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International Journal of Recent Scientific Research Research Vol. 11, Issue, 05(A), pp. 38421-38424, May, 2020 ISSN: 0976-3031 DOI: 10.24327/IJRSR Research Article

STUDY OF BENTHIC MACRO-INVERTEBRATES AS A TOOL TO ASSESS THE WATER QUALITY OF RIVER NARMADA IN CENTRAL ZONE (HOSHANGABAD), ,

Ram Shankar Kori, Reeta Kori†, Alok Saxena, Nisha Upadhyay, Prem Kumar Shrivastava, Saket Mishra*† and Subhajeet Aich Roy

Central Laboratory, Madhya Pradesh Pollution Control Board, Paryavaran Parisar, E-5, Arera Colony, Bhopal, India

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24327/ijrsr.2020.1105.5308

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article History: The present study deals with the occurrence of macro-zoobenthos on River Narmada, in central zone, Hoshangabad (M.P.). The study revealed that total no. of 10 Taxa with 44 families identified Received 13th February, 2020 th from 8 sampling sites in the central region throughout the study period from September, 2014 to Received in revised form 11 March, 2015. The dominating families identified during the study are heptageniidae, lestidae, March, 2020 gomphidae, thiaridae, viviparidae, lymnidae, gammaridae. These families found generally in fresh Accepted 8th April, 2020 th water. A significant variation was also recorded in the benthic community composition at different Published online 28 May, 2020 sampling locations. Macro-zoobenthos composition plays an important role to the functioning of the aquatic ecosystem. In the study of functional feeding group predators showed dominance followed Key Words: by others.

River Narmada, Macro-zoobenthos,

Functional feeding group, Central zone.

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INTRODUCTION Macro-zoobenthos complete their life cycle at the bottom or submerged substratum, submerged rocks, logs, vegetations etc. River is the most essential natural resource of water, river water Benthic macro-invertebrates consider as the most suitable is used for irrigation, drinking, bathing and fishing. Human- biological parameter to observe the water quality of surface induced hydrological changes, physical ailments such as habitat water bodies (Semwal et al., 2008). Macro invertebrates alteration, urban land use, the influx of point and non-point comprises of an important group of aquatic fauna by way of polluting sources (chemical pollution, surface runoff and their contribution to ecosystem stability. intensive agriculture) are examples of processes responsible for large-scale deterioration of lotic ecosystems (Chatzinikolaou et The purpose of present study is to observe the distribution of al., 2006). macro zoo-benthos (biological condition) and to describe the general distribution of functional feeding group in river Water being used by every species on earth is over exploited in Narmada at the selected sampling stations in central zone, several ways. Rivers are greatly polluted by several activities of Hoshangabad region (M.P.). human beings. The impact of these activities is not only on the quality of water but also on the aquatic biodiversity (Khanna et METHODOLOGY al., 2010). Attempts have been made to assess the water quality Study Area of River Narmada by using of Macro invertebrates as a bio indicator, because they show differential levels of tolerance to is one of the biggest west flowing river of the contaminants. The Benthic fauna is a very important peninsula originated from Amarkantak (located at connecting within the estuary ecosystem which is heavily 22°40′0″N 81°45′0″E), district of Shahdol in Madhya Pradesh. dependent on the entry of food (plankton or debris) from the The river travels a total distance of 1,312 kms before meeting pelagic system and serves as a food source for a variety of Arabian see (located at 21°39′3.77″N 72°48′42.8″ E) in gulf of predators such as fish, birds and human beings (Meire, 1994). Cambay in out of which 1077 km in the state of

*Corresponding author: Saket Mishra † These authors share second authorship Central Laboratory, Madhya Pradesh Pollution Control Board, Paryavaran Parisar, E-5, Arera Colony, Bhopal, India International Journal of Recent Scientific Research Vol. 11, Issue, 05(A), pp. 38421-38424, May, 2020

