Analele Ştiinţifice ale Universităţii „Al. I. Cuza” Iaşi http://www.bio.uaic.ro/publicatii/anale_vegetala/anale_veg_index.html s. II a. Biologie vegetală, 2013, 59, 1: 35-44 ISSN: 1223-6578, E-ISSN: 2247-2711

MYCOCOENOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS IN FRAXINO ANGUSTIFOLIAE– QUERCETUM PEDUNCULIFLORAE CHIFU, SÂRBU ET ŞTEFAN (1998) 2004 ASSOCIATION FROM UNSU FOREST, IAŞI COUNTY

Oana Alina SARDARIU1

Abstract: Mycological observations were realized between 2008-2012 years on the phytocoenosis Fraxino angustifoliae-Quercetum pedunculiflorae Chifu, Sârbu et Ştefan (1998) 2004 association. The diversity of macromycetes from the investigated area has 113 species of lignicolous macromycetes, most of them are lignicolous saprotrophic on the epixyle synusium. Among these it stands in front with high values of frequency, abundance, constancy indexes the fallowing species: Daedaleopsis confragosa (Bolton) J. Schröt., Hymenochaete rubiginosa (Dicks.) Lév., Trametes hirsuta (Wulfen) Lloyd, Fuscoporia torulosa (Pers.) T. Wagner & M. Fisch. and Fomitiporia robusta (P. Karst.) Fiasson & Niemelä. Mycena crocata (Schrad.) P. Kumm. and Pluteus petasatus (Fr.) Gillet species are included in The Red List Macrofungus from Romania as being endangered species. The Sorensen similarity index calcullation certify the fact that the lignicolous macromycetes represents characteristic floral elements of the phytocoenosis for the vegetal association because of the synusium realized on the woody plant species. Keywords: macromycetes, phytocoenosis, Unsu Forest, Romania.

Introduction

Unsu Forest is located in the south-eastern Iași County on three common beams: Cozmești, Gorban and Moșna. Following phytocoenologic investigations were made during the five-year study, and as result it were identified five vegetal plant associations: Bromo sterilis-Robinietum pseudoacaciae (Poćs 1954) Soó 1964, Evonymo europaeae-Carpinetum Chifu (1995) 1997, Fraxino angustifoliae-Quercetum pedunculiflorae Chifu, Sârbu et Ştefan (1998) 2004, Lunario-Aceretum pseudoplatani Richard ex Schlüter in Grüneberg et Schlüter 1957 and Salici-Populetum Meijer-Drees 1936. These associations are noticed for the first time in the studied area, the specific literature does not present any other information’s referring to the Unsu Forest. As a biotic factor the fungi represent an important role in forest ecosystems because, on the one hand we can determine the depreciation of trees and shrubs from the forest, and on the other hand it provides the return of elements to the biogeochemical cycles. Therefore in the phytocoenosis characterization of a vegetal association we do not need to not notice the important role of as result of synusium realized with components species from each phytocoenosis separately. Mycological research conducted in Fraxino angustifoliae-Quercetum pedunculiflorae Chifu, Sârbu et Ștefan (1998) 2004 association, reflects the existence of a part of lignicolous macromycetes species whose ecological range is determined by the characteristic species of the vegetal association. Sorensen similarity index calculation allowed the identification of lignicolous macromycetes species in different relevé on the association, regardless of their abundance.

1 “Al. I. Cuza” University, Faculty of Biology, Iasi - [email protected] Sardariu, O.A., 2013/ An. Stiint. Univ. Al. I. Cuza Iasi, Sect. II a. Biol. veget., 59, 1: 35-44

