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Mem. Natl ]nsL Polar Res., Spec. Issue, 49, 386-395, l994

PLANOF DOME-F STATION FOR DEEP ICE-CORING BY THE JAPANESE ANTARCTIC RESEARCH EXPEDITION (JARE)

Shuhei TAKAHAsHii and Nobuhiko AzuMAi

'Kitami ln,stitute t?f lliehnology, Koen-cho 165, Kitami 090 iNagaoka 940-21 Univensity qf'Tlechnology, Kaniitomioka 1630-1, Nagaoka

Abstraet: A station fbr deep ice-coring, Dome-F Station, is to be constructed by the in Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE) on top of Dome FLiji (3800 m a,s.1.) -880C , where the minimum temperature is expected to be and the mean annuat a temperature is -58eC. The planned station censists of two arcas/ a residence and drilling area. The residence area includcs living huts and a pew ¢ r station, to be construeted on the snow surface. The drilHng area consists of a drilling trench, drill To workshop and icecore and equipment steTage trenches buried under the surface. construct the station and conduct ice-coring operations, 263 t of material must be transperted 1OOO km by oversnow vehicles frorn Syowa Station to Dome-F.

1. Introduction

The deep ice-coring prqject on an ice sheet dome in East was planned by JARE to run from 1991 to 1997 (Fig. 1). The transportation operations and 1992, the construction of station huts station positioning were completed during 1991 and and sorne drilling facilities will be done in 1993 and 1994, and the coring operatien will be canied out from 1995 to 1997, is to be constructed at the The site fbr coring, informally named Dome-F Station, m a.s,1.), Inthis highest point of East Queen Maud Land, Dome-F (77022'S, 39037'E, 380e report, the station design and layout conception are explained.

2. Meteorological Conditions

Meteorological conditions at Dome-F were estimated from those of Plateau Statien (79e15'S, 40030'E, 3625 rn a.s.1.) 300 km poleward Dome-F, Temperature was estirnated -6 were assuming a lapse rate × 10"eC!m. Wind speed and annual snow accumulation assumed to be equal to that of , These conditions are summarized in Table L In Fig. 2, the seasonal variations oftemperature, wind speed and atmospheric pressure is are shown. Of these conditions, the most significant problem for station construction -580C low temperatuTe. The estimated mean annual temperature is and the minimum temperature -880C. To keep accommodation areas warm, the building walls must be well insulated, and sufficient fuel fbr heating should be provided. Since snow accumulation is not substantial, buildings need not be so strong as to last many years, Mean wind speed is mls. not so 1arge, about 5 mls, whereas the maximum wind speed is 25 Therefore, the deposition of drifting snow around buildings will probably be less than at Mizuho Station

386

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Plan of Dome-F Station for Deep Ice-Coring by JARE 387

3o'E no'E

t f

70'

Flig. 1.Location ofDome-F Station in East eueen Maud Land. 7;he DeeTp Jce-Coring Prqi'ect w'ill carried out at Dome-F be Station (77022-S 39e37E, 3SOO m a.s.L).

7lable 1.ConditionsatDome-FStation.

LocationAltimdeIce 77022tS,39037iE

3800 m a.s,1, thickness 2800 -3000 m

Maximum temperature -200C-580C-880C32

Mean temperature

Minimum temperaturc

Annual snow accumulation mmla (in water equivalent) Mean wind speed 4.9 m/s25

Maximum wind spe ¢ d mlsS90

Mean atmospheric pressure hPa

and Asuka Station, Another preblem is low atmospheric pressure, about 590 hPa, at which the lossof power generators and oversnow vehicle engines occurs. For example, power output ofour 28 kVA generator will be reduced to 22 kVA,

3. Station Layout

The outline ofDome-F Station is shown in Fig. 3,The station consists of two areas: a

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388 S. TAKAHAsHI and N. AzuMA

AO -58'C. -880C) -20dw-(Mean: Mrinimum: ''r}..,, .o {] ''o .o, '

-40cr=-< .o' ..M.9I-o" 'o･'' tt ,o'"tt

o,' o q' -6acrwaE'q... '' xo.-cp.s.--r-..lixelSSIIn .d" V. ''O- t- -80u- -.a .. MbP .d ". ...J .r J F M A M J J A S O N D

