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Ranganathan and Classification: A Chronology 1924·1992

The Ideas of S.R.Ranganathan in Russia: Results and Tendencies

Modem Development of Classification. Research and Practice in the People's Republic of China

Subject Representation and Entropy International Classification VOI.19(1992)No.1 UDC 025.4+168+001.4(05) INTERNATIONAL Contents CLASSIFICATION Devoted to ConceptTheory, Systematic Terminology,and Organization of Knowledge

The journal the organ of the INfERNATIONAL Editorial SOCIETY FORis KNOWLEDGE ORGANIZATION (General Secretariat: Woogstr. 36a, D-6000 Frankfurt 50) Ethics and Knowledge Organization. In Memory of Dr.S.R.Ranganathan in his Centenary Year ...... 1 Editors Dr.Ingetraut DAHLBERG (Editor-in-Chief), Woogstr.36a, D-6000 Frankfurt 50

Articles Dr.Robert FUGMANN, Alte Poststr.13, D-6270 Idstein Satija, M.P.: Ranganathan and classification: Prof.JeanM.PERREAULT, The Library, Univ. of Alaba­ A chronology 1924-1992 ...... 3 maatHuntsville, P.O.Box2600, Huntsville,AL35807, USA Snkiasyan, E.R.: The ideas of S.R.Ranganathan inRussia: Prof.Daniel Benediktsson (Book Review Editor), Univer­ Results and tendencies ...... 7 sityof Iceland, Libr. & Inform.ScienceStudies, Oddi 101, Xiao, Y.: Modern development of classification. Reykjavik, Iceland Research and practice in the People's Republic of China ...... 10 Consulting Editors Iyer, H.: Subject representation and entropy ...... 15 Prof.Kenneth BAKEWELL, Liverpool Polytechnic, Cen­ terfor Inform. and Library Studies, 79 Tithebam Street,Li­ verpool, 2ER, Reports and Communications 12 UK Prof.Pauline A.COCHRANE, 1719 Gosnell Road, Dykstra, M.: The problem of meaning (19) - Fugmann, Indexing quality: R: Apt.301, Vienna, VA 12182, USA Predictabilityversus consistency (20) - NewDeal for UDC (21) -New activities Mme.Nathalie DUSOULIER, lost.de 1'lnform.Science et concerning the UDC (Second Meeting of the DACH-Conference atVienna, Techn., Chateau de Montet, F-54500 Vandoeuvre, Nancy Nov.19, 1991) (22) - Riggs, F.W.: INTERCOCTA (22) - British Classification Society(23) - Call for Papers 1992 Annual Meeting, CSNA, June 11-13, 1992 Mr.Douglas FOSKETI, 1, Dale Side, Gerrard� Cross, Bucks. SL9 7JF, UK (23)- 4th Conference of the IFCS 1993 (23)- International Symposium on Ter­ minology Science and Terminological Planning (24) - Austrian Software Mr.Jens B.FRIIS-HANSEN, Hoesterkoebvej 7, DK-2970 Hoersholm, Denmark Donation to UNESCO worth US$2S0,000 (24) - Strategyfor MicroISIS-based Tenninology Application Software (24)- Proceedings of 3rd Infoterm Sym­ MrAlan GILCHRIST, 38 Ship Street, Brighton BNI IAB, posium (25) - Further communications on questions of tenninology (26). UK ProfWilfried GODERT, FHBD, Claudiusstr.1, D-5000 ISKO News 8 K6ln Membership (27) -New ISKO Chapter in Bulgaria (27) - Russia has its ISKO Dr.MAGOPINATIf, DRTC, Indian Statistical Inst., 8th Mile, Mysore Road, R.V.College P.O., Bangalore-560059, Coordinator (27) - Madras ahead of us (27) - Joint Meeting of FIDJCR find India ISKO planned in Madrid (27) - A new edition of the Whois Whoin Classifi­ cation and In dexing (27) - Cognitive Approaches to the Ordering and Presen­ Prof Eric de GROLIER, ISSC, 1, rue Miollis, F-75015 Paris, France tation of Knowledge (2nd Conference onf the German Chapter of ISKO, Weilburg, 16-18 Oct.1991) (28) - Personalia (30) Prof.Krishan KUMAR, Dept.of Libr.& Inform.Sci., Univ.of Dellti, Delhi-110 007, India

FID/CRNews Prof.Yukio NAKAMURA, 14-8, Nisikata-l, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan FIDJCR activities (30) - FID Congress, Madrid, Oct.22-30, 1992 (30) -ASISj SIGjCR (30) - News from the AmericanLibrary Association (31) - Dewey Mr.Peter PAULSON, Forest Press OCLC, 85 Watervliet Ave., Albany, 12206, USA Decimal Classification (31) -IFLA Section on Classification and Indexing (32) NY, - U.K.CRG 283 (32) - U.K.CRG 284 (32). Prof.Dr.Roy RADA, Dept. of Computer Science, Univer­ sity of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, U,K

Obituary Drs. Gerhard J ARIESTIlUIS, Universitetsbibliotheek, John Phillip Comaromi, 1937-1991. In Memoriam ...... 32 SingeJ 425, NL-I012 Amsterdam, Netherlands . . . . . WP Mr.Loll ROLLING, CEC, DirXm, Jean-MonnetCentre, Book Reviews Kirchberg,LU-Luxembourg Ranganathan, S.R.: A librarian looks back: An autobiography of Dr.Winfried SCHMITZ-ESSER, Oderfelderstr.13, D- Dr.S.R.Ranganathan appended with an evaluation of his life and work by 2000 Hamburg 13 P.N.Kaula (M.P.Satija) . 35 .. ProfDr.Eugeniusz SCIBOR, IINTE, Broniewskigo 83- Wellisch, H.H.: Indexing from A to (D.Benediktsson) ...... 36 157, PL-01-876 Warszawa, Poland Z . Harrold, A., Lea, G.: MUSAURUS: A music thesaurus (G.Bauer) 39 Dr.Otto SECHSER, In der Ey 37, CH-8047 Zurich Meadows, A.J.: Knowledge and communication: Essays on the Information Prof.Dr.Dagobert SOERGEL, College of Libr.& ...... Chain (M.p.salija) 39 Inform.Serv., Universityof Maryland, College Park, MD, Sager, J.e.: A practical course in terminology processing (H. Eisele) ...... 41 20742, USA Fisch, Boos, M.(Eds.): Handling of complexity in organizations (In R, Dr.Edouard SUKIASYAN, Russian State Library, German) (H.Liickenhoff) ...... 42 Pr.Kalinina 3, Moskva 10100, Russia ...... Prof.NancyWILLIAMSON, Fac.of Libr.& Inform.Sd., Classilication Literature 19(1992)No.l ...... 140 St.George Str., Toronto M5S Canada . ... 44 lAl, UDC 025.4+ 168+001.4(05) INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION Devoted to Concept Theory, Systematio Terminology, and Organization of Knowledge

Editors: Dr.I.Dahlberg, Frankfurt; Dr.R.Fug'mann, Idstein, Prof.J,M.Perreault, Huntsville, AL, USA. Editorial Office: c/o Dr.I.Dahlberg, Woogstr. D·SOOO Frankfurt Tel.069·52 FAX: 069-52 05 360, 50. 3690, 66 Issue frequency: 4x/ann. Annual subscription rates: Institutions per volume OM 97.-, Individuals per volume 20% less, if directly ordered from INDEKS Verlag. Single issues: OM 28.- Back issues available, ask for special offer. Subscription included In membership fee for members afthe international Society for Knowledge Organization (ISKO). MwSt (domestic only) and postage are not included; for Air Mail delivery an additional OM 4.- per issue is required. Advertising rates: Advertising rate card No.3. Advertising fact sheet with details mechanical requirements and closing date available 01 upon request. Publisher: INDEKS Verlag, Woogstr.36a, D·6000 Frankfurt Tel.069·52 FAX 069-52 05 50, 3690; 66. Bank Account Nos: INDEKS Verlag, Postgiro·Konto Frankfurt No. 151208·608 (BLZ 10060). Frankfurter Sparkasse No. 852062 (BLZ 500 500 502 01) All Rights reserved. Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany 1992 by Druckerei H.Guntrum II KG. PF 180, 0-6408 Schlitz/Hessen.

Contents page Vol.19(1992) No.1

Satija, M.P.: Ranganathan and classification: A chro· Xiao, Yan: Modern development of classification. nology1924·1992. Research & practice in the People's Republic of China. Int.Classif.19(1992)No.1, p. 3·6 Int.Classif. 19(1992)No.1, p.10-14, 32 refs. Based on a number of sources given in the introduction A review and prospect of modern classification research the dates of Ranganathan's development in the field of and practice in the PR China. Gives a systematic descrip­ library classification are given together with a short tion of the evolution in methodology, scope and orienta­ description of their impact and significance. The chro· tion of classification research, with special emphasis nology which has been structured according to some being put on the influence of Colon Classification (CC) periods of his life determined mostly by location lists and the principle of facet analysis and synthesis establis­ alsothe relevant publications ofRanganathan andmentions hed by Dr.S.R.Ranganathan as well as on the achieve­ some post mortem events. (I.e.) ments made by Chinese scholars and experts in desig­ ning classification schemes. (Author)

Sukiasyan E.: The ideas of S.R.Ranganathan in Russia: Iyer, Hemalata: Subject representation and entropy. results and tendencies. Int.C1assif. 19(1992)No.1, p.15-18, 14 refs. Int.C1assif. 19(1992)No.1, p.7·9, 5 refs. The paper examines the systems approach to subject Survey of studies made in Russia during the past 45 years structuring. It presents an overview of empirical studies concerning the work of S.R.Ranganathan, especially undertaken to test the postulates relating to subject with regard to his classification terminology, the chain structuring. Entropy providesa measure of disorganiza­ procedure and the categorial analysis for the application tion in a system. Structured subject representations are in the alphabetic subject index and the classified catalog. considered as systems and the measure of entropy is It is also shown how the knowledge of facetization was applied to determine the extent of distortion in the used in improving the UDC and the LBC tables as well communication of the intended messages. as in automated information retrieval. (A uthor) (A uthor)

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Ethics and Knowledge Organization In Memory of Dr.S.R.Ranganathan in his CentenaryYear

The year 1992, has been declared by our Indian col­ leagues a jubilee year in the honor of their great teacher S.R.Ranganathan. In order that due expression may be given, flrst to the gratitude we, too, owe him for his numerous and valuable contributions, in particular for his universal facet classification (Colon Classification) and his classificationtheory in "Prolegomena for Libra­ ry Classification", and second, to our joy for having had him among us, this flrst issue of the 19th volume of IC is devoted to Dr.Ranganathan, as had already been an­ nounced - and pertinent contributions requested - in the Editorial of issue 91-l. When we learn from his biography that Ranganathan We are very happy to announce that such contribu­ ate only one meal a day, that he slept on a mat on the tions have been spontaneously sent in from four coun­ naked floor, did not permit himself any luxuries, knew tries, and we express our sincere thanks to the authors: only hard work for the goals he had set himself, made the (1) M.P.SATUA, India, who compiled a chronology of fullest and most fruitful use posible of his talents and Rarrganathan's development and classification-related loved everyone and everything more than himself, we activities and who wrote an outstanding review of Ran­ really need not be surprised that his efforts were singu­ garrathan's "autobiography" so timely prepared in book­ larlyblessed and that he was able to achieve much for his form by S.R.Kaula, (2) E.R.SUKIASYAN, Russia, who country as well as for the worldwide influence of his describes the influence of Ranganathan's works on clas­ classification theories and works on knowledge organi­ sification theory and practice in Russia, particularly as zation. For, before turning to the problems of library applied to the revision of the Library Bibliographical science at the age of 32, he had studied mathematics and Classification (LBC IBBK) along the lines of a facet was teaching this subject with great pleasure at Madras classification, (3) Yan XIAO, China, who did this in a University when he had to be literally persuaded to apply similar manner for her country and who recognized the for the position of librarian at the Madras University urgent necessity of reorganizing the Chinese Library Library. From among numerous applicants he was selec­ Classification and Chinese Documentation Classifica­ ted chiefly because he reproached the selecting official tion into a facet classification, and [mally (4) Hemalata for belongingto those who lack common sense. This very lYER, USA, who presents us with an overview of empi­ audacity made him land this job - besides, probably, the rical studies undertaken to test Ranganathan's postula­ realization on this official's part that such an indepen­ tes relating to subject structures. dent spirit could not fail to be the right man for this From Ranganathan's Autobiographyas published by difficult job. ABC Publishing House in New Delhi and as supplemen­ Ranganathanlived according to the highest principles ted by the personal impressions of his pupil P.N.Kaula he had realized to be the proper ones for him. Who can from the years since 1945, we learn what manner of man claim as much for himself? It is not the knowledge of and Ranganathan really was and how it became possible for speaking about what is good and correct which determi­ him to achieve so many good and constructive things in nes the value of a life, but the corresponding action; to his life. His pupil MA.Gopinath, who already at the age this extent he is a real example to all of us! Therefore I of 17 was picked up every morning at 6 a.m. by Ranga­ wish to say of him: he was someone who lived and nathan to accompany him on his morning walk, once worked also for the ethics of knowledge organization. conflded to me that Ranganathan worked every day The theme of this editorial was inspired by the recent from early morning till 6 p.m., after which he turned to Library Trends issue (91-2) on "Ethics and the Dissemi­ his religion, thus making his evenings belong to God nation of Information" (Ed.Robert Hauptman). In this alone. issues, 10 authors from the library fleld discuss relevant

Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.1 1 Editorial: Ethicsand Knowledge Organization subjects which also reflect the efforts of a committee of often even silent. Who, after all, still cares today when the American Library Association on Professional Ethics laboriously compiled thesauri and classification systems as expressed in its statement of 1981, which subject, are used by others - without asking the author's permis­ however, do not touch on the problems of our field. sion - as 'stone quarries' for building up a system of one's What, generally, is m.eant by "ethics"? According to own? But isn't that plagiarism, theft of intellectual pro­ my encyclopedia it is a discipline of philosophy which perty and a sin against the commandment "Though shalt searches for the principles by which it becomes possible not steal"? Or, when out of negligence or lack of zeal to determine reasonably whether something or some items are incorrectly indexed or classified, can one then subject is valuable or worthless (value theory) or whe­ be said to live up to the truth postulate - which calls for ther a human action is good or evil) (Der Neue Herder, correspondence between subject and statement - and to Vol.2, Freiburg, Germany, 1970. p.397). Ethics whose observe the commandment "Though shalt not bear false values man obtain only through divine revelation is witness"? Or, when information systems are praised and can called "authoritative ethics". In the Ten Command­ sold for good money which do not live up to their ments on Mount Sinai, which largely also govern the promises, does not that constitute fraud (hence both conduct of civilized nations, we are dealing with such lying and stealing) in the strongest sense? God-given ethics. In the purity of his intentions, in his punctuality and So for this reason alone ethics has something to do precision, modesty and zeal, in his perseverance in the with religion, but even much more so because of the 2 search for correct, adequate and truthful representation, commandments given to the disciples of Jesus Christ: in his rigor and self-denial toward himself and in his "love God above all and thy neighbor as thyself". Good paternal love and care toward his pupils, coupled with and correct action will accordingly be determined by the wisdom which made him require from his pupils, too, one's love of fellowman. "Ethical conduct" for the sake more than the ordinary, Ranganathan has set us an ex­ of ethics itself would remain on the formal plane and ample which, in this memorial year, should become for thus lack intrinsic value, and ethical conduct out of self­ us a mirror, as it were, in which our own conduct love, as is often also progapated ("The Way to Happi­ becomes visible. We must confess that, confronted with ness") would be something like a contradiction in itself, this exemplary life, we fmd ourselves very imperfect. But for by it one would seek one's own advantage rather than we can at least try to conform our willmore and more to one's fellow-man's, thus producing the exact opposite of the values which will be of greater help and service to the truly good. others - not ourselves -, and thus to manifest more responsibility in our thinking, speaking and acting, and What would an ethics of knowledge organization more responsiveness in our attitude toward others, gran­ consist of? This question I would very much like to see ting them more assistance and help. In a word, if we all treated in this journal in several articles. They would try to become more filled with love we willlive up better assuredly contain a great number of references to activi­ to our task in life and can render a correspondingly more ties whose unworthiness many a one may not realize, valuable and durable contribution toward solving the although every human being should hear inside himself tasks to be accomplished in this world. something like the voice of conscience. But in the course Ingetraut Dahlberg of wrong actions this voice may become inaudibly low,

2 Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.l Editorial: Ethics and Knowledge Organization Mohinder Partap SATQA Gnru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India

Ranganathan and Classification: A Chronology 1924-1992

Satija, M.P,: Ranganathan and c1assiflcation: chronology dules for differentfacets and experimented with synthe­ A 1924-1992_ Int.Classif.19(1992)No.1, p. 3-6 sized class numbers. He also classed the library of the ship Basedon a number of sources given the introductionthe dates SS Dumana on his way back from England to India; and in of Ranganathan's development in the field of library classifi­ also assignedclass numbers to about 30,000 bookslisted cation are giventogether with a short description of their impact in the printed catalogue ofthe Madras University Library and significance. The chronology which has been structured which he had with him. according to some periods of his life detennined mostly by 1926-1932: CC applied to about 60,000 books of the location lists also the relevant publications of Ranganathan and Madras University Library (MUL). Open access was mentions some post mortem events. (I.C.) introduced in the library and reaction of the library users was noted while doing reference service to them. 0_ Introduction. Purpose and Sonrces 1927: The first formal schedules of differentmain clas­ The purpose ofthis chronology is to catalogue Ranga­ ses completed. Ranganathan consulted the expertssuch as nathan's achievements in the discipline of library classi­ Professor Edward B. Ross for general layout, mathema­ fication, and consequently to trace the evolution of his tics and general science, Prof. M. S. Sabestan in Botany, thoughts in this area. The chronology compiled on the Dr. B. B. Dey in Chemistry, Prof. S. Kuppuswamy Sa­ was basis of several sources: (1) on general chronologies, striar for Indology and Sir Sivaswamy Ayyar and Sir S. especially the one by Kate Wood in S.R.Ranganathan, Vardachariar in Law. 1892-1972, ed.by Edward Dudley, London: Library As­ 1929: The School of Library Science of the Madras soc. 1973, and the one by P.N.Kaula appended to Library Association (MALA, established in 1928) was set

S.R.Ranganathan'sAutobiogrophy: A librarian looksback up. The school taught both the CC and the DDC. Strong New Delhi: ABC 1992; (2) onRanganathan's own books, features of the CC over the DDC were highlighted. The expecially those reviewed in M.P.Satija: A note on Ran­ teaching also provided an opportunity for an academic ganathan's reprints. In!.Classif. 17(1990)No.3-4, p.182- exposition of CC and its critical evaluation. 183; and (3) on MA.Gopinath's article onRanganathan, 1931: Ranganathan incorporated into the CC new fm­ Shiyali Ramamrita in the Encyclopedia of Library and dings gained by observing the readers and the suggestions Information Science, ed.by Allen Kent et aI., New York: put forth by them. The schedules were recast or readjusted Marcel Dekker 1978. Vo.25, p.58-86. wherever necessary in the light of experience gained. 1931-1944: Head of Libray School, University of Ma­ 1. The Teacher of Mathematics Becomes a Librarian. dras. Madras 1924-1944 1932: A press copy of the CC was fmished with the Jan. 1924: Ranganathan joins as librarian of the Ma­ help of library colleagues who volunteered to help Ranga­ dras University. nathan at his residence. 1924-1925: Studies at the School of Librarianship, 1933: Colon Classification, 1st ed. Madras: Madras University College, London. W.C.B.Sayers (1881-1960) Library Association. 3 parts in 1 volume. taught him classification.

1924: Idea of a faceted classification conceived to 3. Toward a Theory of Library Classification cope with the inadequacies of a classification after using 1933-1937: Period of formulating the theory of library the DDC-ll (1922). classification. Dec.1924: The Colon Classification (CC) conceived, 1935: Henry Evelyn Bliss (1870-1955) writes to Ran­ and its design begun. ganathan and enquires about the theory behind his Colon Classification (1933). Ranganathan starts writingthe explicit 2. Experimenting with the CC theory of his Colon Classification. 1925-1932: Period of development, experimentation 1937: Prolegomena to Library Classification, 1st ed. and application of CC. Madras: Madras Library Association. XVI,305p. Febr/Mar.1925: Ranganathan prepared sample sche- This book enshrines the theory of classification in

Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.1 3 Satija: Ranganathan Chronology general and of the CC in particular.The hook transformed 5. 1947-1955 Professor of Library Science at tbe Uni­ classificatioon from an art into a science. It is considered versity of Delhi Ranganathan's magnum opus. Jnne 1947-1955: On the invitation of Sir Maurice 1934-1944: Comparative study and teaching of DDC Gwyer, Ranganathan joined the University of Delhi as and CC; CC applied to about 4000micro documents (non­ Professor in Library Science. The Department instituted book documents like journal articles) and pamphlets. Diploma, (now B.Lib.I.Sc.), Degree (now M.Lib.l.Sc.), and Ph.D. Library Science - the later degreesfor the 1939: Colon Classification, 2nd ed. Madras: MALA. in two 154+180+ 149p. The hook contained many new ideas and frrsttime in the entire British Commonwealth. The Delhi listed about 3000 elaborated examples. The book was School provided himthe opportunity to continueteaching vetted against the norms formulated in Prolegomena the CC and the UDC. (1937).And in turn the Canons and principles got refmed The concepts of 'Rounds', 'Levels', and 'Zones' were while preparing the 2nd ed. of the Cc. formulated and the concept of'Fundamentai Categories' was further refmed. 1944: The concepts of 'phase', 'facet', 'focus' and the Oct.1947: Invitation from F.Donker Duyvis, Secretary Five Fnndamental Categories (FFC) were formulated. FIDto attend the FIDConference and to prepare a paper Ranganathan also hit on the concept of 'Three planes of on Classification and InternationalDocumentation. work in classification: Idea Plane, Verbal Plane, and Notational Plane'. 1947-1958: Work on abstract classification, and sym­ The firstattempt to examine the mode of development of bolic metalanguage for precision in classification and at­ the universe of subjects was made. traction to depth classification. During the Sixth All India Library Conference (1944: 1948: Founding of the Library Research Circle at J aipur) a symposium named "Decimal and Colon Classi­ Delhi. Thisinformal group usedto meet at Ranganathan's fication in Perspective" was organized. About a dozen residence C-6, Manrice Nagar, University of Delhi on papers were presented on the comparativestudy of the CC every Sunday afternoon.The group usedto discuss prac­ and the D DC. The merits of the CC were highlighted. tical problems of every sort, especially on library classi­ Dec.1944: Ranganathan delivered the ExtensionLec­ fication.Considerable work was done by this groupand tures on classification which were printed in 1945 as the the subsequent fmdings were presented inthe AllIndia famous Elements of Library Classification (1945). Library Conferences in 1951 at Indore and in 1953 at Hy­ Library Classifi cation: Fundamentals and Procedure, derabad. with IOOBgraded examples and exercises. Madras: MALA Also in 1948, Ranganathan visited the UK for the frrst 496p. time after 1924 and the USA. He met many important Thishook wasepoch making: It brought to sW'faceseveral people such as Julian Huxley, thenthe Directorof Unesco unsolved problems needing fundamental research. It and Head, AllSouls College, as well as representatives of presented a refinedaccount of facet analysis and gavealso the CarnegieTrust and the Rockefeller Foundation. This some inklingof the postulate of the Five Fundamental helped to discover new directions in classification. Categories. 1948: "... the rigidity imposed by the facet formula givenunder each main subject of the CC was discovered, 4. University Librarian and Professor of Library Sei­ and the concept of 'optional facets' evolved". ence at BHU (MA.Gopinath) Aug.194S-Jnne 1947: Ranganathan worked in Bana­ 1948: Classification and International Documenta­ ras Hindu Universityfor about 20months as librarian and tion. 24p. (FID PubI.No.227) professor of library science. As this university library had 1949-1953: A tripartite journal, "Annals", "Bulletin", a differentkind of collection than the one at Madras, the and "Granthalya" of the ILA(Indian LibraryAssocia tion) work turned out as an educative experience of considera­ (inshort:ABGIlA) waseditedbyRanganathan InABGILA ble professional value. The BHU library presented many many important articles and new fmdingsin classification classification problems at depth level. Ranganathan clas­ were published. sed a promiscuous collection of 100,000 books single April 1950: Consultant to Unesco for the preparation handed in about 18 months. He reported in Prolegomena, of a document on the place of machinery in literature 2nd ed., Sect.774: "Continuous work at such high pressu­ search and the subsequent publication of Classification, re on such a variety of materials gave a remarkable insight Coding and Machineryfor Search. Paris: Unesco. 5Sp. into the structure and development of the universe of (UNESCO/NSjSL3). knowledge. It impressed upon me the versatility needed in notation. This was indeed an unusual and unexpected July 1950: Golden Jubilee Address to the Classifica­ experience of immense richness." tion and Cataloguing Division of the American Library Association, Cleveland, Ohio. 1945: Elements of Library Classification. 1st ed. Poo­ na: N.K.PubI.House. 112p. (cf: Bombay University Lec­ 1951-1%1: Ranganatban worked as Rapporteur Gene­ tures, 1944). ral of the Classification Committee of the Fed. Int. de Doc. (FIDjCA).He regularly draftedits reports chalking out the progressmade inthe preceding year.

Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.1 4 Satija: Ranganathan Chronology 1951: General Theoryof Cla ssification . FID/CA Report 24(1985)No.3, p.166-173) No.1,16p. Clas sifi cation and Communication. Delhi: University of 6. Ranganathan two Years in Europe (1955-1957) Delhi. 291p. 1955-1956: Ranganathan stayed in Ziirich, Switzer­ Philosophy of Library Classification. Copenhagen: land. Some important European librarians came to con­ Munksgaard. 132p. sult him to prepare schedules for special classifications, Public Library System and Documentation Problems. e.g. D.J.Foskett for "Occupational Health", and Papers presented at 9th All India Library Conference D.W.Langridge for "Management". (Indore, 1951. Delhi: Indian Library Association. 223p. 1955: D.B.Krishna Rao (d.1985) completed his The conference also discussed issues relating to classifi­ Ph.D .dissertation on the depth schedules of agriculture cation especially those conceptualized in the delibera­ under the supervision of Dr.S.R.Ranganathan and tions of the Library Research Circle. S.DasGupta (1912-1966). 1951: Chatterjee, A.N.: A Review of Literature in "Common Isolates in Documentation Work 1: Termino­ Colon Clas sification. ABGILA 2(1951)No.6, p.167-172. logyand Anteriorising Isolates. (FID/CA Report No.4 on An almost exhaustive bibliography of the CC enlisting all General Theoryof Classification).Review of Docu mentation references from 1924 to 1950. 22(1955)p.18-25 1951: Palmer, B.I., Wells, A.J.: Fu ndamentals of Li­ "Zonesin Array: FID/CA Report'NoS on General Theory brary Classifi cation. London: Allen and Unwin. 114p. of Classification" .Annals of Library Sci ence 2(1955)No.1, The first whole length interpretation of Ranganathan's p.33-39. theories in classificationin the West. The book introdu­ Mixed notation and Zones in an Array: FlD/CA Report ced Ranganathan to the world outside India and won him No.5 on General Theory of Classification. The Hague: many admirers and adherents. FlD. 14p. 1952-1957: Work of classificationseparated into three ClassificationResearch Group (London): The need for a planes of work. This theory was initially stated in Ranga­ faceted classificationas the basis of all methods of infor­ nathan's article "Optional Facets in Library Classifica­ mation retrieval. (UNESCO IAC. Doc. Ter. Pas. Memo tion(9). Annals of In dian Library Association 2(1952) 320/5515); also published in LibraryAssociation Record Sect.720. 57(1955)p.262-268. 1952: Principle of inversion discovered and incorpora­ 1956-1960: Postulational approach formulated. Prin­ ted in the 4th edition of the CC (1952). ciples of Facet Sequence discovered. Separation of problems needing fundamental research 1952: Colon Clas sification, 4th ed. Madras: MALA. 4 from those needing routine investigtions in building up parts in 1 volume. 127 + 155 + 50 149 p. + schedules for common energy matter and personality This edition introduced many new concepts in the idea isolates. plane and techniques in the notational plane. Important among them are: 'Five Fundamental Categories', 'Rounds' 1956: Common Isolates in Documentation Work (2): Anteriorising Isolates: FID/CA Report No.4 on General and 'Levels'.Introduction of three more connectingsymbols, viz. , (Comma for Personality), ; (Semi Colon for Matter), Theory of Classification. Review of Documentation . (dot for Space and Time) and : (Colon), exclusively 23(1956)p.43-48 reserved for the Energy Category. This step broke the Common Isolates in Documentation Work (3): Time rigidity of the facet formula and simplified the CC Class Isolates. (FlD /CA Report No.4 on General Theory of Number to a great extent.The concept of ,Ante rio rising' Classification.Rev. of Documentation 23(1956)p.70-79 and 'Posteriorising Common Isolates' was also introdu­ General Theory of Classification: Zone Analysis and ced, as well as the concept of Partially Comprehensive Efficiency Tables. The Hague: FlD. 18p. Main Classes' denoted by letters of the Greek alphabet. 1957: The International Study Conference on Classifi­ 1953: Depth Classificatioon, Reference Ser vice, and cation Research in 1957 (Dorking, England) provided a Reference Materi al: Papers for discussion at the 10th All forum to discuss his theories on classification with a large India Library Conference, Hyderabad 1953. Delhi: lLA. and varied group of experts working in various discipli­ 444p. (edited by Ranganathan) nes. In 1957, the "age of faceted classification" was declared. 1954: General Theoryof Gassifi cati on: FID/CA Report The conference conveners stated: "This conference will No.4. Copenhagen: FlD 1954. Also published in Annals be a development of all of Dr.Ranganathan's work in the of Libr.Sci. 1(1954)po.65-BO. last 20 years, and it will be a means of spreading interest 1954: Annals of Library Science. Ranganathan was in his work and appreciation of it." Ranganathan delive­ founder editor of this scholarly journal. It is published red the opening address. Facet analysis was accepted as quarterly by INSDOC, New Delhi and continues under the basis of classification. the name Annals of LibraryScience and Information. It The recognition inspired Ranganathan to continue his published many eminent papers on classification by work to meet the challenges of documentation for infor­ Ranganathan and his schoobnen. (See M.P.Satija: Ranga­ mation in industry and advanced research. nathan in the Fleet Street. Herald of Library Science

Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.l 5 Satija: RanganatbanChronology 1957: Colon Classification, 5th ed. Madras: MALA. 1963: Greek letters for new main classes and partial Vol.1. Basic Classification.148 + 179 +136p. comprehensions were replaced by the digitpairs formed Prolegomena to Library Classifi cation, 2nd ed. London: withthe help of emptying digits. The Library Association. 487p. Colon Classification, 6th ed., reprinted with amend­ Explicitlystated the idea of semantically empty digitsand ments.Bombay: Asia 3 partsin 1 vol. 28+ 124+172+ 126p the Sectorizing Device for hospitality in array. This 1964: Ranganathan served as chairman of the Interna­ concept existedin a rudimentary form in the 2nd edition tional Study Conference on ClassificationResearch held of the CC already (1939). in Sept.1964 in Elsinore, Denmark. 1957: Classificatioon of Commodities and Services: Classification Resear ch 1957-1963: Trend Report. Co­ 7th ReportFID/CA on the General Theory of Classifica­ penhagen: Danish Centre for Documentation, 11p. tion. The Hague: FlD. 4p. Library Scienc with a Slant to Documentation. Common Isolates in Documentation Work (4): Space A quarterly journal founded and edited by Ranganathan, Isolates. FlDICA Report No.4 on General Theory of and sponsoredby the Sarada RanganathanEndo wment in Classification.Rev. of Documentation 24(1957)p.18-28 Library Science.During his last years, it was almost an exclusive vehicle of his ideas and papers. The journal is 7. Years ofLecture Tours and various Visiting Profes­ still known for its rigorous standards. It published many sorship. (1957-1961) depth schedules of the CC. It has now been renamed: Library Science with a Slant to Infonn ation. 1958: Classification of Environmented Entity: FlDI CA Report No.8 on General Theory of Classification. 1964: Period of Applied Research and Development Annals of Library Science 5(1958)p.113-121 and Review 1965:Col on Classifi cation. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers of Documentation 25(1958)p.122-127, also published as University Press. 300 p. (Rutgers Series on the Systems a report by FlD,The Hague, 6p. for the Intellectual Organizationof Information,edited by 1958: the idea of Absolute Syntax of facets mooted at Susan Artandi). the Conference on"Retrieval of Scientific Information" 1967: A Descriptive Account of the Colon Classifica­ (Washington). tion. Bombay: Asia. 300p. (Earlier published in the USA 1959: The indicator digit for IT) changed to" " under the title"Colon Classification".) inverted comma at the suggestionofP .B.Roy of Calcutta. Prolegomena to Library Classification, 3rd ed. Assisted Classifi cation and Retrieval: Problems for Pursuit. FlDI by MAGopinath. Bombay: Asia. 640p. CA Report No.9 on the General Theory of Classification. 1971: Colon Classification, 7th ed: A Purview. Banga­ The Hague: FID.13p. Also published inAnnais of Library lore: Sarada Ranganathan Endowment. 52p. Science 6(1959)p.33-43 1972: Library Classification: Evolution of a Dynamic 1960: Common PropertyIs olates (1). FlDICA Report Theory. Delhi: Vikas. 222p. (by R.S.Parkhi, but comple­ No.10 on the General Theory of Classification. New ted by S.R.Ranganathan. Delhi: INSDOC. 14p. Sept.1972: Ranganathan died on 27th Sept.l972 at Colon Classifi cation, 6th ed.Bombay: Asia. 3 parts in 1. Bangalaore after a brief illness. 124+172+126 p. Elements of Library Classification. 2nd Indian ed. Bom­ bay: Asia. 108p. 9. Post Mortem Events Vickery, B.c.: Faceted Classification: A guide to Con­ Im pact of Growth in the Un iverse of Subjects on Clas­ sfmction & Use of Special Schemes. London: Aslib. 70p. sification. FlDICR Report No.12. Copenhagen: Danish 1961: Facet Sequence and Telescoping in the Schedu­ Center for Documentation,p.l-20 (Published as a Ranga­ le. FIDlCA Report No.11 on the General Theory of Clas­ nathan Memorial Publication). sification. 1985: International Conference on "Ranganathan's Philosophy: Assessment and Relevance", organized by 8. Founding a Residence for CC in Bangalore (1962-) ILAand others in Nov.1985 at New Delhi. 1962: Documentation Research and Training Centre 1987: Colon Classification, 7th ed. Edited by (DRTC) established at Bangalore as a unit ofthe Indian MAGopinath. Vol.1: Basic and depth version. Bangalo­ Statistical Institute Calcutta. DR TC is a unique institute re: Sarada Ranganathan Endowment, XIV,332p. . of library and documentation research and teaching. It 1991-1992: The Ranganathan Birth Centenary cele­ provided Ranganathan an opportunity for formal and brations take place in many contries of the world. institutionalized team research. D RTC work is as funda­ Aug.1992:2nd International ISKO Conference to be mental as it is famous. Here, the development of depth held in Madras, as"the grandfmale for commemorating schedules for various subjects began to take shape. the birth centenary" (SuseelaKumar). Elements of Library Classification, 3rd ed. Bombay: Asia. 168p. 1963: The guided designof Depth Schedules beginsat Dr.M.P.Satija, Guru NanakDev University, Department of DRTC. Library and Infonnation Science, Amritsar-143 005, India.

6 Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.l Satija: Ranganathan Chronology Eduard R.SUKlASYAN Russian State Library, Moskva, Russia The Ideas of S.R.Ranganathan in Russia: Results and Tendencies

which was published in the supplement to the Russian Sukiasyan E.: The ideas of S.R.Ranganathan in Russia: results and tendencies. edition of the "Colon Classification" (1, p.345-420). lnt.Classif. 19(1992)No.1, p.7-9, 5 refs. Many termioological problems were solved during the Survey of studies made Russia during the past 45 years in work on the ftrst edition of the "Dictionary of Library concerning the work of S.R.Ranganathan, especially with re­ Terms" (2). The compilers of this dictionary decided to gard to his classification terminology,the chain procedure and introduce io it the followiog synonymic couples of terms: the categorial analysis for the application in the alphabetic subject index and the classified catalog. It is also shown howthe Facet classification - Analytico-synthetic classification knowledge of facetization was used in improving the UDCand the LBC tables as well as in automated information retrieval. Fa cet analysis - Categorial analysis (Author) Facet formula - Classification formula.

