Transnational MES343(39960)/ANS361(31665)

Instructor: Mikiya Koyagi Email: [email protected] Class Time: Classroom: Office Hours: Office Location: Calhoun 406

Course Description:

In this course, we examine how various groups of people understood, experienced, and imagined concepts such as “the East” and “Asia” (including West Asia/the ), with a primary focus on the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. When and where did these concepts emerge? How did their meanings change over time? What kind of political, economic and cultural activities did the concepts of “the East” and “Asia” generate among diverse peoples of “the East” and “Asia”? How did the concept impact these peoples’ collective identities? Answering these questions requires us to study diverse groups of people, from nineteenth- century European colonial officials to Malaysian and Singaporean statesmen in the 1980s, from nineteenth-century Japanese reformers to early twentieth-century Chinese, Indian, Middle Eastern revolutionaries. Our aim is not to study a comprehensive overview of modern Asian . Rather, our aim is to examine the diverse experiences of “Easterners” and “Asians” with the concepts of the East and Asia. By studying this subject, we aim to think critically about the geographical and cultural boundaries that we tend to take for granted in twenty-first century America. More generally, our aim is to learn to think of ourselves as citizens of a larger world by gaining the ability to comprehend how people remote from ourselves understand, experience, and imagine their lives.

Goals:

At the end of the course, students will be able to: 1) discuss key concepts such as civilization, nation, and pan-Asianism 2) understand the modern history of “Asia” as a connected global experience 3) discuss the historical contexts in which Asians constructed the idea of “Asia” 4) view the contemporary world in multiple spatial frameworks

1 Striving to achieve these goals will require students to seriously engage in such activities as writing reaction papers and sharing ideas with their peers orally in class discussions. Through these activities that are based on their readings of both primary sources (various forms of records from the past produced during the period under study) and secondary sources (historians’ interpretations of primary sources), students will also improve essential skills to construct an argument.

Textbooks:

All readings for the course are posted on the course website or available as e-books through UT library. No need to purchase a particular textbook.

Grading:

Participation: 25 Reaction paper: 5 Midterm exam: 20 Research paper: 25 Intellectual biography: 25

Participation Participation is different from attendance. You are expected to contribute to class discussions. Occasionally, I will also ask you to write brief in-class response papers. Although I do not grade them, I use them to 1) record your attendance; 2) get a sense of your engagement with the course material.

Reaction Paper On Week 3, you will submit a short paper about how you think about the concept of “civilization.” Why it is useful? Why it is problematic? What are alternative methods of thinking about the connected history of the world? Instead of civilizations, what categories and concepts do you think we can use? What kind of historical inquiries can elucidate the connected past of the Afro-Eurasian world?

In-class Midterm Exam On Week 8, you will have a midterm exam in class. You will be asked to write an essay based on the readings. In particular, you will be expected to have a solid understanding of the primary sources we have read in the course.

2 Short Research Paper Because of the geographical scope of the course, we will not be able to discuss every important individual/organization/movement in every country in Asia (including West Asia/the Middle East). Choose/find a particular individual, organization, movement in Asia or Asian diasporic communities and write a short research paper about how they express(ed) their ideas of Asia.

I expect that choosing a topic will be a fairly time-consuming part of the process. Start thinking about your topic early in the semester.

Intellectual Autobiography Before taking this class, you probably had your own idea of what “Asia” is. You might have learned it from your parents. You might have internalized what you see/hear in popular culture. You might have developed particular views through education. In this assignment, think of yourself as part of the discourse of Asia and explain how your idea of “Asia” had been constructed prior to taking this class and why it had been constructed that way.

More detailed descriptions of writing assignments are found in a separate document posted on Canvas.

To Ensure Fairness to All Students: Classroom behavior: Cell phones must be on silent mode in class, and texting is strictly prohibited. Also, please limit the use of your laptop to taking notes unless I ask you to find information on the Internet. If you fail to follow these basic rules, your participation grade for the course will be adversely affected.