Materials and methods

Mycocoenological observations were made on the phytocoenosis for the Fraxino angustifoliae-Quercetum pedunculiflorae Chifu, Sârbu et Ştefan (1998) 2004 association. The field research undertaken during August 2008 - June 2012 aimed to identify the diversity of lignicolous macromycetes species from this plant association. For the determination of the species it was utilized the specialty literature which has determinations keys, diagnostic features of species (Borgarino and Hurtado, 2001; Breitenbach and Kränzlin, 1986, 2000; Hansen and Knudsen, 1992, 1997; Jǘlich, 1989; Sălăgeanu and Sălăgeanu, 1985; Tănase et al., 2009). The species nomenclature is according with the one published by Kirk et al. on the website http://www.indexfungorum.org/. In order to identify the host plants and the vegetation type, were used specialty papers for the Romanian flora (Chifu et al., 2006; Ciocârlan, 2009). Sampling of the plant association was achieved by performing a number of 35 mycocoenological relevée whose sample area is characteristic for a forest ecosystem, respective 500 square meters, divided in rectangles based on the layout of the investigated phytocoenosis (Chifu, 1970). To characterize the mycocoenosis it was calculated the fallowing indexes: analytics (abundance, frequency, constancy) and synthetic (Sorenson Similarity index) (Pop, 1981; Ştefan, 2005; Varvara et al., 2001). To highlight the similarity between species on lignicolous macromycetes from the Fraxino angustifoliae-Quercetum pedunculiflorae Chifu, Sârbu et Ştefan (1998) 2004 association it were selected 8 relevée as follows: relevé 4 (28.IX.2008), relevé 5 (28.IX.2008), relevé 11 (16.IV.2009), relevé 13 (3.V.2009), relevé 18 (19.VIII.2009), relevé 21 (31.X.2009), relevé 22 (28.XI.2009), relevé 33 (18.XI.2011), which have been renamed with numbers from 1 to 8. Relevée sorting was done according the species dynamics, and also by selecting different time period for relevant assessment opinions. Basing on the Table 1 it will be identified the common species between the 8 relevée selected pair wise, and based on these, the common species matrix is build (Table 3). Applying the Sorenson index formula for the common species from the selected relevée, the Sorensen coefficient matrix is build (Table 4). The highest similarity coefficient will be selected from the starting matrix. After a number of mathematical transforming operations of the matrix on rows and columns, by choosing on each step the highest similarity coefficient from the resulting matrix, grouping of the relevée based on the selected coefficient, until we achieve the reduced form of the matrix (single element) (Tables 5-10). The resulting coefficient it represents the degree of similarity between the macromycetes species of the analyzed relevée.

Results and discussions

In phytocoenosis from the Fraxino angustifoliae-Quercetum pedunculiflorae Chifu, Sârbu et Ştefan (1998) 2004 associations it were identified 113 lignicolous macromycetes species whom ecological spectrum is determined by the predominant species like Quercus pedunculiflora K. Koch and Fraxinus angustifolia L., on which we add especially Quercus robur L., Fraxinus excelsior L. and Cerasus avium L. species. Most of the identified