The first meaniog io each couple of terms is correlated with the "Colon Classification", while the second is of a O. Introduction common-usage character. In 1980, I.E.Gendlina, in an In 1992, Russian and other ex-Soviet librarians will article' concerning the definitions of some terms from mark the centenary of the birth of S.R.Ranganathan, classification theory, specified many concepts of facet together with scholars from all over the world_ The name classification. Some years later, a collective of compilers of Ranganathan is widely known in our country_ Since (I.E.Gendlina, G.I.Kalioioa,and AI.Smirnova) headed 1947 his Colon Classification, along with other remarka­ by N.D .Borisova, completed their work on the "Termioo­ ble classic systems, is described in all our textbooks and logical aid on the theory and methodology ofapplication manuals dealing with classification_ We have many ways of the UDC (3), a book in which we find a sort of a set of of encouragingand stimulatiog classification research in five dictionaries io Russian, English, German, French and the field of facetization of the UDC or LBC, since our Spanish. librarians have a complete Russian translation of the Colon Classification at their disposal (1)_ According to 2. The Chain Procedure and Categorial Analysis our data, which are based on bibliographic sources, this In the mid 70s, specialists ofthe State LenioLibrary of translation isthe only one even produced outside of India. the USSR encountered a number of difficultieswhen or­ Dozens of specialists in our country can state with good ganizing an alphabetic subject index for a new classified reason that io their studies they rest on S_RRanganathan's catalog io accordance with the LBC schedules. After ideas. studyiog world experience io this field, the specialists Here we present a short survey of the main lines of tooktwo decisions. First, they used the chain procedure as these studies_ a basis for the formation of the iodex, sioce this method ensured a rapid and, at the same time, qualitative growth 1. Classification Terminology of its volume. Second, they made use of the categorial Everybodywho has mastered S_R.Ranganathan's lan­ method io the selection of concepts reflected io the index. guage knows that it is a specific and unusual kind of As it turned out, this task as applied to an iodex to a English, rich in an original vocabulary. In order to draw classified catalog was set for the first time ever here. This the greatest possible number of specialists into the study work contioued for some years, duriog which, parallel of S.R.Ranganathan's works, it was necessary to make with the development of the theory, experiments were them comprehensible even in the original and help eve­ also conducted. For each category of concepts, concrete ryone to master Ranganathan's language. Professor principles and rules were established, subgroups were AJ .Kushul (1907-1985)1 of the MoscowInstitute of Cultme siogled out and schedules of standard subdivisions were has investigated Ranganathan's heritage. Together with mapped out. The list of main categories (facets) is inter­ the Head of the chair of Foreign Language ofthislnstitu­ esting, we reproduced it below: te, T.P.Elizarenkova (1900-1%7), she translated the "Vocabulary of Ranganathan's Library Classification",

Int. etassif. 19(1992)No.1 7 Sukiasyan: Ranganathan in Russia Subjects of inanimate nature. of classification these publications brought about. It see­ Subjects of animate nature. med that only yesterday we spoke of classification sy­ Materials, substances, raw materials, manufactured articles. stems only in descriptive terms (with the traditional list of Mechanisms, equipment. Buildings and constructions. questions being: the main array, philosophic fundamen­ Phenomena (processes). Operations. tals, the designation system, etc.). But having mastered Conditions, relationships, relationships between subjects. the new ideas and criteria, we suddenly saw how many Properties, qualities, attributes of subjects. inadequacies there were in every classification used in Spatial and time concepts. Regional concepts. library and bibliographic practice, inadequacies, which National, ethnic and linguistic concepts. become evident only after a categorial and functional Personalia. analysis has been conducted. We were enlightened, it Collectives. seemed, immediately when we became equipped with Groups ofthe population. this method and with new knowledge which helped us to Fields of knowledge. Different theories. Research methods. think differently. Complex themes and problems. The above statement willhelp you to understand the reason for the colossal growthof publications on classiH­ The fact that the chain procedure had been sufficient- cation themes in the 70s and later in the SOs.At that time 1y well investigated by Soviet specialists, Ts.M. Berdi­ a new generation of young people turned to the analysis of chevskaya, R.A.Leonov, and AJ.Kushul (the Hrst publi­ various problems in the Held, and even librarians with cations date back to 1956) had a favorable influence on rich earlier experience in working with the schedules of the results of this work. The research and experimental the UOC and the LBC began to show a new interest in work of many years standing, conducted under the gui­ "Facetization" and started to revise schedules and experi­ dance ofT.P.Mishina, was concluded by the publication ment more boldly with catalogs. Many works, particular­ of the "Alphabeticsubject index to the classiHed catalog" ly in the Held of the LBC, were followed up by studies on (4). Beginning with the early 80s this method became an the level of doctoral dissertations: L.E.Genin (Saltykov­ obligatory one for Soviet libraries and is regulated by a Shchedrin Public Library) restructured the schedules for State standard. The card alphabetic subject index has folklore, L.M.Kazakova (from the same library) worked developed in the past decades into an enormous reference in the Held of medicine, S.N.Artamonova (SLL) investi­ system, which supported the operative and multi-aspect gated the LBC schedules for history of literature, and search for information in the catalog. And now with its N.I.Ivanova (LeningradInstitute of Culture) the schedu­ help the subject input into the electronic catalog of the les for technology. Russian State Library, whose main information retrieval E.G.Suhmaneva, a scientific worker of the Library of language is the LBC, will be built up. the USSR Academy of Sciences defended in 1969 a doctoral dissertation directly connected with the princi­ 3. Improvement of the UDC and the LBC ples of Ranganathan's multi-aspect classification. Later A profound study of the "Colon Classification" is she conducted a series of studies of the LBC, which were being conducted in our country since 1%7 within the concluded by the preparation of a concept for the second framework of optimization of the UOC. edition of the LBC, which is a new classification wholly A group ofresearchers (H.M.Zaidberg, R.A.Leonov, based on principles of the facet system. It is precisely in P.I.Shifman) was organized in the State Public Libraryfor this direction that the LBC is developing today. New LBC Science and Technology (GPNTB ofthe USSR) with the schedules for biological sciences,sociology and philoso­ aim of creating a description of the "Colon Classifica­ phy were put out in 1990 and 1991. Meanwhile these tion" which would contain concrete details, peculiarities, schedules continue to be a "closed book" for many and principles of the system, thus differing in this respect librarians, since they greatlydiffer fromconventional and from the general outlines hitherto presented in textbooks customary schedules. However, in their high scientific and aids. This detailed analysis Hrst of all called for a level and retrieval potentials these schedules are unique: translation of the schedules themselves (which were they not only reflect the latest achievements of science, published later). The Hndings of the Hrst stage of this but also make it possible to realize multi-aspect retrieval research were published in 1970 in the form of an article by different categories and combinations of retrieval comprising Hve printer's sheets and also featuring a characteristics of a document. Today these advantages of detailed bibliography on the subject. At the second stage facetization are realized through the electronic catalog. of the study, this group of specialists examined the possi­ Work on the LBC in this fieldis being continued. bilities of optimizing the UOCwith the help of categorial and functional analysis (the article concerned was publis­ 4. Indexing. Classification Formulas hed in 1971). Still another interesting aspect of the application of In those years I had occasion to work in one of the Ranganathan's classification theory in contemporary institutes of culture and read the course of classification practice is connected with the realization of his idea of and the classifiedcatalog. I remember well what a great formalization of the indexingprocess. H.M.zaidberghas upheaval in our understanding of the theory and practice worked in this fieldfor many years and contributed many

8 Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.1 Sukiasyan: Ranganathan in Russia articles on the subject. For our country, which uses the Here we have touched on only the most important UDC schedules in the field of centralized indexing, the directions of scientific research connected with the ideas problems of algorithmic presentation and forma1ization and principles of Ranganathan. This list could well be of the classification process itself are extremely impor­ continued. In the year marking the centenary of the birth tant, since they assure the quality of indexingand make it of this distinguished scholar, we aim to do our best and possible to prevent mistakes and subjectiveness on the introduce into scientific circulation a greater number of part of the classifier. In 1988a collective of authors from hisworks, acquaint the librarians of our countries with his VINITI (N.D.Borisova, AV.Vladimirova, T.I.Kalinina, views and doctrine and encourage them to direct their GA.Kriventsova, A.I.Smirnova) worked out some re­ efforts toward the study of those problems which are commendations for the forma1ization of indexingaccor­ topical today. ding to the UDC on the basis offacet analysis (5). Similar work is being accomplished inrespect to the LBC schedu­ Notes les. Here the effectiveness of classificationformulas may 1 AJ.Kushul wasthe author of a number of articles dealing with be even higher because the classificationnumbers accor­ Ranganathan. She was an enthusiastic advocate of his ideas. ding to the LBC schedules (the version for public libra­ 2 As our possibilities are limited, we shall not give citations on ries) are directly printed by publishing houses in books articles mentioned in this textfor in this casewe would have to cite over 150 sources. The author will gladly supply the full destined for the vast library network of the country. bibliographicinfonnation to those who are interested in it. 5. Automation of Information Retrieval References One of the first doctoral dissertations to be writtenon (1) Ranganathan, S.R.: Colon Classification: the main classifi­ the basis of S.R.Ranganathan's ideas was defended in our (Translated from Englishinto Russian), Moscow: GPNTB cation. country in 1%9 by N.V.Bogdanova. The theme of the USSR 1970. 422p. dissertation was "The Study ofPrinciples ofFacetization (2) Dictiona!), of libra!), terms. Moscow: Kniga 1976. 224p. of the UDC and Facet Systems in Connection with the (3) Terminological aid on the theo!)' and methodology of Problem of Automation of Information Retrieval". application of the UDC: Dictionary of terms and definitions. N.B.Bogdanoa is the author of an interesting article Moscow: VINlTI 1986. 512 p. devoted to the "Colon Classification". It were precisely (4) Alphabetic subject indexto the classified catalog: a manual for librarians. Moscow: Kniga 1981. 160p. Ranganathan's ideas that laid down the fo undation for the (5) Formalization of indexingby the UDC on the basis offacet principles of automation of information retrieval which analysis: Methodologicalrecommendations. Moscow: were developed by the State Lenin Library of the USSR VINITI 1988. 35p. for many years. There was nothing to stop the library from taking the familiar road, that is: make use of any subject Dr.E.Sukiasyan, Russian State Library, Pr.Kalinina, 3, 101000 system, choosing from a wide variety of systems opera­ ' Moskva, Russia. ting in many libraries of the world. However, in our country, classification (systematic) retrieval has always played the leading role. Moreover, in the national libra­ ries of the country and within the entire network of public libraries the same classification system is used. Account should alsobe taken of the fact that the Russian language, while being the language of international communication for all citizens of the multinational (ex-) USSR did not become the sole language of communication (as has happened, for example, in the USA). The classification language is an international one, whereas any language of subject headings or key words is limited as to its usage, since not all citizens of a State know it. These circumstan­ ces were taken into account. The fact that the elctronic catalog of the SLL is based on retrieval elements of the LBC number goes to the credit of researchers who were armed with Ranganathan's concepts. This "fragmenta­ tion" of the classification number into separate compo­ nents for the needs of multi-aspect retrieval represents, essentially, the practical refraction of categorial analysis. Theoretical and practical research in thisfield of automa­ tion of retrieval according to the LBC was conducted - in different years - by L.Sanchez-Mehido and EN.Fadicheva. Their works, divided by a decade, were concluded by doctoral dissertations. In both works, the authors rest on Ranganathan's classificationtheory.

Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.l 9 Sukiasyan: Ranganathan in Russia Yan XlAO Shandong University, Library Science Department, Shandong, PR China Modern Development of Classification Research and Practice in the People's Repu­ blic of China of books on shelves were based for many years on such )Ciao, Yan: Modern development of classification. Research characteristics as the size or the physical nature of the and practice in the People's Republic of China. book. The situation was not changed until the fIrstdecade Int.Classif. 19(1992)No.1, p.10-14, 32 refs. ofthe twentieth century, when the DOC was introduced A review and prospect of modern classification research and into China and soon became the model for modern Chine­ practice in the PR China, Gives a systematic description of the evolution in methodology, scope and orientation of classifica­ se classification schemes ever since. From 1910-1949, tion research, with special emphasis being put on the influence dozens of classification schemes were worked out by of Colon Classification (CC) and the principle of facet analysis Chinese scholars and experts, but theory-oriented re­ and synthesis established by Dr .S.R.Ranganathan as well as on search on modern classification is very scarce. Most the achievements made by Chinese scholars and experts in articles published then were superficialin content. designing classification schemes. (Author) In 1949, afterthe establishment of the PR China, as a result of sweeping changes of the political, economic and cultural spheres of social life the classification schemes 1.Introduction used in the past proved to be unsuitable for modern As one of the immortals of library science, Chinese literatmes. As a result more than a hundred Dr.S.R.Ranganathan has made most far-reaching contri­ entirely new general and specific classificationschemes butions to the theory and practice of library science in have been designed(1). However, most ofthe classifica­ general and classification in particular. Owing to his tion schemes compiled since then are of a general nature pioneer work, Colon Classification (CC) and a body of and belong to pure enumerative systems, except the classification theoryhave provided a viable method and a Chinese Library Classification (CLC) and its variant framework for the creation of new classification schemes edition, the ChineseD entation Oassification (CDC), ocum and become the foundation of knowledge organization in which, first published in 1975, are now the most widely the twentieth century. The tremendous influence made by used general classificationschemes in China. is not only felt in the advancement of some well­ him Along with the designing and utilization of the new known classification schemes such as DOC, UDC, BC, classificationschemes, research on the theory and practi­ etc., but is also attested to by the modern development of ce of classification, including traditional and modern classificationresearch and practice in the PR China. ones, is expanding constantly. But i t has taken a long time This article is an attempt to describe to what extent the for the research on CC and the theory of facet analysis and principle of facet analysis and synthesis established by synthesis to become an indispensible part of modern Ranganathan has been accepted by Chinese scholars and developments in this field.The detailed descriptions are experts, as well as how it has influenced the course of as follows. classification research and practice in the PR C. On the basis ofretrospective search and documents analysis, it is 3. Evolution and Development attempted to present here an outline of the chronological The development of research on CC as well as the evolution and related judgments.It is also hoped that the theory of facet analysis and synthesis can be divided into article will serve as · a vehicle to express my heartfelt three stages as follows: Looking back at the related facts, respects for Ranganathan. we can describe Ranganathan's contribution to and in­ fluence on modern classificationtheory and practice in 2. Tradition and Background the PR China as follows. Classification has been regarded as the most dominant approach for knowlege organization in China since an­ 3.1 Starting period (1950-1970) cient time. Centuries of accumulated experience in clas­ During the firstten years (1950-1960)the main empha­ sification have laid a fIrmbackground for thetheory and sis was put on the review of principles followed by practice of bibliographic classification.For obvious rea­ compilers of classification schemes. The articles publis­ sons, the history of ancient classification will be skipped. hed in this period gave prominence to the political bias, However, it should be bornein mind that the arrangement the balance of scientific and pragmatic functions, the

10 Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.l Xiao: Classification Development in PR China logical rules relating to the enumeration of classes of Beijing and 35 other libraries (including 29 public libra­ things and ideas as well as their further subdivision, etc. ries, 5 academic libraries and 1 research library) started to The efficient organization and retrieval of documents and compile a unified classification system - the Chinese the techniques for the accomodation of new subjects were Library Classification (CLC) . generally neglected. The inevitable result of this ap­ Through serious discussion and investigation, some proach was that the inherent contradictions of traditional approaches differing from that usedin traditional enume­ enumerative classification schemes could not disappear rative classification schemes were adopted and provided through the effortsto set up many regulations and restric­ some flexibility forseveral kinds of synthetic devices.For tions. Hence in the efforts to solve this problem, CC with example: its distinctive theory, methodology and function drew the (1) the subdivisions ofthe main tables were combined attention of the Chinese library scientists. with the subdivisions of a great number of auxiliarytables The studies on CC can be traced back to 1957, when both general and special. Professor Guojun Liu (1899-1980) of Beijing University (2) The multi-character of thingswas used to enumera­ wrote an article on the development, basic concepts, te subsections at the same level. This in fact is a variant structure and utilization ofCC (2) . At the same time, an method of facet analysis and synthesis. essay by Ranganathan entitled "Colon Classification and (3) ":" was used to provide a synthetic access when its Application to Documentation" was translated into there is a need to connect two terms enumerated separa­ Chinese (3). But owing to the political bias and the strong tely under different subclasses. influence of tradition, especially the influenceof political movements such as the great Cultural Revolution, most (4) The Octave Device was used to express arrays scholars did not show enough interest in Cc. Original which are too long to be represented by decimal numbers. research was therefore carried out only on a small scale. Although these approaches were restricted to only a This can be illustrted by the fact that, whereas their few places when the CLC was first published in 1975, foreign counterparts studied CC and the related theory on they did mark the beginning of a new stage, namely the a grand and spectacular scale, the aforementioned two making use of a faceted approach in enumerative systems articles are the only ones published inthe PR Chinabefore within a limited scope. 1970 on this subject. Compared with developments in the design of classifi­ Another relevant feature in this period was the appro­ cation sch emes, the research on the theory offacet analy­ val of the notation techniques used by cc. During the sis and synthesis was still backward during this period. early 1960s, the Library Science Department of Beijing Almost all articles published at this time were on the University (now the Library and Information Science explanation and utilization of CLC. But objectivelyspea­ Department) offered a course of lectures on library scien­ king, through the popularization of CLC, not only the ce, which was sponsored by Professor Guojun Liu. The advantages of synthetic devices were realized by more introduction and comments on CC as well as facet analy­ and more professional librarians and information specia­ sis and synthesis theory were given equal position as lists, but also the utilization of synthetic devices hecame DOC, EC, UDC, SC, BC, and LCC in the course. The a part of classifyingpractice in China. Since then, more attitude towards CC shown by Prof.Guojun Liu's com­ attention has been paid to CC and its theory as well as to ments is a mixed one: while laying undue stress on the the related advances made in this field all over the world. contribution of the faceted notation devices and the facet analysis-synthesis theory to classification theory and 3.3 Flourishing period (1978- ) techniques he also criticized the idealist tendency in the This period can be divided into three phases, which ordering of the main classes and the not readilyunderstan­ constitute the main parts of modern developments in dable terminology. Despite the slowness and limitalions classification research and practice. of the research conducted then, what was done during this period laid a basis for further developments and provided 3.3.1 Principle-oriented research some new standards for the review and different approa­ From 1978-1983, following the reform and ideological ches for the design of new classification schemes. evolution of Chinese society, there was a greatupsurge in 3.2 Development Period (1971-1977) comments and introduction of the CC and the facet analysis-synthesis principle. Many a journal either on A substantial development influenced by CC took library and information science or on other fields publis­ place during the first 5 years of this period. hed a large number of articles on modern classification. In 1971, many libraries which had been at a standstill Among these, the first one to be mentioned is the article since the Great Cultural Revolution resumed providing "Comments on Major Classification Schemes used by the normal service. The crucial problem encountered was the Western Countries in Modern Times" by Prof.Guojun processing of a greatnumber of books and writings. This Liu. Resulting from amending and supplementing his led to an urgent appeal to compile new classification lecture notes of the 196Os, it was first published in schemes. Thus scholars from the National Library of instalments as a special contribution in the/Duma/ of /he

Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.l 11 Xiao: Classification Development in PR China Social Science Front in 1978 and late in 1980 published become a trial edition of the State Standard Classification once again as a monograph of the Series of the Social of China, the scbeme was too rigidto meet the demands Science Front (4). Another important fact is that a mono­ of new subjects thathad come into existence. So there was graph written by M.S.Sachdeva, entitled "The Colon a need to change tbe situation. There were many prelimi­ Classification; Theory and Practice" was translated and nary plans put forward during the firsttwo years on bow published in instalments in the LibraryJo urnalof Fujian to improve and enlarge flexibilityin combining concepts: from 1982-1983 (5). At the same time some more intro­ In order to lay a strong foundation for revision of the ductory articles on CC and other faceted classifications CLC, in May 1985, the Symposium on Revision of the came out, such as "BriefIntroduction to CC" (6), "Brief CLC was jointly sponsored by the Editorial Committee of Introduction to Faceted Classification" (7), "Introduction the CLC, the National Society of Library Science, and the to Synthetic Classification Systems" (8), etc .. They ser­ National Society of Information Science. 64 scholars ved as a new enlightenment that freed some people from from all around the country took part in this meeting. prejudices against faceted classification. Moreover, some There were two topics fordiscnss ion: firs�the application articles published at this time suggested a furtber deve­ of syntbetic devices in enumerative classification scbe­ lopment of research on the subject. Pertinent examples mes, in tbe concrete, how to promote tbe CLC and its are: variant CDC developing in this direction; second, bow to (1) "On the Present Trend of We stern Classification " deal with tbe arrangement of the continuous stream of by Prof.Guojun Liu. In this work, starting from the new subjects. introduction on revision of traditional classification sche­ Through serious discussions, most scholars and ex­ mes sucb as UDC, D DC, BC, etc., a series of research perts came to sbare tbe view that it is necessary to adopt work carried out by members of the Classification Re­ synthetic devices in the CLC and CC, but tbere sbould be searchGroup (CRG), Classification ResearchStudy Group some different procedures according to the respective (CRSG), the Classification Research Circle (CRe) were functions of the scbemes (13). given tborough approval (9). Nearly at tbe same time, the Chinese translation of (2) "A nalysis the InfluenceandAchievements ofthe 011 "The Colon Classification; its Tbeory and Practice" by CC - with Consideration of the Limitations of Enumerati­ M.S.Sachdeva came into Being as an individual book ve Classification" by Yun Xia and Yuan Zhou. On the (14). Late in 1986, tbe first monograph written by 2 basis of an introduction to and analysis of the CC, tbe Chinese scholarron the CC and entitled: ''The Explanation authors stress that there is no otber remedy for defects of of tbe CC and its Schedule" was publisbed (15). Besides, traditional enumerative classification schemes but to adopt tbe number of articles published on facet analysis and the faceted devices (10). synthetic policy as well as their utilization in CLC, CDC (3) "On the Contradiction of COllcentratioll and Di­ and tbesauri was greater tbanat any time before. In the spersion in Ellumerative Classijication"by Qiyu Zbang. following, a few representative ones are listed: Starting from an analysis of the causes wl1icb arouse (1) "Exploration on the Possibility and Methods for contradictions, tbe attention focus was on improving tbe Extending Syn thetic Devices in CLC" (16). efficiency of document retrieval. The autbor aimed at (2) "Making the Pragmatic Principle a Basic Prin ci­ adopting some devices to improve the retrieval efficiency ple in the Adoption of Synthetic Devices in CL C" (17). of enumerative classification. Nine preliminary plans, including the adoption of tbe direct synthetic device of a (3) "In creasing the Retrieval Efficiency of CDC by the class number, were put forward (11). Use of Syn thetic Devices" (18). (4) "Tentative Studyon Concept Analysis"by Cheng­ (4) "Facet Analysis and Indexing Language" (19). gui Li, in which the principle of facet analysis establisbed (5) "R esearch on the Theory and Practice of Facet by Ranganathan was giventborough approval and some Analysis " (20). factors which influence the concept analysis were discus­ (6) "On theApplication of FacetAnalysis in Thesaurus sed (12). Design " (21). All the articles mentioned above suggest that instead of Wben tbe revision of CLC-3 and CDC-3, both publis­ putting criticism in the first place, the scbolars and experts bed in 1990, was fm alized in 1988, this revision, which in tbe PRC have accepted in general tbe facet-analysis had lasted more tban five years, was brought to a tempo­ and synthetic policy and are prepared to use it in tbeir rary close. Although tbe changes were not as radical as work. some people had boped, tbey did extend tbe utilization of synthetic devices to varying degrees.For example: 3.3.2 Combination of Practice and Theory (1) in CLC, 22 new special auxiliary tables were From 1983-1987, along with the preparative work for offered, tbereby increasing, together with the former the third revised edition of tbe CLC, tbe researcb went ones, tbe number of special auxiliary tables serving as into a new stage. Through years of utilization of tbe CLC, syntbetic elements in various places of tbe scbednle to 39. most library scientists agreed tbat although tbe CLC bad (2) Tbe classes allowed to make use of ":" as a been widely used after the revision of 1980 and bad

12 Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.1 Xiao: ClassificationDevelopment inPR Chin. coordinated code in CLC were increased from 19 to 32. a newly established auxiliarytable for literature in CLC Here, as well as in CDC, the classificationist can freely were discussed and full approval was given to the creative adopt this device whenever necessary to express a com­ work ofthe DOC (29) . plex subject. Through comparative research, more and more people What should be noted is that owing to the enumerative see clearly the disadvantages of purely or basically enu­ system unchanged in general, it seems that both CLC-3 merative classification schemes and make many attempts and CDC-3 are nothing more thana mixture of desire for to solve the problems appearing. change and long existing traditional bias. In 1989, there was a suggestion to adopt the phase notation device formulated by Ranganathan to settle the 3.3.3 Review, Comparison and Various Directions interpolation of a new general subject, or a new series of terms representing a new dimension In 1990, the After the revised schedule of CLC-3 selectively pu­ (30). utilization of a self-made faceted schedule for indexing blished in 1988, the enthusiasm for research of the facet and retrieval of documents in the field of Law was analysis and synthetic policy did not drop down. From introduced (31). Furthermore, at the end of 1990,the Fifth 1988-1991, a large amount of reviews were published on Subcommittee of the Committee on National Standardi­ tbe revision of classification scbemes, eitber Chinese or zation of Documentation Activities made a proposal to foreign ones. Compared with the review before, they convene a "Symposium on the Facet-Oriented Transfor­ show more systematic and profound features. mation of the CDC" .According to the callfor papers, the First of all, the review of foreign classification sche­ following topics were emphasized: mes concentrated on the facet oriented transformation of (1) Review of the theory and practice of a facet­ UDC, DC, BC, etc .. Apart from some translated reviews oriented transformation of foreign classification sche­ existing on CC-7 and DDC-20, many articles were written mes. by Chinese scholars. In the following some examples: (2) Methods to remould the schedule of the CDC (1) "Review of BC2" (22) according to facet theory. (2) "Study of the Notation System of the BSO" (23) (3) Research on the notation system of the CDC. (3) "Review of the BSO" (24) (4) Synthetic symbol and rule, especially the rule for (4) "From an Enumerative System to a Faceted Syn ­ synthesis when ":" is used as the coordinating code. thetic System - A Tentative Research on Facet-Oriented (5) The design of auxiliary tables. Transfonnation of BC" (25). From the above we can see the clue of a new trend: the On the basis of systematic research of foreignclassifi­ general classification schemes used in the PRC, such as cation, a comparative method was adopted to look for the CLC and CDC, will become more faceted in the next advantages or disadvantages of some classification sche­ edition, and sooner or later the new facet synthetic classi­ mes. In this respect, the following articles are worth fication schemes used in special fields will emerge as mentioning: time requires. What should also be noted here is the work (1) "Looking at the Features of the CLC-3 from the of the National Institute for Coding and Classifying of point of view of the UD C."The author indicated that in Standardization Infonnation established in 1988, which comparison with the UDC, CLC-3 could not be said to willplay a more important part in this field. have the general character of an enumerative and synthe­ tic classification, and the future deVelopment should 4. Conclusion follow the pattern of the UDC (26). As indicated above, we can draw a conclusion that (2) "Inspecting the Direction of Classification Re­ started from a brief introduction of the CC more than 30 search in the PRCfrom the point of view of the UNESCO years ago: the research on facet analysis and synthetic Thesaurus". In this essay, the result of a comparison, the theory, whichhas been demonstrated inCC and a series of author suggested to take as focal points of indexing works by Ranganathan, has become an important part of langnage research the improvement and creation of clas­ modern Chinese development of classification. The evo­ sification schemes and to stick to the combination of tbe lution is of special significance for China as one of the enumerative method with synthetic devices (27). countries with an age-old tradition in classification. (3) "On the design of a New General Auxiliary Table Although the transformation in the direction of a fully for the CDC". Through the analysis of auxiliarytables of faceted synthetic approach in classification revision seems the UDC, DOC, and BC, new policy and methods to be to be in a state in which conflicting putposes and methods adopted in the design of a general auxiliary table of the still confront Chinese scholars with bafflingproblems, it CDC were described. (28) is quite apparent that various attempts which have been (4) "Review and Study of the Background of an Auxi­ made in thisdirection should be taken a component part as liary Table for Literature Dealing with Specific Themes of the worldwide research on the CC and its facet analy­ and Subjects of CLC fo nn the Literature Schedule of sis-synthesis theory. DDC'; in which the property, function and formation of

Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.1 13 Xiao: Classification Development inPR China Considering the need for more flexibility in indexing (14) Sachdeva, M.s.: Maohao Fenleifa Lilun yu Shijian (Chine­ and retrieval of information as well as the experience of se trans1.) Beijing, PRC: Shumu Wenxian Chubanshe, 1985. knowledge organization, we must do our utmost to keep­ 327p. (15) Song, Keqiang; Xu, Peiji: Maohao Fenleifa Jieshuo Ji up with the unpredictable way in wbich a subject would be Leibiao. Beijing, PRC: Shumu Wenxian Chubanshe 1986. formed_ Imaginingtbis led to the design ofthe CC nearly 552p. 60 years ago, now it is the dynamics spurring us onto a (16) Zhang, Qiyu: Guanyu Zhontufa Zengjia Zupei Chenfen de deepening of present researchand practice. I would like to Kenengxinghe Fangfa de Tansuo. Beitu Tongxun(1985)No.3, quote the words of Dr.Dablberg: "We still have not fully p.22-38 considered and digested the wealth of ideas in classifica­ (17) Huang, Gang: ShiyongxingShi Zupei Fangfa Zai Zhong­ tion wbich Ranganathan left us" (32), and say with tufa Zhong Yingyong de Ji ben Yuanze. Tushugua Gongzu confidencethat with the lapse of time the situation willbe (1985)No.3, p.34-36 changed through the joint efforts of scholars and experts (18) Zhong,Jiaxin: Yunyong Zupei Fangfa Tigao Zhongtufa from all over the world. de Jiansuo Xiaolu. Tushuguan Gongzuo (1985)No.3, p.45-8 (19) Zhang,Xinyi: FenmianFenxi heJiansuo Yuyan. Qingbao References Kexue (1985)No.6, p.8-ll (20) Ye, Qianjun: Fenmian Fenxi de Lilun yu Shijian Yanjiu. (1) Qiu, Feng: ZhonggouQinbao Jiansuo Yuyan Janshe Sishi­ Daxue Tushuguan Tongxun (1986)No.6, p.5-10 nian. Tu Shu Guan Xue Tongxun 15(1989)No.2, p.14-26 (2) Liu, Guojun: Maohao FenleifaJianshu. ZhongguoKexuey­ (21) Ye, Qianjun: Xuci Bianzhi Zhongde femnian Fenxi Yin­ uan Tushuguan Tongxun (1957)No.11, p.12-21 gyong. Qingbao Kexue (1986)No.6, p.23-27 (22) Dai, Weimin: Bulisi Shumu Fenleifa di 2 ban Pingjie. (3) RaTIganathan, S.R.: Mao hao Fenleifa He Ta DuiyuWenxian Tushuguanxue Tongxun 15(1989)No.1, p.65-71, 45 Gongzuo de Yingyong (transl.text). Zhongguo Kexueyuan (23) Lin,Dehai: Guanyu BSO de Biaoji Zhidu. Tushuguan Zazhi Tushuguan Tongxun(1957)No.11, p.21-28 (4) Liu, Guojun: Xiandai Xilang Zhuyao Tushu Fenieifa Pings­ (1988)No.4, p.19-21 hu. Changchun, PRC: Jilin Renmin Chubanshe (1980. 236p. (24)Hou, Hanqing: GailueFenleiTixi Pingjie. QingbaoKexue (1988)No.5, p.,77-83 (5) Sachdeva,M.S.: Maohao Fenleifa Lilun yu Shijan Di 2 ban (25) Ma, Zhanghua: Cong Dengji Liejushi Dao Fenmian Zu­ (transl.text). Fujian Tushuguan XueKan (1982)No.2-4; peishi- FemniJrnGaizao Chutan. Tushuguan.Yanjiu (1989)No3, (1983)No.I-3 Be p.56-61, No.5, p.16-19 (6) Zhou, Shuji: Maohao Fenleifa Jianjie. Sichuan Tushuguan (26) Shi, Jian: Cong UDC Kan Zhongtufa Di 3 ban de Xiuding Xuebao (1978)No.11, p.52-54 Tedian. Henan Tushuguan Xuekan (1989)No.2, p.6-8 (7) Jiang, Wamnin: Fenmian Fenleifa Jianjie. Qingbao Kexue (27) Guo, Jianli: Cong Lianheguo .okewenzuzhi Xiucibiao (1981)No.2, p.69-73 Ii kan Woguo Fenleifa Yanjiu Luxiang. Tushu yu qingbao (8) Qin, Ming: ZOngbe Fenlei Tixi. Qingbao Kexue (1980)No3, (1988)No.2, p.36-38 p.127-129 (28) Gan, Xingqong: Shilun Ziliaofa (CDC) Xinxing Zonglun (9) Liu, Guojun: Lun Xilang tushu fenleifa Dangqian Fazhan de Fufenbiao de Bianzhi. Tushuguan Jie (1991)No.l, p.37-40 Qushi. JilinshengTushuguan Xuehui Huikan (1980)No.1, p.6- (29) Zi, Xian: Cong Duwei Shijin Fenleifa (DC) Wenxue 12 Leibiao Zhongtufa Wenxue Ticai Fufenbiao Xingcheng de (10) Xia, Yun, Zhou, Yuan: Maohao Fenleifa de chengjiu he Kan Dongyin Ji Pingshu. GuangdongTushuguan Xuekan (1990)No.2, Yingxiang Shud. Qingbaoo Kexue (1982)No.5, p.64-67 p.34-38 (11) Zhang Qiyu: Too fenleifa Zhong Jizhong yu fensan de (30) Yu, Xuehua:Xiang de Biaoji Yunyongyu Zhongtufa zhi Maodun. Tushuguan Zazhi (1982)No.1, p.14-16 Shexiang. Tushuguan Xuekan (1989)No.2, p.26-27 (12) Li, Chenggui: GainianFenxi Chutan. Sichuan Tushuguan (31) Wu, Jian: Zai Shijianzhong Jiaqiang Qikan de Kexue Xuebao (1982)No.4, p.34-36 Guanli. Shandong Tushuguan Jikan (1990)No.l, p.55-58 (13) Zhongtufa Bianweihui: Zhongtufa Xiuding Yantaohui (32) Dahlberg, Ranganathan and the Organizationof Know­ Huiyi Jiyao. Tushuguan Gongzuo (1985)No .. 3, p.1-2 1: ledge. Int. Classif. 18 (1991) No.1, p.l.

14 Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.1 Xiao: Classification Development in PR China Hemalata Iyer State University of New York. School of Information Science and Policy, Albany, NY Subject Representation and Entropy

Iyer, Hemalata: Subject representation and entropy. Anderson and Bower (3) list the criteria helpful in the Int.Classif. 19(1992)No.l, p.15-18, 14 refs. choice of a structure for representing information. They The paper examines the systems approach to subject structu­ are ring. Itpresents an ovetview ofempirical studies undertaken to 1. The representation should be capable of expressing test the postulates relating to subject structuring. Entropy any conception which a human can formulate or under­ provides a measure of disorganization in a system. Structured subject representations are considered as systems and the stand. measure of entropy is applied to determine the extent of 2. The representation should allow for a relatively distortion in the communication of the intended messages. efficient search for and retrieval of information; that is, (Author) specific information should remain relatively accessible even when the data fIle grows to encyclopedic propor­ tions. l.Introduction 3. The representation should saliently exhibit the sub­ Subject representation is the principal basis on which stantive information extracted from a given input. It information systems retrieve information. The subject should not be influenced by the peculiarities of the par­ expounded in the document has to be represented as ticular natural language in which that information was subject headings, subject index terms, class numbers, communicated This hope for language invariance amounls data structures and other kinds of surrogates. This is to a wish for a universal interlingua in which any concep­ done in order to provide access to information in the in­ tion in any language should be expressed but for which formation system. the format would not be specific to a particular language. Representation of subjects in the form of class num­ 4. For reasons of parsimony, the representation should bers, subject headings, etc., is done by the process of involve a minimum of formal categories. That is, it analysis of the subject of the document into its consti­ should make minimal formal (structural or syntactic) di­ tuent elements and assembling them in a preferred stinctions at the outset; more complex distinctions would order. This process is equivalent to transforming the n­ be built up by the construction rules for concatenating dimensional configuration of the subject into a linear primitive ideas. configuration. Itinvolves the arrangement of the compo­ 5. The representation must allow for easy expression nent elements of each subject belonging to a subject of concatenation operations, by which "duplex ideas" field, and all subjects belonging to different subject fields can be constructed out of "simple ideas". This means, among themselves in a sequence helpful to a majority of for example, that the representation should allow ex­ users, and requires keeping invariant every immediate pression of conceptual hierarchies, or multiply embed­ neighbourhood relation among all the subjects while ded predications, or allow one to predicate a new infor­ transforming or mapping the n-dimensional configura­ mation structure. tion of subjects into a line (1). Thus, subject indexing systems are primarily concerned with analyzing, identi­ Among other things, the structure ofindexing langua­ fying, and representing relations between the compo­ ges must aid communication. The structure should pro­ nents of a subject of a document. Such a sequence of vide cues in a modulated fashion, so that the information component ideas in a subject giving rise to a structured seeker moves on gradually towards his area of interest. pattern, assists communication, learning and remembe­ ring. As Jerome Bruner explains, 2. Ranganathan's Categories and Absolute Syntax Ranganathan's approach to the structuring of sub­ "In understanding a complex structure, the human intellect jects is based on the postulational approach. It centers finds it helpful to identify the substructures and categorize around the concept of the Basic Subject [BS] and the them. Such pattern recognition, pattern formulation and cate­ gorization have been found to be involved in the human Five Fundamental Categories [PC]: Personality [P], Matter learning process and information handling" (2). [M], Energy [E], Space IS], and Time [T] with the sequencing of the categories being PMEST on the prin­ Structuring of ideas is therefore a biological necessity. ciple of decreasing concreteness (4). The 'Basic Subject'

Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.l 15 Iyer: Subject Representation and Entropy spe�ifies the context of the subject in relation to other fulfillment are its primary concern. Obviously then, subjects in the universe of subjects. priorities in the fulfIllmentof its purpose become essen­ 'Personality' is the core entity of a subject statement. tial. Thus, the representation of a system according to its Ranganathan considered it as the most ineffable one for purposes, its environmental constraints, its actors, their definition and suggested the method of residues for its objectives, the function of the system, and the parts that recognition.However, this method was found to be ina­ perform these functions take on a hierarchic form. One dequate and as Gopinath writes, would then be concerned with the priority impact of any of these elements on the overriding purpose of the "The problems of recognition of fundamental categories is not system (8). definitional, but contextual. Thesemantic and syntactic aspects in the formation of these compound subjects and the general­ 4. The Systems Approach to Fundamental Categories izations of these structures to a nodal base ... that is, the basic Any system can be looked at in terms of parts and subject-sets cause the difficulties the recognition of Persona­ in elements. Emery Ackoff (8) very succinctly explains lity" (5). these parts and the hierarchy of the system's structure 'Matter' connotes a property or materialness of the becomes apparent. focal idea of a subject statement. Later, the material Personality: Personality is how an individual converts constituent was considered to be the qualifier and only the choices in the environment into a situation wherein 'Property' is considered to be the fundamental category he derives maximum benefits; that is, given several alter­ matter. natives, chooses the one from which he expects maxi­ 'Energy' connotes an action in relation to the focal mum utility. The degree of expectation of the outcome idea. It could denote action, interaction or mutual ac­ depends on the available alternatives as well as the time tion. and place. Personality is defmed in terms of its unique regular and specifiedresponses to its environment, and 'Space' represents geographical areas and physiogra­ these responses involve the properties of an individual. phic features. The properties change or are made to change due to Absolute Syn tax: Ranganathan suggested a facet syn­ external action in terms of space and time; hence the tax for compound subjects that is free from linguistic and idea of property, action, space and time. The specific cultural influences. Such a syntax would reflect the ar­ connotations of these embedded categories may be de­ rangement of ideas simulating the mental process of a lineated further. normal human intellect. This he called absolute syntax Property: A property is the potentiality for producing (6) and suggested the structure "BS, PMEST" to paral­ a specified type of response in a subject in a specifically lel the absolute syntax. In his investigation A. Neelameg­ chosen environment. han found parallels in formal linguistics in terms of the deep structrure of a sentence, especially in the research Event: An event is a change in one or more structural work of Chomsky, Fodor, Fillmore and Katz (see 1, properties of either an object, a system, an environment, p.170). or a relationship between them over a time period of specified duration. action is an active event which is An capable of making something else happen to the thing or 3. Categorization its environment; that is, action is explained in terms of Absolute syntax provides a structure that is predicti­ what it does to the object. Action involves space and ve. It is based on the categorization of concepts. Eleanor time. Rosch (7) points out that the formulation of categories is for cognitive economy. Categorization is done in order Time Slice: A time slice is a bound part (volume) of to provide maximum information with the least cogniti­ space at a moment of time. Time is a property of events ve effort. To categorize a stimulus means to consider it that is sufficient to enable an individual to individuate for the purposes of categorization in preference to other any two changes in the same property of some individual. stimuli. Therefore it results in cognitive economy. A time slice is explained through events. There are three ways of establishing relationships Space is inclusive of time, for any object which occu­ among categories. The first is cause-effect; the second is pies space exists through time. Thus, there is an inclusive probabilistic; the third and the most recent, is the sy­ relationship between elements thereby giving rise to a stems approach which is concerned with the interaction hierarchic structure between them. of the system with its environment. This method of un­ derstanding is an analylico-synthetic one. It looks at the 5.Empirical Validation of Ranganathan's Postulates overall purposes governing the design and functions of a Ranganathan's approach to subject representation is system in order to explain its behaviour. The systems primarily a postulational approach. The succeeding sec­ approach is hierarchic in nature and moves from the tions of this paper will give an overview of studies particular to the general and also vice versa. Although undertaken to empirically test the postulates relating to . synthesis cannot be separated from analysis and causa­ subject structuring. This is important for a further pro­ lity, it is different in its approach. Purpose and its gression of the theory. Besides, the value of such studies

