Electric Vehicles and Their Impact on Tyres July 2021 Agenda

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Electric Vehicles and their Impact on Tyres July 2021 Agenda

1 Electric Vehicle Market 2 Vehicle Manufacturer Activities 3 Comparison ICE and EV 4 Drivers & Challenges 5 Requirements on Tyres 6 Continental Portfolio

27/07/2021 ContiAcademy © Continental AG 2 Global Plug-in EV and Plug-in Hybrid EV sales forecast

45,000 › Forecasts vary depending on 40,000 40,000 source, but all predict significant growth. 35,000

› The Energy Saving Trust 30,000 anticipates there could be between 25,000 8-11m vehicles in the UK by 2030, rising to 25.5m by 2040. 20,000 14,000 15,000 › The UK Climate Change Committee suggest up to 23.2 Sales in ThousandUnits 10,000 8,000 million vehicles by 2032 (55%) 5,000 and 100% by 2050. 1,000 0 Global UK

Source: International Energy Agency (IEA) 2025 2030

27/07/2021 ContiAcademy © Continental AG 3 Consumer Insight

https://cleantechnica.com/2019/09/05/57-of-uk-consumers-consider-buying-electric-vehicles/

27/07/2021 ContiAcademy © Continental AG 4 Consumer Insight

› Concerns still exist, but are changing.

› Lack of electric vehicle charging infrastructure still largest concern in UK.

27/07/2021 ContiAcademy © Continental AG 5 Legislation UK

UK to ban new sales of Petrol & Diesel cars by 2030

27/07/2021 ContiAcademy © Continental AG 6 Agenda

1 Electric Vehicle Market 2 Vehicle Manufacturer Activities 3 Comparison ICE and EV 4 Drivers & Challenges 5 Requirements on Tyres 6 Continental Portfolio

27/07/2021 ContiAcademy © Continental AG 7 What are the vehicle manufacturers doing? Future mobility at Mercedes Benz

Daimler: Invest 10 billion by 2025

MB EQC Range: 445 km Power: 408 hp Battery: 405 V Capacity: 80kWh Weight: 2,5 t

27/07/2021 ContiAcademy © Continental AG 8 What are the vehicle manufacturers doing? Future mobility at Mercedes Benz

Well over 130 electrified vehicle variants are planned , starting with 48-volt versions and a wide range of plug-in hybrids through to all-electric vehicles

27/07/2021 ContiAcademy © Continental AG 9 What are the vehicle manufacturers doing? Future mobility at BMW

E-electric

27/07/2021 ContiAcademy © Continental AG 10 What are the vehicle manufacturers doing? Future mobility at Volvo

Every new model from 2019 with electric engine!

27/07/2021 ContiAcademy © Continental AG 11 What are the vehicle manufacturers doing? Future mobility at Porsche

Ionity- charger for 270 kW of power , which a Porsche Taycan can currently use for charging.

Battery: 83,7 kWh (netto) 93,4 kWh (brutto)

Continuous output: 460 kW

Max.Power: 500 kW

Torque: 850 Nm

Weight : ca. 2.370 Kg

27/07/2021 ContiAcademy © Continental AG 12 What are the vehicle manufacturers doing? Last but not least…

https://www.teslarati.com/tesla-premium-connectivity-expiration-date-in-car-menu/tesla-premium-connectivity-expiration-under-software-menu/

https://electrek.co/2018/06/23/tesla-new-paid-premium-connectivity-package-in-car-internet-features/

27/07/2021 ContiAcademy © Continental AG 13 Agenda

1 Electric Vehicle Market 2 Vehicle Manufacturer Activities 3 Comparison ICE and EV 4 Drivers & Challenges 5 Requirements on Tyres 6 Continental Portfolio

27/07/2021 ContiAcademy © Continental AG 14 Fundamental differences between ICE & Electric Vehicles Key mechanical component comparison examples ICE Function EV Fuel Tank Store the energy to run the vehicle Battery Petrol Pump Replaces the energy to run the vehicle Charger Combustion Engine Provides the force to move the vehicle Electric Motor

Computerised Fuel Controls Engine Performance Controller Injection system Alternator Provides Power to accessories DC/DC Converter Converts DC to AC to power AC motor DC/AC Converter

27/07/2021 ContiAcademy © Continental AG 15 Vehicle Control Module

• Power modes for start-up, driving, charging • Torque Management (e. g. calculation of driver torque demand, drivability filtering and torque limitation) • Vehicle Powertrain Control • Transmission Gear Control • Battery Charge (AC & DC) • Thermal management • Energy management

27/07/2021 ContiAcademy © Continental AG 16 Fundamental differences between EV vehicle platforms Key mechanical component comparison examples

In wheel EV drivetrain Conventional EV drivetrain

27/07/2021 ContiAcademy © Continental AG 17 Why electromobility in all places? Efficiency The efficiency is the ratio of used to usable energy.

