed Jacana F . 4 9, J 9 , with tail 1 0 inches long in summer . K . B f H . o ead , throat and wings white ack neck d - gol en yellow . Long, thin , black pheasant like tail . This bird swims like a duck and runs about

- with great address on ﬂoating water plants . - On i t s It utters a c at like mew . account of

- pheasant like appearance, this bird is sometimes called the water pheasant . It is a very beau

s . tif ul bi rd . It is impos ible to mistake it It i s very abundant on the Dal and the other lakes

of the Kashmir valley .

Plov ers or La wi n s , p g

P - — lovers are short tailed , long legged birds that appear to be adapted to wading but which keep to dry land . They have peculiar plaintive calls and many of them perform wonderful

antics in the air . 1 0 Sar o - 7 . c grammus i ndi cus : The Red wattled

. . 1 1 . 8 + . . . . Lapwing F 43 , J 5 5 , IV E W K This is the familiar Did-you— do— it of

the plains . H A ead , neck and upper breast black . broad white band running from the eye down o f B the whole length the neck . ack and wings , - bronze brown , black and white ; the white 1 9 1 Hi malayan an d Kashmi r i Bi r ds taking the form of a conspicuous band during

ﬂight . Lower parts white . Tail white with B black band across it near the tip . ill red , with a crimson wattle . Legs bright yellow . This bird ascends the Himalayas up to

5 000 feet and occurs in the Kashmir valley .

Terns

Terns are allied to gulls . They are long

— i winged, slenderly bu lt birds , that have much f white and grey in the plumage . They eed largely on ﬁsh and spend much time in ﬂying over water in search of their quarry .

H drocb eli don b br i da 1 7 1 . y y The Whiskered

. . 1 6 . 8 + 11 . . Tern F 49 , J 9 4, K

C a . Bill red . p black Upper plumage

- A . B . silvery grey . reast grey bdomen black This bi rd occurs abundantly on the lakes in the Kashmi r valley . It makes a ﬂoating

- nest o f water weeds in the early summer .

It sometimes hunts for i nsects over ﬁelds .

C or morants

Cormorants are large black swimming birds , i which feed on ﬁsh . They catch the r quarry

by diving . When not ﬁshing they sometimes

1 9 2

Hi malayan an d Kashmi r i Bir ds

so o f in, that the neck projects like the crop a pouter pigeon .

Ardea a H 1 . ci nere 74 The Common eron .

. 1 . 2 + V . . F 5 5 5 , J 9 3 , , over a yard long K i Th s is the common heron o f England . — S Upper parts ashy grey . ome white on B n the head . lack plumes ha g down from the

r i . nape . Lower pa ts wh te C ommon on the margins of the lakes of the

Kashmir valley .

N cti cora r i seus N H . 1 75 . y x g The ight eron

1 68 . . . F . 5 , J 937 , V K

H . ead, nape, back and shoulders black

i . Forehead , cheeks and lower parts wh te S f o f Rest o f plumage grey . ome eathers the nape are white and are lengthened to f orm plumes . Eyes bright red . A This bird fishes chi efly by night . bout sunset it leaves its roost i n some tall tree and slowly flaps its way to its fishing ground, uttering a loud wak . C ommon round the lakes in the Kashmir valley . o f A company these birds roosts , along with N Cormorants , in some tall trees dear the asim

Bagh on the Dal Lake . I 94 Descr ip ti ve Li st of Bi r ds

Ardetta mi nuta B . 1 76 . The Little ittern

— 1 0 . . . F . 5 7 , J 935 , IV K B Upper parts buff glossed with green . reast ff buff . Some bu in the wings . Legs greenish i i i yellow . Th s little b rd, wh ch the Kashmiris

Goi i s m . call , very co mon on the Kashmir lakes Duri ng the daytime it lies up hidden in the Af reeds . ter sunset the little bitterns emerge and take up ﬁshing stations in t he shallow water o f the lakes and waterways . Dozens o f these little herons may be seen by anyone out in a sbi kara on the Dal Lake just be f ore nightfall.

l) ucks Two species of duck breed on the lakes in the vale of Kashmir but , owing to their eggs f o r S being collected the rinagar market , they are now rarely seen on the Dal Lake . They occur on the other lakes . a 1 77 . Anas bosc s The Mallard or Wild

. . 1 2 . 8 . . Duck F 5 9 , J 95 , V K

The Wild Duck o f England . M H ale September to May. ead glistening

- emerald green , with white collar round neck .