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species belong to Fungi kingdom, while the phylum distribution reflects the dominance of the phylum (100 species) and Ascomycota (13 species). The analyses of the ecological categories from these associations it highlights the presence of the following categories: 80 lignicolous saprotrophic species, 21 lignicolous saproparasites species and 12 lignicolous parasites species (Table 1, Fig. 1). Inside the vegetal associations, the lignicolous saprotrophic species are well represented, being found on wood substrates which belong especially to the woody plants from Quercus pedunculiflora, Q. robur, Fraxinus excelsior, F. angustifolia and Cerasus avium. The representative genera of this category are Mycena, Phellinus, Psathyrella, Pluteus, Peniophora. Their presence is explained by the existence of common hosts, as well as favorable times for the appearance and develops of the fruit body. A part of the identified macromycetes is characteristic for the woody plant species in the association as follows: - Hymenochaete rubiginosa (Dicks.) Lév., Radulomyces molaris (Chaillet ex Fr.) M.P. Christ., Pachykytospora tuberculosa (Fr.) Kotl. & Pouzar, Peniophora quercina (Pers.) Cooke - for the species of Quercus ; - Basidioradulum radula (Fr.) Nobles - for the representative of the Cerasus genus; - Skeletocutis nivea (Jungh.) Jean Keller - for the species of Fraxinus genus. The analysis of the abundance and frequency index shows that Hymenochaete rubiginosa, Trametes hirsuta and Fuscoporia torulosa have similar and high values reporting to the other species. This situation can be explained by the presence of the perennial fruit body but also the annual ones. Mycena inclinata (Fr.) Quél. it records a very good frequency, being found in wet periods, especially in autumnal season. Among the lignicolous saprotrophic macromycetes are revealed by low values of frequency, abundance and constancy index Mycena crocata (Schrad.) P. Kumm. and Pluteus petasatus (Fr.) Gillet species, which are species include in The Red List of the species that are endangered species (Tănase and Pop, 2005). Daedaleopsis confragosa it is noticed in the category of the lignicolous saproparasites species because it records high frequency and abundance index, being fallowed by the species Stereum hirsutum (Willd.) Pers., S. gausapatum (Fr.) Fr., Fistulina hepatica (Schaeff.) With., Stereum rugosum Pers., Daedalea quercina (L.) Pers., Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.) Murrill, Pholiota squarrosa (Bull.) P. Kummer whose presence is owe the common host plants circle. The Daedalea quercina, Fistulina hepatica, Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat., Stereum hirsutum, S. gausapatum, S. rugosum species presents especially affinity to the representative of Quercus genus. It is also evidenced the specificity on woody substrate for the Bjerkandera fumosa (Pers.) P. Karst. and Daedaleopsis tricolor (Bull.) Bondartsev & Singer species, the first one for the representative of Fraxinus genus, and the second one for Cerasus avium. Phellinus robustus species register the best frequency in the area of lignicolous parasites species. The lignicolous parasites macromycetes which represent specificity for the Quercus genus are Aleurodiscus disciformis (DC.) Pat., Inonotus cuticularis (Bull.) P. Karst., Fomitiporia robusta, Pseudoinonotus dryadeus (Pers.) T. Wagner & M. Fisch. A high constancy is recorded for the Daedaleopsis confragosa, Hymenochaete rubiginosa, Fuscoporia torulosa, Stereum hirsutum, S. rugosum and Trametes hirsuta species. The analyses of biological forms it reveals the dominance of the epixyle species, founded especially on synusium with the Quercus genus. The category of endo-epixyle

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forms was founded in synusium with woody species from the families Fagaceae, Rosaceae, Oleaceae and Tiliaceae. The endoxyle species have a good representation, beside this there are noticed Fomitiporia robusta which has his life cycle based on the synusium with Quercus pedunculiflora and Q. robur species. Showing the similarity degree between macromycetes species among the studied relevée of the vegetal association had as starting point the marking of the species from each relevé (Table 2). Starting with this table it results the common species matrix for the selected relevée (Table 3). Applying the specified working method for Sorensen index calculation it resulted the matrix with coefficients in the original form (Table 4). Based on this matrix, after the working method is applied it results the Sorensen similarity coefficients between the analyzed relevée (Table 4 -10), coefficients based on which the similarity dendrogram was build (Fig. 2). The highest similarity degrees (37.5 %.) was reached between the macromycetes species from the relevée 1 (relevé 4 = 28.IX.2008) and 2 (relevé 5 = 28.IX.2008). This degree can be explained by the presence of the next lignicolous macromycetes which are common on the two relevée and specifics for the date on which the relevée were executed: Daedaleopsis confragosa, Stereum gausapatum, Hymenochaete rubiginosa, Fuscoporia torulosa, Stereum rugosum, Phellinus pomaceus, Fistulina hepatica, Mycena inclinata, and Stereum subtomentosum Pouzar. Finally, between the macromycetes species from the relevé 6 and all the other species from the analyzed relevée there is a 2.34% similarity degree, which results because of the structural complexity of each relevé, because of the date and time when the information’s was collected and also because of the existence of perennial fruiting body (Fomitiporia robusta) or the seasonal plants (Hapalopilus nidulans (Fr.) P. Karst.), which realize endo-epixyle and endoxyle synusium with the woody plant species from the investigated relevée.