Engine Axle gear / differential wheel Energy source Transimission Electric vehicle: < 85 %

E-Motor: < 95 % BEV Battery Electric Vehicle Verbrenner Diesel, Gas: < 45 % Benzin: < 35 %

η η η4 2 3 Combustion vehicle: < 45 % η = Tank-to-Wheel ICEV Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle Tank Wheel

The efficiency of the power transmission in the vehicle ηTank-to-Wheel as a lossy energy conversion is described as the quotient of removed and supplied energy. Source: Grundlagen der Fahrzeugtechnik_Antriebswirkungsgrade.pptx, René Siebeneicher © Continental Reifen Deutschland GmbH

27/07/2021 ContiAcademy © Continental AG 18 Difference between an electric vehicle and a conventional combustion engine? Service and maintenance potential Electric vehicle* Service and Maintenance ICE: Comparatively high acquisition only for: › No oil change › No catalyst costs › Air filter › No spark plugs › No silencer › Brake fluid Lower maintenance potential › No fuel filter › No clutch › A/C- liquid › No exhaust system › Tyres Combustion vehicle** › Brake pads Comparatively lower acquisition (last at least twice as long as costs conventional vehicle) Tyres are preserved and are gaining in importance. The relevance of the business Higher maintenance potential areas in the dealerships will shift.

27/07/2021 ContiAcademy © Continental AG 19 Agenda

1 Electric Vehicle Market 2 Vehicle Manufacturer Activities 3 Comparison ICE and EV 4 Drivers & Challenges 5 Requirements on Tyres 6 Continental Portfolio

27/07/2021 ContiAcademy © Continental AG 20 Challenges in electromobility Factors that have not been conclusively clarified

Infrastructure Range and charging High initial costs time

Customer acceptance Structural economic and knowledge challenges

27/07/2021 ContiAcademy © Continental AG 21 Agenda

1 Electric Vehicle Market 2 Vehicle Manufacturer Activities 3 Comparison ICE and EV 4 Drivers & Challenges 5 Requirements on Tyres 6 Continental Portfolio

27/07/2021 ContiAcademy © Continental AG 22 Requirements and influences of EVs

Adequate electric range Larger tyre dimensions

Increasing vehicle weight

Low overall noise

Different weight distribution

Engine torque development KG Higher tyre pressure

27/07/2021 ContiAcademy © Continental AG 23 Requirements and influences of EVs

› Increasing registrations of electric vehicles and hybrids with higher vehicle weights (2.0-3.0T) than combustion engines.

› Higher demand for bigger rim sizes / load capacities leads to tyres with lower aspect ratios, ca. 53% of OE development sizes have aspect ratios 50%

› Range extension by low rolling resistance required, current average RR level 6.0kg/T at Robust B .

› NVH requirements of electric vehicles are increasing due to dominance of rolling noise in driver cabin, pass by noise level 66dbA and cavity noise requirements.

27/07/2021 ContiAcademy © Continental AG 24 Requirements and influences of EVs

27/07/2021 ContiAcademy © Continental AG 25 Requirements and influences of EVs

› Vertical Stiffness & Robustness positive › Reduced Comfort. Higher rolling resistance

27/07/2021 ContiAcademy © Continental AG 26 What influence do Electric Vehicles have on tyre wear? Tyre wear: A tyre characteristic approach *

Examined Parameters 120%

Tyre life 100% › Vehicle weight -25% 80%

› Tyre pressure 60%

40% Combustion Combustion Combustion › Torque (driving profile) E-Vehicle E-Vehicle vehicle vehicle vehicle Vehicle ICE-vehicle ICE-vehicle ICE-vehicle Electric vehicle Electric vehicle › Powertrain Weight Combustion load ElectricE-Vehicle load ElectricE-Vehicle load ElectricE-Vehicle load ElectricE-Vehicle load Tyre pressure CombustionCombustion pressure CombustionCombustion pressure ElectricE-Vehicle pressure ElectricE-Vehicle pressure ElectricE-Vehicle pressure vehicle vehicle 2WD 2WD 2WD 2WD 4WD *Vgl. Bäuning – Continental Reifen Deutschland, Electromobility and Tyres, VDI Wissensforum, 16.10.2019.