Madhya Pradesh covering the districts of Shahdol, Dindori, site S1 due to richness of substratum like boulders, cobbles, Mandla, Jabalpur, Narsinghpur, Hoshangabaad, Raisen, East pebbles, gravel, vegetation and minimum at S6 due to lack of Nimar, West Nimar, Dewas, Harda, Khandwa, Dhar, substratum and human influences. The diversity and abundance Khargone, and Jhabua. Narmada River is an interstate river in of zoo-benthos in the river are influenced not only by the level which 32 kms is common boundary between Madhya Pradesh of contamination; however, even the lower substrate affects its and while 40 kms between the border of distribution, the river substrate plays an important role in the Maharashtra and Gujarat. Narmada river flow through Gujarat distribution of macro invertebrates. The sequence of macro state for a length of 161 kms. invertebrate diversity in the Narmada river at the eight sampling sites was S1> S3> S2, S4> S7 and S8> S5> S6 with The present study was conducted on River Narmada, central decreasing order.Whereas dominating group was Mollusca (8) zone of M.P. i.e. Hoshangabad region. Average elevation of families followed by Hemiptera (7), Ephemeroptera (6), river Narmada is about 278 m (912 feet) and located at 22.750N Odonata (5), Coleoptera (5), Trichoptera (4), Crutacea (3) 77.720E in Hoshangabad, M.P. For the study, samples of river Diptera (3), Plecoptera (2) and Megaloptera (1). The species of water for biological analysis were collected from eight stations macroinvertebrates found during the study were Hydrobiidae, viz., Ram mandir (Bandrabhan), Jarrapur Ghat (Near Budni), viviparidae, thiaridae, bithynidae, unionidae, corbiculidae, Narmada river before confluence of Tawa river, Narmada river planorbidae, lymnaedae, Gerridae, nepidae, notonectidae, after confluence of Tawa river, Goalgaon (Near Budhni Ghat), belastomatidae, corixdae, sialidae, perlodidae, perlidae. Mangalwara Ghat (Hoshangabad), SPM U/S (Hoshangabad) Abundance of molluscan is indicate that the land is not acidic; and SPM D/S (Hoshangabad). hardly molluscs survive beyond a pH of 5 (Boycott, 1934). Collection, Preservation and Identification of macro Many researcher are suggested that stream flow, substratum invertebrates type, and unsuspected pollutant from catchment area are most responsible factors for the occurrence of macro zoo-benthos at Sample collected from Narmada River for biological diverse stations (Singh et al.,2010, Bhat et al., 2011, Vyas and parameters at identified sampling locations are depicted in table Bhat 2010). Benthic macro invertebrate distribution in each site 1, quarterly in the year. The sampling time for bio monitoring are depicted in table 3. The percentage composition of macro is preferably selected either in the morning or before the sunset. benthic invertebrates contributed by different taxa has observed Sampling has been done as per standard method of Central that the major contribution of Mollusca (18%) followed by Pollution Control Board Protocol. The benthic macro Hemiptera (16%), Ephemeroptera (14%), Odonata (11%), invertebrates were collected, using 0.6 micron mesh size sieve, Coleoptera (11%), Trichoptera (9%), Crustacean (7%), hand nets, shovel, stone, pebbles, boulders and uprooting Diptera(7%), Plecoptera (5%) and least group was Megaloptera macrophytic vegetation from each sampling site. Brush and (2%). Benthic macroinvertebrates percentage composition of