Conclusions

In Fraxino angustifoliae-Quercetum pedunculiflorae association it was identified 113 species of lignicolous macromycetes on trees and shrubs, from which stands in front the species Mycena crocata (Schrad.) P. Kumm. and Pluteus petasatus (Fr.) Gillet, which are endangered species and are included in The Red List of Macrofungus from Romania. The analysis of ecological categories reflects the dominance of the lignicolous saprotrophic, encountered in synusium of woody plant species belong to the Quercus, Fraxinus and Cerasus genus. The species Daedaleopsis confragosa, Hymenochaete rubiginosa, Fuscoporia torulosa, Stereum hirsutum, S. rugosum and Trametes hirsuta presents the highest values of the abundance, frequency and constancy index. The similarity dendrogram of Sorensen index reveals the fact that the lignicolous macromycetes realize synusium with the woody plant species from the phytocoenosis of the vegetal association.

REFERENCES

Borgarino, D., Hurtado, C., 2001. Champignons de Provence, Haute-Provence et Midi Méditerranéen. Édisud, Aix–en–Provence: pp. 440.

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Breitenbach, J., Kränzlin, F., 1986. Champignons de Suisse, 2. Champignons sans lames, Hétérobasidiomycètes, Aphyllophorales, Gasteromycètes. Edition Mykologia Lucerne: pp. 412. Breitenbach, J., Kränzlin, F., 2000. Champignons de Suisse, 5. Champignons à lames 3 ème partie – Cortinariaceae. Edition Mykologia Lucerne: pp. 38-40, 296-331. Ciocârlan, V., 2009. Flora ilustrată a României. Edit. Ceres, Bucureşti: 136-883. Chifu, T., 1970. Cercetări asupra macromicetelor din Depresiunea Neamţului din punct de vedere floristic, ecologo–cenologic şi economic. Teză de doctorat. Univ. „Al. I. Cuza”, Iaşi: pp. 252. Chifu, T., Mânzu, C., Zamfirescu, O., 2006. Flora şi vegetaţia Moldovei (România). II. Vegetația. Edit. Univ. „Al. I. Cuza” Iaşi: pp. 400-571. Hansen, L., Knudsen, H., 1992. Nordic Macromycetes, II - , Agaricales, Russulales. Nordsvamp Copenhagen Denmark: pp. 474. Hansen, L., Knudsen, H., 1997. Nordic Macromycetes, III - Heterobasidioid. Aphyllophoroid and Gastromycetoid Basidiomycetes. Nordsvamp Copenhagen Denmark: pp. 440. Jǘlich, W., 1989. Guida alla determinazione dei funghi, II – Aphyllophorales, Heterobasidiomycetes, Gasteromycetes, Saturnia: pp. 597. Pop, A., 1981. Similarităţi micocenologice între tinoavele Poiana Stampei, Mohoş şi Luci. Stud. Comun. Ocrot. Nat. Suceava, 5: 262-266. Sălăgeanu, G., Sălăgeanu, A., 1985. Determinator pentru recunoaşterea ciupercilor comestibile, necomestibile şi otrăvitoare din România. Edit. Ceres, Bucureşti: pp. 330. Ştefan, N., 2005. Fitocenologie şi vegetaţia României. Edit. „Al. I. Cuza”, Iaşi: pp. 74-126. Tănase, C., Bîrsan, C., Chinan, V., Cojocariu, A., 2009. Macromicete din România. Edit. Univ. “Al. I. Cuza” Iaşi: pp. 537. Tănase, C., Pop, A., 2005. Red List of Romanian Macrofungi Species. Bioplatform-Romanian National Platform for Biodiversity. Edit. Acad. Rom., Bucureşti: pp. 101–107. Varvara, M., Zamfirescu, Ș., Neacşu, P., 2001. Lucrări practice de ecologie - Manual. Edit. Univ. “Al. I. Cuza” Iaşi: pp. 100 – 121. http://www.indexfungorum.org/ (accessed at 06.05.2013)