Breast Chestnut . Shoulders ﬁnely barred white M and brown . iddle back brown . Lower back and middle tail feathers black glossed 1 95 Hi malayan an d Kashmi r i Bi r ds

M with purple or green . iddle tail feathers curl upwards . Wings brown with metallic purple bar . Below tail velvety black . M ale (June t o August) and F emale Brown - P with buff crescent shaped markings . urple

- wing bar .

- Legs orange yellow in both sexes . 1 - 78 . Nyroca ferrugi nea The White eyed

— P . 0 . 6 . . . 1 6 6 ochard F , J 9 9, IV K

H . ead, neck and breast dull chestnut Rest

- o f upper plumage blackish brown . Tail dark A brown . Wings dark brown and white . bdo

. Hen . men chieﬂy white like cock, but duller

(3rebes

Grebes are small duck-like water birds o f which the tail is very short . They rarely

f . come to land , they dive for their ood o ce a b enni s 1 79 . P di ps l ip The Indian Little

. . 1 6 1 . + 11 . . Grebe, or Dabchick F 7 , J 975 , K

Body rich dark brown . Chestnut on sides

i . of neck . Looks like a tiny ta lless duck

Dives every f ew seconds . Very common on the Kashmir lakes .

1 9 6

Index

F cat c er b rown 1 2 Ko e Indi an 1 6 ly h , , 9 l, , 9 f erru i nous 1 2 8 Ko k a re en i e on 1 8 2 g , l , g p g , re — e ade d 1 0 g y h , 3 Lammer e er 1 6 g y , 7 Indi an aradi se 1 2 p , 3 La wi n red-wat t ed 1 1 , , 9 ruf o us t ai ed 1 0 p g l l , 3 Li ot ri x red-b i ed 1 0 soot 1 2 h , ll , 9 y, 7

erdi t er 1 2 - v , 9 a i e re d b i ed b ue M gp , ll l , 95 — w i t e b rowed 1 28 - h , ellow b i ed b ue y ll l , 95 Forkt ai East ern 1 l, , 35 a ard 1 M ll , 95 — i t t e 1 6 - l l , 3 i ni et S ort b i ed 1 2 M v , h ll , 3 We st ern 1 - , 34 i n a red t ai ed 1 1 0 M l , l , on a P e asant 1 8 M l h , 7 G re b e it t e 1 6 , l l , 9 o or en 1 8 M h , 9 G rosb eak b ack-and— e ow , l y ll , na co mmon 1 2 My , , 5 1 2 4 re — e aded 1 26 g y h , un e 1 2 j gl , 7 Heron common 1 , , 94 Nilt ava ar e 1 ni t 1 , l g , 33 gh , 94 ruf ous-b e i ed 1 2 Ho b b 1 80 ll , 3 y, Nut cracker Hima a an 8 Ho o o e Euro ean 1 6 , l y , 9 p , p , 4 ar e s ot t ed 8 l g p , 9 - - Nut at c w i t e t ai e d 1 1 Ixulus e ow na ed 1 0 h h , h l , 5 , y ll p , 9

Ori o e ndi an 1 2 l , I , 4 a ana easant -t ai ed 1 6 J g , ph l , 9 - Ouz e re wi n ed 1 0 l , g y g , 4 ackdaw ’ J , 94 Ti ckell s 1 0 , 4 a b ack-t roat ed 6 J y, l h , 9 Owl Hima a an wo o d 1 2 , l y , 7 Hima a an l y , 97 t t e d Hima a an sco s sp o l y p , I7S Ka i P e asant b ack-b acked l j h , l Ow et co are d i m 1 l , ll p g y, 74 1 86 ar e b arre d 1 l g , 73 w i t e- cre st e d 1 8 h , 5 Kest re 1 8 1 Paro uet ar e In di an 1 0 l , q , l g , 7 Ki n crow 1 1 s at - eaded 1 1 g , 5 l y h , 7 - Ki n ﬁs er co mmon 1 6 West ern b o ssom eaded g h , , 3 l h , i ed cre st ed 1 62 1 1 p , 7 Kit e co mmon ari a 1 80 Part ri d e b ack 1 8 , p h, g , l , 9 1 9 8 Iﬁnclea:

