University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst International Conference on Engineering and International Conference on River Connectivity Ecohydrology for Fish Passage (Fish Passage 2018)

Dec 12th, 1:30 PM - 3:10 PM Injury and Mortality of Two River Species to Turbulent Shear Forces Zhiqun (Daniel) Deng Pacific oN rthwest National Laboratory

Alison Colotelo Pacific oN rthwest National Laboratory

Robert Mueller Pacific oN rthwest National Laboratory

Ryan Harnish Pacific oN rthwest National Laboratory

Jayson Martinez Pacific oN rthwest National Laboratory

See next page for additional authors

Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/fishpassage_conference

Deng, Zhiqun (Daniel); Colotelo, Alison; Mueller, Robert; Harnish, Ryan; Martinez, Jayson; Phommavong, Thonglom; Phommachanh, Khamla; Thorncraft, Garry; Baumgartner, Lee; Hubbard, Joshua; and Rhode, Briana, "Injury and Mortality of Two Mekong River Species to Turbulent Shear Forces" (2018). International Conference on Engineering and Ecohydrology for Fish Passage. 17. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/fishpassage_conference/2018/December12/17

This Event is brought to you for free and open access by the Fish Passage Community at UMass Amherst at ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in International Conference on Engineering and Ecohydrology for Fish Passage by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Presenter Information Zhiqun (Daniel) Deng, Alison Colotelo, Robert Mueller, Ryan Harnish, Jayson Martinez, Thonglom Phommavong, Khamla Phommachanh, Garry Thorncraft, Lee Baumgartner, Joshua Hubbard, and Briana Rhode

This event is available at ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/fishpassage_conference/2018/ December12/17 Injury and Mortality of Two Mekong River Species Exposed to Turbulent Shear Forces

ZD Deng, AH Colotelo, RP Mueller, RA Harnish, JJ Martinez, Thonglom Phommavong, Khamla Phommachanh, G Thorncraft, LJ Baumgartner, Joshua Hubbard, BM Rhode December 12, 2018 The 2018 International Conference on River Connectivity (Fish Passage 2018), Albury, Australia Background

Mekong River Basin ▪ Approximately 1,200 native fish species ▪ LargestLittle freshwater information fishery available to guide ▪ Secondconstruction most bio-diverse river of downstream fish- Freshwaterfriendly fish hydro systems in a manner ▪ Major source of protein ▪ High safespecies diversityfor Lower Mekong species • Size • Abundance • Life cycle Many dams are planned ▪ Small and large ▪ Mainstem and tributaries

2 Background Sources of injury Mechanical Strike ▪ Bruising ▪ Cuts ▪ Ruptured blood vessels Shear Forces ▪ Bruising ▪ Cuts ▪ Gill damage ▪ Eye damage Rapid Decompression ▪ Swim bladder rupture ▪ Exopthalmia (eye pop) ▪ Emboli/emphysema ▪ Ruptured blood vessels

3 Objectives

Evaluate effects of shear stress ▪ Two Mekong River native species • Blue gourami (Trichopodus trichopterus) • Iridescent ( hypophthalmus)

Determine strain rate thresholds

Inform design and operation of turbines

4 General Approaches (a) (b) 1. Generate turbulent shear flows environment 2. Expose live fish and sensor fish device to the shear flows 3. Examine fish for injuries and mortality 4. Record releases using high-speed cameras 5. Perform 3-D motion analysis and compute kinematic/dynamic parameters 6. Evaluate parameters with multinomial and binomial statistical models

5 Experimental variables

Jet velocity Strain rate Blue Iridescent (m/s) (s-1) gourami shark 3.0 168 ✓ ✓ 6.1 339 ✓ 12.2 688 ✓ ✓ 15.2 852 ✓ 18.3 1,008 ✓ ✓ 21.3 1,185 ✓ ✓ S & L Sample size = 15 fish per treatment

Species Length (mm) Mass (g) median (Range) median (Range) Blue gourami 58 (45 - 72) 3.7 (1.6 - 6.2) Iridescent shark small 56 (43 - 67) 2.6 (1.5 - 4.3) Iridescent shark large 76 (70 - 86) 7.1 (4.7 - 10.5)

6 High speed video Blue gourami

7 High speed video Iridescent shark

8 High speed video Chinook salmon

9 Results Equilibrium loss and erratic swimming

80 80 73.3 70 70

60 60 53.3 50 50

40 40 33.3

30 30 26.7

% % Equilibriumloss % % Erraticswimming 20 20 13.3 13.3

10 6.7 6.7 10 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 168 339 688 852 1008 1185 168 339 688 852 1008 1185

10 Results Injury – blue gourami

Descaling Eye Operculum Gill Isthmus Bruises cuts frays 100

80

60

40 % Injured % 20

0 168 339 688 852 1008 1185 Strain rate (s-1)

Torn Isthmus Damaged operculum Eye hemorrhage and descaling

11 Results Injury – iridescent shark

Eye Operculum Gill Isthmus Bruises cuts frays 100

80

60

40 % Injured %

20

0 168 688 1008 1185 1185 (L) Strain rate (s-1) Damaged operculum Missing eye

12 Results Mortality Blue gourami Iridescent shark small Iridescent shark large Stripes - Immediate mortality Solid - delayed mortality 70 67

60

50 40 40 33 30 27 27 20 % Mortality % 20 13 13 10 7 7 0 0 168 339 688 852 1008 1185 Strain rate (s-1) 13 Results Probability of mortality

Blue gourami χ2 = 1.673 Iridescent shark χ2 = 9.148 p = 0.196 p = 0.003

14 Parallel research Exposure to rapid decompression

Blue Gourami – emphysema in peritoneal cavity Simulated turbine passage pressures *Most common injury

15 Summary

Abnormal behavior (equilibrium loss and erratic swimming) ▪ Increased with exposure to higher strain rates ▪ Gourami more susceptible than iridescent shark Injuries ▪ Increased with exposure to higher strain rates ▪ Operculum damage most common injury ▪ Gourami more susceptible than iridescent shark Mortality ▪ Ranged from 0-67% per treatment ▪ Highest immediate and delayed mortality rates observed 1,185 s-1 ▪ Similar rates to juvenile American shad ▪ More susceptible than juvenile Chinook salmon, rainbow , and steelhead

16 Recommendations

Species responded different to shear stress exposure ▪ Examine additional important species

Negative effects increase with shear force severity ▪ Minimize shear stress in hydroturbine design and operation

Pa soi (Henicorhynchus lineatus) Snakehead (Channa striata)

17 Acknowledgements

International Technical Water Power Technologies Assistance Program Office and International Affairs Office

18 Thank you

Contact Information: Daniel Deng [email protected]

19