The Rainbow Bird The Rainbow Bird

Volume 6 Number 4 November 2017 (Issue 92)

Ducks and Ducklings: Photos by Finley Japp In this Issue

September Outing Page 2

October Outing Page 4

Cuckoos and Caterpillars Page 6

Redthroats Page 8

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Birds on the 38 Parallel Page 9

Photo Image Manipulation Page 10

Archaeology at Neds Corner Page 12

Bird Population Trends Page 14

Name that Bird Page 15

Bulletin Page 16

Unusual Sightings Page 16

Calendar Page 17

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Various Localities South of Carwarp – 10th September 2017

Despite early concerns that we might not have sufficient numbers of four-wheel-drives for the trip, 7 vehicles arrived at Castles Crossing Reserve to commence our adventure. It was great to see Bob Palmer arrive with Michael and Kim. It was also a relief to see that Roger had recovered from a bout of the “wog” and Barrie’s wife, Nola, had a sufficient enough lull in her back pain to allow him to come as well.

On arrival, we found that our leader, Peter, had on a previous reconnaissance of the area, located two Major Mitchell’s Cockatoos nesting in the trunk of a dead tree. He guided us to a spot that was far enough away not to disturb them and we were thrilled to see both “cockies” inspecting the nest and one even favoured us with a raised crest. The rest of the reserve, as has been the case in recent years, was very quiet in respect of birdlife. On arriving at the reserve, Peter had seen a White-winged Triller.

Our convoy moved on to Nurnurnemal Reserve via Castles Crossing Road and Brighton’s Tank Road.

We settled down for morning smoko in the beautiful sunshine before an amble around the mallee bushland. Again there was not a great deal of birdlife, except for a Grey Shrike-thrush and small birds such as Striated Pardalotes and Red-capped Robins.

We then moved on to Brighton’s Tank, a large excavation in the ground with an accompanying windmill that had a small amount of water in its bottom. Two Wood Ducks flew off and then circled back. Perhaps they still had the young ducklings that Peter and Chris had seen several days earlier in the reeds surrounding the water but we couldn’t see them on this visit.

Then on to another stop at a stretch of crown land that was home to large bull oak and mallee trees. Greg Dixon, (hopefully a potential new member who is also a bushwalker), revealed his physical fitness by beating the rest of us into the bushland where he thought he saw Sittellas. A raptor that we thought was a Black Falcon flew over at speed. Birdlife at this stop consisted mainly of Yellow-throated Miners which thought they owned the place. There was some discussion about the treecreepers that were skirting up the trees. The treecreepers were unusually quiet and this led us to think that they could have been White-browed Treecreepers but we eventually decided that they were Brown Treecreepers. Bluebonnet and Mallee Ringneck Parrots flew between the various stands of trees.

There was a patch of salted flat country along Brighton’s Tank Road that grew the usual samphire- type vegetation. We stopped there briefly to look at a White-fronted Chat.

We turned left from Brighton’s Tank Road into Nowingi Line Track and shortly spotted two Black- shouldered Kites on the dead limbs of two trees at the southern side of the track. We then had lunch at two small salt pans that might in a good year have been lakes.

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On arriving at the , Michael’s and Roger’s cars left for home, leaving the other five vehicles to continue along Nowingi Track and later North Boundary Track. This latter track, for the first part of its length, had been burnt some years previous but the regrowth is now at a stage where it can support most species of mallee birds again. Despite this the first two stops yielded only Grey Shrike-thrush and thornbills and Weebills, although the lead car (Peter’s) saw a Chestnut Quailthrush.

At the final stop, one of Peter’s favourite birding areas, we saw several species of honeyeaters. Luca saw a Jackie Winter which came very close to him so that he could see the dark grey upper-parts and pale under-parts of the bird. As is usually the case, after staying at the same spot for 20 minutes or half-an-hour, some of the birds came back to investigate the noisy human intruders. Luca’s Jackie Winter was first and then some of the honeyeaters (Spiney-cheeked Honeyeaters and Yellow- throated Miners). In the meantime, several of our group walked further along the track and Peter’s friend Max spotted a Crested Bellbird, a Hooded Robin and a Horsfield’s Bronze-cuckoo.