27/07/2021 ContiAcademy © Continental AG 27 Factors influencing the tyre wear The driver has the greatest influence on tyre wear

3 WeightFactors 2 (estimated maximum impact) maximum(estimated

Quelle: ETRTO – Ongoing Feasibility Assessment on a Standard Test Method for Tyre Abrasion Rate

27/07/2021 ContiAcademy © Continental AG 28 What influence do Electric Vehicles have on tyre wear?

The vehicle-dependent tyre wear The main factors for tyre can be from 0 to 40% higher. wear are personal driving style and road profile.

The higher vehicle-dependent tyre wear in electric vehicles is mainly due to the higher total weight of the vehicle and a higher tyre pressure.

In addition to vehicle-dependent tyre wear , there are other significant factors influencing wear. The curvature of the road has twice as much influence as the vehicle itself and individual driving behaviour three times as much.

Renault Zoe Ford Focus Electric Tesla Model S 100D Tyre 175/65 R14 205/55 R16 235/55 R19 Weight 1548 kg 1731 kg 2188 kg Battery capacity 22 kWh 33,5 kWh 100 kWh The energy consumption for each car was simulated in the WLTP- Cycle with tyres with rolling resistance coefficients between 9 and 6 kg / t. Around 20% of the total vehicle resistance is caused by the rolling resistance of the tyres.

Rolling Range improvement (WLTP) resistance of 9 kg/t for 1,0 kg/t of 9 kg/t ›3-4 % improved kg/t % km % km % Range per 1 kg/t rolling resistance 8 11% 4 3,1 4 3,1 Renault Zoe 7 22% 3,0 8 6,1 (131 km range*) 4 6 33% 5 3,6 13 9,9 8 11% 7 3,6 7 3,6 Ford Focus 7 22% 3,5 14 7,3 (193 km range*) 7 6 33% 7 3,4 21 10,9 8 11% 16 3,7 16 3,7 Tesla Model S 7 22% 4,0 34 7,8 (434 km range*) 18 6 33% 19 4,1 54 12,2 *Calculation basis

27/07/2021 ContiAcademy © Continental AG 31 Significance of rolling resistance for EVs? EU Tyre Label and electric range kg/t Label-classes kg/t 6 6 6,1 6,1 A tyre with a rolling resistance coefficient of 6,2 6,2 A 6,3 6,3 6,4 6,4 6,5 1 kg/t 6,5 6,5 kg/t receives the Label-Class A 6,6 6,6 6,7 6,7 6,7 kg/t receives the Label-Class B 6,8 6,8 6,9 6,9 7 7 7,1 7,1 B 7,2 7,2 7,3 7,3 7,4 1 kg/t 7,4 7,5 7,5 7,6 7,6 7,7 7,7 7,7 kg/t receive the Label-Class B 7,8 7,8 7,9 7,9 8 8 8,1 8,1 8,2 8,2 8,3 8,3 8,4 C 8,4 8,5 8,5 8,6 1 kg/t 8,6 8,7 8,7 8,8 8,8 8,9 8,9 9 9 9,1 9,1

The rolling resistance coefficient The rolling resistance is can increase the range of the vehicle significantly influenced by - up to 3-4% per 1 kg / t. the rolling circumference and load of the tyre.

The EU tyre label can only help to a limited extent to assess the range influence of tyres.

› Lower level of engine noises*

Compared to conventional combustion vehicles under normal driving conditions e-vehicles are quite quiet. *disregarded: subjective und objective noise

› Higher ‘pattern snap-out noise’ Non - Compression Block (contact in) Oscillating Block (contact At e-vehicles with high drive at low speeds. out) Influence on interior and exterior noise. Deformed Block (contact) › Challenge ‘cavity noise’

Large tyre sizes for heavy e-vehicles – more empty space between rim and tyre. vs.

› Materials, construction and profile concepts

developed on the basis of extensive psychoacoustic analyses on state-of-the-art test facilities to record all possible phenomena and interactions.

› All torque / acceleration scenarios

are tested virtually and physically during profile development.

