A Paradigm Shift for Integrated Solid Waste Management- a Case Study of Delhi
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Special Issue - 2016 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181 RACEE - 2015 Conference Proceedings A Paradigm Shift for Integrated Solid Waste Management- A Case Study of Delhi Sahil Singh Kapoor Department of Policy Studies TERI University New Delhi, India Abstract— Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Management is a huge challenge, especially for mega cities such as Delhi where 8000 existing landfills are overflowing and there is hardly any space 7000 left to build a new landfill. SWM challenges are multifold as 6000 they begin right from collection of household waste and keep on 5000 piling up till the waste is disposed. Unmanaged solid waste 4000 deteriorates the quality of life by causing nuisance and exposing 3000 public to several negative health impacts. To identify specific 2000 challenges and opportunities in MSW management, several 1000 interactions with municipalities, private consultants and social 0 groups has been done. Major challenges facing Integrated Solid 1999-2000 2004-2005 2010-2011 Waste Management (ISWM), highlighted during the interactions with municipal officials, are land unavailability for setting up decentralized waste treatment plants/landfills, lack of Delhi Mumbai Kolkata financial assistance for paying salaries and disposal facilities and most importantly, people’s reluctance towards waste segregation Fig. 1. Municipal Solid waste generation (Tonnes per day) trend at source. The primary data collected through design analysis in Mega cities of India. Source - questionnaire for selected colonies based on population density, http://www.cpcb.nic.in/divisionsofheadoffice/pcp/MSW_Report.pdf socio-economic profile and other influencing parameters. The selected colonies from 12 administrative zones led in In Delhi, over 800 metric tonnes of waste generated per apprehending zonal variability and trends of waste generation. day of which around 94% reach existing three landfill sites. Industry professionals are offering various innovative The rate of increase in municipal waste generation can be decentralized technologies like composting, pellet making and better understood through Zonal variation analysis and waste to energy plants which minimizes waste reaching landfill. Prioritizing of appropriate and affordable technologies can be apprehend composition of MSW generation with done on the basis of waste generated per day and the availability socioeconomic status of the household, making of land for setting up the facilities. municipalities to face discrete challenges in individual zone. With the burgeoning population, urbanization and changing Keywords: Integrated Solid Waste Management, Waste life styles, solid waste generation is acquiring larger and minimization, Decentralization, New Moti Bagh complex dimensions. An integrated approach is required such as deploying decentralized technologies, GIS applications, I. INTRODUCTION policies, planning and regulations to minimize load on existing landfills in Delhi (Subhash Anand, 2010). Figure 2, In the National capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi, rural to illustrates the location of three existing not scientific landfill urban migration is extensively advancing land-use sites in Delhi which are oversaturated. transformations in order manage consumptions levels of increasing population. The speedy physical and unplanned growth in Delhi has increased exponentially generation of thousand tons of Municipal solid waste (MSW). Further change in lifestyles and rise in general standard of living aggravate the situation. The collection efficiency of MSW varies dramatically in Delhi primarily due to variation in tipping fees, frequency of solid waste pickup and availability of adequate collection centers. Figure 1, shows the continuous increase in MSW generation in Mega city, Delhi against other mega cities namely, Mumbai and Kolkata. Fig. 2. Proposed and existing landfill sites in Delhi. Source – Zafar and Alappat, (2004). Volume 4, Issue 03 Published by, www.ijert.org 1 Special Issue - 2016 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181 RACEE - 2015 Conference Proceedings Table I, illustrates the existing three landfills with present East Delhi Municipal Corporation (EDMC) is facing distinct condition and proposed Landfill site in Delhi. The three and complex challenges particularly in MSW particularly due existing landfills namely Bhalsawa, Ghazipur and Okhla are to high population density and inappropriate solid waste in risky condition with the average present height above 40 disposal. Door to door collection is not possible due to meters. Further, continuous methane emissions and Leachate narrow lanes which make small trucks