Finally, we drove the remaining stretch of North Boundary Track to Mournpall Track and then out to Boonoonar Road. On the way we saw a Brown Falcon being attacked by a honeyeater overhead, a Pallid Cuckoo calling from a distant dead tree, and White Ibis and White-necked and White-faced herons in a paddock as well as another Black-shouldered Kite.

Our thanks go to Peter and Chris who put in a considerable amount of time and effort in checking out the various birding areas and organising the itinerary. Some of the areas were new to me and many of those people on the outing.

By Allan Taylor

Photos by Peter Dunstan

Bird list (from Col Stewart):

Grey Teal Red-rumped Parrot Varied Sitella Australian Wood Duck Mulga Parrot Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike Common Bronzewing Horsfield’s Bronze Cuckoo White-winged Triller Crested Pigeon Pallid Cuckoo Grey Shrike-thrush White-necked Heron Brown Treecreeper Crested Bellbird White-faced Heron Weebill Grey Butcherbird Australian White Ibis Yellow Thornbill Pied Butcherbird Black-shouldered Kite Striated Pardalote Australian Magpie Wedge-tailed Eagle Yellow-plumed Honeyeater Willie Wagtail Nankeen Kestrel Yellow-throated Miner Australian Raven Brown Falcon Spiny-cheeked Honeyeater Apostlebird Black Falcon White-fronted Chat Jacky Winter Major Mitchell’s Cockatoo Brown-headed Honeyeater Red-capped Robin Galah Striped Honeyeater Hooded Robin Mallee Ringneck White-browed Babbler White-backed Swallow Blue Bonnet Chestnut Quail-thrush Common Starling

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October Outing – 7th October 2017

Saturday 7th October turned out to be a very pleasant spring day. We diverted lightly from the plan to go straight to Kings Billabong, instead driving to the track on the river between Apex Park and Olympic Park to try to get a sighting of a Tawny Frogmouth family that Greg had previously seen on his daily walks. We were all surprised when Greg led us straight to the tree where a Frogmouth and two of its young were perched. Unusually for Frogmouths and luckily for us, the birds were not obscured by any foliage and, therefore, were quite visible.

A young Grey Butcherbird was also seen in a nearby branch. I went back to the area on the next day and got the accompanying photo.

Satisfied with the rewarding detour, we drove to the car park at the Kings Billabong levee. A walk amongst the box and gum trees of the area surrounding the car park yielded up only the usual birds – Noisy Miners, Little Friarbirds, White-plumed Honeyeaters, Yellow Rosellas, Mallee Ringneck Parrots, Brown Treecreepers and a Rufous Whistler. There was no sign of the cuckoos that had adopted parents in the area last year. Alec and Sharon pointed out a couple of patches of eremophila that were flowering in the area.

It was easy to distinguish the most physically fit of our group when Peter, Chris, their friends Ann and Ken, Greg and Luca headed for the bird hide – a walk of 2.5 km each way. The rest of the group variously went for short walks across the levee or simply had a bite of smoko and enjoyed the bush. Sightings of interest around the levee were a combined group of Variegated and Superb Fairy-wrens that foraged for insects in the saltbushes near the camp tables. A Pied Butcherbird practically ignored us and sang from a nearby branch.

The sightings on the other side of the levee weren’t numerous. A Whistling Kite could be seen feeding two young in a nest on the car park side of the waterway; Australasian Grebes, a Little Pied Cormorant, a Pelican, a Darter, a Great Cormorant, several Grey Teal and a Caspian Tern were sighted on and above the water on the other side of the levee; a Grey Shrike-thrush (which is always seen there), a few more Yellow Rosellas and two pair of White-browed Woodswallows were also seen on that side of the levee.

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The “bush-walking” members of group then reported back, stating that they had seen nothing much on the walk to and from the bird hide.

When we were about to leave the campsite, we heard woodswallows calling above. They were very high up and could have numbered a hundred or more.

We then drove past the lagoon at Baggs Bridge which appeared to be devoid of birds except for a lone Great Egret that was hunting for fish. The lagoon doesn’t appear to support much birdlife now because the reeds and waterweeds that previously grew on its edges have been removed.