30AmxEV (Mean; 5mls, Maximum: 25mls} .p,

20auwa ''O' 'o..q. o.o,

o o oe' o 10caazHyO o'' .tttor-7-o-- ....o- .A--e---o-yo-- "H. -o ["J

l..L-.l.----" ...,LT,.. FMAMJJASOND

600..-hrda=v (Mean: 590 hPa) M.x

59eurcr=M A. N. hx" i/ 580caurcra V J.---

S70 .L.- L-. 1..AM.-1.. t- L. t, 1 J F M J J A S O N D MONTH

wind and atmospheriepressurel at Fig. 2,Meteorological conditions itemperature, speed Dome-F Station estimated.from those at Plateau Station.

a research residence area and a drilling area, The residence area includes two living huts, surface. hut, a dining hut and a power station, all of which are constructed on the snow The drilling area consists of a drilling trench, drill workshop and icecore and equipment Table 2. storage trenches buried under the surface (Fig. 4). The detailed areas are shown in According to the transportation schedule, the total amount of materials to be taken to Deme-F Station is 263 t, including fuel and drilling machinery, Of this, 30 t is for station roof construction, including the buildings, generator, communication facilities and materials for the dri11ing trench. At Miznho Station, the annual mean wind speed was 11,1 mls and the annual drift 'a'i transport rate was 3× 106 kg m in 1982. TAKAHAsHI (1988) obtained a relationship between drift transport rate e (kg m'id'i) and wind speed V (m s"), where 2 is preportional to VS･ii. According to this relationship, the annual drift transport rate at Dome-F is reughly at estimated as 1.59t6 of Mizuho Station from the annual mean wind speed of 4,9 mls Dome-F, although the calculation needs daily wind speed data, The estimated snow drift transport by the annual mean wind speed is small, but the expected maximum wind speed

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Plan of Dome-F Station for Deep Ice-Coring by JARE 389

Pewer $tation

Trenc r.-.-.Hatch Ernergency ･-. t.;qtt ' LivingHut Hut 2hute

1 Hatch

DrillWorkshop

Fig.3. 0utline ofDome-F station. 71te residence area is on the suiVince and the drilling area is under the suiv2ice.

Cm114Or PrevaMngWind Direction !l81:t

i30-HatchD'/1=L'v' u -E･g t'10･ = oHatch･ti " g.org lSg powerStationiOm ?o i']ResearchHutDinlngHut Emergencvttttttttttttttt. tl sLrIDD li/,g/･ ,hvt

.,., i･:/g:'/1 o LO Vlorkshep[el Generator Drill$fte DHeteh LivlngHut1LivingHut2

o-

O 10 ur2: 30 4o'T 50 ""r"rT6o TOcm/ 11C /20 T-T ---- -TT--

tt t2 / nEmergencv VVorkshop LivingHutPowerStation hut . ' Drillmachine' CrosssectionofDome-FStation

Fig,4, Planqf'Dome-FStatien,

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390 S. TAKAHAsHI and N. AzuMA

7lable 2,OtttlineqfDome-FStation.

Division Area

(Residence area) (208) Liying hut 32x2 32 Dining hut Observation hut 32

Power statLon 32 Corridor 48(276)

(Drilling area) Drilling site 112 Work roorn 24 Core-analysis room 48 Core-storageroom 40 Storeroem for anti-fteeze !iquid and fuel 32 Storeroom for machines 20 (Emergencyarea) (90) Garage for oversnow vehicles 90

Tota1 574 mi

Prevailing Wind Direction l u g,'5'"] 1 +Dritt 3rd Year"t-DrilstftYear - I 'i / jo1 lst .LTL･. i 1i Tj

,, STATION Oversnow Vehicle Route/ SUTH POLEt" 4syowA so -4---L------t------+------t------+-t------+---L--ny------li-.-i------Vny------d------sfL------t ' ': 1 ",, te' ...." lf - -/ ttt t t ･....-.' ,, FUEL DRUM i DEposlT AREA i 'x.-./ / DEposiTl l Ill - - t - 1 r------t------ny-nyt------