unreachable to many formation pose menace to the public health of communities households. In such case, residents depose solid waste on surrounding landfill. The envisaged Narela - Bawana landfill roads and open spaces. Residents are arrogant and carefree site is name to be the first ‘scientifically engineered’ landfill regarding the MSW disposal. Other challenges to name few site in Delhi. It is expected to treat 1300 metric tonnes of are financial Crunch and land crunch. MSW; supplying Refuse derived fuel (RDF), compost and recyclable material. II. AFFECTING FACTORS TABLE I. EXISTING AND PROPSOED LANDFILLS IN The MSW management gets affected by multiple small DELHI factors like unplanned placement of waste collection-bins, Name of Area Current Zones Remarks poor route planning and lack of information like exact time of Landfill site (Acres) supplying waste solid waste collection among the people. Further quantifying Bhalsawa 40 Civil Lines, Karol Receives (North Delhi) Bagh, Rohini, maximum the MSW collected, recycled and disposed in annual reports Narela,Najafgarh and MSW from 6 available online encourages people for segregation of waste. West zones of MCD. Listing out materials suitable for recycling among people Landfill makes recycling a common practice in households. The three reached saturation, components which are directly influencing segregation in requires urban areas are awareness, knowledge and required renewal equipment for segregation. Ghazipur (East 70 Shahdara (south It receives Delhi) and north), Karol major portion Bagh, Rohini, Narela, of MSW after III. INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Najafgarh, Bhalsawa. Sadar Paharganj Landfill Integrated Solid waste management (ISWM) is an approach and NDMC reached to analyze the complex and multifaceted issues like saturation, requires generation and segregation, collection, treatment, recycling renewal and final disposal (ISSOWAMA Consortium, 2009) in an Okhla (South 56 Central, Landfill integral method. ISWM approach assesses local conditions Delhi) Najafgarh, South reached and needs along with identifying stakeholders (WASTE, and Cantonment saturation, 2004) while developing or advancing a solid waste Board requires renewal management system. Figure 3, shows the layout of ISWM Proposed model layout establish on ‘3R namely reduce, reuse and Narela- 150 Rohini and Civil Line recycle. Bawana (North Delhi) Source – CDP 2006, Delhi - JnNURM I. CHALLENGES Municipalities are facing enormous challenges from the collection, segregation to the disposal of solid waste. Interaction with municipal officials of Department of Environment Management Service (DEMS) of North Delhi Municipal Corporation (NDMC) and South Delhi Municipal Corporation (SDMC) identified peculiar challenges faced by MCD. The ‘Delhi Municipal Corporation (DMC) Act, 1957, states that residents should segregate waste at household level and send it to collection centres (Dhlalaos, receptacles, dustbins and open sites). Currently minimal segregation is being practiced at solid waste generation source which is first Fig. 3. The Integrated Solid Waste Management model (WASTE, 2004). challenge for Municipalities. The daily average per capita Source -ISSOWAMA Consortium, 2009. MSW generation is nearly 500 grams, third highest (WTERT Report 2012) in the country. MCD doesn’t have adequate IV. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY facilities to send MSW to compost and Waste to Energy This study has been undertaken to: (WtE) plants.DDA is not providing new land parcels to MCD Understand zonal variation in MSW generation for disposal of MSW. The matter was filed in Supreme Court using socioeconomic, demographic and existing which is currently lying unsettled in High court and National available physical infrastructure. Green Tribunal (NGT). Volume 4, Issue 03 Published by, www.ijert.org 2 Special Issue - 2016 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181 RACEE - 2015 Conference Proceedings Analyze the challenges and opportunities of TABLE II. COLONIES SELECTED FOR SURVEY Integrated Solid Waste management in Delhi. Suitable cost efficient technologies for decentralized Colony Parameters2 Zone1 treatment of municipal waste in order to shift from name I II III IV V VI CC Colony conventional landfill disposal. CLZ B A B B B B (Rajpura) Ajit Vihar, CLZ C C C C C C V. DATABASE AND RESEARCH Burari METHODOLOGY Agar Nagar, Mubarkapur N C C C C C C The paper makes use of primary and secondary data Road Anand Vihar N C C C C C C collection. Secondary data has been advanced through , Nithari literature review of publications for best practices in MSW Alaknanda CZ A B B B B A and case studies of urban areas facing similar solid waste Ahera CZ C C C C C C management problems that exist in Delhi. Moreover, data Kishan collection from government