Attendance: Attendance is mandatory. More than three unexcused absences will impact your final grade negatively. If you have an emergency situation (documented illness, serious accidents, funerals) and cannot make it to class, please let me know before class. Undocumented illness will be counted as unexcused absences. Doctor’s notes that are more than two-week old are not valid. If your health impacts your attendance, please inform me of your situation before disappearing. I cannot retroactively make an exception if you talk to me at the end of the semester.

Late work policy: Please submit assignments as an MS Word document via email. The deadline is 1:00 p.m. on the due date (before class starts). Late submissions will be penalized because it is unfair to give some students extra time to complete the assignment while others submit on time. Each day after the due date – including weekends – you will lose ten percent of the grade (a letter grade). For instance, if you make 17 for a 20-point assignment but submit it an hour late, 2 late

3 points will be deducted. If you submit it 27 hours late, 4 late points will be deducted, so your grade will be 13. In a nutshell, please be punctual.

Make-up Assignments/Exams: Make-up assignments for in-class writing activities are permitted in case of emergency (documented illness and serious accidents) or observance of a religious holy day.

Extensions for longer papers require my advanced approval, which is granted under special circumstances. If you simply need one more day to complete the assignment, weigh the pros and cons of losing ten percent of your grade versus submitting a half-baked essay.

Students with Disabilities: Students with disabilities may request appropriate academic accommodations from the Services for Students with Disabilities. Please bring me a letter at the beginning of the semester that shows your accommodation. https://diversity.utexas.edu/disability/

Email Policy: I will be communicating with students via email on a regular basis and will use the email address you’ve provided to UT Austin in order to do so. It is your responsibility to check that email account on a regular basis.

4 Course Schedule

*The schedule below is subject to change. I will make an announcement in class and via email if I make any changes to the course schedule.

In each meeting, I will give a brief lecture, followed by class discussions. Most assigned readings are historical studies published in either academic journals or monographs. Many of the primary sources are in a two-volume collection of pan-Asianists’ writings, Pan-Asianism: A Documentary History (2011). Each primary source is accompanied by a brief contextualization of the text written by a historian. Other primary sources are writings by Asian intellectuals that the secondary sources of the week discuss.

Part One: Concepts

Week 1: What is Asia? August 28: Introduction • No reading August 30: Is Asia a ? • Martin W. Lewis and Kären Wigen, The Myth of , “Introduction,” 1-19

Week 2: The Concept of “Civilization” 1 September 2 (Labor day) September 4: Historical Overview • Martin W. Lewis and Kären Wigen, The Myth of Continents, 21-46 • Take a look at a map of civilizations on Wikipedia: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Civilizations_map.png September 6: What is “civilization”? • Kwame Anthony Appiah, “There is no such thing as western civilisation,” The Guardian November 9, 2016 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/09/western- civilisation-appiah-reith-lecture • Sanjay Subrahmanyam, “One Asia, or Many? Reflections from Connected History,” 50: 1 (2016): 5-43

Week 3: The Concept of “Civilization” 2 September 9: Can “civilization” be a useful analytical category? • Samuel Huntington, “The ?” Foreign Affairs 72: 3 (1993): 22-49 September 11/No class meeting September 13/No class meeting/reaction paper due

5 • Submit a short paper (via email) about how you think about the concept of “civilization”. Why it is useful or why it is problematic. What are alternative ways of thinking about the connected history of the world? (see page 2 for more detail)

Week 4: September 16: “civilization” and “orientalism” • Study the Metropolitan Museum of Art in NYC’s map: https://maps.metmuseum.org/ >> How is the museum organized spatially? How would a visitor perceive the world? What benefits does this method of spatial organization have? What are potential problems of this method? Are there any alternative ways of organizing museum exhibits? • Edward Said, Orientalism, 1-28 • Zachary Lockman, “Said’s Orientalism,” Contending Visions of the Middle East, 182-190 September 18: Orientalism in the “Orient” • Arif Dirlik, “Chinese History and the Question of Orientalism,” History and Theory 35: 4 (1996): 96-118 September 20: Orientalism/Nationalism • Find an example of Orientalism in our daily life and write one paragraph to explain why it is Orientalist (be prepared to submit it as a reaction paper) • Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities, 1-7