16 lnt. Classif. 19(1992)No.l Iyer: Subject Representation and Entropy is that they offer methodologies for testing postulates The same methodology involving the variance factor and validating the hitherto abstract ideas as empirically is used for this purpose. The results of the study indicate verifiable truth statements. that the presence of the concrete category [PI increases Concreteness of the facets, which is the central idea predictability or decreases entropy. The assembly of ca­ governing the ordering of the facets, needs to be deter­ tegories in the order of decreasing concreteness is the mined empirically. The methodology used for the pur­ most effective way of ordering facets, resulting in least pose involves the following steps: entropy and in maximum predictability (9). 1. Analysis of subject statements into their compo­ 6. Recall Factor and Concreteness nent ideas or facets of Ranganathan, e.g. Subject state­ ment: The human mind conceptualizes through observation Improvement of social status of immigrant and experience, and the human memory requires an children in England ill the 1930's. organizational structure for assimilation of concepts. Retrievability of concepts depends fIrstlyon the level of 2. Administering the terms denoting each of the com­ processing and secondly on the formation of mental ponent ideas to users, as single terms, for e.g. "Chil­ images. Images are easily formed if the concept is a dren", and also in combination with terms representing concrete one. From the organized store the concepts are other component ideas in a stratified manner. recalled in response to some external stimuli (10, 11). 3. The respondents are requested to make a subject In the context of information retrieval the recall po­ statement using a component idea. tential of a term is crucial. Hence, it is important to 4. The statements are facet analyzed. determine the correlation between concreteness of a ca­ 5. The Variance Factor is determined for each of the tegory and its recall potential. component categories. This is based on the number of The questions that need to be asked are: differing roles in which the component category has been used by the respondents while making their subject - Do concrete concepts, sllch as [PI type concepts have statements, although there was an implicit intended role, greaterrecall potential than the less concrete ones, such e.g. [PI type idea used in the following roles: [PI as [PI; as [E] type concepts? [Sp] to [PI; [Sp] to [E]. The intended role is [PI of [Pl. - Do stimuli of concepts of differing concreteness result The variance factor together with the proportion of in varying recall? the reciprocation of the intended role is used to determi­ ne the concreteness of a category. - Do stimulus concepts of the "genus" type or concepts representing the "whole" result in recall ofthe "species" 6. Entropy: The reciprocation and non-reciprocation type or "part" type concepts respectively with regard to of the categories can be interpreted from the informa­ hierarchically related concepts? tion point-of-view. In this context, the variance in reci­ The methodology used is the word-association test. procation is taken as a function of the information con­ The results indicate that the recall of [PI, [M], and [E] tent. Sucb variation leads to disorganization. A measure type ideas are signifIcantly different. There is a direct ofsucb disorganization is known as entropy. Tbe entropy correlation between concreteness of a category and its formula is: E-(Plog p qlogq) recall potential. However, they are independent of the + type of stimuli. Whole-part type of ideas have a greater where E = Entropy

p = Proportion of reciprocated roles recall potential than the genus-species type of ideas. As from the responses regards the direction of recall of hierarchically related

q = Proportion of unreciprocated concepts, the movement is from the broader to the nar­ roles from the responses rower concept, i.e. from genus to species or from whole Predictability is a function oftbe amount of organiza­ to part (12). tion in tbe system, tbe opposite of entropy. Tberefore 7. Bond-Strength and Categories predictability will be E-1; where E = entropy. This methodology, when applied in determining the Ranganathan looked upon the facet structure as one concreteness of categories, resulted in [PI being tbe of decreasing sequence of bond-strengthsbetween basic most concrete category, followed by [M], [S] and [T]. subjects and successive categories, e.g., This is in support of Ranganathan's postulate of Concre­ Facet Structure: teness (9). Agriculture [BS], Rice Plant [PI; Disease [M]; Pre­ Having determined tbis, the next issue is to empirical­ vention [E]. Madras [S] , Dry Period [T] ly test the implications of tbe' postulate of decreasing In this facet structure, the bond strength of the con­ concreteness. Tbe questions raised in this context are: cept "Agriculture" is greatest with "Rice Plant". It is less - Does subject structuring based on decreasing concre­ with"Diseases" . It is still less with "Prevention". It is still teness of facets minimise entropy; i.e., does it support lesser with "Madras". It is least with "Dry Period" (6). tbe communication of tbe intended meaning of the Thus there are interesting connections between concre­ surrogate to tbe nser? If so, to what extent? teness and bond strength. Once again an empirical test

Int. Classif. J9(J992)No.1 17 Iyer: Subject Representation and Entropy of the measure of bond strength between categories is - Assists in the choice of concepts from the users' narra­ carried out. tive statements representing their information needs. Measure of Bond Strength : Bond-strength represents -Assists in formulating search statements by providing a relative contiguity in the association of ideas. One of the basis for the use of appropriate Boolean operators. approaches of psychologists is to use the reaction time as Terms representing different facets are combined with a measure of associative strength. The reaction time the operator 'AND' and those within a facet, or repre­ from the onset of the stimulus to the onset of the senting different levels of the same facet are combined response is known as the latency factor. This latency with the operator 'OR'. The rationale for this is based on factor is used as an indication of bond-strength. A word the degree of bond-strength between facets. association test is administered to users, and the bond­ -Provides a method for systematically dropping terms, if strength is determined in terms of inter-facets and level the search needs to be broadened. Terms are dropped clusters (12, p.58-68). from the right end of the search statement. The results of the study indicate that: - Bond-strength between [M] and [E] is stronger than 9. Conclusion between [P] and [E], while there is no difference in the The studies presented provide an empirical basis for bond strength between [P] and [M], and [P] and [E]. This Ranganathan's facet structure, establishing the measure results in the sequence [P] [M] [E] when ordered in a of concreteness of the categories; correlating concrete­ linear way according to the bond-strength existing bet­ ness with their recall potential, predictability, and bond­ ween them. strength and the possibilities of application in online - Inter-facet bond-strength is stronger than the one bet­ bibliographic searching. ween level clusters of the same category; i.e., the bond­ strength between [P] and [M] is stronger than the one References between [P] and [P1]. This is contrary to the Postulate of (1) Neelameghan, A.: Absolute syntax and structure of an indexing and switching language. In: Ordering Systems for Level Cluster which states that the occurrence of the Global Information Networks: Proc.3rd Int.Study same facet on different levels demands a grouping toge­ Conf.Classif.Res., Bangalore: FID/CR 1979. p.168 ther resulting in the facet structure [P], [P2], [P3]; [M], (2) Bruner, 1.S.: Study of tbinking.New York: Wiley1956. [M2], [M3]:[E] ... (3) Anderson, 1.R., Bower, G.N.: Human associative memory. Washington: V.H.Winston. (distributed by Halsted Press, New 8. Facet Analysis and Search Strategies York 1973) What is the relevance of these findings for the process (4) Ranganathan,S.R.: Library classification: Fundamentals of search and retrieval in online bibliographic databa­ and procedure. Bombay: Asia 1944. ses? experiment of comparative retrieval strategies (5) Gopinath, M.A.: An analysis of the problems in recognition An of the manifestations of the fundamental categories in interdis­ was conducted whereby the faceted search model was ciplinary subjects. Ph.D.Dissertation. Karnatak University, compared with two other types of searches: Quorum p.120 Function Search and Online Boolean Search (13). In the (6) Ranganathan, S.R.: Prolegomena to library classification. Quorum Search proposed by Cyril Cleverdon, the sy­ Bombay: Asia 1967. Chapt.RQ stem looks for items with all desired terms present. If no (7) Rosch, Eleanor: Principles of categOrization. In: Cognition item is retrieved then one of the terms is dropped and the and categorization. Hillsdale, N.J.: L.Erlbaum Assoc.1978. search is performed again. This process is repeated p.28-29 dropping each term in turn until a match is found. If none (8) Ackoff, E.: On purposeful systems. Chicago: Aldine-Ather­ occurs, then two terms are dropped, and so on. This is an ton 1972. (9) Iyer, Hemalata: Facet structure of SUbjects: empirical unstructured search as it involves random dropping of An study terms. This contrasts very well with the faceted model of concreteness and predictability of categories. Libr.ScLSlant Doc. 19(1982)Paper L search whereby the questions are facet analyzed using (10) Lindsay, P.H., Norman, DA.: Human information pro­ Ranganathan's theory and the search strategies are cessing: Introduction to psychology. New York: Academic developed on that basis. This represents a highly struc­ Press 1977. p.351 tured search process. The Online Boolean Search repre­ (11) Rumelhart, D.E.: Introduction to information processing. sents the database searching as performed by the search Ohio: Merrill 1981. intermediaries. User evaluation of relevance of the output (12) Iyer, Hemalata: Structure of indexing languages and re­ is used to compute recall and precision measures. trieval effectiveness. Ph.D.Diss., University of Mysore 1984. p.49-57 The retrieval results indicate that the faceted model (13) Iyer, Hemalata: Online searching: Use of classificatory search perform at a higher level of precision and recall structures. In: Fugmann, R.(Ed.): Tools for Knowledge Repre­ than the other two search models. sentation and the Human Interface. Proc.1st Int.ISKO Conf., Structuring of queries using Ranganathan's theory of Dannstadt. Frankfurt: INDEKS Ver1.1990/9!. p.159-167 classification is helpful in the process of searching and retrieval. It serves the following purposes: Dr.Hemalata Iyer, School of Infonnation Science and Policy, SUNY at Albany, 135 WesternAve., Albany, NY 12009, USA.

18 Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.1 Iyer: Subject Representation and Entropy determined on the basis of structuring. Each person Reports and (and in a more complicated interactive way each social Communications community) draws his or her own boundary lines and configurations within the dynamic whole of reality and says, "Meaning is here, in this structure". A human being's fIrststructures are physical and concrete, based The Problem of Meaning on the coordination of actions. It is this coordination - whether adding, sequencing, joining, or building - which by Mary Dykstra form the basis of reflective abstracting which develops later in thought. Therefore, as Piaget has said, " ... the roots of logical and mathematical structures are to be The fIrstplenary session of the ISKO Conference at found in the coordination of actions, even before the Darmstadt (Aug.14, 1990) centered upon the article: development of language" (3). "Historical Note: Infonnation Retrieval and the Future of It is important to realize that language itself is an Illusion", by Don SWANSON (JASIS 39(1988)p.92- all 98). The session consisted of an introductionby Dr.Robert about structure and structuring. The problem of com­ FUGMANN, followed by a panel discussion in which munication is essential one of access from mind to mind each panelist remarked upon a particular aspect of the which is access from meaning structure to meanin� Swanson article. Following is a written version of my structure. The toolfor communication is language, which comments in which I agreed with Don Swanson's sum­ Wallace Chafe says "provides ways for particular se­ mary Postulate PI 9, stating that the conceptual pro­ mantic structures to be converted into sound" (4). blems of IR are essentially problems of meaning. The only way that thoughts are structured and expres­ It is important to understand that the problem of sed, then, is through language, which, to quote Cherry meaning in text is caused by the very simple fact that again, "makes a hard mistress and we are all her slaves" meaning does not reside in text in the fIrst place. You (1, p.77). It is only through the medium of text of some and I will never fInd relevance in text, because relevance other expression that thoughts can be communicated is not there! and understood. Our only recourse, therefore, is to analyze the text itself. In the literature of linguistics and In other words it is impossible, even with the most philosophy this has been called the "intractable problem advanced technology in the world, for computer intelli­ of meaning", or more simply "the meaning problem". �ence to understand what text means, because meaning never actually a textual property. A clear distinction Any efforts to make the computer understand text IS have fIrst to recognize the meaning problem for what it must be made between meaning and messages. The human mind transmits messages, some of which are text, is, and then to devise some kind of effective way to but meaning itself is not transmitted in these messages. navigate around it. In other words, "the meaning pro­ blem" is like the Bermuda Triangle. The messages are simply the expression of what someone meant in his or her head. I think that Bar Hillel had something very profound to say about this avoidance of the meaning problem. He The skill of communication lies in the encoding of a message in such a way that the decoder or receiver can said: assimilate it within his or her own meaning structure as closely as possible to the way that the encoder intended. Though considerations of meaning in linguistics can be repla­ But the meaning itself is never encoded within sounds or ced, up to a point, by rigorous stmctural procedures, i.e. procedures involving solely the kinds and order of the elements letters of the alphabet, sent out, and decoded. As Colin of the language under investigation, they cannot be replaced by Cherry has said, "When we speak ( or write) to one distlibutional (i.e. statistical) procedures, despite (certain claims). another we do not transmit our thoughts"(1). Distdbutioflal procedures may be sufficient to establish the Ferdinand de Saussure, called the father of modern rules by which all longer expressions can be constructed out of lingustics, has said that the linguistic sign, or the "slice of the elements, but they are inadequate for the establishment of sound" which marries a concept with a sound-image, is certain other rules that would mirror the so-called logicalpro­ completely arbitrary (2). perties and relations of sentences and other expressions. (6) There is nothing in the sound of "dog" (in English) or The information retrieval business has not yet gra­ in the letters D-O-G which, in and of themselves, signify sped the significanceof this insight. Instead, most if not one of those furry four-legged creatures that we have all all of the efforts so far to improve the effectiveness ofIR come to know. The linguistic sign, then is essentially systems have concentrated upon distributional or stati­ meaningless. It is only when certain of them are endo­ stical procedures. What is needed instead, according to wed with values that they can be used conventionally and Bar Hillel, is emphasis upon the structural and logical understood within a given social or cultural community. properties of text, along with much more knowledge Within that black box of the human mind, meaning is from the related fIelds of linguistics and classifIcation.

Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.l 19 Reports and Communications T.S.Eliot's Prufrock was so right when he sighed, "It ged extraction of the natural language expressions used is impossible to say just what I mean". But it is possible by the author of a paper. Different indexers or the same to recognize the Bermnda Triangle of the meaning pro­ indexer at different times would very probably achieve blem for what it is, and to learn how to avoid it. We can high consistency. For example, the phenomenon of con­ then figure out ways to compensate for this avoidance by ceptual transparency in information systems may be paying attention to the logical structures of text, through phrased in relevant documents as which all meaning is encoded, restructured, and expres­ sed. " ...reducing the complexity of design making it more intelligi­ ble proved necessary to maintain the operability of the sy­

References stem ... " (1) Cherty, On human communication. 2nd ed. Cambridge, c.: or MA: M.I.T.Press 1966. p.lll " ... the possibilityto visualizethe network of relations became (2) Saussure, F.de: Course in General Linguistics. Ref.ed., more and more important because the danger for the user to transl.from the French. London: P.Owen 1960. p.l02-122 go lost was steadily increasing ... " (3) Piaget, Genetic epistemology. New York: Columbia J.: University Press 1970. p.21 or (4) Chafe, W.: Meaning and the structure oflanguage. Chica­ " ... the user, too, could also profit from transparent machine go: University of Chicago Press 1970. p.28 assisted access to other files because this rendered the search (5) Bar-Hillel, Y.: Language and information. Reading, MA : results better interpretable ..." Addison-Wesley 1964. p.38 or " ... the structure of the vocabularywas clearly displayed to the Prof.Mary Dykstra, Dalhousie University, School of Library user and the phrasing of queries was thus considerably facili­ and Information Studies, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4H8, tated ..." Canada or " ... these nonlinear networks often leave people with a·feeling of disorientation which resulted in waste of time or even the Indexing Quality: Predictability versus entire enunciation of system use ... " Consistency etc. From the first text fairly consistently "complexity" by Robert Fugmann and "operability" might be extracted, from the second document, again very consistently, "network of rela­ The question of indexingconsistency has persisted to tions" and "visualization", from the next document constitute one of the most perplexing topics in informa­ "transparent machine assisted access", then "vocabula­ tion science, as has again become apparent in the latest ry display" and "query phrasing" etc. etc ... investigation of Sievert and Andrews (1). On the one The number of conceivable paraphrases for the con­ hand, Cooper's statement that consistent indexing can cept of conceptual transparency is abnost unlimitedly be but consistently bad (2, p.269) has never been refuted. large, and each of them might have occurred in any On the other hand it is intuitively felt that indexing con­ document relevant to the search. Each of them would sistency should in some, but hitherto unexplored, way be therefore have to be taken into consideration as an alter­ related to indexing quality and search effectiveness. It native search parameter. has therefore continued to be used as a quality criterion But this kind of high indexingconsistency attained by for indexing. the mere extraction of text words (even after retreating The phenomenon of indexing consistency requires a to the word stems and/or to some orthographic norma­ more detailed investigation, and one step forward is a lization) is of little use. No searcher (and no algorithm) distinction belween various kinds of indexingconsisten­ can foresee with which modes of expressions the rele­ cy (3). Another approach to clarification is provided by vant documents happen to have been phrased by the the Five Axiom Theory (4), especially by the Axiom of authors and indexed, and which search paramete" would Representational Predictability. therefore have to be compi/ed in the query (cf., for exam­ Indexing can be considered as a twofold step (4, 5, 6) pie, 7, p.338). Hence, the greatest possible interindexer consisting of consistency, as attainable by the unchanged extraction of - the selection of the essence of a document to be stored meaning conveying textwords from the documents, may and well be that which is least conducive to good retrieval. - the description of this essence with a sufficient degree In his attempt to phrase an appropriate query the of predictability and fidelity. searcher must be able to reconstruct or predict, with which mode of expression the topic of his interest is in As far as the second step is concerned, perfect consi­ fact represented in the file. stency could easily be attained by the mere and unchan- To this end it is by no means necessary for the topic of

20 Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.1 Reports and Communications interest to be (consistently) expressed in the search ftle interindexer consistency. In: Fugmann, R.(Ed.) Tools for by one single mode of expression. For a complete search Knowledge Organization and the Human Interface. Proc.1st it is perfectly sufficientto know precisely which different Int. ISKO Conf., Dannstadt 1990. 2 vols., Frankfurt: INDEKS expressions have exclusively been used in indexing. For Verl.1990 191. (4) Fugmann, R.: The Five-Axiom Theory of Indexing and example, it is sufficient to know that the substance effec­ Information Supply. Amer. Soc. InIonn. Sci. 36(1985) p.116· tive against scurvey is represented in a ftle exclusively by I. 129 "ascorbic acid", "Ascorbinsaure", "i-ascorbic acid", (5) FIDICR News 2. Int.Classif. 8(199!)p.96 and "vitamin C". Hence, no consistent concept descrip­ (6) Fugmann,R.:Toward a theory of information supply and tion is required. It is perfectly sufficientif this description indexing. Int.C!assif. 6(1979)p.3-15 is predictable. (7) Svenonius, E.: Unanswered questions in the design of controlledvocabularies. Amer. Soc.InIonn. Sci. 37(1986)p331- As far as the first step in indexing is concerned, the I. selection of the key concepts must in fact be consistent, 340 because only under these circumstances can the sear­ Dr,Robert Fugrnann, AIte Poststr. 13, D-6270 Idstein cher rely on their representation in the fIle and only under these circumstances can high recall be attained. For example, if sometimes the substances and diseases are indexed, but in some other cases not, recall will New Deal for UDe inevitably be correspondingly low. Hence, in this first step (and only in this step) of indexing, consistency (fro m FID News Bull.41(1991)No.ll, p.194 and No.12, p.203) among the indexers is desirable. Here, however, it is identical with predictability of selection. Only in this FID announces that, as from the end of 1991, respon­ particular step is consistency conducive to indexing quality. sibility for its world famous Universal Decimal Classifi­ Hence, it is predictabilityinstead of consistency which cation, the UDC, will be assumed by a new organization, should be the goal in indexing, both in the selection of the the UDC Consortium (UDCC), to be established as a essence, and also in the description of this essence. The foundation. Initially this new body will be jointly funded role of (good!) controlled vocabularies (cf.7, p.334), the and managed by the Associacion Espanola de Normali­ adherence to Cutter's rule, classification schedules, au­ zacion (AENOR) of Spain, the British Standards Insti­ thority lists, etc. can be seen as one of enhancing repre­ tution (BSI) of the U.K., Bohn Statley Van Loghum sentational predictability, which is inherently missing in (BSL) of The Netherlands, Centre de Lecture Publique natural language expressions, in particular in expres­ de la Communaute Francaise (CLPCF) of Belgium, the sions of general concepts (as opposed to individual con­ Information Science and Technology Association cepts) and topics. Their terminological consistency (cf.7, (INFOSTA) of Japan and FID; opportunities will arise p.336) is close to zero, which is due to the almost for other organizations to join the Consortium later. infinitely large number of (unpredictable) paraphrases During its meeting of Nov.12 and 13, 1991 the FID in which they may be presented in the relevant texts. Vo­ Executive Director was elected as the Executive chair­ cabulary categorization, adherence to predetermined man of the UDCC. Other elected officerswere Mr Alan indexingrules, and expert knowledge, on the other hand, Stevens (BSI) as treasurer and Mr Alan Gilchrist as Ex­ render the selection of the essence more predictable ecutive Vice Chairman. (and consistent). Establishing the UDC Consortium creates a sound What is needed for the effectiveness of an informa­ base for the future of the most sophisticated and multi­ tion system is indexer-requester consistency (cf.2, p.270) purpose general classification scheme. It ensures that all i.e. the indexer should agree with the requester in the reo the recent major proposals for its further development presentation of the concepts of interest (at least to such can be quickly implemented so that it will meet the needs a degree that an algorithm can eliminate remaining, not only ofthe 1990s but also the decades beyond. These largely formal discrepancies, for example by trunca­ proposals include the creation of a new computerized tion). "master reference file" (equivalent to the former autho­ overall interindexer consistency is neither a neces­ rized version in concept, not in size) to be the source of An sary nor a sufficient criterion of indexing quality and products suitable for use in manual or computer applica­ retrieval effectiveness. It is indeed merely a perplexing tions, and a range of customer· oriented special and mul­ hobgoblin. tilingual versions. Continuous maintenance of the sy­ stem, which will be fully computerized by early 1992, will

References also be assured. (1) Sievert, M.E.C., Andrews, M.J.: Indexing consistency in FlD, as a member of the Consortium, continues to be Information Science Abstracts. J.Amer.Soc.Infonn.Sci. involved and the interests of all existing users and mem­ 42(1991)p.l-6 bers of the Federation are being safe-guarded. Present (2) Cooper, W.S.: Is interindexer consistency a hobgloblin? arrangements with other publishers may also be conti­ Arner.Doc. 20(1969)p.268-278 nued - the UDC is currently published wholly or in part (3) rivonen, M.: The impact of the indexing environment on in over 20 languages, but will, however, be subject to

Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.1 21 Reports and Communications review or renegotiation. It is anticipated that some may sortium initiated by FID has the only objective of marke­ wish to participate fully in the Consortium, others to ting a reduced version of the UOC without taking care of continue publishing under licence. its further development and without any partnership For the last five years the UOC has been the respon­ from German-speaking countries. sibility of a Management Board appointed by FID. It is The first meeting of the DACH-Conference in De­ entirely thanks to its work that the new arrangements are cember 1990 arranged by the ON assembled UOC users possible and for the last few months the Board and the who made a general analysis of the situation concerning founder members of the Consortium have been working the UOc. They agreed on an efficient cooperation. closely together to achieve a smooth hand-over. Copy­ Ideas should be developed and checked for realization. right in the UOC will be surrendered by FID and vested At the second meeting (Nov.19, 1991) progress on the in the UOCC. targets mentioned could be achieved. An essential difference from the present arrange­ The procedures are planned in the following way: ment is that the UOCC will be able to operate as a non­ -The ON acts as the OACH-secretariat and its informa­ profit business dedicated to ensuring the viability of the tion office. UOC by constantly seeking to enhance its value to users, - ETHICS of the ETH Zurich act as the computer by maintaining and improving its quality and availability, will center for the input; updating of the schedules will be by devising new products to meet new user needs, by done by external institutions. promoting its use and giving help to existing users and by exploiting modern, especially computer-based, systems - A Group of Experts covering all subjects for correction to the full. It will be able to contract out work whenever and extension of the UOC will be established. this is appropriate. - A private organization for publishing printed issues on At present the principal users of the UOC are infor­ the basis of ETHICS input will be set up. mation professionals (especially information scientists, It was understood that ifthe UOC Consortium should systems designers, documentalists, indexers, archivists decide to also implement corrections and extensions of and librarians). Many ofthese have contributed much in the UOC, the participants of the OACH-Conference the past to the development of the UOC and their will agree to collaborate on this. The secretariat keeps in continued involvement in the technical developments touch with flO by mutual information on all subjects will be essential so that the scheme can remain user­ from both sides. oriented. The participants ofthe OACH-Conference willesta­ Further information on the transition is available blish a "list of experts" with the objective to cover all from The flO Secretariat, P.O.Box 90402, NL-2509 LK subjects of the field. For this purpose, contributions The Hague, Netherlands. Tel: 31-70-3140671; Fax: 31- from other users of the UOC will be needed. 70-3140667. Besides this, realization of the above plans will start by clarification of prerequisite questions and conditions. Problems which may arise should be solved when they New Activities Concerning the UDC do. Second Meeting ofthe "DACH·Conference" at Vienna, Some practical work on the UOC has already been Nov.19,1991 done. A few proposals for revision of specific subjects were discussed and agreed upon. In the future, this work by Fritz Schael must be done by the experts of the pertinent fields as not all of the participants of the meeting are competent in "This Conference understands itself as a group of special fields. users of the UOC for the purpose of a further develop­ All participants highly appreciated the interest in this ment of this classification for the practical application in activity by institutions of other countries, especially from information services 'and for exchanging experiences the part of Scandinavian countries. and working results". The next meeting is planned for October 1992; inter­ At present, all participants come from German spea­ ested institutions will beinvited to participate, at least as king countries (O-A-CH) (Deutschland, Austria, observers. The address of the secretariat of the DACH­ Confoederatio Helvetica - Switzerland), but this does Conference: Osterreichisches Normungsinstitut, attn: not mean a restriction. The Austrian Institute of Stan­ Herr Manu, Heinestr. 38, A-1021 Wien. The address of dards (ON) is managing the secretariat, Fritz Schael the Chair: Herr Fritz Schael, Volkswagen AG, 0-3180 from VOLKSWAGEN company keeps the chair. Wolfsburg 1. After the German Institute of Standards (DIN) aban­ doned its UOC services and liquidated its committee in charge of the UDC, an urgent need for new activities arose, especially as it was understood that the new Con-

22 Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.l Reports and Communications INTERCOCTA The INTERCOCTA Pilot Project chose Ethnicity as its focus - a problem area of interest to all the social sciences, in which a great deal of research and publica­ by Fred W.Riggs tion is taking place, and organized research committees on this topic can be found in IPSA, the ISA, and the In­ COCTA (the Committee for Conceptual and Termi­ ternational Union of Anthropological Sciences (IU­ nologicalAnalysis) is a Standing Committee of the ISSC, AES). The strategy followed by the INTERCOCTA the International Social Science Council, headquartered Working Group involves cooperation with these com­ at UNESCO, Paris, and performs functions that are dif­ mittees in order to establish communities of users and ferent from, though related to those that it also carries contributors to the venture, and linkages with the work out as a Research Committee of two ISSC members, of the leading researchers who are generating and using IPSA (International Political Science Association) and concepts needed to write about one of the most salient ISA (International Sociology Association). Although and troubling problem areas of the world today - a joint ISSC governing bodies and substantive committes meet meeting was sponsored by COCTA and the IPSA RC on from time to time, COCTA is not funded to hold sepa­ "Politics and Ethnicity" at the IPSA World Congress in rate meetings, seminars or roundtables in the ISSC Buenos Aires in July 1991. Currently, priority is being context. Instead, it operates primarily on an ad hoc basis, given to work on several related methodological pro­ through a project known as INTERCOCTA. This pro­ blems: namely, how best to use automated information ject, with modest subventions from UNESCO, has inve­ systems to help generate material for inclusion in a stigated the problems involved in helping any discourse community identify sets of important concepts required in its research, establishing their interrelationships and contexts in the theoretical work which generated the British Classification Society need for them, and producing reference works -in print A joint meeting will be held together with the Royal and machine readable forms - that can be used by Statistical Society and the Multivariate Study Group on scholars who want help when searching for the most 17 March 1992 at the Open University in Milton Keynes, suitable terms to represent these concepts and for refe­ GB. Three papers are to be presented and discussed: rences to the literature in which they have been used. It Roger PAYNE (AFRC Institute of Arable Crops Re­ is anticipated that INTERCOCTA products will have search, Rothamsted) will talk on Keys and tables for various additional uses, e.g. to help novices master the identifying yeasts; Andrew CAROTHERS (MRC Hu­ concepts, terms, and basic literature of a field, to provide man Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edin­ a research tool of intrinsic importance, and to facilitate burgh) onAutomatic Classification of Human Chromo­ the translation of key social science concepts used in somes; and Jeff HARRISON (University of Warwick) different languages. Two COCTA vice-chairs provide on How would you have forecast? For further informa­ leadership and liaison to the ISSC, through the COCTA tion contact: Ms.E.Ostrowski, Fac.ofMathematics, The Board: Prof.Fred W. Riggs at the University of Hawaii Open University, walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 and Prof. Eric de Grolier, resident consultant to the 6AA, UK. ISSC. The ISSC executive committee also appoints seve­ ral members to the COCTA Board. In order to establish and test a methodology for the Call fo r Papers 1992 Annual Meeting, INTERCOCTA project, pilot "conceptual glossaries" have been produced in English, French and Russian, on Classification Society of North Ameri­ the basis of guidelines generated at two international ca, June 11-13, 1992 meetings: the first in Bielefeld, Germany in May 1981 - the Proceedings of that conference (1982) can be pur­ The 1992 annual meeting of CSNA will be held at the chased from INDEKS Verlag, 0-6000 Frankfurt 50, Kellogg Center on the campus of Michigan State Uni­ Woogstr. 36a. It is a 368-page indexed book with many versity, East Lansing, MI on June 12-13, 1992. The interesting and important papers on problems of conce� meeting will be preceded by an optional Short Course on putal and terminological analysis in the social sciences. Classification and Clustering, June 11. The deadline for A follow-up seminar in Caracas, Venezuela, in June submission of abstracts was March 15, 1992. For further 1983, worked out the basic guide-lines for the INTER­ information turn to Richard DUBES, Department of COCTA project. The fundamental rationale of the exer­ Computer Science, Michigan State University, East cise and its applications is explained in Helpfo r Social Lansing, MI 48824-1027, USA. Scientists: A New Kin d of Reference Process, by Fred Riggs (1986), which has been published by UNESCO as No.57 of its series of Reports and Papers in the Social 4th Conference of the IFCS 1993 can be obtained by Sciences. Complimentary copies IFCS'93 is the fourth biennial Conference to be orga­ writing to the Social Science Division at UNESCO, in nized by the International Federation of Classification Paris.

Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.l 23 Reports and Communications . Societies. Previous conferences were held at Aachen, (3) several bibliographic databases for the prepara­ Charlottesville and Edinburgh. The 1993 conference will tion of international bibliographies in the fieldof termi­ be located in Paris (Ecole Nationale Superieure des Te­ nology, e.g. on specialized dictionaries and vocabularies lecommunications) and will be jointly organized by IN­ or on theoretical literature on terminology; RIA-Rocquencourt and AFCET. (4) a character set software based on the Duke Uni­ Abstracts of proposed papers: three copies should be versity Language TOOLKIT, which allows to process addressed to INRIA by 30 Nov.1992. Address for sub­ data in Arabic, Russian Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, and all mission of abstracts: INRIA-Rocquencourt, Bureau des European Latin-based languages (incl. the Baltic lan­ Colloques, Domaine de Voluceau, B.P.105, F-78153 Le guages, Finnish, Hungarian and Turkish). Chesnay, France. At present endeavours are being made to combine East-Asian languages (mainly Chinese and Japanese) with the regular MicroISIS release 3.0, which will be International Symposium on Termino­ provided by UNESCO to licensees free of charge by the end of the year. logy Science and Terminology Planning A software link between the regular MicroISIS relea­ In commemoration of E.K.Drezen, the Terminologi­ se 2.3 and the Chinese version of it has already been ac­ cal Commission of the Academy of Sciences of Latvia complished so that data in European languages can be toogether with the Russian Academy of Sciences, Info­ exchanged without compatibility problems between each term and the International Institute for Terminology other. Research (IITF) will organize a symposium on 17-19 August 1992 at Riga, Latvia. The preliminary program The development of this application software under foresees papers on the following topics: The theory of MicroISIS follows an international strategy designed by terminology developed by Drezen in the 1930s; East­ Infoterm and supported by the Austrian government to West cooperation in International Terminology Work in enable users of MicroISIS - especially information cen­ the 1930s: Drezen and Wiister; Modern theoretical and tres struggling with multilingual data - to achieve a full­ practical approaches to terminology in Eastern Europe; fledged information resource managment (IRM) at low Approaches to terminology standardization; Language cost and with high efficiency. This would considerably planning and terminology planning. Regional termino­ upgrade the performance not only of thousands of inter­ logy planning activities; Terminology theory and philo­ national and national specialized information centres, sophy of science; New perspectives and regional termi­ but also of any university institute library using MicroI­ nology standardization; Comparative terminology work. SIS. Therefore, information centres in developing coun­ - Abstracts of 1 page should have been sent by J an.15, tries, especially those cooperating with the specialized 1992 in English to Dr.Budin at Infoterm, PF 130, A-1021 agencies of the UN system, as well as European univer­ Vienna, Austria. sity institutes have a particular need for this software and have expressed a keen interest in its further develop­ ment. (Concerning the particulars of the Strategy, see below.) Austrian Software Donation to (from: Infotenn Newsletter No.62 (1991) UNESCO worth US$250,OOO The UNESCO software package MicroISIS, boasting of already more than 20,000users world-wide, has been Strategy for MicroISIS-based Termi­ adapted for terminological applications by Infoterm in nologyAppli cations Software close cooperation with TermNet, the International Net­ work for Terminology, and Mr. Giampaolo Del Bigio of Infoterm and TermNet in cooperation with TermNet the PGI of UNESCO. Members and with the financialassistance of the Aus­ The development of the terminological application trian Government announced their Strategy for the software under MicroISIS has been financed first of all carrying out of the following application areas of its r by the Austrian Federal Ministry of Science and Re­ MicroISIS-based terminology softwa e: search and European institutions as well as by a number of TermNet member organizations. - International Bibliographies - International Directories The terminological application software donated to - TerminologyManagement Systems UNESCO together with the data recorded so far repre­ - Thesaurus Development and Management Systems sents a development effort of several man-years equiva­ lent to about US$ 250,000. It comprises among others: The special features of this software are: (1) a 9-language thesaurus developmant and mainte­ -multi/iflguality: a terminologymanagement system configura­ nance system; ble for a bibliographical data base of up to five languages and a thesaurus and management system for up to nine languages, (2) a 4-language database system for standardized including Arabic, Greek, Russian; terminologies;

24 Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.1 Reports and Communications -universal charactersets developedfor more than 40 languages presented at the Symposium,- according to the with alphabetic scripts; program and the abstracts publication. The volume, to - highest degree of compatibility to other software be published by the International Network for due to strict applications of international standards. Terminology (TermNet) will comprise some 500 pages and the price per copy has been set to be 750 Austrian Shilling (=OM 107.14 or about US 66.13). The strategy comprises 3 phases of which Phase 1 has When ordering the volume one should indicate one's alreadybeen achieved with the following items: membership affiliation to one of the following: the - 9-language thesaurus development and management system Association for Terminology and Knowledge (combined with character set software and Ventura Publisher Transfer, the Intern.Institute for Terminology (IITF), desktop publishing software; TermNet. Orders should be sent to the TermNet - 4-language terminologymanagement system (combined with Secretariat, P.O.Box 130, A-1021 Wien, Austria. character set software); - International Bibliography for Terminological Literature (partially funded by UNESCO); Micro- and Minicomputer-based - International Bibliogroaphy for Mono- and Multilingual TerminologyData Bases in Europe Specialized Dictionaries and Vocabularies (Pilot Project: Medicine and health in cooperation with WHO) This is the title of a report presenting a unique comparative description of terminology management systems available on the European market, Phase 2 (1992) comprises: comprising not only PC-based and minicomputer - International Bibliography of Terminological Theses and software, but also electronic dictionaries and CD­ Dissertations ROMs. The price per copy is OM 300.- (Austrian - International Bibliography of Standardized Vocabularies ShiUing 2,100.-), there is a reduced price for members - World Guide to TerminologicalActivities of the Association for Terminology and Knowledge - implementation of Chinese versions Transfer (OM 200.-). Copies of this report, prepared LAN version by K.-H.Freigang, F.Mayer, and K.-D.Schmitz (as - - implementation of navigation capabilities TermNet Report 1) are available at the TermNet - implementation of keyboard driver software. Secretariat, P.O.Box 130 A-1021 Wien, Austria.