Fig. 5. Layout ofdeposit areas and research areas around Dome-F Station. i7ie dark shaded area is the estimated distribution ofdrijiing snow deposited in the.first year cij}er building constniction; the light area is that in the third.vean

of25 mfs can cause around buildings,so we should be prepared to deal

with drifting snow.muchsnowdrift

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Plan ofDome-F Station for Deep Ice-Coring by JARE 391

To avoid driftingsnow piling up around the buildings, it is better to place nothing on the snow surface, and therefore the drilling facilities are to be buried under the surface, as at "Little America" in Antarctica (ByRD, 1930), However, considering fire safety, the residence facilities will be constructed on the surface. Assuming that snow drift will extend to a distance of three times that of building height the windward direction in and ten times in the leeward, the distribution of snow drift around buildings was estimated and the station layout was planned to avoid drift effects as much as pessible, as shown in Fig, 5, The residence area and the drilling trench will be in a gine ptaced perpendicular to the prevailing wind direetion. The preserve areas for glaciotogical and meteorological researches are located windward of the station, and the deposit areas for fuel dmms and other materials are on the leeward.

4. Residence Area

Insurface.the residence area, five prefabricated buildingswill be on the snow They include a research hut, two living huts,a diningconstructedhut and a power station,

Research Hut Dining Hut Power Station an 1an rm tttt- ...... -geqgt-ttt-----"------>"-scoo Ieno "-'g ) N g ..)c)JC)[.)[/.)")f'/.t:.t=t)[)･tt"v')';r.)/1);-E-)'L):)oncl) r /s g m cl

ttttt l'i2g . eo ooooooo :el11iaitl o RD: RAO)ATORD z o oOooDeoooDODDMVODM1o']'i AtW E mHl111 rw ]e- - El l2 t5 mfi

b R ' gl wu -A

e3 R4 RT RB fii f' )' sg sio'l" l en OiD - '' .)-1rp..mp,tl.ep. i'

L"-.mp.-.=L.;.'"t.,oo-) .vL.."smo. -.S Living Hut 1 Living Hut 2

Fig. 6.Detailedplan ofthe residence area.

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each of which measures 3.6 m (W) × 9 m (L) × 2.5 m (H) (Fig. 6). Walls of the huts will be 1O cm thick with additional 1O cm thick insulated panels attached from inside. Close to the power station, fuel dmms will be placed fbr temporary deposit, A toilet and a bathroom are to be installed in the power station. The toilet disposal system is a type ofbuming by electrical heat. An emergency hut, 9 m (W) x 1O m (L) × 4 m (H), will be placed 50 rn away from the residence area. The emergency hut will house a oversnow vehicle which is to be preserved

ready for immediate start in case of emergency.

5. Drilling Area

The drilling area consists of a drill site, a workshop, a core-processing room and icecore storage trenches. The drill site is a trench, 22 m (L) × 4 m (W) × 4 m (H), with an insulated roof At the drill site, a 10 m-high drilling machine will rotate from a horizontal position to the vertical, taking in the vertical position. Therefore a narrow trench, 6 m (L) × 1 m (W) × 6 m (H), is to be dug into the drill site base fbr use as a retating space. work A workshop, 8 m (L) × 3 m (W) × 2.5 m (H), will face the drill site, in which machines will be used to maintain the drill maehine and a generator, Connecting to the drill site, fbur tunnels are to be dug fbr use as a core-processing room and three store rooms fbr icecores, anti-freeze liquid drums and other items, Above the trenches, several hatches will be made fbr emergency escape and!or supply and personnel entrances.