Part Two: Pan-Asianisms

Week 5: Encountering the “West” September 23: Mesmerized by the “West” • Robert Strayer, “Empire in Collision: Europe, the Middle East, and , 1800-1914,” in Ways of the World, 931-956 September 25: Orientalism in context • Cemil Aydin, “The Universal West,” The Politics of Anti-Westernism, 15-38 September 27: Overcoming Asia • Alastair Bonnett, “Makers of the West: National Identity and Occidentalism in the Works of Fukuzawa Yukichi and Ziya Gökalp,” Scot. Geog. J 118 (3): 165-182 • Primary Source: writings of Fukuzawa Yukichi >> What did “Westernization” mean for thinkers like Fukuzawa and Gökalp? What potential problems would we face when we use the concept as an analytical category?

Week 6: Responses to the Omnipresent West September 30: The Betrayal of the “West” • Cemil Aydin, “The Two Faces of the West,” The Politics of Anti-Westernism, 39-69

6 >> What do you think Aydin means by “anti-Westernism”? Why did “anti-Westernism” emerge across Asia? October 2: Asianisms across Asia • Marc Frey and Nicola Spakowski, “Introduction,” in Asianisms: Regionalist Interactions and Asian Integration (2016), 1-18 • Maria Moritz, “ ‘The Empire of Righteousness’: Anagarika Dharmapala and His Vision of Buddhist Asianism (c. 1900),” in Asianisms: Regionalist Interactions and Asian Integration (2016), 19-48 October 4: “Asia is One” • Inaga Shigemi, “Okakura Kakuzo and : The Trajectory of Modern National Consciousness and Pan-Asian Ideology Across Borders,” Review of Japanese Culture and Society (2012): 39-57 • Primary Source: Okakura Tenshin, “The Ideals of the East,” 8-14, 131-135

Week 7: The Moment of 1905 and its Aftermath/Start preparing for the midterm! October 7: The Global Moment of 1905 • Cemil Aydin, The Politics of Anti-Westernism, 71-92 October 9: Responses to 1905 • Primary Source: Abdurresid Ibrahim, “The World of and the in Japan, 1910,” 195-204 • Primary Source: “Zhang Taiyan and the Asiatic Humanitarian Brotherhood, 1907,” 177- 184 • Primary Source: “An Chung-gun: ‘A Discourse on Peace in East Asia,’” 205-209 • TBD October 11: Two Cases of Japanese Asianists in the 1910s • Primary Source: “Nagai Ryutaro: ‘The White Peril,’ 1913,” 161-168 • Primary Source: “Tokutomi Soho and the ‘Asiatic Monroe Doctrine,’ 1917,” 279-286

Week 8: The Moment of 1919 and its Aftermath October 14: The Global Moment of 1919 • Primary source: “Japan and the Race Question at the Paris Peace Conference,” 1-7 • Erez Manela, “Imagining Woodrow Wilson in Asia: Dreams of East-West Harmony and the Revolt against Empire in 1919,” The American Historical Review 111: 5 (2006): 1327- 1351 October 16: The Betrayal of Japan/Review • Primary Source: “Sun Yat-sen: ‘Pan-Asianism,’ 1924,” 75-85 October 18 • In-class midterm

Week 9: “Asian” Networks of Knowledge

7 October 21: Women’s Movements in Asia • Charlotte Weber, “Between Nationalism and Feminism: The Eastern Women’s Congresses of 1930 and 1932,” Journal of Middle East Women’s Studies 4: 1 (2008): 83- 106 October 23: Tagore and His Interlocutors • Pankaj Mishra, “Rabindranath Tagore in East Asia, the Man from the Lost Country,” in From Ruins of Empire, 216-240 • Arun Das Gupta, “Rabindranath Tagore in ,” Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (2002): 451-477 October 25: Tagore’s India, Tagore’s Asia • Sugata Bose, “A Different Universalism?: Oceanic Voyages of a Poet as Pilgrim,” 233-271 • Primary Source: Selections from Rabindranath Tagore’s writings