Phase 3 (1993)fo resees: Meeting of ISO/TC 37/SCl - further international bibliographies and directories "Principles of Terminology" - further integration of all software into an infonnation reSOUf- ce management system fOf infonnation centers and services. The Subcommittee 1 of ISO ITC37 met at Hull, The MicroISIS software has been adapted to the Canada, on Ocl.3, 1991. The delegates decided to set needs of recording, processing, storage and exchange of up, on the basis of recommendations given multilingual complex terminological entries aiming at beforehand, a new Working Group 3 and Dr.Sue Ellen Wright was asked to convene this group. With the establishment of a terminology database allowing for regard to documents in work, the following decisions an efficient exchange of electronic data. were taken: ISO leD 704 Principles and Methods of As a first step, the software bas been tailored to the Terminology. The convenor will prepare a columnar needs of standards bodies for the exchange of termino­ synopsis documenting the parallel relationship . logical data. between the following documents.: the existing WD 704, the English translation of ONORM 2704, the Thanks to the newly designedfo rmat implemented on English translation of DIN 2330, and the text of the the MicroISIS system, input can take place in different existing ISO 704. The new 704 should represent a countries; thus data exchange is possible as well as the basic structure rather than incorporating handbook­ establishment of equivalencies of terms in different lan­ type information. It should be coordinated with WD guages. The new catalogue of data categories is compa­ 10 "Concept Systems: Development and Represen­ tation" to avoid redundancy and inconsistency. The tible with other terminology data bases and can serve as future document should treat different kinds of a model for other projects of this kind and as an indi­ defmitions. It should be consonant with 1087 and spensable tool for information and technology transfer. other standards, and the scope should be re­ For further details, please contact: Infoterm, P.O.B. 130, examined. A-1021 Vienna, Austria. Further decisions concerned WD 01: Temlinology Vo cabulary (Revision of ISO 1087:1990), WD 10: Concept Systems and their Represelllation ; and WD 18: Proceedings of 3rd Infoterm Symposium Coding of Bibliographic References in Terminology Wo rk and Terminography. The papers of the very successful 3rd Infoterm Regarding the next meeting it was suggested to hold Symposium in Vienna, Nov.12-14, 1991 which had it in Tampere, Finland in August 1992 in conjunction attracted some 150 interested colleagues from many with the Eurolex Conference. continents and countries will soon be available in For further information, please turn to the ISOITC print. "Terminology Work in Subject Fields" is being 37 Secretariat, ONI, Postfach 130, A-1021 Wien, edited by Gerhard Budin, Magdalena Krommer-Benz, Austria. and Adrian Manu. Some 53 papers had been

Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.l 25 Reports and Communications 3rd IOUTN/WBIT Congress Discussion Panel on Linguistics, Terminology and ScientificTexts Report by Zygmunt Stoberski The panel convenor, Rostislav Kocourek, invited "Language of Each Nation is Your Friend" was one colleagues to take part in this panel which will be held of the three mottos of the 3rd IOUTN/WBIT as part of the 15th International Congress of Congress held in Warsaw's House of Literature on Linguistics, Quebec, Canada, Aug.9-14, 1992. For any Sept.28-29, 1991. (IOUTN = International Organiz­ further information turn to: Prof.R.Kocourek, ation for Unification of Terminological Neologisms: Department of French, Dalhousie University, Halifax, WBIT = World Bank of International Terms). The NS, B3H 3J5, Canada Congress, mounted under the working motto 'Transfer of the Latest Specialistic Tenninology to Less Developed Countries", was organized thanks to the 9th European Symposium on LSP, 1993 cooperation of the Ministty of Industry and Trade, the Institute of Economics of Chemical Industry, the A first circular has been distributed informing on Polish Committee of UNESCO, the Adam Miskievicz the dates on which, from Aug.2-6, 1993 Bergen, University in Poznan, the Italian-Polish Chamber of Norway, will host the 9th European Symposium on Commerce, the Institute of the Polish Language of LSP: ''Where is LSP in 1993?" Implications and Warsaw University and the Polish Association of applications of current LSP research. (LSP = Translators and Interpreters. Language for Special Purposes). The conference is The event was attended by delegates from seven organized under the auspices of the International countries: Denmark, Italy, Sweden, USA, Poland, and Association for Applied Linguistics (AILA) jointly by - for the first time ever - from Lithuania and Ukraine. the University of Bergen and The Norwegian School China, India, Nigeria, Russia, and even Japan also of Economics & Business Administration with an showed interest in the transfer of terminology from international group of 12 well known names serving highly to medium and less developed countri �s and as Advisory Committee. sent high-ranking diplomats to take part In the The conference theme, "Where is LSP in 1993?", is opening of the Congress. . . . formulated so as to allow for a wide charting of the Concerning the papers dehvered In English and areas now colonized by (once typical) LSP French, the following ones showed a special bearing approaches, methodologies and principles, and for an on the topic of the Congress: Bogdan Walczak spoke incisive reporting of results obtained under a variety on ''Practical Aspects of the Transnationalization of of perspectives, theoretical practical and geographical. Tenninology" and Roxana Sinielnikoff on "Transfer of The first circular invites to explore the implications the Latest Specialistic Tenninology to Less Developed fl. and applications of current LSP research. In the Countries selection of papers preference will be given to those Other papers: Lily Pomarenko: Tra nslatio? of based on scientific research or addressing issues and English Names of Diseases into Russian, Michal principles of theoretical/methodological interest. Tasiemski: Lexitools. Tenninological Data and Special To get on the mailing list for the Second Circular Field Glossaries, Danuta Kierzkowska: Standard­ one should turn to: LSP Bergen '93 Symposium, c/o ization of Polish Tenninologiy in Law, K.Gebarski: Prof.Maguar Brekke, NHH/Department of Tenninology of In terlingua, E.Gorol and W.Mlodo­ Languages, N-5035 Bergen, Norway. zeniec: Te nnillOlogical Wo rks at the Infonnation Centre of the In stitute of Non-Ferrous Metals. In addition, a paper by Huang Zhachou, Vice-President of the Chinese Committee for Scientific Terminology, Beijing, was read. TKE'93 As to the resolutions adopted and the IOUTN/WBIT plan of activity in the years 1992-1993, Every three years, the Association for Terminology the most important points refer to paid and free-of­ and KnOWledge Transfer organizes the internatinal charge transfer of specialistic terminology to less congress "Terminology and Knowledge Engineering - developed and developing countries. It is a totally new TKE". In order to emphacize the international type of activity which will be able to develop thanks to character of the Association, the third congress, the expected assistance of international organizations TKE'93, will - after two successful congresses in Trier and terminology banks, and also thanks to the support - for the first time take place in Aviguon (France) . of industrial and trade organizations from highly TKE'93 will be organized together with the large developed countries. Tekniska Nomenklaturcentralen, international conference on expert systems, which the Swedish institution of great merit and experience, since more than ten years has taken place once a year is the first terminology center to assist IOUTN/WBIT in.Aviguon and which is accompanied by an industrial with this particular goal in mind. exhibition. It is intended to carry through this In line with the provisions of the statutes, numerous conference either from May 24 to 29 or from June 7 IOUTN/WBIT members casted. their votes by mail. to 12, 1993, with TKE being held from Wednesday to Zygmunt Stoberski, Poland, was re-elected President Friday as sessions parallel to the other sections on of the International Organization for Unification of expert systems. Terminological Neologisms, while Maria Rojda­ For further information concerning the timing and Folkesson, Sweden, was elected President of the the call for papers turn to Gesellschaft fur World Bank of International Terms. Terminologie und Wissenstransfer e.V., 8.6, FR (Original textslightl y amended and abridged, ID) Universitiit des Saarlandes, D-6600 Saarbrucken.

26 Int. Classif. 19(1992)NoJ Reports and Communications "The international conference on 'Cognitive Para­ ISKO News 8 digms in Knowledge Organization' to be held at Conne­ mara Hotel in Madras from Wednesday 26 to Friday 28 August has achieved considerable publicity.In response Membership to the announcement about the conference, enquiriesj abstracts have been received from countries such as ISKO's membership is growing at a constant pace. Bangladesh, Canada, China, Finland, France, Germany, Recently we registered our 330th member and since our Israel, Itaiy, Russia, Spain, Sweden, USA, Yugoslavia last Info-Brochure has been published in 1991, ISKO is and of course India. Those authors who wish to present now represented in the following 42 countries: papers at the conference are requested to send full texts Algent/ira, Australia, Ausllia, Bangladesh,Belgium, Bmzil, Bulgmia, Canada, China, Croatia, Czechoslovakia, Denmmk, England, by 31 March. Papers received until then can be conside­ Ethiopia, Fin land, France, Ghana, Gennany, Hungary, Ic eland, red for inclusion in the proposed conference volume. In dia, Ismel, Italy, Japan, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Other papers received later may be published in a Nethedands, Nigeria, Poland, POrlugal, Romania, Russia, Sp ain, second volume. The decision to include a paper in the South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tanzania, Th ai­ printed volume rests with the editorjpublisher of the land, USA , Yugoslavia. conference publication. A new membership list as of March 1992 will be sent A detailed programme of the conference will be avai­ to ISKO members soon, together with material for the lable by the first week of July. The provisional outline of ISKO'92 conference in Madras and other relevant docu­ the timetable will be: Wednesday 26 Aug., Evening: ments. Formal Opening of the Conference; Thursday, 27 Aug., Morning: Sessions 1 & 2, Afternoon: Sessions 3 & 4; New ISKO Chapter in Bulgaria Friday 28 Aug., Morning: Sessions 5 & 6, Afternoon: Session 7 and the Concluding Session - 'Summing up' of At the recent KOTA'91 conference in Varna the Bul­ the conference." garian ISKO Chapter was founded with Mr.Peter PE­ TROV as its chairman (see also his report on KOTA'91 Any further details will be sent to the members direct- in IC 91-4). Through him our ISKO Brochure is also 1y. In addition I may perhaps mention that Prof.Eric de available in Bulgarian. For further information please GROLIER has agreed to do the summing-up again, as write to: Mr.Peter Petrov, Department of Foreign Lan­ already at our first international conference in Darm­ guages, Technical University, 9010 Varna, Bulgaria. stadt. For any further information please turnto Dr.Suseela KUMAR, 5 Sivaganga Road, Madras-34, India. Russia has its ISKO Coordinator Joint Meeting of FIDICR and ISKO As of 1992 Dr. Eduard SUKIASYAN is becoming active as ISKO Coordinator for Russia. Mr. Sukiasyan is Planned in Madrid also a member of ISKO'S Scientific Advisory Council. Depending on the interest of both our memberships He plans to have a conference of the Russian ISKO a joint meeting is planned to take place during the con­ Chapter in May 1993 in Moscow. For further informa­ ference week of FID preceding the congress week in late tion please turn to him at the Russian State Library, October '92. The date of a full-day meeting would be Pr.Kalinina, 3, 101000 Moskva, Russia. Ocl.20 which is a day before the FID JET (Education and Training) Seminar starts. (See also the pertinent Madras ahead of us news in the FIDjCR News section of this issue). For further information turn to Prof.Dr.Emilia Curras, The topic ofour 2nd international ISKO Conference Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universita­ in Madras, 26-28 August 1992 had been chosen by ria de Canto Bianco, 28049 Madrid, Spain. ISKO's Scientific Advisory Council to be "Cognitive Pa­ radigms in Knowledge Organization" thus emphasizing the new trend in involving epistemological and concep­ A new Edition of the 'Who is Who in tual approaches in the process of recognizing and orga­ Classification and Indexing' nizing our knowledge for "information retrieval" - or In 1983 the INDEKS Verlag published - with support should I rather say "knowledge retrieval"? During the from the FID - a first Who is Who in our field of past months the authors of abstracts have received knowledge on the basis of the memberships of FID JCR comments on their contributions from a refereeing body and other international and national classification socie­ who carefully examined each paper with respect to its ties and groups. It informs on the affiliations, professio­ pertinence. Thus this conference looks as if it would nal data, special fields of interest in classification,subject become a good step forward in the development of the specialties and major articles and books of those ente­ knowledge of our own field! The organizers recently red. The arrangement is according to those 45 countries wrote:

Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.l 27 ISKO News 8 from which data could be received. The volume of 174 presented and discussed in detail. Thus M.KRACKER pages has also alphabetical name and subject indexes proposed fuzzy thesauri as a possible solution for the and the reprint of the [nfonnation Coding Classification case that no unequivocal and definitely binding concep­ (ICC) which provides the subject codes according to tual relations can be established. F.SARRE explained which persons were classed. In 1993 the INDEKS Verlag that the machine learning of relationships is not only intends to publish the next edition and will send out que­ successfully applicable to thesauri but also to hypertexts. stionnaires soon. Of the firstedition some extra copies O.SECHSER (Zurich) stressed the importance of ISO are still available and will be given free of charge to ISKO Standard 8879 with its proposals for the universal ex­ members according to their request. Please write to the change of texts. In the same manner, thesauri should ISKO Secretariat at Woogstr. 36a, 0-6000 Frankfurt 50. reflect the universally valid. On the other hand, F.BELKE emphasized the unavoidable dependence of a thesaurus Cognitive Approaches to the Ordering on its epoch, and R.JANSEN its dependence on certain conventions. HZIMMERMANN and HLUCKHARDT and Presentation of Knowledge: stressed the context-dependence of language, which 2nd Conference of the German Chapter of ISKO, Wei!· they illustrated with the aid of a language project for burg, 16·18 October 1991 translations of patents. This preconference ended finally Founded in 1989, ISKO devotes itself statutorily to with proposals for supplementing or more exactly defi­ "promoting the research, development and application of ning the thesaurus relations as described in DIN Stan­ all methods forthe organization of knowledge in general or dard 1463. of a special field" and in particular the "integration of the Although nearly all papers read at the main conferen­ conceptual approaches of classification research and OIti­ ce manifested an unmistakable practical interest in a fidal intelligence", in which endeavor it stresses "philo­ concrete word/or data-processing problem in some sophical-logical, psychologicaland semantic approaches narrower special field, there were a few contributions to conceputal order". which were more concerned than others with the philo­ A near-paradigmatic function in the researching of sophical and epistemological foundations as well as the knowledge organization falls to the concept 'cognition', fundamental concepts and objectives of an organization understood here as a comprehensive cognitive activity of knowledge. In an introductory address I.DAHLBERG comprising perception, memory, thinking and learning. explained the construction postulates for a universal "Cognitive approaches to the ordering and presentation of classification system of knowledge, presenting the prin­ knowledge" thus was a natural skeleton subject for the ciples for the shaping thereof (e.g. object and aspect 2nd German ISKO conference: central enough to per­ orientation, reference to categories, faceting, use of mit a discusssion of the basic prerequisites for the orga­ defined relation systems, etc.) and discussing the requi­ nization of knowledge, and at the same time of wide rements for its utilization with a view to different con­ enough a scope to allow for a trans- and interdisciplinary texts. A stand against any one-sided praise of "order" - exchange of knowledge from the most varied fronts of although such praise might seem to be a natural basic theoretical and practical research: Information and attitude for any study of knowledge organization - was Documentation Science, Library Science and Archivi­ taken by G.GREINER, who recommended that both in stics, Informatics and ArtificialIntelligence. nature's and in man's manifold creations an interplay of As a result this conference was able to revert success­ ordered structures and of structures lacking a recogniza­ fully to the synergetic effect of the 1990 first ISKO ble order from man's point of view, hence a complex Conference (both an international conference and one combination of 'order' and 'disorder', should be percei­ of the German Chapter) in Darmstadt, with the 1991 ved. J.SCHREIDER (Moscow) defmed knowledge-based event being held in a narrower German-European fra­ systems and the concept of knowledge engineering with mework (with many guests again having come from the aid of a knowledge-typological approach that distin­ abroad). The various papers read at the conference had guishes between a) the knowledge of an individual, b) been arranged into ten blocks of topics: "Order and social knowledge as guaranteed by the passing-on of Cognition", "Subject Analysis", "Knowledge Organiza­ cultural patterns, and c) the abstracted knowledge of tion I-IV", "Cognitive Approaches I-II", "Origin and modern information technology. The work of the know­ Development of Intelligence and Knowledge" and ledge engineer, for example, requires a Socratic dialo­ "Training in the Subject 'Knowledge Organization'''. In gue with experts, a dialogue that must bridge the gap addition there was a preconference, organized by the between personal and social knowledge in order to DGD's KTF Committee as a workshop, on the subject present, in the end, an expert's personal knowledge as "Thesauri in Language Technology" as well as some the abstracted knowledge of an EDP-assisted knowled­ other meetings on which will be reported below. ge system. In his paper For the creative mastery of complexity ill knowledge organization H.LOCKENHOFF At the preconference, planned and chaired by W. pleaded for 'open approaches' of knowledge organiza­ SCHMITZ-ESSER by which the subject of the confe­ tion, thus advocating e.g., instead of rigid rules taken rence proper was well prepared, several contributions to from existing systems flexible rules that are capable of the overall problem of thesaurus organization were learning and that master complexity by continuously

Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.1 28 ISKO News S developing new and expanding ordering systems. In his the number of formal characteristics that can be indica­ paper On the origin of intelligence P.JAENECKE stres­ ted, the more precisely will the significance be circumsc­ sed the importance of creativity for the acquisition of ribed. Images, wholly unlike texts, present the problem knowledge: creativity as a characteristic of intelligence, that they can be interpreted in a great many ways, thus as the ability to produce new things from given material, making it necessary to create first of all a suitable constitutes an abstracting process, a special form of interpretation framework. knowledge acquisition which should find application Finally, questions of knowledge organization specifi­ also in the training of machine intelligence. As a basis for cally in library science were likewise discussed. the generation of knowledge banks, W.UMSTATIER Th.RIPLINGER perceived a great advantage in ap­ recommended biogenetic evolution strategy. plying Eppelsheimer's method, though developed for A number of contributions acquainted the audience conventional library catalogs, to ED P systems as well, in with automated procedures for use in knowledge compi­ which procedure a reorientation of the indexingprocess lation and knowledge administration in special task - relational thinking instead of compartmentalizing thin­ fields. Thus the data modelling language EXPRESS and king -could take place. B.W.J.LORENZreported on his its graphic component which permit the simple and lucid experiences with shared catalogning in the library classi­ construction of entity-relationship models were presen­ fication field, mentioning as example the Regensburg ted by A. HUNGER. M.SCHOPEN explained the wor­ shelf classifications, while M.KUNZ used the subject king procedure of the GRIPS-MENU PC, which, as authority file (Schlagwortnormdatei) of the Deutsche additions to an original search term, proposes a list of co­ Bibliothek as an example for making clear how impor­ descriptors frequently occurring in the documents. tant an overseeable vocabulary and a transparent refe­ P .ZOLLER explained convincingly that in the admini­ rence structure are for ensuring that the structure of a strative activities of a large regional bank hierarchical documentation language based on natural language can access to a wide variety of data banks proves to be the be intelligently used both by the indexer and the user. most expedient procedure, i.e. prior to the conceptual W.BIES emphasized the value of pragmalinguistics for search the workingcontext needs to be further delinea­ subject analysis in the library: it can, among other things, ted. The role of knowledge base formation in informa­ promote user orientation in subject analysis and render tion retrieval was discussed by H.P.OHLY, who presen­ valuable aid in the evaluation and optimalization of ted a project for context-evaluating information retrie­ subjejct analysis for the OPAC. H.-D.MANN reported val (AKCESS). H.CZAP, using a business company as in his paper Documentation and organization - remarks an example, explained that data transfer also requires an of a parliamentary archivist on questions of knowledge explicit datamodel, a fact which was likewise referred to organization in archivistics. in J.VISCHER's paper on 'Technical Documentation'. The urgent problems of knowledge and information C.NEDESS and H.P.BORRMANN recommended organization also force us to intensify our efforts in the 'wbDok' as an efficient system of knowledge-based do­ didactics of this field: a challenge which at the moment cumentation, making use of the empirical knowledge of is discussed particularly in the library field. Thus industrial production, in order to improve error control M.DOMOKOS (Budapest) reported on her experien­ and thereby 'Total Quality Management'. L.COUPRIE ces with Hungarian students of library science (How and (Leyden) presented a highly culture-bound classifica­ what to teach about classification to library students), tion project serving for the iconographical description of while H.NOHR and H.PUHLMANN in their paper works of art (the ICON Classification). Training in the subject 'Subject Analysis ' against a chan­ With respect to the area of subject analysis/indexing, gedtechn ological background stressed the undiminished E.MATER explained, in how far the results of automa­ importance of methodological and theoretical knowled­ tic indexing depend on the concept system utilized. ge - knowledge which has not, as is sometimes light­ Quite a few papers dealt in greater detail with the heartedly claimed - been made superfluous by the new methods of knowledge analysis. Within the framework technological environment (OPAC, CD-ROM). The of the working group Cogn ition and Knowledge Organi­ introduction of a special training program, even of a zation H.GEIGER gave an introduction to neuronal special discipline 'General Knowledge Organization and networks. These prove to be suitable when target infor­ Information Technology' was demanded by N.MEDER. mation is to be derived in optimal fashion from minute In view of the wide variety of the disciplines, methods partial data and their context information. In a subse­ and approaches involved it is particularly difficultto for­ quent paper by R.DEFFNER the neuronal network mulate a final summing-up in which basic trends of the procedure was related to the recognition of words from conference are reflected. One thing, however, became letters and of sentence elements from words. L.PREUSS clear: The theory of knowledge organization must in the (ZUrich) demonstrated how from canonical - i.e. row future - at least more intensively so than up to the and column-related - analysis a sharper information present - loose itself from pre-imposed rigid classifica­ content may be obtained with the aid of entropy calcula­ tions and ordering schemes, turning instead to 'open tions. G.RAHMSTORF called attention to the paralle­ systems' and engaging more pronouncedly in relativist lisms in the recognition of image and text. The greater thinking, among other things for the sake of greater

Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.1 29 ISKO News S creativity. Moving more strongly into the foreground in all this is the concept of context and of the extra­ linguistic environment, both deciding on what functions FIDleR News and forms of ordering and presentation of knowledge 31 are adequate in any given case. During the conference afternoon session was re­ an FID/CR Activities served for the meeting of the Working Groups of the German ISKO Chapter on which the actual work of the The ISCCR'91 Proceedingswill be published by Elsevier Society is mainly based: Universal Organization of and are now in the hands ofthe publisher. Depending on Knowledge (Chair: LDAHLBERG); Indexing (Chair: printing schedules it is hoped that the publication will be R.FUGMANN); Cognition and Knowledge Organiza­ ready for sale and distribution early in 1992. tion (Chair: PJAENECKE); University Education in Knowledge Organization (Chair: N.MEDER); Busi­ FID Congress, Madrid, October 22-30, 1992 ness Information Systems (Chair: J.Vischr). FID/CR will have a full day programme during the The Membership Assembly elected (effective Nov.l, 46th FID Conference and Congress in Madrid. Details 1991) - each for the period of office of two years - as for the programme are still being worked out. It is Chairman of the German Chapter: Dr.Peter JAENEC­ planned to have at least four presentations including KE and as 1st and 2nd Vice Chairpersons MrsJutta VI­ "The International Study Conferences: Their Recom­ SCHER and Prof.Winfried GODERT respectively. mendations - Are they Reflected in the Accomplish­ The conference culminated in an animated dispute on ments of Classification Research?", "The Russian and what chances and risks are inherent in knowledge orga­ German Classification Standards - Contents and Com­ nization. The stands taken ranged from "modern infor­ parison", and two papers on classification issues in the mation technology becoming independent" to "labor­ host country. We hope also to present the Ranganathan union control of information" to "ethical responsibility Award at the Madrid meeting. A business meeting will of the inidividual information user". Right after that, the be held at which there will be a report on status of UDC final arguments were exchanged in a very social setting and the groundwork will be laid for a "UDC Users in the charming ducal residential town of Weilburg, Club". An agenda with the precise date of the meetings which because of the pleasant conference atmosphere will be mailed to the membership shortly. and the cordial reception in the historic city-hall stands a very good chance of harboring the next German ASIS/SIG/CR Chapter conference as well. The ASIS Special Interest Group on Classification Werner Bies, Berlin; H.Peter Ohly, Bonn. Research has had a very active year as signified by its conference participation. At the 1991 Annual Meeting Personalia of ASIS in Washington, DC, October 27-31, 1991, SIG/ CR participated in 9 programmes, 4 Sig/CR sessions Pauline Atherton Cochrane back home and 5 programmes in which the group participated as a co-sponsor. After many years of working abroad, Prof. Pauline A.COCHRANE has returned to the United States and One SIG /CR programme concentrated on the "III­ is living in the environment of Washington. We hope she dexillg of Hypennedia". Moderated by Raya FIDEL, a will again become as active in our field of knowledge as panel of speakers focussed on several questions relating we have known her since she started in the early sixties! to the differences in indexing of hypertext nodes and do­ cuments, the implications of the hierarchy of nodes for Emilia Curras Honored indexing, types of access points needed for different types of nodes (text, pictures, etc.), those aspects of Our colleague and member, Prof.Dr.Emilia CUR­ hypertext indexing which could be automated and the RAS from the Universidad Aut6noma de Madrid has linking mechanisms required to assist user in navigating been honored with the Prof.Kaula Gold Medal and the indexing languages. Panelists included Elizabeth citation from the Prof.Kaula Endowment for Library LIDDY, Dagobert SOERGEL, Gary MACHIONINI; and Information Science in India. and Peter LIEBSCHER. In a more theoretical programme moderated by Edie John Comaromi died RASMUSSEN and panelists Lawrence HUNTER, Ca­ As a real shock we heard of the death of our ISKO roline EASTMAN and Stephen HIRTLE discussed the Member Dr.John COMAROMI from the Dewey Deci­ "CognitiveAspects of Classification " with emphasis on mal Division, Library of Congress, Washington, on Nov.6, the relationship between recent cognitive science re­ 1991. (See also the obituary included in this issue). We search and applications of classification. Precise topics should like to express our sympathy with all those who for discussion were abstract schemata for information had very close relationships to him, personally and in retrieval, levels of abstraction of information, and tech- their work!

30 lnt. Classif. 19(1992)No.l ISKO News 8 I FIDICR News 31 niques for uncovering mental models used in specific [in large databases] is if some order and structure is domains. imposed, possibly by an underlying classification sche­ Finally, SIGJCR presented two sessions on "Compu­ me". Expert systems to manage the process of guiding ter-Based To ols for Indexers". Session I, moderated by end users to the information at the correct level of Philip SMITH, included presentations by Ronald BU­ specificity were also recommended. Many tools are CHAN on the history of "Computer-Aided Indexing", needed and this session reported on research which is by Susanne HUMPHREY on "Computerized Assistan­ underway on the development of such tools. Three ce and Knowledge-Based Management for Indexing" papers were presented on "Interface Design Issues in and by Michael GENUARDI on "Machine Indexing Intelligent Computerized Intermediary Systems", "A and Thesaurus Construction for the Analysis of Natural Sense of Where You Are: Navigational Problems in a Language Text". Session II, moderated by Raya FIDEL, Large Full-Text File" and methods of"Delaing with the focussed on "A Reference Materials Access Tool for Problem of Very Large Retrieved Sets: Alternatives to Indexers" presented by Philip SMITH, "Tools for the 'Brute Force' Keyword Searching". Indexers' Workbench" described by Lorraine NOR­ MORE and "Computer Support for Indexing at Petro­ News from the American Library Association leum Abstracts" was examined by John BAILEY. The A proposal is under consideration by the USMARC purpose of the two sessions was to provide a general Advisory Group for a change in the USMAR C Format overview of current and future applications of compu­ for Bibliographic Data to accomodate classification sy­ ters in providing assistance to indexers. stems other than those currently provided for in the The importance of classification in information sy­ USMARC formal. Specifically, this proposal is respon­ stems of all kinds is underlined by SIGJCR's participa­ ding to the Library of Congress move to extend its tion in programmes which it co-sponsored with a wide coverage in the distribution of the bibliographic records range of other ASISjSIGs including Arts and Humani­ it receives from non-North American sources. The im­ ties, Automated Language Processing, Human Compu­ mediate need is to provide for national classification ter Interface, InformationAnalysis and Evaluation, Library systems of France and Germany. Automation and Networks, Medical Information Sy­ In anticipation of the publication the NISO Z39.19 stems and Numeric Data Bases. "Are there Principles "Standard Guidelines for the Construction, Format and for Organizing Images?" was a programme which focus­ Managementof Monolingual Thesauri", theALAj ALCTS sed on the application of cataloguing, classification and Subject Analysis Committee has planned two program­ indexing techniques being used in the disciplines of art mes for the next two ALA Annual Conferences. At the history and the history of medicine. Of major importan­ 1992 Conference in San Francisco, on Sunday, June 28, ce was the programme on "The Unified Medical Lan­ ALAjALCTSjSAC and the Association of Research guage System" (UMLS), a long-term effort to build an Libraries (ACRL) Art Section will jointly sponsor a increasingly intelligent automated system that under­ programme on "Gearing Up for the Future: the Art and stands biomedical terminology. The goal of the system is Architecture Thesaurus, Model for Subject Access". retrieval and integration of retrieval of information from For the ALA Annual Conference in 1993 a programme a variety of computerized information sources including is planned on "What's Another Word for Thesaurus?" A biomedical literature, clinical records, factual databanks panel of speakers will discuss thesauri as information and medical knowledge bases. The system is not inten­ retrieval tools and investigate the impact of the NISO ded to impose on one standard vocabulary but is an standards on existing and proposed thesauri. Such pro­ attempt to compensate for differences in language in grammes recognized an increased interest in the use of these systems. Specifically, the presentations concentra­ thesauri by the American library community. ted on two aspects of the system, the Metathesaurus In response to a request from the Decimal Editorial released to researchers in the fall of 1990 and the Policy Committee (DEPC), the ALAjALCTS Subject semantic network which supports the mapping of IIser Analysis Committee has set up two subcommittees to terms to appropriate controlled vocabularies. aid in the work on DDC2l. One subcommittee will Three other sessions dealt with diverse topics. A pro­ review and comment on the proposed revisions to the gramme on "Interfaces for Geographic Information Re­ schedules for 350-354 Public Administration, while the trieval" was a brief introduction to geographic informa­ second subcommittee will aid the DEPC in deciding tion systems, with emphasis on the problems associated whether schedules 560-590, the Life Sciences, should be with geographic indexing and retrieval from online data­ revised for DDC21 and if revised, what approach should bases. "Electronic Document Delivery" was directed at be taken. design issues in storage on optical disks, accessing ima� ges from remote locations and automated retrieval and Dewey Decimal Classification transmission via FAX or Internel. Significant for the future of classification was a programme "Tools for The 1992 issue of DC&, to be published in March Navigating Large Data Spaces" which recognized that 1992 will include updates for DDC20 as follows: A full "the only way that users are going to be able to navigate development for the Persian Gulf War: the relocation of

Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.l 31 FIDICR News 31 Cyprus from 956.45 to 956.93, development of Greece to and Dec.10, always on Thursdays at 2:15 PM at Univer­ reflect administrative changes, and the relocation of the sity College London except for OcU5 at the Science Aegean Islands and Crete. In response to requests from Museum. the library community, shorter numbers for 394.26 Ho­ The discussions were opened by circulation of lidays will be published in the March 1993 DC&. Mr.MILLS' revised BCZ "proposal for all sciences and Drafts for the new schedules for 296 Judaism and 297 technologies", containing the "Common Subdivisions Islam will be under consideration by DEPC shortly. for physical form and presentation and those of sub­ A CD-ROM version of DDC has been issued to 8 jects". Mr.Mills had found that "many of the Common libraries for field tests. The disk contains the full schedu­ Subject Subdivisions were relationships rather than fa­ les of DDCZO, tables, indexes and the manual. Also cets". He presented draft schedules for common subdi­ included are related Library of Congress Subject Hea­ visions for 'law' and for 'technology'. He stated that they dings (LCSH) and a sample of biliographic records, as do not contain retroactive elements, their citation order well as the updated information from the first two issues depending on the relationship concerned (e.g. Educa­ ofDC&, volume 5. This version of the schedules permits tion - History). online searching and windowing techniques, indexing of every word in the schedules and a personal "notepad" U.K. CRG 284 for library decisions. Hopefully this product will demon­ The 284th CRG meeting took place on Dec.12, 1991 strate the viability of an electronic DDC. The field tests with 9 members present. Regarding the finances of the are intended to identify problems in design and use Group it was agreed that those members who had not which might require adjustments before this product is paid their subscriptions for 3 or more years should cease made available to libraries. to receive the minutes. The Group welcomed the publication of Bliss Class IFLASection on Classification and Indexing A/AL (Philosophy and Logic); -AX Mathematics AN Over the past several years, a working Group of the and V Fine Arts would be the next to be published. Standing Committee on Classification and Indexing has It was reported that the librarian of the College of been developing "Guidelines for Subject Authority and Librarianship Waleswould take the file of CRG Minutes Reference Entries". These Guidelines have been subw and associated papers, once the Bliss Library gave up mitted to the international library and information scien­ responsibility for them. ce community for review. Persons who wish to participa­ The discussions continued on the topics of the previ­ te in this review should contact the Chair of the Working ous meeting, especially with regard to the common sub­ Group, Werner STEPHAN, Deutsche Bibliothek, Cen­ divisions of persons and organizations as well as "gene­ tral Bibliographic Services, Frankfurt/Main, Germany. ral facilitating operations", as e.g. 'investigation', 'instru­ The Section on Classification and Indexing presented mentation', 'standardization'. a half-day programme during the 57th Council and Ge­ The topic of the next meeting was announced as being neral Conferenc of IFLA in Moscow in August 1991. on "New Age" classification, to be introduced by Mr. Three papers were presented. Olga LAVRYONOVA, Langridge. RussianState Library, spoke on "Thematic Search in the Automated Library System on the Basis of the Library (Both eR G notes are based on the Unconfinned Minu­ Bibliographic Classification (BBK) with Subject Entry" tes). and Maroetpit DIONGUE-DIOP, Bibliotheque Cen­ trale de l'Universite Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal, presented a paper on "Les problemes de classification et d'indexation dans les bibliotheques africaines". Nancy WILLIAMSON presented an overview and analysis of the 5th International Study Conference on Classification Research held in Toronto, Canada, in June 1991. Nancy Williamson

U.K. CRG 283 The 283rd Meeting of the British Classification Re­ search Group took place on Oct.24, 1991 at the Univer­ sity College London with 8 members present. With respect to the Ranganathan Centenary the mee­ ting agreed that an open meeting of the CRG should be , arranged afterthe ISKO Conference in Madras in August. The dates of the meetings for 1992 were set: Febr,27, April 30, July 2, Ocl.15 (Ranganathan Open Meeting),

32 Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.1 FID/CR News 31 Obituary

John Phillip Comaromi, 1937-1991 In Memoriam

John Phillip Comaromi was born on the 4th April, 1937, in Flint, Michigan. His forefather was an Austrian orphan adopted by a Hungarian gentleman, Michael Komaromy, hence his name which was later changed into Comaromi. John Phillip studied Chemical Enginee­ ring at North-Western University during 1955-1956 and later in 1958-1959 joined Flint Junior College to study English. He obtained an AB degree in English from Flint College, University of Michigan, in 1961 and ulti­ mately an MA. in English in 1964-1965. He obtained his MLS from the University of Michigan during 1961-1964, and ultimately his Ph.D. in 1969 from Michigan. He had a greatfondness for his Alma Mater. For many years, he donated a cash award to an outstanding Michigan gra­ some moments of high drama of the eventful story. The duate in Cataloguing and Classification. In 1990, the history of the last two editions was described by him in an School honoured him as its Distinguished Alumnus, and essay for the Kathryn Henderson Festschrift. In 1974 he he was also its national chairman for its annual fund­ was the principal investigator for a detailed survey ofthe raising drive. During the early 1960s he worked in use of the DOC in the US and Canada. He drew many smaller libraries at Flint and Flushing. During 1966-1968 practical conclusions from this survey, which were tangi­ he was a member of the Library School Faculty of the bly reflectedin the 20th edition (1989) of the DOC. He University of Michigan and later served as an Assistant served as a member ofthe Editorial Policy Committee of Professor at the Library Sehool of the University of the DOC (DCEPe) from 1973-1976, as its chairman Oregon from 1969-1973. Later he joined UCLA till 1980 from 1976-1979 and finally became its Chief Editor in to eventually reach his professional destination as Editor March 1980. The only editions completed under his of the DOC at the Library of Congress in Washington, editorial direction are the 20th (1989) and the Abridged DC. DDC-12 (1990); and he was already in the thick of his He died suddenly on 6 November 1991 at his residen­ work on the 21st edition tentatively scheduled to be ce at Bethesda, Maryland, leaving his family, friends, and published in 1997. Inter alia he was learning the new admirers in a state of sudden shock and gloom. By his software for editing the DOC, which replaces the ESS premature demise the DOC family has lost a pillar of installed in 1984. The great success of the 20th edition is strength and a most valued expert. He amply demonstra­ a tribute to his vision, skill, and dedicated devotion. He ted a vision and capacity to take the DOC to still greater leaves the DOC with higber standards of editing and as heigbts from the high level he inherited from his illustri­ a better tool for his successor to carry on. The lessons he ous predecessor Benjamin A.Custer. He had an enor­ learnt from his survey of the DOC in the US and Canada mous and challenging task on his hands: to take the DOC are well incorporated in the 20th edition of the DOC. into the 21st century in such a period of transition for the These include a first independent preparation of the science of classification. The DOC witnessed very exci­ Manual on the use of DOC (Forest Press, 1982), com­ ting events and developments during his relatively short plete with maps and flow charts; it later became an tenure althougb his overall association with the DOC integral and much valued part of the DDC-20. The was long and varied. Editor's introduction was greatly simplified to the liking of all. The index to the DDC-20 is better than the earlier He earned his doctorate from the University of Mi­ one, though smaller than Comaromi desired. It lists 10% chigan in 1969 on a broadly and deeply researched more concepts despite a 40% reduction in size and is far history of the DOC. His dissertation was later published simpler to operate - that is Comaromi. The Abridged as the famous and classic work: The Eighteen Editions of DDC-12 (1990) is fuller than the 15th Standard Edition the DDC, published by Forest Press as a part of the (1951) and fuller than more than a third of all the worldwide centenary celebrations of the DOC in 1976. It unabridged editions. Comaromi named it Colossus. It is a readable epitome with lurid details and incisive was hailed as a significant improvement over the previ. commentary on men and events. In it he vividly captures aus editions. His concern for the reader's convenience is

Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.l 33 Orbituary: John Phillip Comarorni manifested in over 50 all-day workshops for over a point of getting overworked. thousand cataloguers in the US and Canada to promote Everything he wrote is characteristically seminal and the uniformity and unambiguous use of the DOC. His elemental, and he always easily reached the heart of the talks were lively, humorous and informative, for he was matter. He will be remembered as a potent brain and a a proficient and entertaining speaker. In 1991 they lead fundamentalist mind that engaged in the study of classi­ the production of some educational packages on the fication. His prose was axiomatic and pithy with immen­ DOC, and at the time of Comaromi's death he was co­ se literary richness. He had an abiding interest in English authoring a self-learning text on the DOC. Since 1990 literature, and could also read and write German, French DC& includes a feature named "Editor's Choice" and and Spanish. providing assistance for classifiers. His concern for the As a person he was warm and witty, though the reader is amply reflected in unambiguous words castiga­ inherited fear of death always haunted him. In response ting the policy of phoenix schedules: to my greetings on his 45th birthday he wrote "Had I ...gradualism would have been a better policy... that is, revise on known I was to live so long, I should have taken better all fronts that need it, but do so slowly, to the end both care of my health". In 1987, when his officewas bifurca­ librarians and the public can handle with aplomb the vibrations ted with the post of the Chief of the Decimal Classifica­ that set their intellectual order to shaking. Do not toss an entire tion Division going to David A.Smith, he humorously discipline in the air only to reassemble its parts into a new but wrote that he had lost his parking place. He had premo­ dubious structure (which seems to have been the case in nitions of his early death or had it in his mind. In his letter Editions 17-20). of December 1990 he wrote that "I am tired ... I would His other major works include two student texts on like to go home. Buy the graves and care for my elderly the DOC: one (1987) for the 19th edition, and the other family. But I suppose I am stuck in this unfeeling place (1990) for the 20th edition, both written with M.P.Satija, for ever". His concern for his friends and family was a revision of Jean Osborn's book (1991) on the DDC-20 immense. In February 1991, on the 25th birthday of his and a Book Number text (1982) explaining in detail the elder son he wrote me, "I feel both proud and old". LC sheltlisting practices. He had a rare privilege, first being a detached histo­ He had unlimited confidence in himself and in his rian of DOC and later a dramatic persona on the central work. At times he appeared opinionated on the verge of stage of the DOC history. Brilliance and excellence are being dogmatic. But that is true of every strong and the hall-marks of both these roles of his. Intensity cha­ original mind like his. This caused conflicts with some racterized both his life and his work. We are too close to colleagues who differed from him. He even never hesi­ him to say how history will place him. But every new tated to criticize the DOC for its faults, giving credit DOC historian will find him/herself standing on his instead to other rival systems where due. Nevertheless shoulders, and nobody will deny the towering intellect he he provided unstinted support and encouragement to his was graced with, and his lasting impact on the science of colleagues and friends. He wrote less outside the DOC; knowledge organization. ironically his last piece was for a Ranganathan birth Mohinder Partap Satija centenary volume wherein he paid rich tribute to S.R.Ranganathan (1892-1972), dwelling on his subtle Dr.M.P.Satija, Guru Nanak Dev University, School of Library influence on the DOC. After the release ofDDC-20 and and Information Science, Amritsar-143 005, India Abridged DDC-12 he became quite prolific even to the