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Table 1. Macromycetes from Fraxino angustifoliae-Quercetum pedunculiflorae Chifu, Sârbu & Ştefan (1998) vegetal association in 2004, on Unsu Forest No. Species/Ecological category 40. Mycena silvae-nigrae Lignicolous saprotrophic 41. Mycena crocata 1. Antrodia albida 42. Mycena erubescens 2. Annulohypoxylon multiforme var. 43. Mycena inclinata multiforme 44. Mycena galericulata 3. Basidioradulum radula 45. Mycena polygramma 4. Byssomerulius corium 46. Neobulgaria pura var. pura 5. Ceriporia viridans 47. Pachykytospora tuberculosa 6. Clitocybe gibba 48. Peniophora cinerea 7. Chlorociboria aeruginascens subsp. 49. Peniophora quercina aeruginascens 8. Chondrostereum purpureum 50. Peniophora rufomarginata 9. Coprinellus micaceus 51. Peziza varia 10. Corticium roseum 52. Phanerochaete calotricha 11. Crepidotus applanatus var. 53. Phanerochaete sordida applanatus 54. Phellinus linteus 12. Daldinia concentrica 55. Physisporinus vitreus 13. Datronia mollis 56. Phlebia radiata 14. Dentipellis fragilis 57. Pluteus cervinus 15. Diatrype disciformis 58. Pluteus petasatus 16. Diatrype stigma 59. Pluteus thomsonii 17. Exidia glandulosa 60. Polyporus alveolaris 18. Fibroporia vaillantii 61. Polyporus arcularius 19. Fomitiporia punctata 62. Porostereum spadiceum 20. Fuscoporia contigua 63. Psathyrella candolleana 21. Fuscoporia ferrea 64. Psathyrella spadicea 22. Fuscoporia torulosa 65. Psathyrella piluliformis 23. Fuscoporia ferruginosa 66. Radulomyces molaris 24. Gloeoporus dichrous 67. Ramaria stricta 25. Hemipholiota populnea 68. Scutellinia minutella 26. Hymenochaete rubiginosa 69. Simocybe centunculus var. 27. Hyphodontia arguta centunculus 28. Hyphodontia quercina 70. Skeletocutis nivea 29. Hypholoma lateritium 71. Steccherinum fimbriatum 30. Hypoxylon fragiforme 72. Steccherinum ochraceum 31. Hypoxylon rubiginosum var. 73. Stereum subtomentosum rubiginosum 74. Tomentella pilosa 32. Irpex lacteus 75. Trametes gibbosa 33. Junghuhnia nitida 76. Trametes hirsuta 34. Kretzschmaria deusta 77. Xylaria longipes 35. Lenzites betulina 78. Xylaria polymorpha 36. Lycoperdon pyriforme 79. Xerula pudens 37. Marasmius rotula 80. Xerula radicata 38. Megacollybia platyphylla Lignicolous parasites 39. Mollisia cinerea f. cinerea 81. Aleurodiscus disciformis

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82. Dendrothele alliacea 98. Daedalea quercina 83. Fomitiporia robusta 99. Daedaleopsis tricolor 84. Hypsizygus ulmarius 100. Fistulina hepatica 85. Inonotus cuticularis 101. Fomes fomentarius 86. Meripilus giganteus 102. Ganoderma applanatum 87. Phellinus igniarius 103. Gymnopus fusipes 88. Phellinus pomaceus 104. Hypholoma acutum 89. Pseudoinonotus dryadeus 105. Laetiporus sulphureus 90. 106. Pholiota squarrosa 91. Sarcodontia pachyodon 107. Pleurotus ostreatus 92. Sarcodontia spumea 108. Polyporus squamosus Lignicolous saproparasites 109. Schizophyllum commune 93. Armillaria ostoyae 110. Stereum gausapatum 94. Auricularia auricula-judae 111. Stereum hirsutum 95. Auricularia mesenterica 112. Stereum rugosum 96. Bjerkandera fumosa 113. Trametes versicolor 97. Daedaleopsis confragosa

