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Filicium Decipiens (Wight SCORE: 5.0 RATING: Evaluate & Arn.) Thwaites

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TAXON: Filicium decipiens (Wight SCORE: 5.0 RATING: Evaluate & Arn.) Thwaites Taxon: Filicium decipiens (Wight & Arn.) Thwaites Family: Sapindaceae Common Name(s): fern leaf Synonym(s): Jurighas decipiens (Wight & Arn.) Kuntze fern tree Pteridophyllum decipiens (Wight & RhusArn.) decipiensThwaites Wight & Arn. Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 30 Jul 2019 WRA Score: 5.0 Designation: EVALUATE Rating: Evaluate Keywords: Tropical Tree, Naturalized, Nuisance Tree, Street Tree, Bird-Dispersed Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y Creation Date: 30 Jul 2019 (Filicium decipiens (Wight & Page 1 of 16 Arn.) Thwaites) TAXON: Filicium decipiens (Wight SCORE: 5.0 RATING: Evaluate & Arn.) Thwaites Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y=1, n=0 y conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 y 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally 604 Self-compatible or apomictic 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 >3 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y=1, n=-1 n growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 y 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 y=1, n=-1 n yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 30 Jul 2019 (Filicium decipiens (Wight & Page 2 of 16 Arn.) Thwaites) TAXON: Filicium decipiens (Wight SCORE: 5.0 RATING: Evaluate & Arn.) Thwaites Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes Davies, F. G. & Verdcourt, B. (1998). Flora of Tropical East Africa - Sapindaceae. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, No evidence of domestication Netherlands 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. (2019). Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. (2019). Personal Communication NA Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes "Native Africa USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. NORTHEAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Ethiopia 2019. National Plant Germplasm System [Online EAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Kenya, Tanzania Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. SOUTH TROPICAL AFRICA: Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe [Accessed 29 Jul 2019] Asia-Tropical INDIAN SUBCONTINENT: India, Sri Lanka" 202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. 2019. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. [Accessed 29 Jul 2019] Creation Date: 30 Jul 2019 (Filicium decipiens (Wight & Page 3 of 16 Arn.) Thwaites) TAXON: Filicium decipiens (Wight SCORE: 5.0 RATING: Evaluate & Arn.) Thwaites Qsn # Question Answer 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) n Source(s) Notes "Hardiness: Dave's Garden. (2019). Fern tree - Filicium decipiens. USDA Zone 10a: to -1.1 °C (30 °F) https://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/67773/. [Accessed USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7 °C (35 °F) 29 Jul 2019] USDA Zone 11: above 4.5 °C (40 °F)" Riffle, R.L. 1998. The Tropical Look - An Encyclopedia of "Zones 10 and 11; marginal in zone 10a" Dramatic Landscape Plants. Timber Press, Portland, OR Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Lorence, D.H. (2019). Flora of "Filicium decipiens (Wight & Arn.) Thwaites the Hawaiian Islands. Smithsonian Institution, Status: Naturalized Washington, D.C. http://botany.si.edu/. [Accessed 29 Jul Distribution: O/ M/ H" 2019] CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. CAB "India; natural; Sri Lanka: natural" International, Wallingford, UK "Native Africa USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. NORTHEAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Ethiopia 2019. National Plant Germplasm System [Online EAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Kenya, Tanzania Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. SOUTH TROPICAL AFRICA: Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe [Accessed 29 Jul 2019] Asia-Tropical INDIAN SUBCONTINENT: India, Sri Lanka" Does the species have a history of repeated 205 y introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes Adema, F., Leenhouts, P.W. & van Welzen, P.C. (1994). "Distribution - Indigenous in S India and Sri Lanka. but now a Flora Malesiana. Series I, Spermatophyta: Flowering pantropical ornamental. In Malesia locally cultivated as an plants. Volume 11, part 3. Sapindaceae. Rijksherbarium / ornamental (e.g. street tree) in Java and the Lesser Sunda Islands." Hortus Botanicus, Leiden, The Netherlands "probably native to southeastern Africa, but was long ago introduced Whistler, W.A. 2000. Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. to India, where it is widely cultivated. It is also grown elsewhere in Timber Press, Portland, OR the tropics as a shade or street tree." 301 Naturalized beyond native range y Source(s) Notes "A common tree that has escaped cultivation on O͚ahu, West Maui, and Hawai͚i (Staples et al., 2002; Oppenheimer, 2003), F. decipiens is Starr, F., Starr, K. & Loope, L.L. 2004. New plant records now also known from East Maui, where it is locally established in from the Hawaiian Archipelago. Bishop Museum Kïhei. This collection represents a range extension to East Maui. Occasional Papers 79: 20-30 Material examined: MAUI: East Maui, Kïhei, Kama͚ole, Lioholo Pl., seedling under trees and nearby, spreading from plantings, 140 ft [42 m], 17 Jun 2002, Starr & Starr 020617-2." Creation Date: 30 Jul 2019 (Filicium decipiens (Wight & Page 4 of 16 Arn.) Thwaites) TAXON: Filicium decipiens (Wight SCORE: 5.0 RATING: Evaluate & Arn.) Thwaites Qsn # Question Answer "Although fern tree is attractive and easy to grow, it has several Staples, G.W. & Herbst, D.R. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora drawbacks͙the fruit is eaten by birds and, which disperse the seeds - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other into vacant lots, hedgerows, and secondary forests. Fern tree is Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI naturalized, at least on Oahu, and its continued use as a landscape ornamental should be discouraged." "Distribution: Established in vacant lots, hedgerows, and secondary Lau, J-W. (2010). Botanical Survey of unmaintained areas forests on O͚ahu, and also naturalized on Maui and the island of surrounding McBryde Garden, National Tropical Botanical Hawai͚i, one immature twelve foot tall F. decipiens was detected in Garden, Kaua͚i. Kaua͛i Community College, Lihue, HI the unmanaged L. leucocephala forest behind the Ficus Area in Middle Valley." [Kauai] "Filicium has also been observed to be sparingly naturalized along the lower portions of Iao Stream...Material examined: MAUI: West Oppenheimer, Hank L. 2003. New plant records from Maui Maui, Lahaina Dist, Honoköwai Valley, 91 m, 24 Mar 2001, and Hawai͚i Counties. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. Oppenheimer H30134. HAWAI͚I: S. Hilo Dist, Hilo, common in 73: 3-30 secondary, alien forest near Waiäkea Stream, 37 m, 31 Jul 2001, Oppenheimer H70139." "Novel forests also lacked some structural elements
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    NCF Technical Report No. 17 HORNBILLS AND ENDEMIC BIRDS A CONSERVATION STATUS SURVEY ACROSS THE DIVYA MUDAPPA WESTERN GHATS, INDIA T. R. SHANKAR RAMAN H ORNBILLS AND ENDEMIC BIRDS A CONSERVATION STATUS SURVEY ACROSS THE WESTERN GHATS, INDIA IVYA UDAPPA D M T. R. SHANKAR RAMAN 3076/5, IV Cross, Gokulam Park , Mysore 570 002, INDIA Web: www.ncf‐india.org; E‐mail: ncf@ncf‐india.org Tel.: +91 821 2515601; Fax +91 821 2513822 Mudappa, D. & Raman, T. R. S. 2008. Hornbills and endemic birds: a conservation status survey across the Western Ghats, India. NCF Technical Report No. 17, Nature Conservation Foundation, Mysore. Cover photographs Front cover: A male Malabar Pied Hornbill Anthracoceros coronatus tosses a fruit of Putranjiva roxburghii into its mouth near Dandeli (Photo: Kalyan Varma). Back cover: An Indian Grey Hornbill Ocyceros birostris (right); moist forests converted to monoculture Acacia plantations in the Western Ghats of Karnataka (left; Photos: Shankar Raman) CONTENTS Acknowledgements 1 Summary 2 1. Introduction 3 2. Details of the survey 5 3. Hornbills 20 4. Endemics and bird community 30 5. Conclusions, limitations, outputs 39 6. References 44 7. Annexures 48 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank the Rufford Small Grants Foundation, United Kingdom, for the financial support provided for this survey. We are also extremely grateful to the State Forest Departments of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu for permits and support for the survey. A large number of people, institutions, and local NGOs helped us during the various stages of the survey both in the field as well as at the base.
  • Plastid and Nuclear DNA Markers.Pdf