34 Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.l Orbituary: John Phillip Comaromi It also contains 34 photographs with descriptions. In the Book Reviews firstchapter, Ranganathan captures the moments of the interesting story of his entry into the library profession as RANGANATHAN, S.R.: A Librarian Looks Back:An an aggressive and trade-unionist teacher of mathema­ Autobiography of Dr.S.R.Ranganathan appended with tics. He goes on to narrate with human interest the an evaluation of his life and work by P.N.Kaula. New minute-by-minute details of his early days as head of the Delhi: ABC Publ.House 1992. XI,485p. ISBN 81-7123- Madras University Library, his early memories and 048-2 = Kaula Series in Library Science No.ll impressions of the teachers, teaching methods and the academic environments of the School of Librarianship, Shiyali Ramamrita Ranganathan (1892-1972) domi­ University College, London. Then chronologically he nated the Indian library scene for half a century. He passes on to: his early work of reorganizing the Madras nurtured and shaped the Indian library profession al­ University Library, the introduction of new reader servi­ most from its infancy and imparted it a momentum. For ces, the nature of bureaucratic hurdles and the help his Yeoman's work he earned the well-deserved title of received from understanding Vice-Chancellors as well "Father of the Indian Library Movement". His influence as deteriorating social environments due to communal extended much beyond his country, and he became a division culminating in his final exit from Madras. He much sought-after figure abroad and in international sporadically describes the work of library organization, circles. With his hard work and fundamental insights he the modus operalldi of shifting the library to a new not only won honours for himselfbut also for his country. building without disrupting the library services even for His grateful nation designated him as its first (and so far a day and managing the library during the days of World only) National Research Professor in Library Science War II. Details of his work of this nature can still be for life in 1965. In his honours he saw the profession useful to library managers. His cordial and warm rela­ being recognized and honoured. tions with library patrons of every rank are inspiring. Ranganathan was a freak of nature. A person like him Some of these readers, when having gained high posi­ appears once in a blue moon; creates a new paradigm; tions in the government, tangibly helped him in realising adds new dimensions to the profession; gives new life his dreams and spreading his message, thus giving a and look to it; creates a new school of thought; and leaves further fillip to the library movement. Ambiguously behind indelible footprints on the sand of time. His ascribing his troubles to the prevailing communal preju­ devotion to library and information studies was absolute dices he never comes to the personal and immediate and single-minded. He was dedicated to the cause of crisis that made him to opt for premature retirement providing library services to his countrymen on such from Madras. He hints at Dr.M.O.Thomas, his deputy, levels as are available in advanced countries. His life is being the trouble maker, but prefers to spare us the the story of the growth of the Indian library movement; details of the real discord with him. In section B we see and his mind delineated the evolution of the fundamen­ him as a public figure and a statesman of librarianship. tals and theory of library science. His prolificity presents He describes his experience with the conferences and an enigma to the students of creativity. with library associations, especially the Madras Library The patriarch took stock of his life by recollecting the Association founded in 1928 with Ranganathan as its reminiscences of his work which were published serially founder and all-powerful secretary, and the Indian Li­ from 1963 to 1972 in the Heraldof LibrarySciellce edited brary Association founded in 1933. Of the latter Ranga­ by P.N.Kaula. This serialized life account was envisaged nathan was President from 1949 to 1953. By all accounts, as far back as 1954 but could only be started in 1962 with that was the golden period of the profession. After his the start of the Herald. From the very beginning it had tenure the Association grew ineffective, to be reactiva­ been intended to publish these serialized articles in book ted only in the early 1980's with the coming of Professor form. The Ranganathan birth centenary celebrations P.B.Mangla as its president. The social and cultural have now provided a very apt occasion for this. library milieu has been well portrayed. The work is not an autobiography, as it nowhere He describes nothing of his childhood, nor of his describes the life and testaments of Ranganathan. Rat­ family lineage and married life. It is a pity that his loyal her, it consists of fragmentary reminiscences dwelling friends, colleagues and disciples find virtually no men­ only on those aspects and episodes of his work which tion. The work gives no clue to many questions still Ranganathan wanted to share with his readers. What has lurking in the minds of Rangana than scholars, especially been revealed is much less than what has been concea­ the mystery of his migrating to Zurich with a mind to led. Ranganathan hides much. Moreover, much of what settle there permanently. Nor is there any description of has been written is already known to his students. The life in Zurich (1955-1957), which was intellectually quite autobiography broadly consists of two sections A and B a prolific period. He writes nothing of the intellectual of 19 and 17 chapters respectively, each marked by a two­ evolution of his mind and theories - which otherwise is digit subdivisioon. Section C, consisting of 14 chapters, well described in his individual books. The autobiogra­ presents an evaluation of his life and work by P.N.Kaula. phy is intermittent, descriptive and not any spontaneous

Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.l 35 Book Reviews narrative. Similar events though distanced by time are critical biography. Girja Kumar (1) has already done juxtaposed in the work. To fully describe an event, he some spade work and is presently engaged on a fuller occasionally moves backward and forward in time. For volume. that reason it is difficult to say whether the description A name and subject index provided by S.P.Das, conc­ ends abruptly with his sudden death and whether he had ludes the volume. intended to say something more about his life. The quality of the paper is poor, misprints abound The book essentially reveals us his behavioral aspects. and for that reason the price of 550 rupees is too high. He usually overreacted with persons he thought were his Nevertheless it is a document of cardinal value for Ran­ enemies. Many were simply rivals or professional oppo­ ganathan scholars and historians of the Indian library nents. His conflict with K.MAsaduallah (1890-1949), movement. For Professor Kaula it has been a realization Secretary, ItA (1943-1947) appears to have been no­ of a dream and fulfilment of an obligation. thing but a clash of two egoes, but it made Ranganathan M.P.Satija denounce all Punjabis as ridden with an inferiority com­ plex. (The fact remains that the North Indian have re­ (1) Kumar, Girja: Ranganathan, Dewey and C.Y.Raman: A mained on the forefront to perpetuate his legacy) . No study in the arrogance of intellectual power, NewDelhi: Vikas doubt his colleagues were overworked while he gleaned 1991. 147p. all the glory. He was witty and had the capacity to laugh Dr.M.P.Satija, Guru Nanak Dev University, Department of at himself; and he was quick to admit his mistakes - he Library and Information Science, Amritsar-143 005, India. called them follies. His attitude was fatalistic, superstiti­ ously religious; and there is abundant proof of his belief in supernaturalism. In librarianship, he was a staunch proponent of empiricism and the scientific method. WELLISCH, Hans H.: Indexing from A to Z. New In presentation and style this life account is perhaps York : Wilson, 1991. VI,461p., ISBN 0-8242-0807-2 XX unique in its kind, and far from exemplary as a model. When a book of this kind is published which as a genre The dramatis personae in the first section have been in its narrower field is a novelty and the author is both a disguised into alphabetico-classed notation of CC for no obvious reason and without any seeming profit. In the respected and a seasoned master of the art the reviewer faces considerable difficulties indeed. original publication, he desiguated himself as 2 (2 deno­ tes Library Science in the CC; in the present publication I will risk and call this work a special subject encyclo­ 2 has been replaced by SRR); WCB Sayers as 2SA, pedia, a long awaited reference tool; and encyclopedias Edward Ross, his mathematics teacher, as BR, a wor­ - when well conceived and gracefullydelivered as the one king class woman as Y49, and so on. To decipher their here under consideration has been - deserve special at­ identities requires considerable research. Tabulated tention. dialogues, a Ranganathan gimmick, further substract One cannot but agree with James Anderson who, on from the book's literary elegance. Dialogues appear the back of the dust jacket, recommends the book by incredible, even concocted, putting the veracity of the stating that it is a sheer delight. This is not a commercial­ document at stake. Technical details and numerical ly charged casual remark, perhaps solicited by the pu­ figures are distracting. At times one feels as if reading blisher to promote sales; close analysis confirms it as the through a technical treatise. On the other hand it is an truth. interesting story in plain words of an incipient profession I will take issue with the idea and actual accomplish­ of what Ranganathan did for it and of what he received ment of what concerns the intended audience but before in terms of fo rmal honours, personal delights and joys. It that - while running the risk of making untimely and is a balance sheet of the agonies he suffered and the unsubstantiated claims - I must say that this book will be lavish adorations he was paid. The biography is laced considered first and foremost as a student's aid. Having with flashes of abstract thoughts and morals drawn from been a faculty member for quite a while I have had the life experience. Conclusions are explicitly didactic. Yet opportunity to use and recommend a plethora of text­ the autobiography is much less than his life work and books, manuals, primers, monographsand other compi­ philosophy. Appendices by Professor Kaula partially fill lations. From a formal and often practical point of view the gap. Kaula writes about the beginning of his own they range from the usual fare of introductory and basic association with Ranganathan and the work he did for texts with various levels of accessibility or collections of him: he describes Ranganathan's work at Madras, Bana­ individual essays fe aturing selected topics and methods ras, and Delhi and evaluates his impact on Indian and to the more bizarre idea of programmed texts or exclu­ worldwide librarianship. The book ends with three va­ sively fo rmat -oriented treatment, all lumped together luable appendices: A list of awards and honours Ranga­ under the magic termof "subject analysis". Indexingand nathan won; a descriptive catalogue of the major works its different areas and aspects generally receive, of published on Ranganathan, and lastly a chronology of course, an optimum 50% of the total but it also happens Ranganathan's life. Kaula, an apostleofRanganathan, is that they are relegated to a secondary, Cindarella status reticent as ever, and evades controversial issues. There­ vis-a-vis classification, which often plays the role of the fore, this work does not obviate the need for a full and 36 lnt. Classif. 19(1992)No.l Book Reviews elder even the big brother. entry, the one that is rendered through the inversion of 01' Hans Wellisch's lexiconis a most welcome addition the elements of a topical associative compound heading, to this repertoire and is specifically about what the title plain or prepositional. Although it should not be forgot­ explicitly and implicitly promises the reader to tackle. ten that double entries for proper and place names cannot be taken for granted either and "see references" It is nevertheless in place to make some comments on might often prove to be the better way of sorting out a general matters and to voice the cord of dissent concer­ problem that is a nuisance to indexer and reader alike. ning a few issues which, I think, should have been This is particularly valid for and contrary to the author's handled differently. opinion in the example offered with regard to place Preliminary information culled from the dust jacket names; i.e. two entries for Beijing and Peking. flap and the first page of the introduction reveals that the To describe it in a simplified form: it is a procedure author's intention is to provide students and other begin­ which implies the inversion of a main heading-subhea­ ners as well as experienced practitioners and specialists ding entry with the result that the subheading will be with a handy reference tool. turned into a main heading with the former main hea­ I have already referred to the fact that the book is an ding as its subheading. The author suggests that the excellent aid for students but with regard to specialists necessity (and probably also the feasibility) of such an close scrutiny does not bear out this contention and one operation depends on the number of subheadings and might add that it should not either; it would even spoil locators. When, e.g., there is only one subheading he much of the fun. recommends a solution with a double entry while in One of the greatest merits anyone trying to apply this other cases "see references" should suffice. Obviously work to actual problem solving will soon discover is that he makes an attempt to offer a codifiable solution or it is essentially an exercise in using an index. Its alpha­ simply to set rules or quasi-rules whenever that seems betic structure needs to be supplemented by the constant feasible and prudent. My opinion, on the other hand, has use of the index since the single articles are usually long, always been that the number of double entries should be often with complex, layered content which would other­ kept at a minimum and be allowed only in well argued wise remain hidden. Frequently it amounts to a trial­ cases where prospects of retrieval create an inescapable error process but then that is what happens in real life si­ necessity. Short of such pressing needs not only judicious tuations. The structure of the index and its relation to the but extremely cautious use of double entries is what is main access mechanism and the overall cross-referen­ required lest beginners and uninitiated craftsmen arrive cing system made easier and more transparent by mo­ at the unwarranted conclusion that inversion is all that is dern computerized typesetting is undoubtedly exempla­ necessary to secure access from all conceivable points of ry. view; or in other words it is quite an agreeable method to It appears only as a minor inconsistency that the use make everybody happy and most importantly it is an in the index of boldfaced locators to indicate more easy and painless way to fill up the allotted space. extensive treatment of individual topics is not always Browsing the index we can find a number of cases followed up. This device is conceived mainly though not where the author does not follow up his own advice and exclusively to incorporate terms from the titles of the prepares double entries though the main headings are major articles and often also terms from the titles of followed by more than one subheading: filing vs. biome­ their subchapters. It is, however, not clear what exactly dical terms; marking vs, indentions or most surprisingly: the criteria have been to qualifyfor such treatment. One "and" and foreign languages where it is difficult to see can point here to several examples such as "Comma" the point why a user might wish to find these terms fully which is a subchapter in Punctuation but receives no indexed in both places. The area of topic vs. place preferential boldfaced treatment as an index entry. testifies to the same dilemma, especially in view of the Examples abound and they might easily be dismissed as example offered to illustrate the point. There appears minor errors which in fact they are. But it also happens here an inner contradiction since the author is obviously to Indexing tasks within Indexing: the process and its aware that current practices do not favor what he never­ techniques where the twelve commandments of capital theless proceeds to advocate a few lines later. importance from both a theoretical and practical point All this shows that the whole issue does not entirely of view are laid down. hinge on taste or current vs. older indexing practices but If the method of comparing the articles with the index requires a sense of judgment and the supposition of a is further sustained it is possible to illustrate the comple­ probable frame of retrieval which is shaped by the xity of indexing through the index structure of the cur­ epistemological make-up of the user's mind. rent work. There are certain areas where disagreement Indexing ought to be an activity where document with the author is inevitable and where he himself, at purpose and functional utility combine to serve the cog­ least partially, contradicts his own recommendation. nitive ends of the most probable user. Theory and First to be considered is the thorny issue of double practice of retrieval - even when exercised through entries. It must be kept in mind, however, that the follo­ indexes - naturally imply the concept of relevance which wing comments concern only a special type of double drags subjectivity on its coat-tails. As Bar-Hillel has it:

Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.l 37 Book Reviews " ... the set of indexes is not, in any serious sense, a even when it receives more space than it should. It is transform of the document, but only a set of clues to it" unjustified to go into details which will necessarily be (1). But these clues must nevertheless be organized and incomplete and sometimes even inaccurate. The blame having taken the issues of relevance and subjectivity into should go to cataloging rules and practices whose proli­ account we are supposed to present a structure that is feration in indexing the author implicitly, and rightly, the least repetitive and is based on clearcut hierarchical deplores but then, unfortunately, makes ample use of and associative as well as grammatical relationships them. Indexing, however, is not cataloging; it is more supported by a cross-reference network resting on the individually cut and the role of functioning has priority. same principles. The article on personal names ought to be much shorter, Another, again both theoretically and practically im­ giving guidelines rather than examples. Inany event the portant matter is consistency in the use of definitions. subject is thoroughly discussed in Knight's still unrival­ This concerns first of all beginners for whom a good start led manual which is part of Wellisch's bibliography and can be decisive. Therefore it is almost mandatory to is often referred to throughout the work but strangely offer clear and simple definitions and then consistently enough it is not mentioned at all in this particular apply them throughout the work. From evolutionary, or­ chapter (3). ganizational and classificatory points of view alike it is, Turning now briefly to the debt side; the absence of a e.g., necessary to differentiate between subject heading few topics is all too conspicuous and some of them are lists and thesauri. It is in vain to look for such a discussion sorely missed. The composition of a "wanted" list will of in pertinent textbooks; as far as I am aware it has not course always be up to individual preferences but I have been done anywhere in a systematic way. Wellisch is the found the lack of separate entries for at least two areas first one to address this important question on this level. somewhat disturbing. He devotes to it almost a full page (p.388) at the end of First, it would have been extremely useful to include the article on thesauri. Of the more for the specialist a chapter on how to index encyclopedias. There are scat­ type of literature, with the recent exception of Dykstra tered references to some of the problems an indexer has whom Wellisch cites, it is only Soergel who touches on to solve in this particularly demanding and challenging the issue but he equates LCSH with a thesaurus on the field but a coherent presentation in the form of a single grounds that it displays hierarchical and synonymous article would have been a better choice and for obvious relationships (2). While Wellisch effectively dismantles reasons; the most important ones being: this contention adding a few more, supplementary argu­ - their historical significance in knowledge organization, ments will render the picture even more lucid. Accordin­ gly, the major differences can be summarized as follows: - their acknowledged complexity, mainly in the case of large, multivolume, comprehensive works, and - a subject heading list like LCSH is or has the tendency to be universal in scope while thesauri, at least the really - the prospect of a growing market for encyclopedias on good ones, are restricted to narrow fields, CD-ROM. - there are far reaching structural differences (cf. Wel­ Undoubtedly this will be most puzzling for those who lisch's analysis) are familiar with Wellisch's writings and know that he is one of the very few who have published about indexes in - their respective areas of application are widely diffe­ encyclopedias and belongs to the select group of those rent. most knowledgeable about the subject. There are of course many specialists and experts who Some will consider the lack of information on the take this distinction for granted and refer to these two chain indexing method not something to be regretted superficially related devices as separate entities. There­ and indeed from a purely pragmatic point of view it is not fore in such an important reference tool standard and a serious deficiency. Nonetheless it has at least some hi­ consistency of usage should be rigourously upheld and it storical importance and might also serve, among others, comes as a surprise that in spite of his excellent defini­ as an introduction to PRECIS which is described here tion, on other occasions (on pp. 246 and 274), the author under the title "String indexing"; thus to have a word or uses the two terms in a way that they can be interpreted two about the methodology of chain indexing would not (or misinterpreted) as synonyms. be out of place at all. In any event the author promises The book treats the reader to a trove of useful infor­ . the reader occasional historical digressions. Beyond that mation on a variety of technical problems and often does there has been some professional guesswork making the that at a considerable length which is not only on the rounds that in a computerized environment it might credit side but also the basic function of such encyclope­ even enjoy a revival especially as a complementary dic collections. It occurs, however, that presentations of device to online Dewey searches. Similarly, to mention this type get out of bounds, frequently in spite of the POPSI, if only for the specialist's sake, would have been author's best intentions. That is what has happened to useful. the chapter on personal names. The dire complexity of Advanced technology does not seem to be a panacea the topic is itself an invitation to meticulous treatment for age-old chronic ailments like misprints, slips and but is at the same time a trap since the subject cannot be other minor though occasionally irritating errors. This reliably discussed in the framework of a single chapter

38 Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.1 Book Reviews book is not exempt from them either. The most amusing aim of MUSAURUS is to provide a comprehensive sy­ is to find Lenin in the index with the forename of Nikolai. stem for indexing the whole field of music, including Or is it just the sign of the times, a pardonable slight? music scholarship, the music profession, and the music Another slip obviously committed in a humorous vein is industry. the case when the reader interested in indexing as a Furthermore, MUSAURUS is designed to be suita­ hobby is directed to a blank page. Other more serious ble for indexing music books, journal articles, newspa­ mistakes which might even result in information loss per items, documents, recordings, instruments, brochu­ include e.g. the confusion around medical vs. biomedical res, files,artefacts - in fact anything of musical interest. terms. On the one hand important information in this MUSAURUS consists of a subject part with the follo­ context (on p. 273) is ignored and remains unindexed, on wing seven subject divisions, which are divided in "sub­ the other - though "biomedical terms" is designated as divisions" of different degrees of specificity: A Musico­ the preferred term in the index - the article on Latin logy, B Musical instruments, C Musical works, D Perfor­ terms retains a subchapter entitled "Medical terms" mance, E Music profession & education, F Music (boldfaced). business, G Music documentation. In addition some The bibliography is possibly the best concise compila­ auxiliary tables can also be used, for example: history, tion one can find in this field but again, that has been geography, and language auxiliaries. Each auxiliarytable another specialty of the anthor. It is conveniently up-to­ has its primary, secondary and tertiary divisions, each dale, divides into selected major writings about indexing division has a code and an associated term. and handy technical reference aids respectively; confIr­ A rotated index allows to enter the MUSAURUS by ming - willy nilly - that the basic orientation is towards using the codes. I think MUSAURUS is a suitable com­ beginners and to a lesser extent to practitioners. bination of a classification and thesaurus. "Both classifi­ The easy-going, witty style, often anecdotic makes it cation systems and thesauri have their specificstrengths an attractive reading for all those interested. and weaknesses. Through properly combining both ap­ Irrespective of its intended audience this book should proaches one can eliminate the latter and largelypreser­ be part of private and public reference collections for a ve the strengths" (4). long time to come. Daniel Benediktsson As to future developments it is intended that MU­ SAURUS will be used to index a database, called Mus­ (1) Bar-Hillel, Y.: Language and information: selected essays Base, that will store data, full text, digitized musical on their theory and applications. Reading, Addison­ MA.: notation, scanned documents, and bibliographical refe­ Wesley, 1964. p.361. rences. Gerd Bauer (2) Soergel, D.: Indexing languages and thesauri: construction and maintenance. Los Angeles: Melville, 1974. (1) Vickery, B,C,: Thesaurus - a new word in documentation. (3) Knight, G.N.: Indexing, the art of. London: Allen Unwin, & JDoc. 16(1960)No.4, p.181-189 1979. (2) Schmitz-Esser, W.: New approaches in thesaurus applica­ tion. Int.Classif.18(1991)No.3, p.l43-147 Prof.D.Benediktsson, University oflceland, Library and Infor­ (3) Dahlberg, (Ed.): Classification systems and thesauri, mation Science Studies, Oddi, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland. l. 1950-1982. (International Classification and Indexing Biblio­ graphy. ICIB-l). Frankfurt: INDEKS Verlag 1982. XIV,143 p. (The bibliography is continued in the issues of the journal International Classification.) HARROLD, LEA, Graham: MUSAURUS: A Music Ann; (4) Fugmann, R.: interactive classaurus on the lnt.Classif. An PC. Thesaurus. A new aproach to organising music informa­ 17(1990)No.3j4, p.133-137 tion. London: Music Press 1991. 128p. ISBN 1-873260- 00-8 DrDr.Gerd Bauer, Rudolfsbcrg 6, D-2380 Schleswig In 1960 a paper was published by B.C.Vickery with the title "Thesaurus - a new word in documentation" (1). Nowadays "thesaurus" no longer is a "new" word in the MEADOWS, A.I.(Ed.): Knowledge and Communica­ field of documentation. tion: Essays on the Information Chain. London: Libra­ Outside traditional documentation many new ap­ ry Assoc.Pub!. (A Clive Bingley Book) 1991. IX,164p. proaches for thesaurus application are seen to exist as ISBN 0-85157-454-8 for example in expert systems, interface systems, object­ oriented design and programming, hypertext systems, Man needs information next to absolutely bare neces­ machine translation and machine abstracting (2) . In the sities of life; and every human being possesses knowled­ meantime, special thesauri are available for nearly all ge of certain kind and leve!. But only a few persons in fields of knowledge (3) and in this connection MUSAU­ society are concerned with the 'science of knowledge' RUS indeed is a new word in the world of music, a new which cuts across many disciplines. The study of the instrument in organizing music information, which can nature of knowledge is the concern of anthropologists, permit the inclusion of music scores and the scholarly, philosophers, sociologists, psychologists, educationists, professional and business aspects of music as well. The

Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.l 39 Book Reviews linguists, research methodologists, as well as library and In the fourth chapter "Publishers and Knowledge" information scientists. Information is stock-in-trade of John PEATHER defines the concept and outlines the LIS workers. Study of the inherent nature of knowledge process ofpublishing. Publishing is a trade of gentlemen; is as important to a librarian as the study of biologyto a to them a book is more than a commodity. Feather goes student of medicine. This importance has been empha­ on to overview the stages of publishing, economics of pu­ sized with its bearing by D.W.Langridge, DA.Kemp, blishing, author-publisher relations; he next writes on andJ.H.Shera (1903-1982) (see the bibliography, p.150- the effect of information technology, the databases and 152). But S.R.Ranganathan (1892-1972), not mentioned the DTP which have rather blurred the distinction bet­ in the bibliography was a pioneer, as in many other areas ween publishers, authors and librarians; and lastly tou­ of LIS studies, in drawing our attention to the importan­ ches upon the current trends in publishing especially in ce of such studies for librarians, and successfully got the U.K. What is said is not at all true of the Third World introduced relevant topics in the library science curricu­ Publishers most of whom are nothing but crass profi­ la of Indian universities. Above all, he did a scientific teers. study on the modes of origin and anatomical growth of The next two chapters: "Librarians and Knowledge" new subjects (1). by Maurice B.LINE and "Information Scientists and The info-sphere is cyclical in nature probably in the Knowledge" by J.M.BRITTAIN are obviously of key sense of, say, the water cycle in nature. Information is concern to us. These two chapters endeavour to prise created, disseminated, consumed, and then again produ­ apart the roles of these two inseparable species. Libra­ ced in a new form and the circle goes on endlessly. By rians' classic chores are described with a fresh stand­ definition there can be no information without a knower, point. They identifyand build a collection, analyse and a human being. Knowledge is social in character and organiZe, preserve and disseminate it. Line makes a totally human dependent. But in the visible information peep into the future work of librarians. Above all, he cycle taken in the very narrow sense, the components tries to correct our terminology and phraseology as SDI consist of authors, publishers, librarians, and teachers is not information but bibliographic dissemination; or at and the users. best it could be SDD, last "D" for documents. Brittain The work in hand is a collection of eight specially clearly enumerates the characteristics of information commissioned essays to study the human components in scientists; and interestingly explains the difference bet­ the chain, and their work in the process. ween recorded, and heuristic knowledge. Information science subsumes librarianship skills; and Brittain goes In the first essay "Classifying Knowledge", on to explain the special skills of an information scientist D.W.LANGRIDGE starting with the types of classifica­ such as knowledge of information needs and marketing; tion schemes concentrates on bibliographic classifica­ database creation and operation, information manage­ tion schemes and goes on to describe the major schools ment and lastly the expert systems, uses of IT, and of thought in library classification, and succinctly pre­ bibliometric studies. It is a succinct, lucid, skilful sum­ sents a fine summary of the state of the art. Here perhaps marization of information work and services. the logic, theory, mechanism and methods of classifying knowledge would have been more appropriate to the In the seventh chapter "Teacher and Knowledge", situation. He could have given a summary of his already Helen LEWIS studies the problems of transmitting much appreciated book on subject analysis (2). knowledge in schools. The teacher here first symbolizes the consumer of knowledge. It is an eclectic work quo­ The second chapter by Michael REED illustrates the ting heavily from others. The questions addressed are: dissipitation of knowledge over a long time in its trans­ the process of knowing; the pedagogical aims; and most mission by taking examples of five artefacts, namely, importantly 'How people satisfytheir information needs'; St.Pancras Railway Station (19th century), Gardens at and conversely why some people do not make use of Stourhead in Wiltshire (18th century), Banquet House information services. It adequately discusses the role of in Whitehall (17th century), Doomesday Book (11th teachers in making students depend on self sought infor­ century), and Stonehenge (2800BC). It makes a rather mation; and to intereact with the knowledge so gathered. esoteric reading. It emphasizes the need of making teachers information In the third chapter "Author and Knowledge" Jack literate. The librarian's bias is all too visible. There could MEADOWS dwells upon the need of an author's know­ have been an independent chapter on "Knowledge and ledge of the stylistics in the communication of his know­ Users". ledge to the readers. He writes on the problems of the In the last chapter "Epilogue", Kelvin McGARRY choice of words, ambiguities of language; limitations of enumerates the differing views on knowledge in a histo­ the book as a medium of communication; effect of spe­ rical perspective. It is not a summary of the preceding cialization; role of computers in 'composing' texts; and essays, but culls the views of philosophers from Aristot­ lastly the author-publisher relations. In a nutshell its Ie, Thomas Aquinas to Karl Popper. Knowledge is a main concern is elusive authorial art which comes from cultural entity and keeps shifting its pattern like a kalei­ long and vast reading and extensive writing, and from so­ doscope. An emergence of the new knowledge modifies mething more personal. the structure of the whole. Contrary to H.E.Bliss (1870-

40 Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.l Book Reviews 1955) there is no permanent order in knowledge. "Pat­ subject, so the author. Maybe he wants to fundamenta­ tern is new every moment" said T.S.Eliot (1888-1965), Iize terminology to the level of the three R's, reading, with a poetic vision. writing and arithmetics not counting as a discipline The book is well edited with near uniformity in pre­ either in his view. Such a grass-root approach would sentation. In most chapters the text has been divided into indeed justifymost of the short-cuts and warrant a great sections with feature headings and concludes with a deal of simplification. If philosophical and epistemologi­ summary. But above all the important question invaria­ cal considerations may be dismissed as impertinent, this bly asked and answered in every chapter is whether cannot be done with concept theory and classification knowledge is affected at every link in the process of com· which isfundamental to terminology.The author's unease munication. The answer is in the affirmative. An au­ in this respect is brought out by affirmed concern about thor's creation is constrained by what he/she has learnt the absence of a generally acceptable subject classifica­ from the environment both physically and intellectually. tion scheme which, he says pp.10 and 28, theorists have Librarians are gatekeepers of knowledge: publishers so far failed to provide. Although I.Dahlberg has got two will only publish that is 'viable', other documents will entries in the appended bibliography, her major contri­ never see the light of the day; librarians add value to the bution towards a valuable universal classification sy­ knowledge they select, classify and index. In selecting stem, published twenty years ago, completely escaped documents they help create and kill thousands of ideas. the author's notice. The teachers' role is too obvious here. But the book The undefined use of terms such as "knowledge", deals with much more. Many an itinerant idea runs "subject of teaching", "practice" etc. and the fuzzy treat­ across the pages, and nobody knows what may strike a ment of "definition", "concept", and "term", which con­ reader to develop one into a revolutionary idea. On this ditions all the rest, are likely to leave the target popula­ and many other accounts the book provides profitable tion rather confused. This also holds for the term­ readings. Mohinder Partap Satija concept link, where the author wants to get away from the blunt fact that a term is but the linguistic expression (1) Shera, J.H.: Sociological foundations of librarianship. of a concept (pp.39 and 57). Bombay: Asia 1970. p.141-183 Without regarding the (2) Langridge, D.W.: Subject analysis: Principles and procedu­ going into too much detail res. London: Bowker-Saur 1989. 146p. shortcomings and internal contradictions of the theore­ tical part, one can but note that the envisaged reader Dr.M.P.Satija, Guru Nanak Dev University, Department of often risks to be taken at unawares. Library and Information Science, Amritsar-143 005, India The Communicative Dimension deals with conven­ tion in the double sense of a) what is convenient in a given LSP speach situation, and b) what is the agreed SAGER, Juan c.: A Practical Course in Terminology meaning in LSP speech. Processing, with a Bibliography by Blaise Nkwenti­ Much effort is spent on the elaboration of this homo· Azeh. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: J.Benjamins 1990. nymy, whereas no explanation is furnished as to why XI +254p. standardization is included under the communicative paradigm. Juan SAGER (University of Manchester Institute of The below-the· belt punch at social sciences where Science and Technology) needs no presentation. His (p.120) "terminologising is extensively practised as a name is a concepot in Terminology. He now has at last surface indicator of scientific rigor" seems out of place come forth with what might be expected to be the quin· under standardization, even though the ambition of tessence of his terminology teaching and experience, social science authors may be to preempt general accep· notwithstanding the restrictive title. Titles like tags are tance for their aboriginal ideas. Wish-dreaming in not bound to be deceptive. So let it be with this opus. If it is standardizing! meant to cater for practitioners of terminology, it never· theless allows lavish space for the theoretical underpin­ Furthermore, even though standardization is, as de­ nings of the topic. picted, a necessary adjunct to terminology, its pertinence to terminological processing does not justifythe dimen­ The actual title subject is covered only from chapters sion it is given in this manual. This bias is also evidenced 5 to 8 on p.129 to 229 (V: Compilation, VI: Storage, VII: by the quotation, on p.124, of BSO, Part 1, 1981, which Retrieval, VIII: Usage of Terminology), the first four concerns referents, not terms, but which the author chapters setting the frame for Terminology processing wishes to extend to terms, "for good measure"? (I: What is Terminology?, II-IV spelling out the cogniti. ve, linguistic, communicative dimension respectively of If "conceptual structures can be built according to what the author argues to be a non·discipline). perceived necessity and interrelations can be declared on the basis of fuller information after a substantial The work is conceived as guidelines for students at amount of data has been collected", then it would seem large, since "almost every contemporary teachinge pro· that such structures are not more than social science gramme" would gain from including terminology as a constructs and as such do not warrant the author's

Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.1 41 Book Reviews painstaking by his own standards! (p.B7). Dies liegt umso naher, als es den Herausgebern nicht Such inconsistencies are not the rule but they are fa­ urnRezepte und auch nicht urn theoretische Grundsat· stidious and should be ruled out in a further edition. si­ zerorterungen geht. Denken in komplexen Beziigen, sy­ milarly, non-committal statements like (p.14O) "reaso­ stemisches Denken, so der Tenor, ist heute notig. Wie nable intelligent software" or (pp.189-94) "search strings" stellt man sich einer solchenAufgabe und welche U nter· undefined give the reader a Barmecide feasl. stiitzungen lassen sich rm den? Urndazu nicht rezeptna· he Antworten, vielmehr beispielhafte Ansatze zu bieten, Documentation and imaging (mentioned only in pas­ werden im ersten Teil konzeptuelle Fragen aus Organi· sing on p.l64) are losers in Juan Sager's game, just as di­ sation und Problemlosung untersucht, die ein zweiter gitization of concept entries, subject fields and defini­ Teil empirisch abfiingl und damit das Verstandnis fiir tions in the compilation process is. The latter miss is so den praxeologischen Umgang mit Komplexitat unter· much more surprising since the author is an adept of stiitzl: Methoden, Fehler, Verbesserungsmoglichkeiten compu-tational linguistics and as such could have been finden sich im abschliessenden Abschnitl. Dem nicht expected to denounce respective lack in term banks like einschlagig vorbelasteten Leser erleichtert es Einord· TERMIUM 3. nung und Verstandnis, wenn er vorab die mit dem The core lesson is expounded on pp.142-56 which stu­ Begriff angesprochenen Sachverhalte und die bisher dents preparing for practical work have to keep in mind. geleisteten Forschungsarbeiten iibersiehl. Es empfiehlt Juan Sager's Manual fills a gap in English in a field of sich daher, den letzten resumierenden Abschnitt (Was human activity (not to say 'discipline') which the predo­ tun? Uberlegungen und Hinweise zum Umgang mit minance of this language has hitherto had no need of komplexen Aufgaben, FISCH) auch als Einfiihrung zu cultivating domestically. Now since the invader is getting lesen. Er bietet einen Oberblick zum praktischen und contaminated by the invaded languages' fury, it is a good wissenschaftlichen Umfeld, zu den verschiedenen An­ thing that the leader in that war game should bother satzen aus der Systemforschung (v. Hayeck, SI. Gallen), about the method in that madness. By giving the clue the zur Organisationsentwicklung und zur Problemlosung book, even without a subject index, sets new marks in the auf Gruppen· und individueller Ebene. Als erganzende worldwide communication process by showing what ter­ Lektiire sei es erlaubt hinzuweisen auf (1) K. Bleicher: minology is all about in the English language. Das Konzept Integriertes Mangemenl. Frankfurt/M: Herbert Eisele Campus Verlag 1990und (2) G. Binnig:Aus demNichts. iiber die Kreativital... Miinchen: Piper Verlag 1989, Dr.H.Eisele, 7, rue Gavarni, F-75116 Paris. ansonsten auch auf das reprasentative Literaturv�r­ zeichnis. Ein Sarnmelbandzu einem ebenso unscharfen wie of­ FISCH, Rudolf; BOOS, Margarete (Eds.): Vom Urn· fenen Thema muss sich auf eillell Aspekl: hier den orga· gang mit Komplexitiit in Organisationen. (Concerning nisatorischen, und aufSchwerpunkte beschranken. Den· the Handling of Complexity in Organizations). Kon· noch entsteht ein hinreichend geschlossener Gesam· stanz: Univ.Verlag 1990. ISBN 3-87940-377·5 teindruck, der orientiert und Grundlagen fUr die eigene Arbeit abgibl. Dazu tragt die exemplarisch aufbereitete Hinter dem leider auch medienwirksamen Schlag­ empirische Grundlage der meisten Einzelbeitrage bei. wort "Komplexitat" steckt ein fUr fast aile wissenschaft· Sie reichen vom zielgerichteten Verhalten sozialer Sy­ lichen und praktischen Bereiche sehr reales Problem: sterne in einem mehrstufigen Prozess am Beispiel der wie Hisst sich Vielfalt, verstanden im weilesten Sinne, Stadt Bern (TSCHAN; CRANACH) Ober betriebs· bewaltigen? Und das dergestalt, daB die damit zwangs· wirtschaftliche, in der offentlichen Verwaltung ablau· laufig(?) verbundene Reduktion nicht zu einer Verzer· fende Entscheidungsprozesse (HAUSCHILDT; KO· rung der betroffenen Sachverhalte und so schlechte· WAGNER; SACKMANN bzw. KONIG; zu REIMANN; ren Losungen fUhrl. Aus dem spezifischenGesichtswin· ELLWEIN; KOCH) bis hin zu Fragen der Wissenspro­ kel der Klassifikation gesehen geht es darum zu ordnen, duktion (SCHOLL), der Gestaltung von komplexen zu strukturieren, urn etwas iibersichtlich und handhab· Problemlosungsprozessen (FISCH/WOLF; FUNKE; bar zu machen. Obwohl die vorliegenden Arbeiten auf BRONNER) und zu Problemen der Interaktion (BOS­ die Forschungsarbeit der Bereiches 'Verwaltung im SING), der Koordination (ELLWEIN) und der Fiih­ Wandel' der Universitat Konstanz zuriickzufUhren sind, rung und Zusammenarbeit (BOOS/SCHARPF). Ein wobei der Schwerpunkt auf dem sozialen Handeln im besonderer Abschnitt gilt der Simulation und damit der sozialen Umfeld liegt, geht es hier urneben diese Aufga· Nutzung der EDV fUr die Simulation komplexer Ent· be im konkreten Bereich und an kookreten Beispielen. scheidungen, ein Ansatz, der an Brisanz (Expertensyste· Eine auf die Nutzung und den Benutzer, den Wissensan­ me, starke Kl?) noch gewinnen wird. Gleiches gilt fUr wender gerichtete Klassifikationsforschung sollte vor Von der Logik des Misslingens, in dem DOERNER allem auch ausserhalb des engeren informationswissen­ (siehe die ausfUhrliche Darlegung in seinem Buch, schaftlichen Bereiches hieraus notwendige Einsichten Hamburg: Rowohlt Verlag 1989) geradezu schicksal· ableiten. hafte Dispositionen zu Fehlentscheidungen empirisch

Classif. 19(1992)No.l 42 lnt. Book Reviews herausarbeitet. Es hiitte den selbstgesetzten Rahmen der Intuition als Mittel zur Komplexitatsbewaltigung. iiberschritten: dennoch bleibt in diesem Zusammen­ Wie die Lebenslaufe der Autoren ausweisen, bcsitzt ein hang der Wurisch, den Komplex(!) der reduktiven in Grossteil von Ihnen eine psychologische Ausbildung. Polaritiit zur nicht -rcduktiven Bewiiltigung von Kom­ Und schliesslich: eine kurze Zusammenfassung wiirde plexitiit (etwa durch selbtreferente, selbstorganisieren­ dazu beitragen, aile Beitriigeeinsichtiger zu machen. de Systeme auch im sozial-organisatorischen Feld fiir Was der impliziten, oben uneingeschrankt ausge­ sich herauszuheben. Er wird wie wohl auch der Wettlauf sprochenen Empfehlung des Bandes noch hinzuzufiigen (von Hase und Igel) zwischen wachsender Dynamik und ware: seine klareSprache und iibersichtliche Gedanken­ Komplexitiit(Dynexity) und der sie noch beschleunigen­ fiihrung erleichtern das Erfassen des nicht einfachen den Fahigkeit zur deren Bewaltigung (Dynexability, Gegenstandes. Man wird das Buch immer wieder in die RIEMANN) einen besonderen, wenn nicht iiberhaupt Hand nehmen. den Kernbereich der Komplexitatsforschung ausma­ Hellmut Lockenhoff chen. Vor dem Primat des kognitiven und des Erfah­ rungsbereiches sollte der des wertenden Erlebens auch Liickenhoff, Technik, Esslingen Dr. H. FH fUr explizit behandelt werden, vorschlagsweise im Kontext Ossietzkystr. 14, D-71S0 Backnang

CElT - Centre of Eco-Information & Terminology, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia

by agreement with INFOTERM, Vienna, one of the international distributors of the UNESCO Software Package Mini/Micro CDS/ISIS. known as MicrolSIS, is preparing a series of MicrolSIS courses and training opportunities on applications designed under ISIS such as:

- Environment and Water Related Databases - Terminology Management Systems - Mono- and Multilingual Specialized Vocabularies which were designed for processing and maintaining of multilingual data.