Perhaps two or three km on along the track towards Psyche Bend there is a backwater that can attract ducks and other waterbirds. Alec radioed through that there was a Pied Cormorant perched there which the rest of us hadn’t noticed.

There are several short tracks leading off the main track to the side of the backwater, the last of which continued along around the end of and on the river side of the backwater. This last track had been seriously vandalised by cars that had gouged by deep wheel-tracks.

After negotiating a particularly bad part of track we parked our cars and split up into small groups – some members walking along the backwater/lagoon and other walking towards the river. Barrie was in the group that walked along the lagoon. Being a technical whizz he had to show us how his phone or tablet played bird calls. After playing the Variegated Fairy-wren call, he pretended not to be surprised when a male and its bride were hopping excitedly around the lignum that grows in profusion in the area surrounding us. We were charmed by the vivid iridescent colouring of the male.

Having ruined the mental health of the male fairy wren, Barrie had to leave us and headed for home.

The remaining cars drove to Psyche Pumps where we had lunch in the open shed-like structure. A magpie, which seemed to know the ropes, succeeded in enticing us to feed it with cheese and other morsels. Some club members saw its nest nearby. Some, possibly, Japanese tourists, had excitedly asked us whether we had seen any kangaroos earlier. We said that we had but that they were not always easy to see. The translator translated this to the rest of his group, accompanying his explanation with hopping movements which amused them and us.

The outing was concluded at this stage and several cars headed back to while a few members decided to stay and have a quick look at Horseshoe Billabong on the Red Cliffs side of the pumps. The lovely weather and bush atmosphere that we had experienced during the morning had more than compensated for the relative lack of birdlife that we had seen.

By Allan Taylor

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Cuckoos and Caterpillars

On 7th July, I took these two photos of Fantailed and Black-eared Cuckoos, along with photos of a Horsfield’s Bronze-cuckoo and a Pallid Cuckoo, in a south-east corner of the Kelso Block. Our District is visited at the same time each year by cuckoos and some stay for a length of time that is determined, mainly, by the availability of a food source. I have only seen cuckoos eat caterpillars.

There appears to be an abundant supply of caterpillars in that same area at the time of me writing this article (7th August) but, almost certainly, the Black-eared and Fantailed Cuckoos had already moved on to other Districts several weeks ago. Presumably, both species could not find enough suitable host parent species around the area to warrant them staying.

There appears to be two main caterpillar species on the ground at the moment. These appear to be the same species that I have seen here in each of the preceding few years. On reading up on caterpillars, I have found that they grow in stages and that their appearance often differs markedly in some of those stages. The apparent two caterpillar species may, in fact, be simply be the one species at difference stages of maturity.

I can’t find reference photos of caterpillars that appear to relate in appearance to the one/s that are here at the moment. The closest candidates, and their descriptions, are as follows:

The Meadow Argus (Junonia villida) – Black or brown with short, thick and branched spikes. Small blue-white spots dot the surface and there are larger spots underneath.

The Australian Painted Lady (Vanessa kershawi) – Brown with two pale yellow lines along each side and rows of branched spines.

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Of these two candidates above, I favour the Australian Painted Lady and a photo is shown below:

This is the Meadow Argus:

Other species which, I think, are more commonly seen later in spring are the Australian Admiral (Vaness itea)- left below; and The Wood White (Delius aganippe) – middle below; and the Dingy Swallowtail (Papilo anactus) - right below.

By Allan Taylor

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Redthroats

Redthroats are very plain-looking small birds with the males having a rusty coloured patch of feathers on the throat. They spend almost all of their time in low bushes and shrubs, gleaning for insects and caterpillars as well as seeds and berries.

Mildura has no known populations of Redthroats in close proximity to the city. The closest populations are at Nearie Lake which is situated some 100 km north of Mildura in NSW. There it lives in the saltbush/bluebush pains that surround the lake.

Another population of the birds is to be found on the black bluebush plains on Chowilla Station, SA. This habitat exists on the Murray River floodplains that extend into NSW and it is quite possible that further populations of the species live in the SA/NSW border area.