Table 2. Macromycetes species from Fraxino angustifoliae-Quercetum pedunculiflorae association

Species Relevé No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 relevé relevé relevé relevé relevé relevé relevé relevé 4 5 11 13 18 21 22 33 Antrodia albida x Annulohypoxylon multiforme var. x multiforme Auricularia auricula-judae x Auricularia mesenterica x Basidioradulum radula x Ceriporia viridans x Chlorociboria aeruginascens subsp. x aeruginascens Chondrostereum purpureum x Corticium roseum x Daedalea quercina x x x Daedaleopsis confragosa x x x x x x Daedaleopsis tricolor x Daldinia concentrica x Dendrothele alliacea x Diatrype stigma x x Exidia glandulosa x Fistulina hepatica x x x Fomes fomentarius x x Fomitiporia punctata x

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Fomitiporia robusta x x Fuscoporia contigua x Fuscoporia torulosa x x x Hymenochaete rubiginosa x x x Hyphodontia arguta x Hypholoma acutum x Hypoxylon rubiginosum var. x x rubiginosum Irpex lacteus x Kretzschmaria deusta x Meripilus giganteus x Mycena crocata x Mycena erubescens x Mycena inclinata x x x x Mycena polygramma x Mycena silvae-nigrae x Neobulgaria pura var. pura x Peniophora cinerea x x Peniophora quercina x Phanerochaete sordida x Phellinus pomaceus x x x Phlebia radiata x Pholiota squarrosa x Pleurotus ostreatus x Polyporus alveolaris x Polyporus arcularius x Pseudoinonotus dryadeus x Radulomyces molaris x Sarcodontia spumea x Schizophyllum commune x Scutellinia minutella x Simocybe centunculus var. x centunculus Stereum gausapatum x x x x x Stereum hirsutum x x x Stereum rugosum x x x x Stereum subtomentosum x x Trametes hirsuta x x x Total species 12 12 12 13 7 13 10 11

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Table 3. Common species matrix from the Table 4. Similarity matrix, entry form (Matrix I) selected relevée 1 1 2 37.5 2 9 3 0 4.16 3 0 1 4 16 20 12 4 4 5 3 5 10.52 10.52 5.26 10 5 2 2 1 2 6 11.53 7.69 3.84 0 0 6 3 2 1 0 0 7 13.04 13.04 0 8.33 5.55 0 7 3 3 0 2 1 0 8 17.39 21.73 13.04 12.5 5.55 4 13.63 8 4 5 3 3 1 1 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Table 5. Matrix II Table 6. Matrix III

1+2 1+2+8 3 2.08 3 7.56 4 18 12 4 15.25 12 5 10.52 5.26 10 5 8.03 5.26 10 6 9.61 3.84 0 0 6 6.8 3.84 0 0 7 13.04 0 8.33 5.55 0 7 13.33 0 8.33 5.55 0 8 19.56 13.04 12.5 5.55 4 13.63 1+2+8 3 4 5 6 7 1+2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Table 7. Matrix IV Table 8. Matrix V

1+2+8+4 1+2+8+4+7 3 9.78 3 4.89 5 9.01 5.26 5 7.28 5.26 6 3.4 3.84 0 6 1.7 3.84 0 7 10.83 0 5.55 0 1+2+8+4+7 3 5 6 1+2+8+4 3 5 6 7

Table 9. Matrix VI Table 10. Matrix VII

1+2+8+4+7+5 1+2+8+4+7+5+3 3 5.07 6 2.34 6 0.85 3.84 1+2+8+4+7+5+3 6 1+2+8+4+7+5 3 6

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Figure 1. Ecological categories spectrum of macromycetes from the Fraxino angustifoliae-Quercetum pedunculiflorae association

Figure 2. Similarity between species from relevée on the Fraxino angustifoliae–Quercetum pedunculiflorae association

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