Courses and training of MicrolSIS can be organized on the place of installation on a cost/recovery basis.

CElT also offers further consulting services concerning MicrolSIS as databases design in CCF format (Common Communication Format) for international data exchange, conversions of databases from main frame versions to MicrolSIS on PC, databases design with full character sets of all European languages in one database, including Russian and Greek.

For further information please contact:

Dr.Pavla Stancikova, Director CElT - Centre of Eco-Information & Terminology, Ltd., Biskupicka 1, CSFR-821 06 Bratislava, Czechoslovakia. Phone/Fax: 00427/244-175

The Information Center for Information Science and Practice (Informationszentrum fUr Informationswissenschaft und -praxis (IZ)) of the GMD - GesellschaftfUr Mathematik und Datenverarbeitung mbH, Darmstadt, Germany

has just released the latest version of its

INFODATA-Thesaurus - Informationswissenschafl und -praxis (Information Science and Practice) as of Oct.1991

with its main part in alphabetical order of descriptors and non-descriptors and with the usual conceptual and semantic relationships added. Appended are an alphabetical list of geographic names, an English-German Index of the descriptors, and an English-German Index of the geographic names.

The INFODATA-T hesaurus is available from GMD-IZ, PF 10 43 26, 0-6100 Darmstadt, Tel.: 06151/875-0 Fax: 061 51/875 740.

Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.l 43 Book Reviews 0 FORM DIVISIONS 5 ON SPECIAL OBJECTS CS (TAXO NOMIES)'

01 Bibliographies 51 On Taxonomies In the Form & Slruct.Area 1 45 02 Literature Reviews 52 On Taxonomies In the Energy & Matter Area 2 45 03 Dictionaries, Terminologies 45 53 On Taxonomies In Cosmos & Earth Area 3 04 Classlf. Systems & Thesauri· 45 54 On Taxonomies In Ihe Blo Area 4 05 Periodicals and Serials 46 55 On Taxonomies In the Human Area 5 Conference Reports, Proceedings 46 56 On Taxonomies In the Socia Area 6 06 07 Text Books·· 57 On Ta xonomies In the Prod.Area 7 08 other Monographs·· 58 On Ta xonomies In the 8cl.& Info Area 8 48 09 Standards, Guidelines 59 On Taxonomies In the Culture Area 9

1 THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS 6 ON SPECIAL SUBJECTS CS & P

11 Order and Classification 61 On CS & T In Ihe Form & Struct.Area 1 52 12 Conceplology in Classiflcalion 62 On CS & T in Ihe Energy & MaHer Area 2 53 48 13 Mathematics In Classification 63 On CS & T In the Cosmos & Earth Area 3 53 48 14 Systems Theory In Classification 64 On CS & T in the Blo Area 4 53 48 15 PsyChology and Classification 65 On CS & T In the Human Area 5 53 48 66 On 53 16 Development of Science and Classlf. 48 CS & T In the Soclo Area 6 53 17 Problems In Classification 49 67 On CS & T In the Production Area 7 53 18 Classification Research 49 68 On CS & T In the Sci & Info Area B 53 19 History of Classification 69 On CS & T in the Humanities Area 9

2 STRUCTURE & CONSTRUCTION OF CS & 7 CLASSIFICATION AND LANGUAGE P"

21 General Questions of CS & T 71 General Problems of Natural Language 53 22 Elements of CS & T 49 72 Semantics 49 54 23 Construction of CS & T 73 Automatic Language Processing 49 54 24 Relationships 49 74 Grammar Problems 54 25 Numerical Taxonomy 49 75 Online Problems and TeChnOlogies 54 26 Notallon, Codes 50 76 Lexlcon/Dlcllonary Problems 57 27 Revision, Updallng of CS & T 50 77 General Problems of Terminology 57 58 28 Compalibillly & Concordance 78 Subject-Oriented Terminology Work* 59 29 Evalualion of CS & T 79 Problems of Multilingual Systems

3 CLASSING AND INDEXING 8 APPLIED CLASSING AND INDEXING (C&I)'"

31 Theory of Classing and IndeXing 81 General Problems of Applied C&I 50 59 32 Subject Analysis 50 82 Data Classing and Indexlng* 59 33 Classing and Indexing TeChniques 50 83 Tille Classing and Indexing 59 34 Aulomatic Classing and Indexing 51 84 C&I of Primary Literature 35 Manual & Automallc Ordering Techn. 51 85 (Back of the) Book Indexing 59 59 36 Coding 51 86 IndeXing of Secondary Literature 60 37 Reclasslftcallon 87 C&I of Non-Book Materials 51 60 38 Index Generallon and Programmes 88 C&I In SUbject Flelds* 51 60 39 Evaluation of Classing & Indexing 89 Free

4 ON UNIVERSAL SYSTEMS 9 CLASSIFICATION ENVIRONMENT

41 On Universal Systems In General 91 Organlzallon Problems In General 52 42 On the Universal Decimal Classlf. 92 Persons and Institutions 52 60 43 On the Dewey Decimal Classlf. 52 93 Organlz.of C&I on a Natr.& In!.Level 6160 44 On the L1br.of Congress Classlf. 52 94 Free 45 On the Bliss Blbliogr.Classlf. 95 Educallon and Training In C&I 61 46 On the Colon Classification 96 Legal Aspects of C&I 52 47 On the Ubr. Slbllogr. Classlf. 97 Economic Aspectsof C&I 61 52 48 On Other Universal Systems 98 User Studies 61 49 Free 99 Standardization In C&I

Personal Author Index 62

* Divisions of 04, 5, 6, 78, 82 and 88 according to the Information Coding Classification (tCC) described and displayed In Int.Ctasslf.9(1982)No.2, We offer to send copies of the abstracts of the references cUed to anybody p.87-93 and In the Internallonal Classiflcallon and Indexing Bibliography, interested. VOl.l.(1982).

A further division of the above scheme (by one and sometimes two levels) Language abbreviations; was pUblished In InI.Classif.12(1985)No.3, p.147-151. From this more detailed scheme U will be visible thaI SUbject fields may also Bulgarian 11 Finnish pi Polish occur In many cases on the third and also forth level of division, indicated csbg Czech lr French pI Portuguese by the number B. da Danish hu Hungarian ro Romanian de German 11 Uallan ru RUssian ** Monographs on special topics at special subdivisions. ee Estonian la Japanese sh Serbo-Croallan an English II LithUanian sk Slovakian *** CS & T stands for Classification Systems and Thesau ri as SpaniSh nl Dutch uk Ukrainian C & I stands for Classing and Indexing

44 Int. Classif. 19(1992)No.1 Classification Literature FORM DIVISIONS 1-012 041-de-33; -39 I} Un Ivers i tatsbi bl iothek Regensburg: Aufstel lungssystanatiken 18,2: Geologie und Pa laontologie (TE-rzr:--4:-Aufc:-----rSh-ervlng 01 Bibliographies sysfffii-ror-georogy-ar1dparaeontOTogy�-4Thea::-rOiig. de. Regensburg: Universi tatsbibl iothek 1990. 66p. 1-001 016.31 Prossorrar iti, M. : BLbl L�9.c.���_�':!. L��L�qj c i zz��L���_!..��IC!"���· 1-013 041-de-55 (Bib! iography on indexing) Orig. it. Un ivers i tatsbi bl iothek Regensburg: Aufstel lungssystanat iken - BoI I.lnf.Assoc. ltal.Bibl. Vo l 31, No 1, 1991 . p.39-57 3.2: Psychologie {Cl-CZL q.Aufl . {SheTvTrij-sysfffii-ror psycho':: . - Cont inuation of an ea rl ier bibliography ... nich had covered the TOgy : ItUl-ea� �orTg:ae� --Regensburg: Univers itatsbibliothek peried 1975-1987. 1990. 21p.

1-002 016.77 1-014 041-de-61 Isaak, 01, ; Puchta, Kleine �b r L�w�e.t:!.L�J�a,=-t:�s!?��'2�L,=-t;�c. Univers i tatsbibl i othek Regensburg: Aufstel lungssystematik en 01. : - Untersucllungen. (Li ttle 5TbITogr apny of special fa nguage 111- 12� 2 �C!..�i ologi �_l�-=-�L:.._?..:...�l!!.�.'.. {ShervTn�f5};slan-Tor socro:: v sHgafFOnsY -Or i9. de. Fachsprache 13(19 91)No 1-2, p.76-95 e logy, 6th--e d.J Orig.de. Regensburg: Univers i tatsbi bl iothek 14th continuation of this bibliography, v.i1 ich lists titles in 1990. Q6p. alphabetical order according to the fo llo.ving groupings: 1. Bibl iographies, 2. Col lections, 3, Spec ial languages in gene­ 1-015 OQ1-de-62 ra l, 4. Terminology, S, Special language education. 6, Fre­ Universi tatsbibl iothel< Regensburg: Auf����lun9.��'t.���I5.�12 quency I ists and minima of lSP lII'O rds. 12,1: Pol i tologIe 4.AufJ . (ShelVing systan for pofjt ­ (MI\.-ML) . oJogY:-4th-ed. r-6rTg�ae�-Reg ensbU rg: Uun ivers i tatsbibl iothek 1-003 016.77 1990. 112p. Isaak, Katsch, l. : Kleine �L�LL�!;!,=-�e.12L� _��<:.I!�,=-�<:.i2.�L<:.��r: UntersuchungeCh. ; n. (li t t Ie 6TblTo-gr aphy of spec i a I language in­ vest 1giffonsT-Or ig .de. Fachsprache 13( 1991JNo 3-4, p.I77-191 Bliss Bibliographic Classification 1.5th continuation in the satre order as before (see 1-002). 045 1-016 OQ5.6-56 Fosket t,D.J.; Foskett, Joy (Eds.): Bliss Bibl iograph ic Classi­ 02 Literature Reviews fication, 2nd ed. Class J: Educa tion;-f§§ol¥vTslon:------­ "COild5il-=/Yfe: cl l.:t'le:w"York: 'B"o.VKer=SauF1990:- I , 80p. 1-004 025 After an fOOintroducuri'ie:-=M..:itioiiln and outl ine of Class J the schedu">ONles are Young, J.B. : Cr isis j n _ at�lo ':!.L _ vLsi��d _ l:!e 't.e�r '� \�Ck <:. 9. ryaD� :.. � given in 12 subject groupings wi th their index. Appended are in subject anaTys Ts:Tfl5r:-Resou rces &leCfin.Serv. -vo r l'io f out lines of 5 auxiliary schedu les and 5 classes with soroo im­ refs. Is", T99C -p:765=182�-ff pact on classification frun the genera] Bl iss Classi ficat ion Rev iews the research literature pJb lished in 1990 in the fol­ Sys tern. lowi� order: subject cataloguing, classification, classi fica­ t ion in onl ine sys tEmS, subject access, indexing, the onl ine envi rorn.ent, spec ial materials, and spec ial subjects. Library-Bibliographical Classification 047 1-017 047 03 Dictionaries, Te rminologies Metllodi sches Zentrun fur wissenscha ft I i che Bibl iotheken: Di e Bibl L����kar iscl].:B�����C'!.eh L�ch��K�'!s s i �i�at �'? !�:. �d'P-.���r:t�-­ 1-005 032 mS"ung Sys tanatlscneTelre.""Ed.f,f15ls - 1983- Junge H.-D. : Worterbuch Infonna tionstechno logie. (Dictionary 19§f:--[fh-l3BI{e--Cf6rarYTA. ':::S fErrographTca r--crassrrrcafS",lifon.- --Adap ted of IIlformatlOn TechnoTogyTOrTg-:--ae::en-:--Welnfielm�DE: \to-I-Ver l. Vers ion =: BBK/A, Systerrutical Sections, Vo ls.l,1 to 5,4 - 1983 Ges.1990. sep.pag. ISBN 3-527-26420-5 Pt .l; 3-527-26430-2 Pt ,2 -1991) Orig.de. Ber lin,DE: Meth.lentrun f.Wissenschaftl .Bib­ I iotheken 1991 . (Unter den Linden 8, 0-1086 8erl in) 1-006 032 111is vol ure concludes the publ ica ti on of the adapted Germm Renoua rd, H.E.von: Fadmorterbuch neue Infonnations- une! Kern­ LBC vers ion. The index is also avai lable on diskette. Orders run i ka t i onsd i enste. l'SPeclar-cfrcTfo-n-ary-for--tTie--nev-fnfor;.na.::: SllOU Id be sent to the above address. Eng Iish tloli 'and-cCiiTiUili cat i on services, GenrJan-EngIi sh; -Ger­ tilin) Orig. de-en. Heidelberg, Huthig 1990. 278p. , DE: ISBN 3-7785-1801-1 Special Classification Systems and Thesauri 048- 1-007 032 1-018 048-56 Sa I inie, F.; Hubert �I ingua � � _ �� L UNESCO: IBE Educa tion Thesaurus, 5th ed. 1990, revised and etl­ 5 �..!1 ?�� � ?�_ r:�_ f!_�U� anship and infollTHt, ion.: sc Eng I ish-French, French-Eng..C�-=­ I ish. Targea:-)I;-1TsTOTTerTlli--foFTnaexrngar�rrefFrevrrij" -doc�nfs fence: GTossaffe 15frfngue-en 15f15rfolneconOi nfe-€Csc fence-d€ -rrfnfOfiiF ana -data in the field of educa tion with French and Spanish ation: anglais-franca is, franca is-ang lais. Orig. en-fro equ ivalents. Orig. en, fr, es. Par iS: UNESCO 1991. XII,139p. London: Library Services 1991 . 372p. ISBN 92-3-102723-9 This glossary contains about 5000 tems [n 1 ibrary and infor­ mation sc ience, includirgpubl isl1lng. 1-019 OQ8-56 Thesaurus de I 'education UNESCO:BIE. Cinquieme edition - 1990: 1-008 036.387 rev Ise€-€f-augmenfee:-CTste-Par--(acelles--de -fennes-aesffnes-5 Jarnin K.W. et al.: Das Software Lexikon. 2nd ed. (The Soft­ TTfrldexaffoneT-a-Ta recherche des doc�nts et donnees re[a­ ware 'L exi con) Or ig .de--: --1:Tinlngenoerlj55Trngen :-G(pert Ver I ag tifs I'education, avec leurs equ ivalents anglals et espang­ und Tay lorix Fachverlag 1991 . q63p. , ISBN 3-8169-0570-6 nols a{C ol letion Ibedata}. Orig. fr, en, es. Par is: Unesco 1991 . 200 concepts frun the software field are explained wi th ex­ XI I,137p. ISBN 92-3-202723-2 atl-ples for the toost inportant programnirg languages. 1-020 OQ8-63 Kohl, E. (Ed.): Thesaurus der Forrrbegriffe des Verbundes der 04 Classification Systems & Thesanri 8ibl iotheken der obersfen-BUndesoehordei'i-arsTelT-desThesau'::­ ru f�_��=����ili���f�6:� [}....!.. �������:-Orrg:-de:-"'SOnn�lJE; General Classification Systems and Thesauri Deutscher Bundestag, Bibliothek 1989. VI II,47p. , VBB-Arbe its­ 041 hefte 11, ISHII 3-89372-006-5 1-010 041 .8 Beaujean, M.; Blindgen, Th ., Richter, B.: SW I: Schla�r.:.�ind� 1-021 048-63; -66 zur Systanatik fOr Bi bl i otheken (SfB) , Al l!;L.,Emeine-5" ys fana fTK - - Deutsche Bibliothek und Bibliotheksverbund Bayern: Schl agwort­ fU i che sIGTf (ASSr: -Sys teTia t i - r-[5 ffir1iT 0'theken fk-der-sfadfGffiT nonrda tei (5¥.Dl!.._��U ausgabe _����I2c! _���1 tu�:.._StanaU�Augsburg: Arb.gen. f.Juristisches Bibl iotheks­ cerrffin -ciassITTCafTOrl-systerrs in general use (SfB, ASS, SSD) } 198"9:undlDok umentationswesen 1990. XVI 1,625p., Arb.Hefte d.Arb.gem. Orig.de. Munchen: Saur 1990. VI ,245p., ISBN 3-598-1 0830-3 f.Jurist.Bibl .u.Dok.wesen 13, ISBN 3-92691 1-02-6 The second part (supplerrenting Part 1 of 1986) contains those fields which had not been covered by Part 1. It conta ins alto­ 1-022 048-697 gether 11,662 concepts and 6,920 related tenns. Every concept Schlagwortl iste der Dok�ntationsstel Ie der Bibl lothek fur received a reference to its relevant class in the systans SfB, TeiTg:esCfirCfife-.-[SUl:lJecCheaaTri�f -TTst-of[FeaoClii'entat ron ASB and Termi nological control cons idered the SW, the - i 550. center rorc:ontemporary history) Orig.de. Stuttgart: Bibl iothek encyc lopedias of Meyer and Brockhaus and spec ial dictionaries. fur lei tgesch ichte 1991 . 172p. The list curpr ises altogether Q,041 entries including referen­ 1-01 1 041-de-2/4 ces. It has the fol lowing sections: I} Subject descriptors Universi tatsbibl iothek Regensburg: ���������tana�!.!5.�12 (1,107); 2) Event descriptors (303). 3) Corporate bod ies (298); 1 �1 :.._�I 1��!...I2t;._Na�l}Viss��<:'!:!��!'J..TA-"!p) . �.A�f..!..:... (She lving and 4) Person descriptors (219). The topics col l ected are poli­ sy sfen for "ffie n.ifuraf sCIences In geneTaT) Ur lg.i:1e. Regens­ tical ccmr.ents of citizen Init iatives, eace groups, Third burg, DE: Unlvers itahbibliothek 1990. 66p. Yobrld Groups, fore i91 and exi f groups, etc.

Int.Ciassif. 19(1992)No.1, Classification Literature 1992-1 45 1-023 048-757 minology and the Techn ica l Advisory Group to ISO/TC37 that Macr��hesaurus for inforrration processing in the field of eco­ ASlM sponsors. (ASlM �tandardization News is publ ished rronthly nani� and sQCTaTdeveloJ:lOOnt, 4th ed. Orig.en. Par ls; -ofm by the ftm.:!rican Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race 1991 . 375p. Street, Phi ladelphia, PA 19103, USA. The contents: '!'::'Q.�� El l is, W.P. : Standardization of tenninology in AS1M: The 1-024 048-82 historical perspective. - 1-032 Streh l(MI, R.A. : Terminology - Gese llschaft fUr Mathematik und Datenverarbeitur:g rmH. Infor­ rnBnagament in ASlM - the issue is qual ity. - 1-033 Wright,S.E. : rrati onszentrun fur Infonmt ionswi ssenschaft (Ed.): INF(X)o\TA­ Lexi cography versus tenninology. - 1-034 Prat�-H-;T.: Tenni nol­ ogyfl)3.nag ament in ASlM Carini ttees. �F035 Shupak,J.: Key\\'ords Thesaurus. Infonmtionswissenschaft und -prax is. Stano:-a

1-026 048-99; 048-984 1-040 05.87-04-1 3/15 Kersten, D.B.: Subject headings for church or synagogue I ibra­ Hoberg, R. : Book reviEW of Arn���_I3:�.J�c!:..L�_��lS.���I2���t�Is._l!':!.c! r ies, 2nd rev .�Urlg.en:-Uilrcn-ana-5Ynagoge-Lilir-;Msocra= Fachsprache. Al

46 Int.Classif. 19(1992)No. 1, Classification Literature 1992-1 ternatlona le Arbe itstagung van 1.-2 .November 1990 in Dannstadt 1-078 06 .91-06-7/10; 79 Orig.de. Nachr .Dok. Vo l 42, No 2, 1991. p.143-146 Johnson , J.E. : Trans lation-ori- ented- Tetminology Workshop, Kent The report on this internat ional workshop, organized by IPSI State Un ivers i ty,-rnsfrfufe ror APPrreaTTngulsrrcs�-7-1 0 June of the Technical University of Darrrs tadt, the Univers ity � aD, T99r�lJF�n lqewsr,erfer-fO�e nmfnor�&lRnlOWr7TranSfer�o-J= of Colorado and GI , the Gennan Soc iety of Infonnatics summar­ 4199 1. p. 11-12 izes the papers presented (by G.Knorz, B.Vlckery, A.M.Pejter­ sen, P.Braunl ing, K.Ammersbach, J.U.Mol ler, R.H�rw6hner, J. 1-079 06 .91-06-1 2/14; 77.99 C.Manley, J.G.Carbonell, W.Wahlster, H.-D.B6cker, W.Kintsch, Datta,J.: The koorican Soc iety for Te sting and Materials (ASlM) A. Lemke , C.Boyle, U.Glavl tsch, T.Green, and G.Fischer. S')IITpOsOilITST ium ar'ida rdlZTngTeilnJiiOTogyror-Seffer-COiiiilllTca:-­ TIon :--r;:acrrce-:7ipplTea-fheo�ana-ReSUTtsff�-Creverana�-f2-=T4 - 1-050 06.90-11-04 mne-f9"9T:- Or Ig .en. NewSletter ror Te-iTiiTnol.tl\n

47 Int.Classif. 19(1992)No.1, Classification Literature 1992-1 deduct i on, I anguage process i ng, kmJNledge representat ion and 1-112 Godehardt, E. : (Book review of 1-111). Orig.en. expert systems. Other topics include tTElchine learning, plan­ J.Classif. Vol 8, No Z;-'-99f:--P-:f69·:i70--- ning, autanatic prograrming and connectionism. 139 lnformetrics 1-100 06.91-09 Kaindl ,H. (Ed.): 7.0sterreichische Artificial-Intel li�ence Ta­ 1-113 139 �g:. (Seventh Austifiri" -COnference -on7,rtificTir-lntel rlgence� Spec ial Issue: Inforrootrics. Orig.en. Inform. Process. & Manage­ - Wien, Aus tria, Sept. 1991 . Proceed ings) Orig.de, en. Berl in-Hei­ roonf17��o r;-rg-g-f:--f�1 p. delberg: Springer Verlag 1991. VI II,1BOp. , ISOO 3-540-51j567-0 The introductory article defines the scope and significance of The volume contains 16 refereed papers and two invi ted papers, infonretrics and relates It to earl ier fields of bibl iO"OOtrics tTEl inly on the topics of Inatural language I , 'knowl edge-based and sc ientcmetrics. It also ident ifies the phenanena studied systems ', 'logic' and 'inference '. infonootricians and describes the tTEljor contributors in the by past to the field as weI I as current 871Jhases. 1-101 06 .91-09-1 2/13 l-111j Tague-Sutcliffe, J.: An introduction to infor�trlcs. - Th���_���_�nte�:����t }2�� ���_��_� ���:�������������: 1I: ff5 Sichel ,H.S.: Anatomy of the genera lized inverse Gaussian logy and Trans lation, Geneva , 12-13 SeptEfiber 1991 . Orig.en. ::Porsson distribution with spec ial appl ications to bibl iOOle­ - - - 99r:- - :- 4------TnfofennNeWsfeffer; No 62� f p F tric studies. - 1-116 Burrell, OJ .L. : The Gini Index and the Re presentat ives of 33 Uni ted Nations agenc ies took part in Le irrkuhler Curve fur-b ibl iOlretric processes. - 1-117 Egghe,L. : this �eting. Repo rts were given on the deve loprent of data D..Jal ity aspects of the Gini Index for general informa tion pro­ banks in a mnber of translation and terminology services duction processes. - l-1 1B Rousseau, R. : Tv.\) rffiBrks on the wi thin the UN systEffi. preced ing paper by [email protected] - 1-119 GUinzel, W. : 0. sane stop­ ping times of citation processes:-From theory to indicators. - 1-102 06 .91-09-16/20 1-120 Tabah, A.N.: Nonl inear dynanics and the growth of liter­ Petrov, P.: KOTA'91 at Varna: Interdisciplinary look at knowl­ ature. - 1-121 Books tein, A.; O'Nei I ,E. , Di Ilon,M. , Stephens, I edge organ i iatJon-ana -ferminorogY�-Orlg.-en.- -' Vof D. : App l icaffon of logl inear rmde ls to inforrnetric phencmena. - nt:tl assn:- f99f:--r"j�TIFffH�-rrSK0Noos 7) 1-122 Bierbaum, E.G.; Brooks, Brooks, R.M. : Subject con­ TIl;-No -4"; Tror-of the literature of AcquT.A.ired, Imrunodeficiency SyndrOOle 1-103 06 .91-10-7/B (AIDS). - 1-123 Pao, M.L.: Global and local col laborators: A Internatio- na l S)i1lpOsiun on- Terminolo-gy and- Documen tat ion in study of scient ific co llabora tion. - 1-124 Bond , S. : Trends Spec lan zed -cUiTiilnlcatJon [f66 rgf Y; Hu rr [canada Y; f:-f99 f. in research productivity almng senio faculTy. - 1-125 \\bl fran, - - - - -de------Or -rn fer N s e e No �4---- - D.: Applying informetric character istics of databases to IR I 9:-en : r <5 m oo l ff r; 6f ;-f991: p - systEm file design, Pt. l: lnfonretric rmde ls, Pt .2: Sinulation carparisons. -

1-126 139 Egghe,L. ; Rousseau ,R. : Info l]�-.!.r::..!E..�_'!.�!'!Q..:._���c:.!.�t!.�� f....E.�ers subni tted for the 2nd International Conference on Bibl icme- Tr fcs ;-Sclen faret r lcs -and Tn [onootr fCs�-5=rJUTYf99f;-London , :tf WT' F ------09 Standards, Guidelines llif:-urrg:en:-"'New-VorI<;-€fE: s e -mr. See also Section B14 The - contributions cover a wide spectnrn,phas err is has been laid, though, on �thodolog ical cons iderations. B.C.Brookes 1-105 09 .31 is concerned wi th definio;] the field of knowledge v.hereas the other cont ributions are application or �thod-oriented.

1-127 Bonitz, M.: Sciento:netrics research in the Orig.en. CDR. Sc ientocootri cs VoTf8�-No-'-T2�-f99o:------1-106 1-12B 139 Daniel ,H.-D. ; Fisch, R. (Eds .): Scientometrics research in the ,��. Orig.en. Scientcmetrics Vol--nr,"'No-S'TG;-nr91f:------

1 THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS 14 Systems Theory in Classification �ee il'�u ,-u,o

12 Conceptology in Classification 15 Psychology and Classification

1211 KnO'lv ledge Representation 1-129 151j See also 1-147 Fisher,D.H.Jr.; Pazzani,M.J., Langley, P. (Eds.): Concept for­ mat ion: Kno.v ledge and experience in unsupervi sed i"earnlng:----­ 1-107 121j Or fg-:-en. San Mateo,CA:-lIbr ganKaufrrnnn -Pi.J6T:--nf9f:"XvT;472p. Lavrov, S.S. ; Tsej tin, G.S. : Vlhat are knowled� r':eresentat ion --- The book has been divided into the fo llo.ving three sections: and knowledge use in carputerscTencer;--OFrg-:- ru:- --- -�­ (1) Induct ive approaches to concept forrTBtion, 2) Know ledge Nauchno=fek�rnr<5nn:-:-Ser:-2:lNo-5:-f98 9. p.2-7 and experience in concept formation, (3) The utility of con­ cept fOlTrB tiOl1 in intel l igent behavior. {Index p.1j63-472) 1-10B 12B-82 1-130 Fisher, D.; Pazzani, M.: Carputat ional rrode ls of concept Green, R. : The profession's rmde ls of infortTEltion: a-- cogn--itive learning. - 1-131 Anderson, J.R. ; Matessa, M. : An incremental I ingu i st i c ana-rysfs:--Ur-rg:-en :-j;tX)C':-Vor-117-;--IW 1: r!T!TC Bayesian algorfffin for categor ization. - 1-132 Mart in, J.D. ; �30:f4B�-fr-rers� Bi lIITEn,D.: Representat ional speci fici ty aooconcept learning. The study establishes three predaninant cognitive rmde ls of 1-133 Richman, H.B. : Discrimination net rrodels of concept for­ inforrration and the infortTEltion transfer process mmi fest In tTElffOn . - 1-131j Thorrpson, K.; Lang ley, P. : Concept fortTEltion the library and infonna tion science based on a lingu istic an­ in structured-dcrnains. - 1-135 Fisher,D.; Pazzani, M. : Theory­ - - alysis of phrases incorporating the v.ord 'infofTTB tion' fran a guided concept fOlTrBtion-; : '-136 Vooney, R.J.: Exp lanation­ randan sample of abstracts in the LISA database. The findings based learning as concept fonnatfon . - 1-137 Ross, B.H. ; Spa l­ - suggest that the field lacks a coherent rmde l of inforrration ding, Th.L.: Some influences of instance co mparisons . .... 1-138 transfer and that the existing rmdel of infonnat ion retrieval Wisniewski, E.J.; Med in, D.L. : Harpoons and long stickS"":The is lrechan istic, ob livious to the cognitive rmde ls of end interaction of theory and simi larity In rule Induction. - users. (Author, abbrev iated) 1-139 Yoo, J.; Fisher, D. : Concept fonnation over problemrsol­ - viog experience. - 1-140 Fisher, D.; Pazzan i, M. : Concept for­ ma tion in context. -=-T--1 111 Re ich, Y. ; Fenves, St.J.: The for­ 13 Mathematics in Classification mation and use of abstractconcepts in design. - 1-142 Iba,W.; See also 1-027 and the entire section 25 Gennar i, J.H.: Learning to recogn ize rrovemen ts. --":'43 Scott, P.O. ; Wo3rkovi tch, Sh. : Representation genera tion inanexplor­ 1-109 132; 252 atory learning system. - 1-141j Sirr.on, T. ; Ne.vell, A., Klahr, Miyamoto, S. : Fuzzy sets in infonmation retrieval and cluster D. : corrputational accountor-chi Idren's learning about mfTber - A ana I ys is. Or i g -�nt: Nl:l(rtN,.er -p;caaffiiTct\Jor:--r%o-:­ conserva tion. X, 259P:- .en� 1-110 Hatha;vay , R.J.: (Book review of 1-109). Orig.en. 2-;-T99f:---p:-fif4=fifij----- . Deveiopment of Science and Classification J.Classif. Vol 8, No 16

1-1 11 132 1-11j5 162 Robe rts, F.S. (Ed.): �ca tion of corrbinatorics andg:r� Tripathi ,S.R. : Book review of Shanna,P.S.K. : Universe of knOoV I­ theory to the biological and soc ial sciences. Orig. en. -- - -­ edge and research �thodo lo . Delhi: Ken Publ,1990. 165p. UfTg:-en. He rafdLrbr .Scl. � No p.265-6 Berl in-He idelberg-Netv York: Springer Ver i. 19B9. IX,345p. I/O 29, 3-4 , 1990.

48 Int.C!assif. 19(1992)No. 1, Classification Literature 1992-1 1-171a 227; 236 Paice,Ch.D. : A thesaural nude I of information retrieval. Orig. en. Infonn. Proces�s�&-"Managf fiienfVorf7�""No-5�-f99T;-p;lj"33-41j7, 1-146 173 34 refs. Schreider. J.: Book review of Union des Assoc iations Interna­ The paper proJXlses that topic representations should cons ist t lonales: E1 15:yc lopedia of Wor idProbTffiis-ancn::rumnPoTenfial:-­ of excerpts fran a dcmain thesaurus, generated by a spreading rev. IWiicFten-NewTof'K-COildOrl:1CG3iii:J F-rg-9T:-VOr:-r:----­ activation technique. Ex isting thesauri wou ld not be adequate Jrd eo. - - - World Problans, 1187p. , Vol .2: HumnPotentTal� 95§£:- for this purpose, ideas are offered on hON suitable thesauri - - - - 6rfg.en. Tnf.tlasslf. Vo l lB:� q; f99f��5�2 38: f Fer� - might be constructed. 1-147 176; 124 Hila!. D.K.; So[tan, H. : A suggested descr �t ive frarTe'M)rk for Construction of CS & T - 23 the CaTpa...cison of ONled§e=liaseasysfans rretfiOdo r�s:-lJFrg:­ See also 1-073, 1-171a, 1-360 en. �rt Sy stems� 01 8, No Z;-f99T:-p:Tol·:Tfif;-22 refs. 1-172 237; 6375 1-148 179 Rasch, M.: !I:!_:_��r:!. _�I2'{:!!e��t.!.!..���':._����ll.':.l!?' Dah lberg, I.: Know�edge�rganization in the 19905: Bas ics, pro­ - a corrputer-sLpported thesaurusl Orig.de. Nachr.Dok.(TH VolEOOALD 43, blans, objectives. Orig.FiU-:-Tu-dQ'iin"}/()s-esMlisz"iikTTajekoiTa': No 1, 1992. p.ll-18, 4 refs. ffi-Vol No 1991. p,IJ70-1177, 17 refs, 38, 11, THEOOALD is the suppl err.ent to the arch iving system ARCHIBALD. (Trans lation frem German by M.Dcm:lkos and R.Ungvary. Paper given at a rreeting of the Hungarian Library Association, May 16, 1991, Bud!'lpes t). Relationships 24 See also 1-311 Classification Research '111 1-173 243 See also 1-050, 1-096 13100, A.; Kert.'.'Orthy, Y.E.: Principle of contextua lization in th�_�':.!!�r:!.������r:!._�f_��������i=i€�=f�=Q���C[���[���C���: 1-149 189 cal classi ficat ion (theoretical approaches to bibl iographic Annl:!��_Rev ie.v of cx:::If:������':t.�_�':l.�'C!.. 2.. '!.Q::�e 1991 . Orig.en. cr���������;-arrg;af;:;;�fF;I;Cn5r�c i;-�Ir�-fggff;-p;Jtlr=J� D.Jblin, 01-1: furine Cmputer Library Center, Inc:--f991 . X,SBp. This vol ume contains among others the descriptions of the fol­ 1-1711 21J3 lOWing research fields pertaining to know ledge organ ization: Cha.-.dhury, G.G. ; Mahapatra, M. : Scope of relational analysis 1-150 We ibel. SLL. : Capturing tables of conte nts: Pi lot study. in studying the concept interrelatio"nshi-;:;--fn -sub"ject-fftera::-­ Vizine-Goetz, D. : Cata loging productivity tools. - 1-152 ""fLj"fe ;-orlSi� eri�--rhT .Tnronn :llirrrunlc-aT.-C �aLic:-ln-Tr9"11T""No-l , T=TST Stephens, D,J.: FastCat. - 1-153 Di I ton,M. : Internet resources. p-:61-74, 10 refs. l:l� Chang,Roy; Obsolete LTfirary of Congress Subject Headings. TIle authors used the theory of relational indexing proposed .!:.liS OINeill, E.T. : Record rrntching for authority contro l. - by Farradane. �� Warner,A.J.: Autcmatic hierarch ical organization of phra­ ses usif'9 ITEIchine-readable dictionary inforrrntion. - 1-157 1-175 243; 248-S1/1j Drabenstott, K.M.: Determining the content of machine-reaira5T€ Rada , R. ; Barlow, J., Pothars t,J., Zanstra, P. , Bijstra, D. : subdivision records. - 1-158 Srinivasan, p. : Expert systen in­ Docunent rank ingusing an enriched thesaurus. Orig.en. terface to Library of Congress Subj ect Headings. T.I5oc�voTTf:-No-:r;--f99C-p�246.:r53 �-26-rers . The paper shows that v.hen a query exp l icitly mentions a parti­ 1-159 189 cular non-hierarch ical relation, the retrieval algorithn bene­ Integrierte Pub likat ions- unci Infonmtionssystene. fits frem the presence of such re lations in the thesaurus. The ---- "OrTg. de. UU::spI ege r�1'l'"of�-f99f.--p:T6-5 7 ---- algori thns were appl ied to the Excerpta Medica bibl iograph ic With an introduction by the director of the center IPSI (Inte­ citation database. grated Pub l ication and Infonmt ion Systems) at the in Darmstadt, the issue presents the fol lowing 8 articles: eM) 1-176 243 1-160 Neuhold, E.J.: Introduction. - 1-161 Thuring, M.; Hanne­ Schu lz, Ursu la: Was ist sinnvo l Ie Schla�'.'Ort-Syntax (eine Po­ mann: J.: Die Schrecken des Stils Oder-Schre iben ... was ist I emik). Or ig.de. gf5rrofrieksa rensr-25(f99fJNo-2�-p;fif5�f95---­ das liberhaLpt? (Friifltening of style: or writing, \\hat does it By-iiPIJtication exarrp les to the R5\\K paragraphs 323 and 219,2 mean anyhOh'?). - 1-162 FUtz, W. : IS-News: Archi tektur und tech­ it is shown that the user wi II not be able to decode the nische Aspekte. Mayer, El isabeth: Die autormtische Er­ RS\\1( syntax '{kl ich, however, is essential for onl ine retrieval. zeugung von TextenfAH63litmatic text production) . - 1-164 Ocken­ feld, M.: Persanliche elektronische Zielpubl ikationen-� wozu? 1 -177 243 Wereszczynska-Cis!o, B.: Defining the descr iptor language. (Personal electronically aimed-at publicat ions - for �la t?) - - - - 1-165 Fischer,D.; Mohr, W. : Lex ikon-Redaktion: eine Herausfor­ Or ig. pi, Zagadn i en i a I nforma-EjTl'faUKOW"eTV oT 5"b: rro-T,- I 990. oeruOg fur Computer-Ass istenz beim Publizi eren. (Lexicon edit­ p.3-2S, lj refs. irg: a challenge for cooputer-ass istence in publishing). - 1-166 Klas, W. : Was heil3t eigentl ich Uobjekt-orientiertes Da­ 1-178 2114 terbanksystem? (\\ha t does is mean: "object-oriented database MacGi Ilavry, W.E. : Re lational keyword fields: a method for in­ systffTIlJ?). - 1-167 Fankhauser, P. : Wenn Daterbanken mi teinancler creasIng precision in�atabase-searches:-6rfg�-nl�------­ rq� r6------!'reden". (\\henoa1abases talk to each other). - 1-168 hrrrers­ open1Vor-lr�-r�Ir�;-p;r f - bach, K. : Benutzerunterstutzung im Faktenretrieva�-DJser sup­ port in retrieving facts). 1-179 246 Le igh, S.A.: Th� _'-.l.��_��_'::I.���r:.,!�_���9l!�g:�.E.':.����� �I}l_��-.!..�_��: STRUCTURE AND ve loprent of topic specific dat

1-171 225.387 Prieto-Dlaz, R.: .!!:!E!.€lTEnting faceted classificat ion for soft­ 25 Numerical Taxonomy wac�_�. Orig.en. COTiTUnTcar:AQ;f"VoT"'Jl+-,---r'-f�-rg9"r;-p;IrF See also 1-042, 1-080, 1-098, 1-109 97, 9 refs. Brief description of the GTE Data Services' Asset Managenent 1-182 251 Progran anc.l the steps taken at the Contel TeChnology Center Fi tzmaurice, C.M. ; KrzanONski, W.J., Hand, D.J.: A Monte Ca rlo -­ for further ing reuse techno logy. Di scuss ions on the lessons studt. of the 632 Bo��s trap E�!.��tor of err�':. ':.�!.�. -6rrg�en:- learned in these two experiences are included. T.'Cra-SSTT";"VOTT,1\fo r,-r99 T. p.rr9-1"5O;""Trefs .