forceps were used for cleaning and picking of organisms in a each group has given in fig 1. Throughout the study period white enamel tray. Macro zoo benthic organisms were macro invertebrate organisms were classified into five diverse collected and preserved in screw caped broad mouth plastic functional feeding groups i.e. scrapers, shredders, gathering bottles followed by 5% formalin or ethanol and transferred to collectors, filtering collectors and predators. Among them 21 the laboratory safely. Macro invertebrate organisms were are of predators, 546 10 are of scrapers, 5 are of gathering sorted using manual (Ward and Whipple 1959., Needham and collectors, 4 are of filtering collectors and 3 are of shredders. Needham 1962.,Tonapi 1980., Ogbeibu and Egborge (1995) Study revealed that predators showed dominant position with and identified upto family level. 49 % of total composition is shown in Fig 2. Which was Classification of Functional Feeding Group attributed to the presence of fine sediment and gentle flow (Merritt and Cummins, 1996; Schmera and Ers, 2004; Príncipe Benthic macro invertebrates are characterized by feeding et al., 2010). Whereas Scrapers were recorded at second groups or trophic groups and their relationship in the food web, position with 23% followed by gathering collectors with 12%, that is, what they eat gave an initiative about mode of existence filtering collectors with 9% and shredders with 7%. Similar (Merritt and Cummins, 1996). During the study, macro results were observed in River Narmada, Central zone with invertebrate were classified in five functional feeding groups 38% of predators followed by Scrapers (34%), gathering viz., (i) Scrapers or Grazers [SC], (ii) Filtering collectors [FC], collectors (13%), filtering collectors (11%) and shredders with (iii) Gathering collectors [GC], (iv) Shredders [SH], (v) 4% (Kumar and Vyas, 2014). Predators [PR] according to their feeding behavior. The functional feeding groups (FFG) focus on the behavioral Table 1 Description of sampling locations of River Narmada, mechanisms by which the macro invertebrates obtain their food Hoshangabad (M.P.) resources, which are showing in Table 2. Station Station Name Land use type Habitat type No. Residential and Boulders, Cobbles, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Ram mandir S1 anthropogenic Macrophytic (Bandrabhan) Benthic macro invertebrates insects are sensitive indicator of activities Vegetation Agriculture and Jarrapur ghat (Near environmental changes in stream because they expressed long S2. anthropogenic Mud and Silt Budni) term changes in water and habitat quality rather than activities Narmada river before instantaneous conditions (Johnson et al., 1993). During study S3. Agriculture Sand and Clay confluence of Tawa river 10 taxa of macro zoo-benthos were recorded from eight Urban and Sand, Clay and Narmada river after S4. anthropogenic Macrophytic sampling stations with total 44 families. In the present study, confluence of Tawa river activities Vegetation diversity of macro invertebrates in the river also revealed that Goalgaon (Near Budni Sand recovery and Sand, Boulders, S5. the maximum macro invertebrates was recorded at sampling Ghat) anthropogenic Cobbles, Pebbles 38422 | P a g e Ram Shankar Kori et al., Study of Benthic Macro-Invertebrates as A Tool To Assess the Water Quality of River Narmada in Central Zone (Hoshangabad), Madhya Pradesh, India