In the past, a population of Redthroats was known to exist in the saltbush plain country that exists near the entrance to Moorna Station – a little to the east of Lake . It is possible that some of these birds may still exist there because the area hasn’t been intensively birded since the more active days of John Hobbs and Chris Sonter (1960s to 1980s?).

Another population of Redthroats exists at Wyperfield National Park, near the southern entrance from Hopetoun. The habitat that they inhabit there is, I believe, slightly different to that described above. It is my understanding that the area has some tea tree but the main requirement for the Redthroat still exists. That requirement is the understory of bushes and debris in which they can forage for food.

Redthroats are shy and hard to locate. They scurry along the ground or fly low behind the bushes when disturbed – much like the Rufous Fieldwren which inhabits rather similar habitat. In fact the fieldwrens are known to live in the saltbush plains adjacent to the NSW border with SA. The Redthroat has a longish tail but doesn’t cock it in the same manner as do the various wren species.

Redthroat Rufous Fieldwren

By Allan Taylor

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Birds on the 38th Parallel

The unintentional preservation of the Korean Demilitarized Zone

The border between North and South Korea is one of the most heavily guarded in the world. The delicate and complicated situation there has led to a designated buffer zone 4 kilometres wide and 250km long. One of the more light-hearted ramifications of this 60 year- old no-man’s-land has been some incredibly pristine environment, holding 200 species of birds and 50 mammal species, of which 48 are threatened, including the Amur Leopard, White- Fact: Red-crowned Cranes naped Crane, and Siberian Tiger. are the only crane species Among the birds is the iconic and with white primary feathers. unfortunately endangered Red-crowned Crane (Grus japonesis). The crane is viewed as a symbol of longevity in both Japan and China, and in Korea also represents peace and purity.

Another rare species present is the Tristram’s Woodpecker (Dryocopus javensis richardsi), a Korean subspecies of the White-bellied Woodpecker. In 1993 a pair was spotted in this buffer zone, and it is speculated (and hoped) that in there they continue to survive. The subspecies otherwise only lives in North Korea, where probably fewer than 50 birds inhabit the south-western region. Thankfully, North Korea apparently considers the bird a national treasure.

90% of Black-faced Spoonbills, another internationally-recognised endangered species, are said to breed in the demilitarized zone. The Crested Ibis may still live there and could certainly be re-introduced. Cinereous Vultures scavenge the no-man’s-land.

And of course, migratory shorebirds find the buffer zone and North Korea a welcome oasis in amongst the reclaimed coast and polluted water. New Zealand birdwatchers have an unusually friendly (though “friendly” might be a strong word) relationship with North Korea, and there are a few articles about visits to the hermit kingdom to survey waders, notably an Radio National interview and more recently a post by Atlas Obscura. Both are worth a read.

The relations between South and North Korea remain unstable, and one can only hope tensions soon decrease. But I also hope that if and when the Korean Demilitarized Zone is opened up, the area remains a haven for animals and nature.

By Finley Japp

Birds are in our nature February 2016 - 9 The Rainbow Bird

Photo Image Manipulation

Almost all photos that are published or downloaded to the internet are manipulated in some way or another. This, particularly, applies to bird photographs which are shot from some distance from the subject – necessitating a little cropping of the image to preclude surplus parts of the photo that surround the bird.

Those readers who do little or no bird photography might be interested in the process that is undertaken to modify a particular image to one that the photographer hopes will best display the shot.

The following image was selected at random from my collection of old photos on my computer. It was taken at Mourquong Swamps and shows a group of Sharp-tailed and Curlew Sandpipers. Because Curlew Sandpipers are becoming increasingly rare, particularly in this district, I decided to feature them, rather than the Sharpies. Thus, the first image becomes transformed to the second by way of cropping, using any of the manipulation programs that are now available. The paramount program is regarded as Photoshop but I usually use the standard features provided with Windows 10.

Original image Cropped image

You will see that the Sharp-tailed Sandpipers to the right of the picture have been excluded from the second picture. The image could well have been left as shown in image number 2 but further adjustments of the photo can be made, if deemed necessary.