6. Generators and Heating Systems

Three 28 kVA generators will be installed in the statien: one is fbr station maintenance, the second for drill operation, and the third fbr preparation ofthe both. Estimated electricity consurnption for station maintenance is 8 kW in the steady state and 18 kW in the maximum, while for drilling 1 1 kW in the steady state and 16 kW in the maximum, The generators may lose some power due to low atmospheric pressure at the high altitude, but their power, 28 kVA, will be sufficient fbr the consumption. Considering a consumption rate of light oil at O.344 llhour for 1 kW, the daity fuel consumption would

be 66 lfday for station maintenance and 47 l/day for drilling. The residence area will be heated by a circulating hot-water system, with heat supplied from the generator cooling system and an additional kerosene heater, Assuming a heat loss from each hut of 3774 kcalth, it is projected that 1O,8 kVa of kerosene will be

lable 3,Fuelfor station maintenance and drill operation.

jARE-36{1995)JARE-37(1996) Total

Light oilKerosene 45,416.4 42.413.5 87.829,9

Total 61.8kl 55.9 kt 117.7kl

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Plan ofDome-F Station for Deep Ice-Coring by JARE 393

necessary fbr additional heating. Table3 provides a list ofthe necessary fuel,including reserve fuel.Total fuel for two wmtenng parties is 117,7 kt,

7. Communication

HF radio transceivers are used for communication between Dome-F Station and Syowa Station, Two 600 W sets are installed in Dome-F Station, and several 100 W sets are on oversnow vehicles,

VHF radio transceivers of l50 MHz are used fbr short distances between oversnow yehicles and for personal communication. Satellitecommunication by Inmarsat is planned between Dome-F Station and Japan. The vertical angle limit of antenna direction for good quality communication is above 50, and the angle at Dome-F Station to the satellite is about 30. Though tlie angle is smaller the than limit, communication will be possible according to ether examples at such high latitudes.

8. Transportation

Itis necessary to transport to Dome-F 263 t of materiais fbr two winterings (Table 4). Materials include buildings, the drilling system, scientific instruments and fuel. Since the 1000km distance from the coast to Dome-F is too finr fbr the aircraft ofthe wintering party (Cesna Al85F and Pilatus Porter PC-6), all materials must be transported on the surface by the oversnow vehicles which includes the SM-100 (Power: 280 PS12000 rpm, track ability of72 sledges), SM-50 (156 PS12400 rpm, 3 sledges) and Snow Tractor D40PL (8 sledges), The transport schedule is shown in Fig, 7, Transport traverses will be done twice or three times a year between 1991 and 1994, and wintering at Dome-F fbr the drilling operation to in 1995 is be done and 1996, In each traverse, fbur er five vehicles will pull a train of sledges, For transport efTiciency, several traverses will be made fl'om Syowa Station to Middle Point, 600 km from S16 on the coast,

7keble 4.Afaterialsfor transport to Dome-F &ation,

JARE-36(1995)JARE-37(1996) Total

Buildings 3216461631230612 32168830312so824 FacilitjesLight

oilKerosene 4214

OilDrill

system Anti-freezeliquid 20212 Instruments Food

Total 173t 90t 263t

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Plan of Dome-F Station for Deep Ice-Coring by JARE 395

9. ConcllldingRemarks the Deep For Ice-Coring Project between l991 and 1996, Dome-F Station is to be constructed by JARE on top of Dome Foji in Antarctica. The statien wM consist of two aregs: a residence and a drilling area. The residence area includes living huts and a power station, constructed on the snow surface, The drilling area consists ofa drilling trench, a drillworkshop and icecore and equipment storage trenches buried under the surface. The minimum temperatureis -880C. expected to be To maintain warmth, the living huts will have 20 cm thick walls and will be hatfiburied with snow, Three28 kVA generators will be installed: one for station maintenance, the second for drill operation, and the third for preparation. Heat for warming each hut will be supplied mainly from circulation of hot-water from the generator cooling system, with additional heat supplied by a kerosene heater. To support the ice coring operations, 263 t ofmaterials must be transported lOOO km by oversnow vehicles from Syowa Station te Dome-F, The transport period is between 1991 and 1994, the station construction period is from 1993 to 1994, and the ice-coring period at Dome-F Station is 1995 and 1996.

References

ByRD, R. E. (1930): Little America, Aerial Exp]oration in the Antarctic, the Flight to the . New York, G. P, Putnam and Sons, 422 p, TAKAHAsHi, S. (1988): A bare ice field in East Queen Maud Land, Antarctica, caused by horizontal divergence of drifting snew. Ann. Glaciol., 11, 156-160.

Meceived October 4, 1903; Revised manuseript received Jinnuar)i l9. 1994)

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