Part rid e C ukor 1 8 8 Sunb i rd Ne a e ow g , h , , p l y ll Pi e Hi ma a an t ree 6 b acke d 1 , l y , 9 , 5 4 Pi e on b ue ro ck 1 8 Swa ow 1 8 g , l , 3 ll , 4 ’ — ko k a re en 1 8 2 S ke s s St ri at ed 1 l g , y , 49 Pi it b rown ro ck 1 2 -wi re— t ai ed 1 p , , 5 l , 49 In i an 1 2 Swi f t Al i ne 1 6 d , 5 , p , 5 ndi an t re e 1 1 ndian 1 6 I , 5 I , 5 u and 1 2 pl , 5 Po c ard w it e-e ed 1 6 Te rn W i skered 1 2 h , h y , 9 , h , 9 Ti t b row re st e 1 0 1 , n c d, uai common re 1 88 crest e d b ack 1 00 Q l, g y, l , re en-b acked g , 99 Redst art b ue- f ro nt ed 1 re , l , 37 g y, 99 umb eo us 1 8 re d- e aded pl , 3 h , 99 w it e-ca ed 1 6 e ow— c e cked 1 00 h pp , 3 y ll h , Ro b i n ma i e 1 T rus East e rn ari e at ed , gp , 39 h h , v g Peki n 1 0 au i n 1 0 , 9 l gh g , 4 red-ﬂanked b us 1 8 Hima a an st re ake d h , 3 l y Ro er Euro ean 1 6 1 au i n 1 0 ll , p , l gh g , 4 Hi ma a an w i st i n 1 0 l y h l g , 7 S a 1 Hi ma a an w it e-crest ed h g . 93 l y h S rike cuckoo 1 2 au i n 1 0 1 h , , 4 l gh g , re -b acked 1 2 — red- e aded au i n 1 0 g y , 3 h l gh g , 3 ru f ous -b acked 1 22 — ru f o us c i nne d au i n , h l gh g , Sib i a b ack- eaded 1 08 1 02 , l h , Sk ark 1 st ri at ed au i n 1 0 yl , 5 5 l gh g , 5 S arrow ci nnamon t ree 1 6 We st ern e ow-wi n e d p , , 4 y ll g o use 1 au i n 1 0 h , 45 l gh g , 3 t re e 1 6 — w it e-t ro at ed au i n , 4 h h l gh g , S i net ai w it e— ne cke d 1 6 1 0 2 p l , h , 5 S o t t ed-Wi n 1 1 1 Tree- cre e e r Hima a an p g , p , l y , St ar i n Hima a an 1 2 1 1 l g , l y , 5 7 Sunb i rd ﬁre-t ai e d e ow Sikkim 1 1 , l y ll , 7 b acked 1 , 54 Hi ma a an e ow-b acke d V u t ure b ack 1 l y y ll , l , l , 75 1 — Hima a an riff o n 1 5 5 l y g , 75 Indea:

u ture ndi an w it e W it e-e e ndian 1 08 V l , I h h y , I , b acked 1 Wo od e cker b ack-na ed , 75 p , l p ar e w i t e sca en er reen 1 l g h v g , g , 57 1 6 b rown f ront ed i ed 7 p , 1 5 8 Wa t ai re 1 0 esser i ed 1 8 g l, g y, 5 l p , 5 ’ Hod son s i ed 1 0 Nort ern a e- eaded g p , 5 h p l h , ’ Hod son s e ow- e aded I g y ll h , S7 1 1 re -cared b a 1 5 d y, 5 9 ’ Warb er Brook s re ruf ous b e i ed i e d l , g y ll p , eade d ﬂ cat c er 1 2 1 I h y h , S7 Brown i 1 2 1 West Hima a an sca h ll , l y ly ’ Hod son s re - e aded b e i ed re en 1 6 g g y h ll g , 5 ﬂ cat c er 1 20 West ern Hima a an i ed y h , l y p , ’ Hume s wil ow 1 1 1 8 l , 9 5 ndi an reat ree d 1 1 Wren Hi ma a an 1 1 8 I g , 9 , l y , ndi an esser w it e sca -b re ast ed 1 1 8 I l h ly , t roat ed 1 1 Wr ne ck 1 h , 9 y , 59

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ustrated rown 8 vo net Ill . C . 7 s . .

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