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The third image has been clarified (sharpened) a little in an effort to highlight the markings on the wings. The following image was further processed by trying (unsuccessfully) to lighten the very black shadows and to soften the highlights on the birds. After using GIMP to, again, sharpen the image, the fifth attempt is the result. It is debateable whether or not the result is much better than images 3 and 4.

The problem with the photo is that the intense light has caused flairs on the bellies of the birds and very dark shadows on the sandstone. If I was a more competent photographer I could, possibly, have altered the white balance or the ISO settings on the camera before taking the shot. Alternatively, maybe a polarising filter might have done the trick. The problem is a very common one, particularly in Mildura where the light is so harsh. Using early morning or late afternoon light can contribute to better photos but, I seem to recall, this photo was taken in latish afternoon.

Incidentally, the back row of four birds consists of Curlew Sandpipers and the other Curlew Sandpiper is towards the right of the photo. The rest of the birds are Sharp-tailed Sandpipers.

Addendum:

I’ve made an attempt at using “layers” in GIMP to modify the intense whits of one of the birds. It is a very poor attempt but, maybe because of that, it gives an idea of what can be done by manipulating just part of an image (see next page).

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Original cropped image Same image with parts of the intense whites subdued

By Allan Taylor

Archaeology at Neds Corner, Victoria – 28/10/17

The ‘Spring into Nature and Indigenous Heritage Open Day’ was organised by Colleen Barnes with Trust for Nature which purchased the property in 2002. More than seventy people arrived from four states of .

We were welcomed by a local Aboriginal and his daughter. They presented optimistic reports of working in happy partnership with staff and researchers on the conservation programs for Neds Corner Station.

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Then a scientist from the CMA explained their annual management program of environmental watering along the Victorian side of the Murray River.

Dr Jillian Garvey is a Zooarchaeologist at La Trobe University. She told us that she has researched Aboriginal Shell Middens and carried out fieldwork along the Murray River. Her 4 years of study has shown how the river has been the life-line of the indigenous people. Her work has also shown how the river has declined and how the landscape has changed. Over thousands of years, the river channel has moved about 15km north of the southern edge of the ancient flood plain. The Murray and Darling rivers were very much larger than today.

After our Bush Tucker Lunch at the homestead, Jillian walked westward with us to a Shell Midden which is 15,000 years old. It is situated on the second level bank about 6m higher and 2km away from the current main stream. The lower level flood plain is covered by Box and Lignum vegetation. There we saw three Stumpy-tailed Lizards and a colourful Sand Goanna on a dead tree, also a Corella perched with its chick, a Magpie Lark, Brown Treecreeper, Ravens and Mallee Ringnecks.

While unearthing part of this Shell Midden, the archaeologist found mostly the shells of snails 2.5 to 3cm in diameter (see below). As a result of weir building these snails are extinct now, except for a few that have adapted to grow in irrigation pipes. They were the favourite food of the people but when these were not available, mussels were eaten. There were no bones of mammals or other animals in the Midden.

Around and on the mound are clay heat balls and the underlying layers of soil colours were darker. Also found were flints, tools and other artefacts made of Silcrete which was the only local rock in that area which those people sourced from a nearby ancient quarry. Silcrete is composed of sand that has been modified by water. Some artefacts were burnt to harden the stone or change its colour.

On the lower flood level, there is a hearth mound which was an oven. A colony of ants uses it now. A canoe tree was seen.

Such a marvellous site is surely sacred to the first people of our land.

By H. Devilee

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Increase and Decrease in Bird Populations in over the Last 50 Years

The following is a very rough list of the changes in bird species populations in Sunraysia. It is made from my memory and from my experiences over the last 50 years or so. Your experiences may have been different and your memory could well be much better/worse than mine.

It would be interesting to get an overall view of the situation from all the members of the club.