49 Int.Classif.19(1992)No.1, Classification Literature 1992·1 1-183 251 27 Revision, Updating, Maintenance Kaufmm,L. ; RousseelM', P. J.: Finding nrouns in data: an intro- Ik duction to cluster am lysis. -Orlg:en -- TEh-e sre-r--NeN--York : 277 wrrey -f990�-r5rp;------� Ch 1-204 Fi scher, D,H. Co ency ru . 1-184 Blashfield, R.K. : (Book- reviev; of 1-183). J.Classif. Vo l : ':!.��� ��_��cI..._!.r:..�9.9.�r:..�_f

1-189 252 \ -207 318 Breton, E.J,: Indexing for invention. Orig.en. Saporta, G, : Probab ilites, analyse des donnees et stat istique. {Probabi lit i es;'oafa--anarySTS-aiid -sfarrsficsr-Orfg -:-fF_:-- -­ J.�r,Soc.[nfo;m:ScT:-\i'or42�No-3� 1991 . p.173-177, 13 refs. Pa ris: Ed itions Techn ip 1990. 493p, 1-208 318 1-190 Roux, M.: (Book reviews of 1 188 and 1-189). Orig.en, J, - Knorz ,G. : Book review of Krause, J. (Ed.): Inha!tserschl ie&ung Classif, Vo l B, ------NQ-l;-f99f: -p -:rrq.:r1o- von /v\assenda ten, (Index i ng--of large docr.flEn-CfTfe-s-.-r-H"ifdes'= 1-191 253 hefin�-etc�OIITs 1987, 248p .. Orig.en. Computers and the Hum­ Venka teswarlu, N.B. ; Raju, P.S,V.S.K, : Three staae ML classi­ anities Vo l 25, No 2-3, 1991. p.175-17B fier. Orig.en. Pa ttern Recogni ti on 24 9'9ffl\lciTf; p:fffJ·::nn)"; (J 318-92 12iefs. 1 -209 We iss, H.: Dynamic indexin,:) for the analysis of literary text . 1-192 254 Or i g. en, I ntJ:lassTr.--VOf-,-6:-No-4�-i99T�-p�2oo�04:-,--ret:-- Klauer, K,C. ; Carrol l, J.D.: A cOfrparison of tIM) ae.eroaches to A dynamic indexing procedure is dEflOnstrated for the analysis of a classic literary text (here the works of Sh.Y.Agnon), f�! !"��_cl.ir::. ec�� gr::.ap�s _ t� n�s�frrc-pFox rriirri-rreasures-:--­ Ur rg.en. J,Crassff. -Vo f "Ro r, f99C-p-:f5F1"6S" , -trrers_: 8"", 1-193 254 32 Subject Analysis J.; Legendre, P.: :!!: Lapo !nte, F:- l£l.Ji�,:!eration of rarK!an ultra­ 1-210 324 �tr1 �r 1 �e� r:.epr:.£l.s�l"!t i n�LcI..�':! cI.!:..C1!r:.�ms-:-6Frg-:-en-:------­ "J.crassl�� 'lo r r, 1991 . p.177-200; 36 refs. Drudze, T.M,. InforITE tlon-�oal content analysIs of texts. f. 8"",1'10 Orlg.ru. In: MetOdY- sbora- inTorm.-v-soTS:-lSsrea�--;r:--Moskva 1990. p.85-102 1-19lJ 254 SU X. Luong , (Ed.): Analyse arboree des donnees textue lles. 1 2 327 (Tree ana Iys is oftex1uaTda-faT -6rfg�fr�-Parfs:-Centre Nat i 0- - 11 nal de la Recherche Scienti flque 1989. 178p. Maslova, O.M.; Pugacheva , M.G. : Kinds of docurentary sources ig. 1-195 Rousseau, P. : �'?!�_r:.����_��_�-195). Orig.en J.Classif. and thei r analys i s. Or ru. In: "MefOay-soora- fnfoim-:v_:sofs: TSsrea-:�-:1-:�SKva, 1990. p.39-47 Vo l S, No 2, 1991. p.280-281 ---- SU 1-196 254 33 Classing and Indexing Te chniques 1-515 - 1-521 Vach, W. ; Degens, P.O,: �� _�I£r:.���h to isotonic aWI�ra­ See also tive hierarchical clustering. Orig. en�------­ J�rassrf_:'"'i7or-S";�o-Z;-fg9f. p.217-237, 31 refs. 1-212 331 ' 751 Va riations in indexi� practices OPACs . Orig.en, arTO':!9, 1-197 258-49 Tilfoffii :TechrloI:'Cfbr:-Vol-l0�-Non99 f :-p �6 7 -7 3 Digby,P.G.N.; Kerrpton, R.A,: M.J�t���r:.�a te ana lysis of ecologl­ Survey which attempts to address how the data are indexed for �_�'�!�i ���s. Orig.en. LorK!on: Chapffin-&"-H"alltg89:--fo6p:--- subsequent retrieva I. (Project of a coomi ttee on Techn ical 1-198 1-197) Standards for Library Autormtion TEStA to study the question I3raaR, L. J,F.ter: (Book revi-e.v of in J.Classif. - 8 (1991 )No. 2, p, 271-273 ------of starK!ardization of irK!exing practices) .

1-199 258-51{4; B64 \-213 331 Benediktsson,D. Prob lffilS of subject access to Icelandic col­ Sh w, W.M. Jr.: Stbj���_�� _��t����t].J.�£l.� �:!9.'..._�!.'...�:.._��_�����: : � ' ig::-en:------·------­ er!.� tr:.� t' r:.��f c ��� r:.�r:. e,:!!.ations in the cystic fi­ .!.��!.��f!�}I::!r:.�\�Ji:r._�PACS-:-Or _� � :l. � �� 23, 4, 1990. p.24-7 r � n . 1't.2: The-op-tl"mn�--cruste .:sased Scand.Pubfic Libr.Q, Vo l No O C!.���ii �� !.....E.€!I£l ':..!.. !.�':! r retrieval perfonmance of compos ite represen tations. Orig. en, J.AJrer.Soc .lnfonn.Sci. 42(1991)No 9, p.669-675; P.676-6B4 1-214 331 Aschero,B. : Teoria e tecnica de lla indicizzaz ione per sogg�tto. -l 1-200 258-817 (Theory arK!te clin I ques-of-sunlecl-Tnd ex1 n9TUiTg"":1T:--iHTano : Ed itrice Bibl iografia 1988. 151p. , Bibl iografia e Bib! lotecono­ Ba re ,R. : ����r:.�r:�L r:.����n: I::!_f ���cI..�_for fTElGro strategic ana l­ � .. - mia No.30, ISBN 88-7075 173-2 ys ��:.._�_���at���_������!.���roaan-:lJrrg-:en-:------­ - ScientotretricsVol 22, No 1, 1991. p.95·:rfr Introduction into the conceptual analysis of docunents, its trans lation into the indexing language, the use of subject 26 Notation, Codes head ing lists arK! thesaur i, the ut ilization of proper nemes, arK! the rrethod of irK!exing. Many exarrp les. 1-201 262 Sigles, acron)'fres, abr{wiations. Orig. en fr, de. 1-215 331 ' FarrfIN, J.F. : ��':!..!.t�,{� 2rocess JOOdel of docurent indexing. TenTif"ri"OT:&TradLiCr.;To"'"1;im The issue contains 19 articles coveri ng this topic in the Orig.en. J,Doc. Vol 47:-NO"-r;-f99f:--p:-fifg:'f66;-Sf"r'eTS:' broadest sense with slJTITaries in French if a contribution is A model of text corrprehension by indexers (including classifi­ not in either Engl ish, French or Genman.' ers and abstractors) is presented. based on task descriptions which irK!icate that the corrprehension of text for indexing 1-202 265 di ffers fran nonnal fluent reading in respect of operational time constraints, which lead to text being scanned rapidly for Howa rd, L, : ����...!:.�_�':!cI.._�� �t ing s�ences. Orig. en. lAS lE Vo l 20, No 2, 1990. pl . 84-98 ------perceptual cues to aid gist carprehens ion. The evidence for the interplay of perceptual and conceptual process ing of text 1-203 268-26 under conditions of rapid scann ing is reviewed. The al loca­ Briggs,J,A.; Ferns,E.A., Shenton,K.E. : Improvements in Derwent tion of mental res sources to text process ing is discussed, and Plasdoc Systen. Orig.en. J.Chen. lnfonn.Co1Pif:-s-cr.-Vor-j"C a cogn itive process model of abstracting, indexingand classi­ T!f9T;-P-:If5""IFlf5"B fication is described. (Author)

50 Int.Classif. 19(1992)No.1, Classification Literature 1992-1 1-216 331 1-228 Van Orden, R. : Content-enriched access to electronic infonrn­ -- t i on: sUJ1lEr I es orserecte(rresearCfi:-orrg:en:- -��--��­ Llbr.Hi Tech Vo l 8, No-3�f990. p.27-32, 111 refs.

1-217 333 1-229 356; 752 Kanakcha,:,y,M. : Abstr::act II!La nd indexing !"':.�Qr:!i..CJ.t.!.��_�_r::..r::��!.£'!.� Sinno-Rony, S. : Les hypercatal�ues. Nouvel les perspectives view. Ong.• en. IndianT:"of Infonn. ,Libr.& Soc iety Vol 4, No 2, pour les OPAC. (rne-nypercataTOgues: New perspectives for the 1991. p.122-130, 15 refs. OPACs) Orig.fr. SUiI. Bibl .France Vo l 36, No 1991. p.303-306 308-311, 17 refs. II, 1-218 333 Nol rjean, R.: Bar__ Code index��_..:.--.E.!..earing_..-�':!.��tt in!2 oottI eneck for irrproved doclll1ent ITH'!'!.9€fl"ent. (Jr. en. Coding rnt.] .Microgr. & cpt.lechno Vo I -r;--No3:-t989. 19.p. 1 03-1 05 36 i. Discusses advantages of using bar codes for indexing in docu­ 1-230 363 ment management systems. Describes also future appl icat ions of Bengtsson, A.: Q.a�� _�r:.��ng: Rr:.����'\P-�_�}::s tE:'J!!_�?"r:.��'!.������'! .: bar codes in infonrntfon systems. tion. Orig.sv. Unkoping, SNeden: Foersvarets Forslmingsansta lt 37p. , NTIS: FB91-192765/HCW 1-219 335; 9311 mO.Description of a prototype systan for the classificat ion of Cberhauser, R

342 1-231 368-26 Meyer, Erns t· Coop.Jter representation and hand I rng of struc­ tures: Retrospectamprospects:-r:01ffii:fnfOrTTi;-coopuCScr:Vor 3T�-No-C-f9§T:-p:"6B·:i5�-2riers ., HerlTEn Skolnik fw;a rd Paper This is the 1990 Herman Skolnik Awa rd Paper. A survey of three 1-221 3432 decades of methodological deve lop11ent for topological encod ing Craven, T.C.: Algori thm for graphic display of sentence de­ of chemi cal structures is given and sOlfe newer trends are in­ pendency s t ruc tures;-UrTg-:en-:-l nYo- rm- :lnicess-:&-1,fa-nag---are-nf Vof dicated. 2'T;flO6,-f9"9T;--P-;-603-613, 16 refs. Five autcmatic graph-drawing algorithns were eva luated us ing a san-ple of texts for v.h ich sentence dependency structures Index Generation and Programs have been coded . Eva luation cri teria included speed and the 38 number of crossing arcs, corrpactness, and suitabi lity for ap­ 1-232 382 plication of selective scaling of the resu lting display. The Nadeski, K.: Q.n-u latlve rndexes. Ong. en. alyor i tlYrs have all been irrplerrnnted as op tions in the TEXNEf Ser.Rev. Vo l W,Nolf�f990:-p;-4 7-50 text structure rranagement system. {Author} Rev iews of indexes to 13 periodicals.

1-222 1-233 383; 388-56ij Kottarnn,J.E.; Gordon .M.D., Stott, J.W. : A storage and access Beal l, J.; The ccrrpilation of the index to the University of manager for il I-structured data. Orlg.en.�nrcal:A�'Vof Nor th Caro I i na-5fuaenf-COVern-reritCOae:-0r1g-:-en--;--QlapeTtrrrr� �-NO-S�-f99f:-P:94�f03�-�refs. U,TversifyorNortl,-carorrria:--Thes i s {MSLS) 1990. 127p. oc: 1-223 343 3117 OJrrputer Programs for Other Purposes than Indexes Wi tten, I.H.; Bel l,T.C. , Nevi ll, C.G. : Indexingand cCl!Eressing See also 1-008, 1-171 , 1-399 fu ll-text databases for Orig.en-:--r:Tnform;Scf. -Vorf1; 199f. p.265-271 , 8 refs.CD-RCM. - 1-23ij 387 The paper describes a suitable indexingfT"echan isrnand its can­ Strzolka,R. : Armendersoftware fur Bibl iothei

51 Int.Classif. 19(1992)No.1, Classification Literature 1992-1 1-240 392 1-252 'l4B .321 Studwe I, W. E.: Bett� r:.._seen than _�'.:.Ci!.._f��_I?'!.�ur i��� I the SUbject Head­ for documentation/presentation of data in LC §=�i!:�:-Orrg.-eil.lecnnlcarrfles--Vol 10, (Mily) 1990. p.F9

1-241 394 Lancaster,F.W.: Identifyirgbarriers to effective subject ac­ - ces�_�I]._��t:.r.:�Ct_':.�[�!ii ;--U&r:Resources &- TeC hn.-s-e-rv rce-s- Vi5r 35, No.4, p.377-391, 3'l refs. 51 subj ect searches were perfonned in an onl ine catalog con­ tainingabout 4.5 mi I I ion records. Their success W8S judged in Q'lB.27 terms of lists of itans J(JlOMl to be re levant to the various topics, coopile d subject special ists. Many of the items I:ty known to be relevant "''e re not retrieved, even in very broad searches that sorret irles retr i eved severa I hundred records, and very little could done to rmke tJlffi1 retrievab le wi thin Q4B.27 be 1-255 the constraints of present cataloging practice. Librarians Studwell, W. E.: Bi I�X.�I he�ings: _a Pr:.'£��� �_�I?_�qLfl...!�El..lJ.'.:.-:: should recogn ize that library catalogs, as now irrpl anented, chi tecture of LCSUOJeCftfeadTl]!s . Wlg.en. offer only the rmst primi tive of subject access and shou ld Technrcarrrre5vor-iO�lNOV:f-1990. p.7-B seek to deve lop dl fferent types of subject access tools. (Authors) 1-256 'l4B.27 Studwel W.E.: He !E.�I]l __!.C ?...����_l}P_��� _�'=-�!.._�r:.El. '!.���!.Qr:.�-:: 1-242 395 posed ne>.vt, style punctuation for LC Subj ect Headl.l}1�.- Orlg.en.

1-244 41'l� 931 1-260 44B.222 Mu ller-Dreier, A. : Das Projel

1-245 42.0� 47 On the Library Bi bliographical Classif. Book review of: The Essays for a NewDecade. Ed.by Alan (LBC/BBK) DaviaSfraruan:-UOC: l::'O'OOon :AsTf6-nT!nr:-"97p:-DfTg:-en. ., Gi I chr ist and - '-262 . 172 - : 5r.:5lj------&jr r;vo �No f[ljijTf 9 9T�-p - -- - Rubl eva They,rize W8S handed ·over --_�!. the t:?r::.����_� in: , v. : -:: ECs$ nJ ��r:!�' Or ig. ru p. rFI� 1-246 Q2.179; 42.27 --:-sov;gl5rrogr:-�rro"'J�-nrgO". Strachan, D. : The urx: - its control and deve lop-nent. Orig. en. - Synops i s Vo I 22";'-Wo-r:T9§T:p:fss=nJ'o------48 On Other Universal Systems Statements on the present situation of the UDC. See also 1-04B

43 On the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) 1-263 'l8S See also 1 -385 Soper, M.E.; Osborne, L.N. , Zweizig, D.L. : 1he}:�'2.r::.����The: saurus! A concise gu ide to I ibrary and infonmtion tenns. 1-247 43 .27 OlTcago:TC:-M'er Xfbr:ASsoc:--r9"9"(J:_-rblfp:-;-rsm-(f:�3 0-7 1-264 Ghennan, P.M. ! (Book reviewof 1-263), J,Acad.Librarian­ - -- -- ship Vol 17, No 3, 199f:_-�- - - -

1-265 4856.62 1-2'l8 43.4.07 Arbe itsgemeinschaft der Parlarrents- und Beh6rderb ibl iotheken Fr iis-Hansen, J.! Book review of CornarOOli,J.P., Sa tija, M.P. : (APBB): Prob leme der Katalogisierung in Parlaments- und Beh6r­ Exerc i ses in the 20th ed i t ion of tFie15�ey--15ecrrnarcrassfrrca': denb ibl iOtheken:-1Cataloguing problem; in pari iarrentary and - ITon :-1k.vl'5e r: 5te r rfngPubf-:-f99o:-127p:-Or ig:--e n:------­ offiCial librar ies) Orig.de. Bonn, APBB 1990. 107p. Tnt�Cla��-fh"VOT18�No -4:-f99f�-p�2�- DE: 1-266 4B6 J-2'l9 43.4-09 Scibor E.' Jabrzenska , E.: Thesaurus of ccrrrron topi cs. (Pol ish Si fton,P.; Dragan i,N.: Workbook for ODC20. Dewey Decimel Clas­ interdlsclpl inary thesaurusJ,1Jr lg.en. In: Encyclopedia of li­ ���cat i on. Or;g .en. Ottaiia:-Canad ianTfbrary -Ass oc.l989;-ilSP:- brary and Infonmtion Science. Vol 44, SupplEment 9, 1989. p.388-395 4BB the Library of Congress SUbject Headings 01 See also 1-364 1-267 487; 752 Mattes, J.: Strui

52 Int.Classif. 12(1 992)No. 1, Classification Literature 1992-1 ON SPECIAL SUBJECTS CS &: T 1-279 66B2 Iii Ge��l:!rstoffe u�_Kat�������': .l! .n g. Versorgungsart i ke I mi t kr i­ tischen cheni schen Inhaltsstorfen. (Dangerous Ill3terials and 61 On CS & T in the Form and Structure Area 1 their cataloguing) Orig.de. Infonn.Mat..Amt &Jndeswehr, No 24, 1991 . p.3-6 1-269 6198 Lists 16 properties of dangerous rmter ials to be symbo l ized in Rldo lph, S.: Ent\Y,Jrf fur die Organ isation, Erschliel3l!.r:!9._und pictures and advices in rmtters of the ir cataloguing. EDV gestiitzte--verWilltung von InfoilTia-rfOii-fUrTrKJustr I erre--sr= - 67 On CS 8< T in the Econ. 8< Production Area 7 cher'he itstechnik. (Designingas ystan-for organizat ion. content anarys is. ana cmputer -alded rranaganent of infonnation on in­ See also 1-023 dustrial safety technology) Orig.de. Hannover, DE: Fachhoch­ schu le BID, DipJooarbe it 1990. 156p .• 11 refs. 1-280 672 ;69 Design and elaboration of a thesaurus for industrial security especial ly for protection frun fire and explosions are the errphas is of this thes is.

62 On CS & T in the Energy and Matter Area 2 1-281 67Q3 See also 1-011 Streka lova, R.V.; Ve lishko, I.V. : The classification used in the dri II i ng data bank. Or ig. ru. Nauchno':te'kfin :fnro;:m��-Ser:i� 63 On CS 8< T in the Cosmos and Earth Area 3 Nos;-T989;-p:-io-=f2 --- ::,ee also l-Ull, 1-172 68 On CS & T in the Science & Inform. Area 8 1-270 6392 See also 1-02Q, 1-171 Inouye, R. : Towa rds�lar thesaurus II or, "C liches to index by", Or en ,SOurdough VoT-ir:-fSumerr1990�p�f5--:T6------­ 1-282 681 7 19. ITIscussion at the 1990 Po lar libraries Colloquy.

64 On CS 8< T in the Bio Area 4 1-283 682 1-271 6q6; 88-q6 Farnesi, T. : Too ls for the creation of a thesaurus. Orig. iL Bonnichon, M.; LeboNi tz. A. I.; Mu ltilingual indexing and re­ nd i c i zzaz i oneVo rS:-No -f�-f990.- -)�f8·:Jr------T I trieval in bibl iogr<£hic systerm.--UFrg:-Fu;-rn:l'if€ifldunaF:-srrrp:­ A statistical frequency survey about the vocabu lary and clas­ --pe-rspekTIvWi-razV1Tl'ya-Tnfo nn.obs luzh. v nauch. -tekhn. i 'HaS po sification codes for the field of inforrm tion science prom. obi " Leni ngrad, 28-31 rmya 1990; RazvernuLannoLdokl . carried out in order to establish a thesaurus in th is field. Ilnt.Atom.Energy Agency et al. p.60-61 Oescript ion of AmlS wi th the rru l tilingual indexing 1-28I! 6823 N:FrNrX:., and retrieval thesaurus which uses the ASTUTE software. Fichtl, L. : Typen von Datenbanken. Oberl egungen zur Tenninolo­ gie und KlassrfnkafTon�-rrypeslOf databaseS. Cons idering their 1-272 6461 tenninology and classi fication) Orig. de. Raupp, J . ; Ol� ; FC-��!..u���� __��!.. �r.:��l!.r:.����9._�lIn 6kol�i­ Nachr.D::>I<. Vo l Q2, No 5, 1991. p. 362-361J, 11 refs. schen lanooau. a PC based col lect ion of IiferaTure In The author distinguishes essent ial ly only two types of databa­ 1ill.GA; - the -rrera-oreco logical agricul ture) Orig. de. ses for reference and for infolTffition retrieval. Nachr.Dok. Vol q2, No q. 1991 . p.289-29q. 2 refs. The indexing is accarp lished with a specially elaborated the­ 6,9 On CS 8< T in the Humanities Area 9 saurus ooich suppl ies not only subject descriptors but lists See also 1-025, 1-01b also the conditions for investigations, �thodol ogy and ana l­ ytics and the names of different agricultural systems. 1-285 69 Rajagopa l, H.; Kanakchary, M.: Subject headings in the hlllBni­ 1-273 648' 78-4 ties; Scme problems and solut ions:--orlg:erl-:--r;'drin--J�rnrorTii�; Tsugi ta, A. ;

1-277 664 Sohn, W. : Thesauruskons trukt ion, :E�e und -armendung in der ., CLASSIFICAT. AND LANGUAGE Kr i m i no og�-{"TFi"eSa urusCOns t ruc tlon, niilntenanceaf'i(]apprr= I cation In criminology} Orig.de. Re cht, Bibl., D::>k. Vo l 21, No 2, 1991. p.84-97, 18 refs. 71 General Problems of lIIatural Language

1-278 6676 1-290 71 1 Roux, P.J.A.; Rykheer, J.H. : Deve�CIE.!!]L� South Afr:.�c:.an rmster Sager, SVend F.: Book revieN of Mu���':.!.I:!:...f.1:...��volution, �ni­ thesaurus for commun ity Infonnation. Orig.en. South African J. tion und Sprache. (Berlin/Hambur� 1987. Orig.de. Llor. Intonn.Sc r:--VoT�tJuneJ p.17Q-179 No p:71-7Q 1990. FaCllspracne'Vor13, 1-2, -mr.

53 Int.Classif. 19(1992)No.1, Classification Literature 1992-1 1-291 711; 73q Handke, J.: Natur liche Sprache: Theorie und Implementierung in LISP. {Natufar-r anguage:-TheorY--ancrTnplaTIentaHon-Ti1LfS15f Orig.de. Hamburg, etc.: McGra�Hi I I 1989. q56p. 1-292 Rol shoven, J.: (Book revie.-vof 1-291 ). Nachr.Dok. Vol q2 No 6, 1991. p.q2B-q29�---�------1-310 726; 833 Craven, T .C. : Conq�rl.!!.�g..!:. ���rl.�!J.����rl.!�rl.��!!!..J.l���� 1-293 711 displays of text structures. J.Doc. Vol 46, No 4, 1990. p.339- 362 �2lf-rers:------�- The article is concerned with how sentences may be represent­ ed briefly but infonrrBtively in graphic displays of a sentence dependency structure. For this, di fferent autOl'Bt ic abbrevia­ 1 29q t ion schem::s were assessed on a sanple data set for corrpres- - 711 Z irrrrennann, H � sion and aTbiguity. (Author, abbr .) infonna tion. {��}j l��u��e'! ��-��e ����M- ��ErJi-i�a 5r'lTBflon) 726 TnT Orig.de. Lebende Sprachen 35(1990)No 1, p.1-5 1-311 Morris, J.; Hirst, G. : Lexical cohes ion carputed by thesaural Artificial Intelligence re I a t ions as an i nd i ca torof-ffie-sfru�texr;--urrg:-e� 715 compufafionar-Linguistics ff[f99frNo-�2 1-lf8:-f7 refs. 1-296 715 Spa rck Jones, K.: The role of artificial intel l igence in in­ 1 312 728-51/4 eva-,-.-CFfg-:en-:--J:-Amr:Soc:Tnform:scT:-VoT -llf; - fonna -t ion retr i CUj ols,P. ; Aubas ,P. , Baylon,C. , GrEmy,F. : �hosanant ic _'!.rl.�L::. NOS; nnrr;-p:-SSS=S65, 7 refs. ys is and translation of medical c�und tenrs� en. Four potential roles for Al in IR are considered, eva luat ing Mettl;rnron Ti:-Me{r;\7orj"o;lNil1�-f991 :-p:-30.::rr;-1 7 refs. Al fron a realistic point of view and wi thin a wide informa­ tion management context. the conclusion is that Al has limi ted potent ial, not just because Al is itse lf insufficiently dev­ 73 Automatic Language Processing eloped but because many infonnat ion managEm.'lnt tasks are pro­ per ly shallo.v informa tion process ing ones. There is neverthe­ 1-313 731 Heyer,G.: Prob l�ne und Aufgaben einer an�ndten ter I in­ less an irrportant place for specific appl ications of Al or -- Compu gui s t i k. (Problems a-rid -faSks OTan-a�1 i ed car,y-iTer--rrilgu i s� AI-derived technology �hen particular constraints can be placed on the infonnation management tasks involved. (Author) TIcs)-Or ig.de. KLnsU iche Intel I igenz, No 1, 1990. p.3B-42, 21 refs.

72 Semantics 1-31Q 731 Schneider, Book review of Schwarz,Oh. , Thunmsir,G.{Eds.): I Ch.: - 1-297 7Z1 nfonm t ions I fngu i st i sche TexteTsch rrel3un9:- HTraesheTm�-erc-;: fns-f986:2S fp:-OFrg: �-conp.:iters [res O! en arnrfhe-HlJTBn i VO ,-g , NOFr;ionc-p;1 7B-l 80

1-315 731 log 1-29B 721 Zimrermann, H.H. : la�l!'!.!!�_���

54 Int.Classif. 19(1992)No. 1, Classification Literature 1992-1 1-324 751 thering technique for evaluation purposes. These include ful 1- Case, D.O. : Conceptual organization and retrieval of tex�_� screen logging, pre- and post-search, onl fne/offl fne, and In­ historians: The role of memory and metaphor. Orig. en. search interactive questionna ires, search replays as we ll - as J.JIJOOr.soc. inform.scl. Vo l 42, RO-9;199 1. p.657 668, 60 refs. talk-a loud. The extent of subject or hybrid searchingactivity FUture designs of IR systems may draw upon cogn itive theor ies as opposed to spec i fic iten searching is also highl ighted. of categor ization and metaphor to understand how users inter­ (Authors, abbr .) act with text - both paper and electronic. Developers of in­ fOmiltion systerrs should consider qua litative aspects of cog­ 1-337 752; 812 nition In their designs. Sys tem developers might also consider Yee, M.M. : Sys tem design andcatalo ging n:eet the user: user segnenting the audience for cOITpUter interfaces, as we ll as . interfaces to DnTiii'ef5U6lTca ccess catalogs:--orrg:--en:----- n - designing generic tools that apply to al I users. (Author,abbr.) J .�r:soc:Tiifc)rm.Sci :----vor-1\T,'-NO�f991:-p. 78-98, 175 refs. The fol lowing features of onl ine publ ic access catalogs are 1-325 751 discussed: the demons tration of relationsh ips between records, Chen,H.; ctrar,V. : �n itive pr ocess as a bas ��_!'�J..!!telliq':.r:!.� the provision of entry vocabu laries, the arrangement of mu lti­ retrieval systerrs �es i.gr. Or ig. en. ple entries on the screen, the provision of access points, the . infonm.Process.& �nt 27(1991)No.5, p.405-432, 52 refs. display of single records, and the division of the catlog into studies led to the deve loprent of fice cOlTpUtational roo­ separate files or indexes. For each feature, user studies and Too de ls of onl ine document retrieval. These were incorporated in­ other research on aPACs are reviC\\IS and the finding SUlTTEr­ to the design of an "intel l igentlf docUTent-based IR system. ized. Directions for further research are suggested. (Au thor) The broader impl ications for the design of IR systems are dis­ cussed. 1 -338 752; 982 Yee, M.M.; Soto, R. : User problffilS wi th access to fictional 1-326 751 characters and personarnarresTnonrrne-pW5ITc access cafaT ogs. - - - Da lryrrple, P.W. ; Younge r, J.A.: Froo authority control to in­ Or ig�en�-fnfonm�Technol�-&-Cfbr�l7ol-fo: No f: f99f·:iP�3�f�-- fonred retrieval: franing the expandea dcmain-ofsubj eCT-;iC': ��. col lege &Research Libr. 52Tf9�i�3 9-ii9:-r4-refs. Online Activities; Query Optimization 753 See also 1-228, 1-317 1-327 751 Ford, N.: Knowledge-based Jnfonnatlon retrIeval. Orrg. en. 1-339 753 J.Amer.Soc:Tnfonm.Scl. -Vo flf2;-No-f�-f99f �-�f2-74, 14 refs. Conne ll,T.H. : Techn iques to i�rove subject retrieval in on­ line cata 10gs:-frexil5re-access -fo-erenenfS-rntneomrrogra= 1-328 751 ph Icrecord:--rnrorm:-fechno rTI6r�-vo r-fo�-[Junef-f99f�-p�8r:9B Hunter,L.: Fact - infonootion - data knowledge: Databases as Book-Review - Digest used to eva luate infonnation on the record. a ��t?.r:a�rzl� �i!� �t!;'Urrg:--en�. �- -�------­ Ubr.& UnguisticCm puting 5(1990)No 1, p.49-57, 31 refs. 1-340 753 Frants,V. I.; Shapiro, J.: Algori for autanaticconstr uction 1-329 751 of query fonrulations in 8OoTean-form:-"Urrg:--en:-Urn ------­ Lelu, A. : Fran data analysis to neural networks: new prospects T."kier�soc �rnform:scr�-vol4iTf99frNo .l, p.16-26, 25 refs. - ­ for eff i c i en bro I]i � �as rig. en�------request by set _ t T tfiri)ij a,! ,! es:o The user expresses his search a of docunents T.TnfOnm.Sc r:-voT� �r p.r=rr, 25 refs. to his of h f7, NO 1, 9"9f . pertinent need. The qual ity t e search depends only The search for a somev.hat anthroporrorph ic dialogue wi th the on the algori ttm and on ho.v c lete ly and prec isely the in­ computer is pr ture as long as a certa in number of represen­ forma tion is representedorrp i his search ema need of a user n reques t. tational problerrs are not resolved: how to sLpply the hlMlan (Authors, abbr .) interlocutor with an overa l I view of the editorial pos i tion{s) adopted by the administrators and indexers of the documentary 1-31jl 753 database, vklether implicitly or not. This hurnn interlocutor rrust have a sure idea of ....nat he might find, of Mat he wi I I not find. In short he rrus t Imow wi th MOIl and wi th Mat he is dealing ! \o\hat tooo ls should he given to find his way all be through his search and rrake is progress at all times in the 1-342 753 directions that are most relevant frOOl his point of view? Larson, R.R. : Between S�I la and Charybd is. Subject searching (Autho�, abbr .) in the on line catarog:-O rlg:en:--Aavancesfn1.lDra-rTansnTp -VoT T5'�Tg9T:--p:-f7S"=n6;--rrany refs. 1-330 751 Oberhauser, 0. : Book review of Sm ith, Linda C.(Ed.): Questions 1-343 753 ro c-re r e and answers: strat�es for using theelect iiT te enc Larson, R.R. : �s_����<:'��f'!. _<:.�����r:.�r:!9.,_-,�rob������!.�<:'_�r:!��r:.: rration retrieva l and the onl ine catalog. Orig.en. ����:�!�����l·H�;o  B;n��;:- ��--;��=��If��f�l=����� IT5r�arferry�6f:-1fj)-r;-f��f;lP:fJ3-173, 95 refs. 1-331 751 1 -344 753 Vi ckery ,B.; Vickery, A.: J..r:!.!.���!..9.!!.��_'!f!::!_�f'!.!.�r:�����_�t���. Peters,T.A. ; Kurth, M.: Contro lled and uncontrol led vocarulary Orig.en. 16, No 1, 1990. 65 70 subject searching in an acadffiiicTlbrary-onrrne-cafarog �----;­ J.lnform.Sc i. Vol p. - - - The paper considers the nature of intel l igent systems, and TrlTonii�fechno r�&Tfbr:--vorf6:-NO 3:- f99f�-p:Z0T�ff�f1 refs. the kinds of infonnat ion ski I I that need to incorporated in be intel I igent infonnation software. It then proceeds to consider 1-345 753 the onl ine search process and the problems invol ved in provid­ Q,J int, B.E.: Insrde a searche r's mInd: the seven stages of an ing intel l igent aid for the inexpe rienced searcher. (Authors) ani ine search.liillrie-VoTT5-,- -"Miy-ar"KrJulY-199T:--p.Tf-Ts-and - - Dialogue Systems; OPACs !rs.::fr-- -- 752 See also 1 -041c, 1-229, 1-267 1-346 753 Slack, F.: S�te<:.L�t:.�':.��r�L�������2.!:.�����_ ':!�2j:� 1-332 752 vision. Orig.en. "Vine, No 83, 1991. p.4-9, 14 refs. Cous ins,S.A. et al: The 50 1 lectlon and indexing_��_���r:.��_q��: ries to provide an understanding of the re�i rements for en­ 1 -3117 753 nai'icecrsuDjeCfaccess-rn-oiirrne-ii.to rrc-access -cararogu� - StudNel l,W.E. : The role of universal unl imi ted rrach i ne manipu­ BIb iograph ic access in Europe. ers ot, anpsh. : Gower I a t i on in on i nesilijeCt accesS ;-orrg:-eii:'- --- - ­ 1"ri": I -- - -- 1990. p.68-76 Techn i cal rrresvor-fo�-rJUTYr1990. p.5-6

1-333 752; 812 1 -3118 754 COdert, W.: Bookreview of Hoi le�, R.P. (Ed.): Subject control Brock, J.R. : A mi croc er-ba sed al ternative to a pr inted .. . � .!!!....�ine catal�. B inghCllj?fOn '!T: �J:�€�s f���75"Ip� index. OrTg�en program Vo l 25, No 4 1991. p. 367-372 Orlg.er'i:lnf:tTassrf. Vo l 18, No�� 4, 1991.W-� �p.238-240, 3 re� K'IIOC 1 -3119 755 1-334 Lisbon, P. : (Rev iew of the same book as under 1-333 in: ) Fidel, R. : Searchers' selection of search keys. Pt. l: The se­ - Ubr.Resources & Techn.Serv. Vo l 35, No 1 1990. p.1 18-1 1 9 I ect i on routTrIe� T.'Piiir"'-'�roc.lnTorm.sci ---vor--�T--,ggf:" refs. ... j).li90-S00, 12 1-335 Hancock-Beau I i eu , M. : (Review of the sane book as under The selection rout ine is a fonnal dec ision tree that repre­ 1-333) in J.Ooc. Vo l 47, No 2, 1991. p.2l5-21B, 2 refs. sents the intuit ive rules searchers use Men they select search keys , textwords or descriptors. The case study method 1-336 752 provided the data through observa tion of 47 profess i onal on­ Hancock-Beau lieu, M.; Robertson, St., Ne ilson, C. : Evaluation I ine searchers perfonmiOJ thei r job-re lated searches; and of online catalogues: el i c i ti informa tion frOOl theUser:ln': ana lysis of verba l and search protocols involved. Each opt ion fonm.Process.& Managemenr-11(w 91)No p.523 S32�-ff-r.efs. in the selection of search keys presents the use of a certa in 5, A front-end systen (Olive) was deve loped to test various en­ combination of text rds and descriptors which searchers hancenEnts of traditional transaction loggJng as a data-ga- choose because of requestwo or database requ irements, or because