activities (Funeral) Hydrophilidae + + - + + - - - PR Mangalwara Ghat Anthropogenic Dytiscidae + + - - - - + + PR S6. Silt and Clay (Hoshangabad) activities, fishing, Noteridae + ------PR Lepidostomati Sand recovery, + + + + + + + + SH Sand and dae grazing and Hydroptilidae + - - + - - - - PR S7. SPM U/S (Hoshangabad) Macrophytic Tricoptera anthropogenic Philopotamid Vegetation - - + - - - - - SC activities ae Sand, Gravel and Leptoceridae ------+ PR SPM D/S Grazing and S8. Macrophytic Total Taxa 25 23 24 23 19 18 22 22 (Hoshangabad). agriculture Remark : FFG- Functional Feeding Group, SC- Scrapers or Grazers , FC- Filtering collectors, GC- Vegetation Gathering collectors, SH- Shredders, PR- Predators

Table 2 Functional feeding group classification and food resources (from Merritt and Cummins 1996a).

Type of Particle size Range of Functional Dominant food feeding particle size of feeding group resources mechanism food (mm) (FFG) Chew Coarse Particulate conditioned Organic Matter - little or live Shredders [SH] Decomposing (or >1.0 vascular plants, living hydrophytes) tissue or gouge vascular plants wood Fine Particulate Suspension Organic Matter - Filtering collectors feeders- filter decomposing detrital 0.01-1.0 [FC] particles from particles; algae, water column bacteria and feces Deposits feeders-ingest Fine Particulate sediments or Organic Matter - Gathering gather loose decomposing detrital 0.05-1.0 Collectors [GC] particles in particles; algae, depositional bacteria and feces areas Graze rock and Periphyton attached wood surfaces non-filamentous algae Scrapers [SC] or stems of and associated 0.01-1.0 rooted aquatic detritus micro flora, plants fauna and feces Capture and engulf prey or Predators [PR] Prey living animals >0.5 tissue, ingest body fluids

Table 3 Benthic macro-invertebrates distribution and their feeding group of River Narmada, Hoshangabad (M.P.)

Taxonomic Stations FFG Family Group S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 Siphonuridae + ------SC Ephemeroptera Heptageniidae + + + + + + + + SC Ephemerellid - + ------GC ae Baetidae + - - - - - + - GC CONCLUSION

Canidae ------GC Leptophlebiid ------+ SC River Narmada is the most important water resource of Madhya ae Perlidae - + + + + + - + PR Pradesh. Study of macro invertebrate diversity at all eight sites Plecoptera Perlodidae - - + - - - - + PR showed that the water quality of River Narmada is good and Lestidae + + + + + + + + PR Libellulidae + + + + - + + + PR sustain a diverse and well balanced macro invertebrates Odonata Gomphidae + + + + + + + + PR Corduliidae - + + + - - - - PR community, from the present study maximum diversity of Aeschnidae ------+ - PR macro invertebrates recorded at S1 (Bandrabhan) was good to Hydrobiidae + - + - + + + + SC Thiaridae + + + + + + + + SC signify that the biological condition of river serve a heal thier Viviparidae + + + + + + + + SC Planorbidae + + - + + - + + SC environment for the development and survival of macro Mollusca Bithynidae + - + + + + + + SC invertebrate. Results of functional feeding groups showed that Lymnaeidae + + + + + + + + SC Corbiculidae + + + + + - - - FC community functional composition changes with habitat size, Unionidae - + + + + + + + FC Gammaridae + + + + + + + + GC with predators and scrapers being dominant in river Narmada. Crustacea Atydae + + + + - + + + SH Macro zoobenthos diversity and functional feeding groups are Paleamonidae + - + + - - - - SH Gerridae - - - - - + + - PR showing same results to find out the water quality of rivers with Naucoridae + + - - + - - - PR Notonectidae - - + + + + - - PR much less efforts using different macro invertebrate functional Belastomatida Hemiptera + + - + + + - + PR feeding group. e Nepidae - + + - - - + + PR Corixidae - - + - - - - - PR Acknowledgements Mesovelidae - - - + - - - - PR Chironomidae + - - - - + + + GC Authors are thankful to Chairman, Member Secretary and Diptera Culicidae - - - + - - - - FC Limoniidae - + ------FC Central laboratory Scientist, Madhya Pradesh Pollution Control Megaloptera Sialidae - + - - - - + - PR Gyrinidae + - + - + - + - PR Board, for encouragement of research work and kind Coleoptera Haliplidae - - + - - - - - PR permission to publish this paper. 38423 | P a g e International Journal of Recent Scientific Research Vol. 11, Issue, 05(A), pp. 38421-38424, May, 2020

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How to cite this article:

Ram Shankar Kori et al.2020, Study of Benthic Macro-Invertebrates as A Tool To Assess the Water Quality of River Narmada in Central Zone (Hoshangabad), Madhya Pradesh, India. Int J Recent Sci Res. 11(05), pp. 38421-38424. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24327/ijrsr.2020.1105.5308

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