    Plastid and Nuclear DNA Markers.Pdf

    Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 51 (2009) 238–258 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Plastid and nuclear DNA markers reveal intricate relationships at subfamilial and tribal levels in the soapberry family (Sapindaceae) Sven Buerki a,*, Félix Forest b, Pedro Acevedo-Rodríguez c, Martin W. Callmander d,e, Johan A.A. Nylander f, Mark Harrington g, Isabel Sanmartín h, Philippe Küpfer a, Nadir Alvarez a a Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2009 Neuchâtel, Switzerland b Molecular Systematics Section, Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, United Kingdom c Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, NHB-166, Washington, DC 20560, USA d Missouri Botanical Garden, PO Box 299, 63166-0299, St. Louis, MO, USA e Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la ville de Genève, ch. de l’Impératrice 1, CH-1292 Chambésy, Switzerland f Department of Botany, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden g School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, Qld 4870, Australia h Department of Biodiversity and Conservation, Real Jardin Botanico – CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014 Madrid, Spain article info abstract Article history: The economically important soapberry family (Sapindaceae) comprises about 1900 species mainly found Received 21 May 2008 in the tropical regions of the world, with only a few genera being restricted to temperate areas. The inf- Revised 27 November 2008 rafamilial classification of the Sapindaceae and its relationships to the closely related Aceraceae and Hip- Accepted 23 January 2009 pocastanaceae – which have now been included in an expanded definition of Sapindaceae (i.e., subfamily Available online 30 January 2009 Hippocastanoideae) – have been debated for decades.