› Cavity noise-absorbing technologies

as the only realistic solution in the conflict of objectives cavity noise under a wide variety of conditions and always with low rolling resistance.

The noise of the tyre is more › A distinction is made important when the vehicle between internal tyre itself is making less noise. noise and external tyre noise.

With ContiSilent ™, a solution is available that reduces tyre noise in the interior by up to 9 dB (A)

Tyre width Tyre cross-section Rim Size Rolling circumference Increase for large Increases for high Increasing rolling Increases for less and heavy vehicles, load circumference, rolling resistance, stagnates for light requirements increases for higher increases for more vehicle performance durability

Load index Speed index Tyre weight Increases with Decreases with lower Decreases with Complexity higher vehicle top speed and range increasing weight optimisation of the demands on rolling increases! vehicle resistance

1 Electric Vehicle Market 2 Vehicle Manufacturer Activities 3 Comparison ICE and EV 4 Drivers & Challenges 5 Requirements on Tyres 6 Continental Portfolio

27/07/2021 ContiAcademy © Continental AG 38 Which tyre for which Electric Vehicle Electric vehicles also differ in their use cases

.. and so do the tyres that have to meet the various requirements

SportContact™

PremiumContact™ WinterContact™

EcoContact™ AllSeasonContact™

CrossContact™ Vehicle manufacturers homologate their vehicles with premium tyres from Continental across the entire product range in the premium tyre segment

27/07/2021 ContiAcademy © Continental AG 39 Which tyre for which Electric Vehicle Vehicle manufacturer homologations - selected models

Volkswagen ID.3 ⨁ Tesla Model X Corresponding Mixed Fitment T0 / T1 215/55R18 95T EcoContact™ 6 265/45R20 108V 275/45R20 110V CrossContact™ LX Sport 215/50R19 93T EcoContact™ 6 ContiSeal™ 265/45R20 108V 275/45R20 110V CrossContact™ LX Sport ContiSilent™ 215/45R20 95T EcoContact™ 6 ContiSeal™ 265/45R20 108V 275/45R20 110V CrossContact™ LX Sport 215/50R19 93T AllSeasonContact™ ContiSeal™ 265/45R20 108V 275/45R20 110V CrossContact™ LX Sport ContiSilent™ 215/55R18 95T WinterContact™™ TS 850 P ContiSeal™ 275/45R20 110V CrossContact™ LX Sport 275/45R20 110V CrossContact™ LX Sport ContiSilent™ Audi e-tron AO 275/45R20 110V 265/45R20 108V CrossContact™ LX Sport 255/50R20 109H CrossContact™ LX Sport 275/45R20 110V 265/45R20 108V CrossContact™ LX Sport ContiSilent™ 265/45R21 108H CrossContact™ LX Sport 275/45R20 110V 265/45R20 108V CrossContact™ LX Sport 265/45R21 108H CrossContact™ LX Sport ContiSilent™ 275/45R20 110V 265/45R20 108V CrossContact™ LX Sport ContiSilent™ 255/55R19 111H PremiumContact™ 6 285/35R22 106Y SportContact™ 6 ContiSilent™ 265/45R21 108H PremiumContact™ 6 285/35R22 106Y 265/35R22 102W SportContact™ 6 ContiSilent™ 265/45R21 108H PremiumContact™ 6 ContiSilent™ 285/35R22 106Y 265/35R22 102Y SportContact™ 6 ContiSilent™ Polestar 265/40R22 106H SportContact™ 6 ContiSilent™ 245/40R20 99V SportContact™ 6 255/50R20 109H WinterContact™ TS 850 P 245/40R20 99V SportContact™ 6 ContiSilent™ POL 255/55R19 111H WinterContact™ TS 850 P 245/40R20 99V PremiumContact™ 6 245/40R20 99V PremiumContact™ 6 ContiSilent™ Jaguar I-Pace J 245/40R20 99V SportContact™ 6 255/40R22 103V PremiumContact™ 6 ContiSeal™ ContiSilent™ 245/40R20 99V SportContact™ 6 ContiSilent™ 245/40R20 99V PremiumContact™ 6 245/40R20 99V PremiumContact™ 6 ContiSilent™ 245/45R19 102T VikingContact™ 7 245/45R19 102T VikingContact™ 7 245/45R19 102V WinterContact™ TS 850 P 245/45R19 102V WinterContact™ TS 850 P 285/30R21 100W WinterContact™ TS 860 S