Week 10: Constructing Popular Asianism in October 28: Political History of Manchukuo • Eri Hotta, “Manchukuo and the Dream of Pan-Asia,” in Pan-Asianism and Japan’s War 1931-1945, 107-139 October 30: Manchukuo and the Film Industry • Michael Baskett, “Imperial Acts: Japan Performs Asia,” in The Attractive Empire, 72-105 November 1: The End of an Empire • Jubin Hu, “Colonial and Anti-Colonial Nationalisms,1937-1945” in Projection a Nation: Chinese National Cinema before 1949 (2003), 115-157 • Primary source: “Matsuoka Yosuke and the Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere, 1941,” 223-232

Week 11: Asia and Islam

November 4: Does Islam Belong to Asia? • Carolien Stolte, “Compass Points: Four Indian Cartographies of Asia,” 49-74 November 6: Lived Experience of Muslims in Asia • Zvi Ben-Dor Benite, “Taking Abduh to : Chinese-Egyptian Intellectual Contact in the Early Twentieth Century,” in Global Muslims in the Age of Steam and Print, 249-267 November 8: Islam as Self and Other • Selçuk Esenbel, “Japan’s Global Claim to Asia and the World of Islam: Transnational Nationalism and World Power, 1900-1945,” The American Historical Review 109: 4 (2004): 1140-1170 • Mikiya Koyagi, “The Hajj by Japanese Muslims in the Interwar Period: Japan’s Pan- Asianism and Economic Interests in the Islamic World,” Journal of World History (2013): 849-876

8 Part III: Postcolonial Asia

Week 12: Asia to the Third World November 11: The Global Moment of 1955 • Vijay Prashad, “Bandung,” in The Darker Nations: A People’s History of the Third World, 31-50 • Matthew Jones, “A ‘Segregated’ Asia?: Race, the Bandung Conference, and Pan-Asianist Fears in American Thought and Policy, 1954-1955,” Diplomatic History (2005): 841-868 November 13: The Local Context of the Global Moment • Stefan Huebner, “Turning Indonesia into the Beacon of a Non-Aligned Asia,” 174-201 • Primary Source: “The Bandung Conference Proceedings” November 15: No Class meeting • Work on the short research paper

Week 13: “Asian Values” November 18: The Rise of and “Asian Values” • Leigh Jenco, “Revisiting Asian Values,” Journal of the History of Ideas 74: 2 (2013): 237- 258 • Michael Barr, “Lee Kuan Yew and Asian Value’s Debate,” Asian Studies Review 24: 3 (2000): 309-334 November 20: “Asian Values,” Capitalism, and Democracy • Primary Source: “Culture is Destiny,” Fareed Zakaria’s interview with Lee Kuan Yew • Primary Source: Selections of interviews and writings by Mahathir Mohamad and Ishihara Shintaro November 22: An Alternative Take on “Asian Values” 1 • Dick Lee article • Primary Sources: Dick Lee’s songs (links and lyrics will be provided)

Week 14: Popular Culture and the Production of Asia November 25: An Alternative Take on “Asian Values” 2 • Primary Sources: Dick Lee’s songs (continued) November 27-30 Thanksgiving

Week 15: Capitalism, Regionalism, and the Production of Asia December 2: Asianism and Consumption Culture/short research paper due • Leong Yew, “Consuming Asia,” in Asianism and the Politics of Regional Consciousness in Singapore, 114-146 December 4: China’s Global Claim • Nicola Spakowski, “Asia as Future: The Claims and Rhetoric of an ,” 209- 236

9 • http://www.theasanforum.org/chinas-discourse-of-civilization-visions-of-past-present- and-future/ • http://www.arabnews.com/node/1433196/world December 6: ’s Asia • Philip Gordon, “Turkey’s Eurasian Alternatives,” in Winning Turkey, 49-60 • TBD

Week 15: Conclusion December 9 Last Class day

9 am, December 16: Intellectual Biography due

Important Deadlines:

1 pm, September 13: reaction paper on civilization 1 pm, December 2: short research paper 9 am, December 16: intellectual biography

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