Florfenicol resistance: Pasteurella multocida
Pasteurella multocida is a gram-negative bacterium of great economic importance in the cattle farming sector, since it represents one of the main pathogens associated with the Bovine Respiratory Syndrome (BRS) (1), which is considered the leading cause of economic losses in the livestock industry (2, 3).
These bacteria are present in the respiratory tract of healthy animals, where they behave as opportunists in case of immunodeficiency. Clinical symptoms caused by P. multocida include enzootic pneumonia and to a lesser degree fibrinous pneumonia (shipping fever) (4, 5, 6, 7). Both are considered multifactorial syndromes, in which infectious and non-infectious factors are involved (8, 9).
Early detection of the disease and treatment with effective antibiotics against the 3 gram-negative bacteria associated with BRS (P. multocida among them) are essential to stop its progression. In particular, long-term antibiotics, such as florfenicol, have been specifically developed to treat SRB (10). Florfenicol is one of the antibiotics which has a lower resistance level worldwide, especially when compared with most popular antibiotics such as tetracycline or penicillin. Occurrence of antimicrobial resistance of Occurrence of antimicrobial resistance of Pasteurella multocida in different Pasteurella multocida in Iran11. European countries13.
Florfenicol Italy 2002 France Ampicillin Holland
Enrofloxacin 2003 England Denmark
TMP-sulfa 2004
Oxytetracycline 2002
Amoxicillin+
Clavulanic 2003 Gentamicin 2004 Amoxicillin 2002 Lincimycin Fluoquinolones 2003 Penicillin
% 2004 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 2002
Florfenicol Occurrence of antimicrobial resistance of 2003 Pasteurella multocida in Korea12. 2004
Florfenicol 2002 Tetracycline 2003 Chloramphenicol 2004 Enrofloxacin 2002
Ceftiofur TMP-sulfa 2003
Tylosin 2004
Ampicillin 2002
Nalidix acid Ceftiofur 2003
TMP-sulfa 2004 % % 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 Florfenicol
Occurrence of antimicrobial resistance of Occurrence of antimicrobial resistance of Pasteurella multocida in USA & Canada14. Pasteurella multocida in USA15.
Ceftiofur 2000 Ceftiofur 2001 2005 Enrofloxacin 2002 2006 Penicillin 2007 Ampicillin 2008 2009 Florfenicol
Tulathromycin TMP-sulfa
Tilmicosin Florfenicol
Tetracycline
Danofloxacin Spectinomycin
Erythromycin
Tetracycline Sulfachlorpyridazine % % 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Occurrence of antimicrobial resistance of Occurrence of antimicrobial resistance of Pasteurella multocida in Turkey16. Pasteurella multocida in Germany17.
Cefquinome Florfenicol
Ceftiofur
Erythromycin Florfenicol
Gentamicin Ampicillin TMP-sulfa
Enrofloxacin Ampicillin
Spectinomycin TMP-sulfa Sulfamethoxazole % % 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Occurrence of antimicrobial resistance of Occurrence of antimicrobial resistance of Pasteurella multocida in Australia18. Pasteurella multocida in Japan19.
Ceftiofur Cefazolin
Tilmicosin Ceftiofur
Tulathromycin Celquinome
Cotrimoxazole Enrofloxacin
Florfenicol Florfenicol
Ampicillin Ampicillin
Penicillin Kanamycin
Erythromycin Thiamphenicol
Tetracycline Oxytetracycline % % 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25
Conclusiones Florfenicol: One of the most powerful antibiotics exclusively for veterinary use. Broad spectrum antibiotic with bactericidal effect against the most common pathogens. Highly effective and valuable alternative to traditional antibiotics. One of the lowest levels of resistance wordwide.
Bibliography
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SELECTAN® Florfenicol
SELECTAN® Florfenicol, in injectable solution. COMPOSITION PER ML: Florfenicol 300 mg. INDICATIONS: Diseases caused by florfenicol susceptible bacteria: -Swine: Treatment of acute outbreaks of respiratory disease caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida. -Cattle: Treatment of respiratory infections due to Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida and Histophilus somni. ADMINISTRATION ROUTE: Intramuscular. DOSAGE: -Swine: 1 ml/20 kg b.w., equivalent to 15 mg of florfenicol/kg b.w, into neck muscles, administered twice at 48 hours intervals. The volume administered per injection site should not exceed 3 ml. -Cattle: 1 ml/15 kg b.w., equivalent to 20 mg of florfenicol/kg b.w., administered twice at 48 hours intervals.The volume administered per injection site should not exceed 10 ml. WITHDRAWAL PERIOD: Meat: -Swine: 18 days. -Cattle: 30 days. Special precautions for storage: Not require any special storage conditions. PACKAGING: 50, 100 and 250 ml plastic bottles. Marketing authorisation holder: Laboratorios Hipra, S.A., Amer (Girona), SPAIN.