Species that have increased in numbers Species that have decreased in numbers

Red Wattlebirds House Sparrows Superb Blue Fairy Wrens Common Starlings Mallee Ringneck Parrots Nankeen Night-herons Noisy Miners Zebra Finches Blue-faced Honeyeaters Rainbow Bee-eaters Silver Gulls Budgerigars Species that have probably decreased Cockatiels Silvereyes Striated Grasswrens Bush Stone-curlews Mallee Emu-wrens Brolgas Bitterns Bustards Snipes Spotted Bowerbirds Pink Cockatoos European Goldfinches Black-tailed Native Hens Redthroats Freckled Ducks Brown Goshawks Malleefowl Curlew Sandpipers Shy Heathwren Western Whipbird Pratincole Ground Cuckoo-shrike

Other species which common wisdom has deemed to be on the decrease are the Australian Magpie, Kookaburra, and Regent Parrot. I’m not sure that this is correct in our District.

Allan Taylor

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This image is from Biosphere Magazine, a digital magazine focusing on the world’s wildlife and nature. Answers are at the back.

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Bulletin j;lCorrection

In an article from the previous issue it was implied that some members were denied entry by the caretakers of Neds Corner. This was by no means the case, and we would like to thank Neds Corner for its continual and much valued support of our club. Apologies for the mix up.

Congratulations

Congratulations to Alec and Sharon Hawtin who were instigators in the new bird hide at the Inland Botanic Gardens. Well done!

Interesting Sightings

Date Species Number Location Notes Observers 28 August Masked Lapwing 14 Wentworth Golf Feeding on Col & Di Course ground 30 August Masked Lapwing 2 Corner of 15th & Good parents Judy Walnut 2 September Australasian 2 Iraak On creek Judy Grebes 2 September Swamp Harrier 1 Irymple Overhead Alec & Sharon 3 September Pallid Cuckoo 1 Koorlong State Flying & Helen & Bev Forest Perching 5 September Tawny 1 Wentworth Golf Nesting in Box Col & Di Frogmouth Course Tree 5 September Black-shouldered 1 Hovering Gary & Jenny Kite Surman 5 September Malleefowl 1 Nowingi In Mallee Peter Dunstan 5 September Black Falcon 2 Nowingi On Dead Tree Peter Dunstan 5 September White-winged 2 Nowingi Female and Peter Triller juvenile Dunstan 7 September Pied Butcherbird 1 Chaffey Park Emptying Bill & Ev East nestlings of White- plumed Honeyeater 10 September Tawny-crowned 1 Ken Job Honeyeater Road 10 September Rufous Fieldwren several Ken Job 10 October Orange Chat 8 Curtis & O’Day AT, PF & JP Roads

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Date Species Number Location Notes Observers 23 October Striated 2 SA Biosphere Threatened G Dixon Grasswren Birds Survey 26 October Red-backed 2 Mourquong AT, PF & JP Kingfisher Swamps 26 October Red-backed 1 Kelso Block Pauline F had A Taylor Kingfisher seen one several days earlier 29 October Little Button- 2 Curtis Road A Taylor quail 30 October Collared 1 Wentworth In backyard Col & Di Sparrowhawk up gum tree October Barn Owl 9 Near Burra On trip to WA Jason Hawtin October Grey Falcon 2 Rawlina Jason Hawtin October Malleefowl 3 Mount Jackson Jason Hawtin October Australian 3 Along Eyre Jason Hawtin Bustard Highway October/ Nankeen Kestrel 2 + Juv Irymple Returning to A & S Hawtin November nest box to feed young 3 November Laughing 4 Jordan Ave Rear fence of M Rix Kookaburra home 4 November Zebra Finch 2 Irymple In backyard S Hawtin 4 November Australian Owlet- 1 Kelso Block A Taylor nightjar 7 November Splendid Fairy- 2 Nichols Point Outside Luca Modica wren bedroom window 26 October Sooty Oystercatcher, Grey-tailed Tattler, Bar-tailed Godwit, Lesser Sand Plover, Little or Fairy Tern, Eastern Curlew, Pacific Gull

Port Clinton - All first sightings for me – A Taylor

Calendar

Date Event Tuesday 5th December Club Meeting – 7:30. Saturday 9th December Christmas Break-up at the Wentworth Loch – 6pm. Tuesday 6th February Club Meeting – 7:30.

Answers to “Name that Bird”: Pheasant, Curlew, Corn Bunting, Nightingale, Spoonbill, Kittiwake (?), Toucan, Kingfisher, Nightjar, Waxwing, Nuthatch, Magpie.

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