55 int.Classif. 19(1992)No.1, Classification Literature 1992-1 of the ir bel iefs. The routine del ineates the tenni nologi­ 1-363 756 CMn cal conditions which lead to the selection of each option. It Liu, Svenon ius, E.: On line Retrieva l System. 5.; DQRS; DOC is the first fornal presentation of a hlJTBn knowledge base of Libr.Resources & Techn .Serv:-35( 1991 )No 4, p.359-375, 8 refs. intemediary expert systems. (Author) A model system, was implemented as an interface to an on­ DORS, I ine catalog for the purpose of experimenting with classifica­ 1-350 755 tion-based search strategies and genera lly seeking further un­ Fidel ,R.: �������_�����!.��r:!....������e}':�'-."!:�'-.��9?E�.�ys�r :!.�I{'!tffilS� ����wt tll��r:!." ��r���Icatlo�!l�-;'ns vO�l �� f , A nerv thesaurus structure for word processors is proposed. In .:>YStffl1S. � ... rvP contrast to the kntN.n Western analogues (e.g. the thesaurus in No -r:-f990. p.197-322 the �brdPerfect package), the structure includes, in addition 1-366 wlbert, Ch .: west Editor's Note. - 1-367 Bel lman, K.L. : to synonyms and antonyms, hyponyms /hyperonyms, epi thets of in­ The-mode ling issues inherent in testing and'evaluating knowl­ tens ity, sermntic derivatives and desemmt ized verbs activat­ edge-based systems. - 1-368 Chang, C.L. ; Combs, J.B., Stacho­ ing pred icative nouns . Con tent, vo[ure, and poss ible user wi tz,R.A.: A report onthe-Expert systerrtS Va lidation Assoc iate groups for each part are substantiated. 111e synonymic part is (EVA) . - 1-369 O'Keefe, R.M.; Lee, S. : An integrative model of discussed in detail. Engl ish and Russ ian exarrples are prov­ expert systffii-ver ification and val idation. - 1-370 O::mstantine, ided. (Author, abbr .) M.M. ; Ulvi la, J.W. : Testingknolwedge -baseel sysfans: The state of the practice and sugges tions for irrprovamnt. - 1-371 Mil­ - 1-354 756 ler, L.A.: Dynam ic testing of knowledge bases using the heuris­ Crawford ,J .C.; Powles, J.A. : In-house (locally-generated) sub­ tic testing approach. - 1-372 Linden, Th.A.: A rreta- Ievel soft­ j ect indexes nnunted on ilcadani c -ribrarY-OPACS;-arrg�-en.----­ ware develop-rent rro el supports V&V for A[ software. - - - d tfiat- Ubra- ry-Revriw -VOr-lfo;-No r; f99T:-p:29-=-fG" ;Tf refs. 1-373 Barrett, B.W.: A hypo thetical application of the stat is­ of rrode ling and estilmtion for rel iabi lity functions for Presents resu lts of a further survey acadanic library OPAC TIeaT subject indexing practices ancl further possibi lities. software (5VlERFS) to Know ledge-Based Sys terrs (KBSs ), - 1-374 Landauer, OJ. : Correctness pr incip[es for rule-based experf 1-355 756 systems. - 1-375 \\bod, W.T.; Frankowski, E.N.: Verificat ion Gi ri II ,T.R.; Gri ffin,111., Jones,R.B, ;· Ex����_�l!�L�� __ ��<;.��� of rule-base

1-360 756; 356 1-380 757 Pol lard, R. : .!:!YEertext presentation of thesaUri used in onl ine rkin, J.: �!.C�� �ng st ert systerrs. Orig. en. - DJ � �. .!:.'!!.�� _� searching. Orlg.en�-Efectron ic Publ.-Vo l 3, No 3, 1990: p.155- Expert Sys tans Vol 7, No 2, 1990. p.70-80, 110 refs, Til�jfrefs. The major objectives of an introductory course on expert sys­ tans are given: course topics, course Imter ial, and insight 1-361 756 into ho. to effectively present the course. The reccmrenda­ Smi th,Elizabeth H.: Enhanc ing subject access ibility to the on­ tions made... are a product of the experiences of the author - .!J..r:!�_����. Li br .Resources-g- Techn . Ser rv :-vOT3S"-;-�T99f. gained over years of presentingsuch a course. p.l09-1 13, 15 refs. 1-381 757 1-362 756 Herrbry, n.M. : Know ledge-based systerrs in the /ill/Cyc le envi ron­ Drabenstott, K.M. ; Vlzlne-Goetz, D. ' Search trees for subject rrent. Orig.en.�'Systans �grf��p .214-286, ISrets . J. searchil1g_����e cata lo�. Orlg. en-:-LTbrary Rev I eoN Vof3T;"" TE!MTs PDICyc ie is directed at Irrproving productivity In the No 3, 1990. p.7-20 develop-rent of Systans App l ication Arch itecture (SAA) applica­ Search trees presented in this article control systan respon­ tions and the management and control of cocrplex application ses and detennine appropriate subject searching approaches to develop-rent projects. user queries. Users to not expl icitly choose a particular ap­ proach. Rather, systerrs respond wi th an approach based on the 1-382 757 extent to Which queries match the catalog's control led vocabu­ Wang,L. ; Porter, A.l. , CUnningham, S.: bpe rt system>: Presen� lary and produce retrievals. The benefit of incorporating and future. Expert Systems wi th App[lcations Vol 3, 1991 . search trees into online bibl i ographic systEm5 is the abi lity p:j� 36 refs. to place the respons ibi I ity of determining wh ich approach pro­ A forecast of the evo lution of expert systems over the coming duces the best resu lts on the systan. 5-10 years is aimed at.

56 Int.Classif. 19(1992)No.1, Classification Literature 1992·1 1-363 7571 1-397 758-544 A�gal �ova, E.V. : Know ledge transfer and stat€m':!ntE.re�-=­ Ekstrand, N.L.: Efficient MEDLINE searching of the radi ologic - - tlOn In an expertsysten. Orlg.ru, transl .into en. Au tcma tlc .!l!.':.r:���. Or ;g. en. Mr:iil:Ref. Serv.Q.JarterlyVor fO� f!r9T:"-p:T': Doc./> Math.Lingulstics Vo l 24, No 1, "9 90. p.l l-lil, 10 refs. 1-398 758-56 1-384 757.31 Wang, P.T. : Search ingERIC for mster ials related to the R.O.C. - Va ndeur, M.: !i£r::.�':.he de I'e�abora tion d'un systerre Or ig.en. .LTOr:-rnform:-5'c r;-V'orw, r�9 90--:-p;------� J 'l:f=jf dJaide I 'indexation. (Elaboration approac�to an expert sys­ aass ist index ing) Orig.fr. Cahiers de la Doc ., No lJ, · 758-6; 387 TmlTo 1-399 1990. p.75-92, 16 refs. Iy, P. : Conc�!..�!.....��1!!lt i on _r::.�!..r::.���� L_i?t_'s.r.!�\����!lr:.-=-��':.c:!. prDb�cm:!!!..� _�':.�t:!.n ique�. Orig.en. InLClass if. Vo l 18, No 3, 1-365 757.43 1991. p.148-152, 29 refs.

Gi Iroy, J.: ex_e.�. !:: .t systan for classificatio--n. Orig. en. kl -�· .--� I ts News , Non; 199o:-p:-39-40 l-lJOO 758-817 Brief report on a project to consider the feas ibi lity of us ing DeHart, F.; Scott, lSI research fronts and on line subject - an expert systan shell (Crysta l) as a library classification access. Orig .en. J L.:.hrer:-5"i5c:-rnfonn:-scr:- -vor ifT,--'"--lW--s-:-mr. tool. The �ey Decimal Class ification was chosen. �86':3611, 3 refs.

1-366 7578 1-401 759 Gomez, L.M.; Lochbaun, C.C., Landauer, Th. l<. : All the right Jeffrey, H.J.: �e rt document retrieval via semantic measure­ - me':!.�. Expert Sys teriSwlfh-,lifip I ca rlon :-T9"9T.-p:3if5=352: words : Finding\'J1 at you want as a func tion of rlChness or-Tn-­ [ S"ViiT"j ' 6 refs. dexrn9 VocaEUrary�--J:-Amer:-SOc�rnro�5cT:--vol-41�-1fo-�-f990 . p:-5!ff-559�-rrrers . 1-367 7578-53 Derenbach,M.: ExToo l-lOOPS-basierte She ll fur das medizinische Expertensysten meaT': 76 Lexicon/Dictionary Problems �Fa.(b::TOOL-LOOP'.r""basecrshel T-(or --ftie car--expert system "ExTr a} Orig.de. In: O1r istal ler, T. (Ed. }; See also 1-072 Ges.Math.u.Datenverarb.: Koordiniertes Systen von We rkzeugen fur die Konstruktion und den Betrieb von Exp ertensystemen, 1-402 763 schlul3ber.d.Verbundvorhabens \\£REX (302p.). St.Augus tin, Ab-­ Nutter, Fox, E.A. , Evens, M.W. : fui lding a lexicon from 1969. p.153-176 C€:: J.T. ; GMD TFr�b�F�Li��%�y-c:!.&��H�%GT�fTc-�ft���=����r���;;�� 1-366 7578-82· �f29:f37, 25 refs. Morr is,A.: Expe rt systffiE for I ibrary and information services The project described enab les IR systems to go beyond present - - - - a revi eN. Inform---;-P-roce ss-:-& Managarent Vo l-ff,---No IC-199r� index irg rrethods and bringirg the actual performance of such p.7rr=7TIf; 103 refs. SystEmS closer to their potential .

1-389 7578-93 1-403 768 Schu I tz, IAls�!!r.!�I]L� 1).. expe r:� __���� .....!.'?...... ���! �_'2.��_�L'!�-=­ Spinosa, G.; Farina, L.(Eds.): Hunmities Coop.l ting in Italy. L.: l �!..!.cation���_����s... Orig.en. In: Nixon, C. , Padgett, Conputers & the Hurmnities Vo l 7lf;·"No-S'.:b,'-f99"O:--p:-rrFlf§r---- L. (Eds.); National cnline Meeting. Proc .10th Na tl .Online Mtg, A good nurber of papers in th is issue contribute to lexico­ Ne'N Yo rk, May 9-1 1, 1969. Medford, NJ : Learned Infonnat ion graph ical problems. They have been se lected as fol laws : 1989. p.393-397, 1 ref. 1-404 &Jsa,R. , SJ: Infonnatics and ne\oll phi lology. - 1 405 Nen­ - - The author deve loped an "expert system" that can correctly as­ CIani, G.: The Accademia de Iia Crusca: Noo perspect ives ln I e­ sign classification nurbers to music. Duke Univers ity, Durham, 406 Cecco I i, U.: The Ital ian Vo cabulary Cen ter. xicography. - 1 - NJ , uses the option of the Dewey Classification schedu le that 1-407 Savoca, literary lexicography project for the Ita­ "G:-;--A distinguishes scores and parts fran treatises pref ixing M TTan--language. - 1-408 Spinosa, G. : Phi 10sop/1 ical lexicography : to the nurber for' treatises, rather than addingby extentions. TIle LIE and the use --oF the cOlTpJter. - 1-409 ZalTpo ll i ,A. : St..m­ The test indicated that about 98% of the ti tIes cou ld be as­ mary of the act ivities of the Istituto aT1:lrgu istica Cmputa­ signed. ziona le. - 1-410 /o,\arinone ,N. : A project for Latin lexicography: 1.Autuna ticlffiiffitization and 'NOrd list. 1-411 Bozz i, A. ; Cap­ 1-390 7579 pel li, G. : A project for Latin lexicograpny:---l. A Latin rmrpho­ Preece, A.D. : TOo'I'!r:ds a r��hoq��9>.': .....f.�r:_��a lu'!tirKL�pert 2)'2.-=­ logical analyzer. 1-412 Farrel i, E. ; Nannucc i, R. : Legal in­ l - tEmS. Expe rt SystEfTlS---vor 7,"""fo 4, f9 90. p.Lfs"-TIT, 3s-refs. fomBt j cs researcll i nl taly: The 1st i tuto per La DJcllrentaz i 0- Errprrical and logical eva luation methods are surveyed and both n� Giuridica of the Ital ian National Research Counc il. - 1-413 types of method are appl ied in an eva luation case study. Pres­ Georgi ,R.M.di; Nannucc i, R.: Recent trends in legal bibliogra": sript ions am an outl ine for such a rrethodology Ylhich coonines ph ical docunenta tion. - 1-41lJ Bartoletti Co I aTbo , A.M. : Justi­ the methods for nEximum effectiveness are given. nian lexicography. - 1-4IT1:lelnunte, R. : Sermntic parsingwith LFG and conceptua I represen tat ions. Online Systems in Subject Fields 758 See also 1-288 77 General Problems of Te rminology 1-391 758-25lJ See also 1-002, 1-003, 1-030, 1-079, 1-097, 1-101, 1-103 �jdley,D.D.: Searchj� chemical reaction informs tion. Orig 1-104, 1-510, 1--512 en. In: The Bel IS-Te rn On[Tne-DatabaSe�-WashTr;gton-:OC:- hrer. Chem.Soc. 1990. p.811-1 12 1-416 77.07 Buh ler, H.: Bouk revi ev.r of Arntz, R., Picht, H.: EinfUhrung in - 1-392 758-26 ��_,!:�rmi ������r:..!.!.:. (In trodlicTlon--rn--to-Ter mlnoTog y iQFkY:­ Schoch-Grub ler, V. ; Bast, A.G. : (SUb}structure searches in da­ Hildesheim: G.OIIl)S Verlag 19119. 34lJp. Orig.de. Int.Classif. tabases containing generic chanicar-sfructu re represen tations. Vol 18, No 3, 1991 . p.173 - - -- Or ig.en:-onTTne Rev ie'NVo l llJ, No 2, 1990� p.95.:y08------1-417 77.07 1-393 758-26 Eisele, H.: Book review of Hohnho ld, I.: Obersetzungsorientier­ - Wi Ike, R.N.: Se'!r::.���f'?.r �irrp...... !.e �ener:�':._��r:�<:..tures. Orig.en. te Tenninol og i earbe it. EineGrundlegung fUr:--Prakt i ke rt'fransra': J.Chen. Inform.Ccnput .Scl.V'o131, 01, 1991 . p.36-40, 12 refs. Tron' :oFrenfed Teri iirnorolii--\\QrkT�-s"fuff9arT:-rr1Tra:--r:FaChLEe r':­ sefzergenossensala ff-f990:--6FTg:en. Int.Classif. Vol 16, No 3, 1-394 758-262 1991. p.171-173 Franzreb,K.H. ; Hornbach, P. , Pahde, C., Ploss, G., Sander, J.: Structure searches in pa tent lIterature. A compa rison study 1-418 77.07 �tween IOC and DerwenCOlani cal Code. Orlg.en. J.01en. Sager, J .C.: �...P.'::.'!����..£�'::.���.....!.':.�!.....��w...... e.c.�ess !0L.l"!!.� Inform.CoopuCR9AASLSci. Vo l 31, No 2, 1991. p.284-289, 15 refs. a bibl iography bX.B.I.a_ise Krmen ti-Azeh). Orig.en. hrf:, terdi'lll/ The investigation showed that the IOC S Fi Ie offered the 1if iTradeIPFiTa :-JOFii1l3enJamins14J6T:-CO-:--1990. 254p. , 390 refs. CREMA best cost-benefit ratio for Hoechst AG. Contains the fol lowing 8 chapters: \\tlat is tenni nology? The cognitive dimension. The linguistic dirrens ion. The canrunica­ 1-395 758-51/4 tive dimens ion. Coopi lation of terminology. Storage of tenni­ Shaw, W.M.Jr. : Stilj ect aoo citation indexing. Pt. I: The clus­ nology. Re trieval of terminology. Usage of tenninology. The tering structure of composite representations In the cys tiC text is based on many years of teach ing in this field of fTbros ls docurent co llection. Orlg.en. J.Nrnr.Soc.lnform.Sc i. knO'o'/ledge. Vol 42, No 9, 1991. p.669 675, 20 refs. 1-419 77.07 Superanskaya,A. V.; Podo I J skaya ,N.V. , Vas i I'eva ,N.V.: Cbshchaya 1-396 756-51/4 - Shaw, W.M.Jr. : Subject and citation indexi ' Pt.1 I: The opt i­ terminal ogiya. Voprosy tear i i . (Genera I terminology - serence. f9 ruBl,cluste r-basea retri eval perfonmsnce 0 c�slte OJestions of theoryp}rTg�ru---:- IIbskva: Nauka 1989. 246p: sentatlons. Dr lg.en. J.Pmer.Soc.lnform.Sc i. Vol lJ2, No r�9, 1991 . 1-420 Hoffmann, Lothar: (Book review of 1-419). Orig.de. p.676-664 , 33 refs. Fachsprache Vo I 12, No 3��-f990�-p�'-60:f6f--

57 Int.Crassif. 19(1992)No.1, Classification Literature 1992-1 1-421 771 of Applied Linguistics of the University of /oAainl in Germers­ cabre, M.T. : Tennino [ogie ou termino logies. Spkia[ite [ingui­ heim) Orig.de. Te nnino l.& Traduction, No 3, 1990. p.39-61 stique ou dcma ine-TnTElr:cllscTplTnaTreT:-Ori g. fro Te�et News , No 29/30, 1990. p.23-29, 10 refs. 1-438 776.99 Th�_Au ��r:..ian Standa r::.ds ...Ie �inolo19�61I-rWgy Database. Orig. en. 1-422 ��9.L�� 771 mt.crass fr.-VOiT8",""No r, Pr iedrich,M. ; Gerstenk orn,A., Hetschold,T.: Te r::.n:! �!.:. History - Establishrnnt, Possibi lities for use - Exchange of .!.' ;!.'2!!�.�.-'t���· _�r::.!;!.����e r:.�'2�_�f.!:.��. (Terminology nEnage­ tenminological data - Other uses - State-of-the-art . rrent systems. Re sufts ofan inquiry) Orig.de. Mitteilungsb latt Country and Language Oriented TerminologyWork f.Dolmetscher u.Obersetzer Vol 37, No 4, 1991 . p.3-7, 5 refs. 777 See also 1-424, 1-329 1-423 771 777 Gal itlski, New'SCh. : TerminologylermrnoTo-gy planning and theTc .& /"i\ath.Unguj­ 1-447 Dowenko, M.A.: Act ivities of the (MEA Insti tute for Sffcs\lo [ 24, No 6, 1990. p.1-7, 33 refs. STandardization in the field of tennino[ogy. - 1-448 Shade, D.L.: Bas ic lrethodo [ogical principles of terminolOgy-standar­ 1-417 772 dization. 1-449 Savi[ov, E.S.; Na[epin, V.L. : Problem of - -- Gr inev, S. V. : De�':.r::.�e!.��'2_��_��I}1. .!Lt..!�L�9.L��£._�.E.�r::.��r::.!.c:�L_<£:. hal'rrnnization-ln the preparation of the Russian versions of international tenninology standards. - 1-450 Mi naeva, T.Ja.; Er::.��c:� . Orig.en. TenmNet News, No 29/30, 1990. p.l0-11 Va rsharrnva, N.V. : The role of standardi zed terminology in the 1-42B 773 preparation and deve lol=lTent of a system of standards on "Re­ prograr*1Y". 1-451 Ugrjuoova,V.N.: Sorre aspects of roothodo lo­ Daous t, D.: The ceva luatiorcT nr ofen soerciolpr rs inguistic6rlg�-en� and------­ terminologi­ - - in n-a- omme .i - t e;- gy of termino iogy -s tandardization the fields of scientific TTTFca l change i -;"No:-r p :-lflf'::66 S • -lou rnaT \loT-I .- - � -6-re f and technical infornEtion; library and publishing v.ork: diffl­ cu[ ties and achieverents. 1-429 773; 777 777 GoLau[et ,P. :ctle-TermTnoTogTqui Reseau international de neo [ogie et de terminolo9.ie recher -au-seTn-au-nxid"ltfe--c-a-nadTen.--[In"::­ ternational Center for Neologisrrs and Tenninology. TenNews,ninolo­ No gical research in the canad ian way) Orig.fr. TenmNet 29/30, 1990. p.6-9 1-453 777 Larrba[ Ie, A. : �r:.'P..!:.��;.!.9.�r:.�_..<:!��f:.;.�et __ !.r:.�IJ.� ��_r:.r:!J:!��J..:.. 1-430 773 �tion(The-expresslon� de termesY-tecnnTcaT-�Ir1� etrangers creationarrn :-deacrc)p rrntstron nou veaux.r-To Grinsted, A.: LSP communication and the role of terminology in o ­ - - - - NEWS, No-f�a I a rge-f99f;-p:-2f i nternarlonar"::-43�-ff-rers:--curpar1y-;- Or ig-.en-;- TT'fF 7ournar\jor-2� Noreign term; and creation of nEW v.ords) Or ig.fr. TenmNet 29/30, 1990. p.14-16

1-431 773 1-454 777 Schaetzen, C.de: �q,r:.<=!. �r:!���r::..E.�l:!!.-:,�,!briql!�..E.��_C!l����I..!-:' na ires? (can the carputer bu ild dictionaries?) Orig. fro Banque-des Mots, No 40, 1990. p. 21-34 77B 1-455 ZlJ1l 1 -432 773 Ickier, Th. : Book revie.v of Hoffmann,nafe rlTfilaur Lothar:SfTK--1Fr Van FadmOOl""ortspecrar Schaetzen,C.de: L'arbre not ionne[ dans res travaux de fin d'e­ Fachtext. Bei trage zur Ang€M'a..... - T(lspe tUs!�_s!�_!.�r:!!!�'2f�.--TTfie-1ree-oTco-ncepTs ror termlnogrF tenTi- ciar-t"ext . oiitrltiiITons-to- applied linguistics). phical work) Orig.fr. TemNet News, No 29/30, 1990. p.30-32 TUbingen:No G.Narr Ve rlag 1988. 265p. Orig.de. Muttersprache Vol 101, 4, 1991 . p. 366-368 -' 1-433 773; 78-51/4 78 Subject-Oriented Terminology Work Kratenok,V.E.: Streanlented!nfonnainingdictio nary-barlk s-fnrredTcalstermino logies UbJect"-­in devel­ .QEi ng prob! em-or i t i on See also 1-040 areas-rf601-exfernarlJataoases. urrg.ru. -nn:�fod6T :-praorJned. 1-456 78-355 TriformaCT-nauKoved:-:--Moskv.i-19B9. p. 284-289, 3 refs. Becherel,D. : ��Iocean�r::.aphle a I'oceano logie. (Fran oceano­ graphy to oceanol ogyTOrig.fr. Banque des Mots, No 40, 1990. 1 -434 776 p.35-54 Irazazabal,A.de; A[vares,S. , Zarco,' J.: EURCOICAlfTCM: el banco de datos terminologico de [a CEE. (The termino logy database oT 1-457 78-355 �- et Tfie -EUropean- nl1i1esr-orTg:es. Rev .esp.doc.cient Vol 12, Delahaye,M., Hugol,D.H.: Repertoire des(ReperforyiGf dlctionnai res 910s­ No 1, 1989. p.11-22 sariI"gTo i res a I lusage desthe oceanograpn es. dlctlonarres The report stresses the Spanish input into the said database. a ssarles forNo use of oceanographers) Or ig.fr. Oceanis Vo l 16, 1, 1990. 74p. 1-435 . 776No. Jager, H.de: De Eurotenrbank. Orig.n[ . Terminol .& Traduc t. 1-458 78-49 3, 1990. p.18Fnrr�-�-- Stoss, F.W. : Env ironment onl ine: the greening of databases. Pt.1: GeneraiTrlferest dataDases:-lrrTg.en. Database Vo l 14, 1-436 776 No 4, 1991 . p.13-27, 10 refs. Mengarduque, J.R. : Ev'! Lua tie var::!._!.�ee terminologie-projekten. (Eva luation of two tennlnology projects. A DJtCflcontrU)utlon 1-459 78-527 to the consol idation and extension of the Eurodicautcm col lec­ DJbols, B.: Terminologie I'ec rarie rOOdicale {princl es No de m tions) Orig.nl. Tennlnol.& Traduct., 3, 1990. p.175-186 et teChni Ue):-rrennlnology-oT me Ica sonograptiy (prlnclp� es Surrnary in French (p.183-186). and-reGnn� ques» Orig.fr. Banque d.Mots, No 40, 1990. p.59-73

1-437 776 1-460 78-7 Schni tt,P.A.: Die Termlno[ogiedatenbank des Fachberelchs An�­ Buhler,H.: Book vIere w ofrii3"Ge 8u��r ten, Th.(Ed.): Sprache und In­ wandte Sprachwlssenschaften der Johannes=CUteriberg-Oniversftaf fonretion. in Wirtschaft u sefTSchaft. (Language and Info r­ morogy - TaCuTfy Ma"lnZTi1'Cerrrershelrri:-TTne-feriTi -dafaoarn oftl-ie mation In economics arid society). Referate eines Internat iona-

58 Int.Classif.1 9(1 992)No.1, Classification Literature 1992-1 len Kongresses - zugleich der XI.Jahrestagung der internatio­ 1-472 B14 nalen Vere inigung IISprache und W rtscha ft", 30.9.-3.10.1985. Th iele, R. : Eine rerkung {zu " as ist sinnvo l Ie Schlag.'>Qrt­ l .Arv W Hamburg: Attikon Verlag: To stedt 1988. 502p. Orig.de. syntax (e i nePoT enrkpfr:--rugTeTcheTn-Nacfiru j'�-{A--c�nCrfo Fachsprache Vo l 13, No 1-2, 1991 . p.79-71 "'W1

78-826 Bernier, G. : Les nuts du mi l ieu "Index de c i ta tions • (The IIDrds of the rrearUn--rrcrraIT6'i1fri(Jexe 5rrylTrTg:-rr:-lJOc:-HT6ll l. Vo I 36, No 3, 1990. p.95 1-474 814 1-463 78-88 Studwel l W.E.: least effort: one IIDre reaso to change the , n Dewey, P.R. :· Fax for libraries. Orig. en. Westport, USA : � � � CT, � �� ���� �6g��<:.�I��������=����=��[��fll��q�;--- Meck ler 1990. -r38p�,�s�� Supplement to Computers in Li­ Orig.en. Techn ical ities Vo l 10, (Oct.) 1990. p.4-5 braries 13 Included is a directory of popular fax chi nes , a I i st of fax 1-475 814.03 ma vendors, a bibl iograQhy of relevant I i terature and a glossary Sad�ka , J.: S�ie_ct pro�ess �r:!9. ' Orig. pl . of irrportant fax tenminology. Par.blbl . Vol r990 . p.45-46 42, llo-r=r;- 1-476 81lJ8-93 79 Problems of Multilingual Systems . Oeutsches Bibl iotheks institut. Kcmni ssion fur Sachersch[ ies­ See also 1-978, 1-101 sung , Arb.GrLflpe RS\\K-/o.lJs ik: ��I_�_t(jr__

1�468 812; 814 Slci<,,,,, e'd tcs, construct Ion and the 21, No 2, 1991. p.117-125, 16 refs. ,d· � �::;;:;�� as appl kat ions. how such indexes can improve the efforts of researchers. Shows

59 Int.Classif.19(1992)No.1, Classification Literature 1992-1 1-486 8648-969 CLASSIF ENVIRONMENT lus Imm, O.M.: Th�p..!:.i.�r.:.L!.L�_�� ��' Orig.ru. Sov.Bibl iogr. , 9 No 4, 1989. p.56-58 Organization in Single Centers and Stations Publ ication of the first citation Index in a Russian archeolo­ 91 journa I. See also 1-01l3 gy 1-501 913 87 C & I on Non-Book Materials

1-487 871 Roddy , K. : Subj ect access to visual resources: �nat the 90s - 1 -502 91 3 ���:��� :e-;��;;;;�-���:;------Stephan, W. ; Deutsches Bibl iotheksinst ltut: �erative FGh­ rung einer Schl agwortnorm:latei: Fortfuhr� erner-Sffi�rt=­ - - - l-1l88 871 nonrdaferrS"lh15T :----serTcflt-Tbe r- eTr; Proj ekt cie-r----rJeuTich en For ­ We ihs,J.; Lewis, Sh. (Eds.): Nonbook ITElterials. The organ iza­ schUng�aneinschaft. (Coopera tive managanent of a subject au­ a t i on of integrated col I ect ionS-:---6rig�en:-6ttawa:-C3r1ada :-6i"na': thority fi Ie. Report on project of the GerITEln Research Asso­ OTari lCTbJra ry-Asso c:-f�g�:-�;r51p. , ISBN 0-88802-240-9 ciat ion. Orig.de. Berl in: Deutsches Bibl iotheks institut 1991 . 39p. 1-1l89 8728-68 Th iel, T. J.; Meconnahey, C.M. , Gielda, S.A.: Doctment indexing 1-503 919 for iITElge-based �ticaJ inforrrn tion systefT5. orrg�en�------Petersen, T., Molholt, P. {Eds. ): BeYI?� _!.'::!.��ok : ��'!:!�r.!9. for subject access. Boston, G.K.Hal I 1990. IX,275p. UOciinenf5ffon-rrmge-A"ufCiillfronVorrr;1l5-:[, 1991 . p.82-88 Mo\RC MA: 0-Sf61 -192lf=Il------1 490 1-504 Rawson, St .: (Book revie'Wof 1-503. J.Doc. Vo l Q7, No - 873 - - James, B,G,; BrO'M1, B.L. : D:xni nion over the fiche. Add ing mi­ 4, 1991, p.409-ij 1 0 ------crofam titles to an onl ine 'cafarog�-OrTg�e�------Microfom Rev ie'WVol 20, No I, 1991 . p.15-21, 17 refs. 92 Persons and Institutions

88 C & I in Subject Fields 1-505 922 Rayward, W.B. : The _ case of Pau l Ot let, .Eioneer of inforrmtion 88-2 C & I in the Matter and EnergyArea 2 sc i ence, in ternaTTona rrst;-VrslonafiCFe frec-frons-oilbfogFaphy. oFI"9":e n�-T.1] p-&lnTorm . Sc r.-vor-23 .-filo-3."'-'-99T� lirztrT2iiiShl 1-1l91 88-256 p. 135-145, 2H refs. Barthel , J.; Popp , H. : Elllf\R, a knONledge base SyStffil on mi cro­ Paul Otlet was the cofounder of the present International Fe­ deration for Informstion and Documen ta tion (FID) and the Union cOflJJU..��r f ?.r:._��� c !,.r?. �'t��J� C�fI �J5E�jf;e-TaCfuaT-Krl(iiV1 (idge- -or �R. orTg.en. J.Oian.lnfonn.�t.Sci . Vo l 31, No 2, 1991 . of International Associations, deve loper of the Universal De­ p.l07-115, 28 refs. cinal Classifica tion, theorist of 'Documentation' and pioneer in infonnation science. apercu of his Ijfe is given. An l-1l92 88-26 1-506 923 �gh lan�J , : AI Yo.r.:.i !.�_ve r.:.sl!.�_q�ta���e-:Qr:.�ql!.c:.� c�Cln�c:.� �_��q��- OrJg.en-:-oa taoase'Vor 13, rJuner f990. p.51-tJI - Asl1NOrth, W. : Book reviEW of Kumr, G. : Ranganathan, Dewey and .!!!9.' C.V.RaITEln: a study in the arrogance -of -lriTerrecfualpowe r.llew - 1-493 88-267 uernr:'l1ar=N1and -I1,inT;-fn-a-ssOC::-WTfflVfK(S-Pr91 . 1 47p. Wig . en J.Doc. Vo l 47, No 4, 1991. p. 440-441 Rieder, M. : The IFI polyner indexir�;L� 't� �em: its past, present, and future. ig�eii:--I.1:11ern .Tr iTo- riTi.corrpu TScr.-VoT-)T:--f99f;­ p;45�462: 3'Dr refs. 1-507 921l Atanas iu,P. ; Teodoru,V. : Eric de Gro lier la a 80-a aniversare. 1-49q 88-284 (Eric de Grol ier has hadhrs -aOfflbrFffiia-yr-orTg:ro:-SfUcfr-s i Ccm.JIlicari St iri Din Ta ra, &1curesti, No 5, 1991 . p.224-231 Brock J.R. : __ � ? : ����r:.I?c:.�t�r:.-:.���� ����r:.I'!�� ".':�.:..!I _�.E.r:.����q Based on the de Grol_ier Festschr ift issue (Int.Classif.91-2) ��_����� . Orig.en. Program Vol 25, No q, 1991 . p. 367-372 the article gives an account of Eric de Grolier's accorrpl ish­ 88-5 C & in the Human Area /rents in the field of classi fication. See also I1-243 5 1-508 925 1-495 83 553 Dent, S.: Ca ta.��u ing �� Inq����..Qr.:.I?.I£���rsf:1.!£�vey, - 1989. Orig.en. Gat,S Index ;--No 100, 1991. p. l, 3-5 Jordan, R. P. ; ��i.���_t;,.ata �1?!ll!.�I]LI?f.R�r:.�I?I'!���!Y....-���' Co l­ lege & Resenrch Libraries 52(1991jNo 3, p.256-262, 30 refs. Aques tionna ire was sent to each narber of the Group In Oct. 1989, a total of 2516. 548 responses were rece ived. The resu l­ sh�� : 1-496 88-�6 ting statistics are according to type of library/infor­ Henry, G.; Diodata, V. : The rates of assignment of thesaurus mation un it, title of post held, inforITEltion retrieval related terns in the ERIC inforrrat r n-refFlevarsys -an-anar s-of duties, particular professional interests, memberhs ip in other o fffii-: �����Cchre�=��=[��-c��-J�DOc�-vol-47�-NO�-f99f�-�2f6�2Bysr j: Library �sociation groups, etc. 11 refs. 1-509 925 l-1l97 88-56 James, St.: Catalo�u jngand Indexing Gro� in Scotland. in­ side view. Tac&":-rnaex;-l'{o , 1990;----p:T;'-3-4An Pi ckens, K. : Adap.ting ERIC to NEW Zealand. Orig. en. Oi'Tg :en. 98-9 New Zealand LT6ra-ffeSV0T"'46;1'fo6;-f990':"' p.22-23, 7 refs. 1-510 925; 77 88-6 C & I in the Socia Area Hurbley,J.: Les activites Centre de tennlr:!I?L�Le et de neo­ 6 logie, prernfer-sefres tre 90.du (Tfie actJvTtTes-OTtne---cenfe-r-rDr l-1l98 88-61 TeniirnOTogyandNeo logy-rn its first period) Orig.fr. Korobejnikov, V.S.: Methods for forITEl I ana !x.sis of docwents. TenmNet NBVS Vo l 29/30, 1990. p. 39-40 Or ig. ru. In: Me todyS60ra-TnTo 7iii�v-So15.l ssTecC l

60 Int.Classif, 19(1992)No.1, Classification Literalure 1992-1 Richard Raper for the curu lated index to liThe works of Giarles �rwin". Ccmrended by the \\hea tJy panel was also Ann Hudson for 95 Education and 'I'l"aining the General Index to Sussex Archeological eo llections. 1-526 951 Capurro, R. : EtI.!L� und J�f0lln'!.�.!.k . Ole Herausforderung der In­ 93 ,o..ganisation on a Natl. & Internal!. Level fOmBt ik fur die prakt i sch-eFti I IOsOjXll e. (Ethl cs and Corrp..Jter Science. The challenge of computer science for practical phI­ losophy) Orig.de. Infonmtik-Spektrun Vol 13, No 6, 1990. 934 Activities in1-219, Europe 1-244 92 See also p.311-320, refs. The discussion on the ethical irrplications of infonnatics is 1-514 934 AT considered in connection with the question of a nell paradign Au�r, .G.: Die Zentra le Redaktlon Sacherschllessung im 6ster­ for this field. relchlschei'lBTfifl otheKsverbUild. (lhe cenTra t-eaT office ror--SllJJect analysis In the Austrian Library Network)� Orig.de. 1-527 952 Fakten, Daten, Zitate Vo l 11, No 1, 1991 . p.11-13 Nohr, H.: The training of I ibrarians in content ana lysis. Since 1988 a nUTber of scfent ific libraries in Austria are Some thuughts -on future necessffres�-6r ig:en�-TnCClassrf�-Vol 18, No 3, 1991 . p.153-157, 12 refs. connected to the system BI80S as a computer-supported integra­ ted netoork system. In the article the necessity and poss ibi­ lity to cooperate also in the area of subject ana lysis is de­ 1-526 953 n a scribed. A�cher?, B.: ������zaz�':J..r:!.���r.:. �����L=-_C�!..������ �_���� �q,!!:.��. (Subject indexing: reflections on its dJdactlcs) 1-515 934 DE Orig. it. BoI I.Bibl ., No 35, 1990. p.49-50 Basing, L.: Sachersch(ie&.J�m Verbund aus der Sicht einer Tei I nr;.lm:lrbibiTof fieg�-[§Jbj ec t analysfs--rnTnefworkOfcoffa-..: 1-529 955 libraries, under the aspect of a participating I ibr­ GOder t, W. Klassifikationssysteme: Theorie und Arrwen­ ooraTIt'9 dul19. .f.ur Buchau(Coop.): f s ung -!n-w!ssensCfiarrrrchen """S"ibr!ofhe!(en; aryl Orig.de. Bibl i othek Vol No 3, 1990. p.316-318 _ (err 111, sys t elll3- f:Kafaf oge,- --B"fETr5gr.u:-olTrne- -Refr-,eva r;--M3"feNa -rren 1-516 934 DE; 333 be�[�[terlq--= ��=�er����[£���}e[[� 1-u���-fc lassfffcatfon sy� stems: lFieory aooapplJcatlon (or "flervlng in scientific lib­ Franken, K. ; Nagelsrr.eier-Linke, M.: Sacherschl ie&.mg im Verbund S raries, classi fied catalogues, bibl iograph ies and on line re­ u�_���L aus der Si�q��� ���iothe��[�����-rSubreCf-anal�- YSls In a network and wi thin a center seen under the aspect of trieval. Materials to acconpany classes) Orig.de. HaniJurg: library rrnnagerrent) Orig.de. Bibl iothek aktuell, No 58, 1990. Fachhochschu le, FB Bibl .wes.1969. (1)IV,226p., (2) p.227-436 p.4-7 lhe col lection of "accorrpanying naterials" cover the exarrp les In order to rr.eet the users I requests it is proposal to use the of systans, standards , exerc ises, etc. v.h ich are needed for Genman Library's cataloguing data also in the Konstanz Univer­ teaching the subject of classification system.; and indexing. sity Library. 1-530 95B-51/q a 1-517 9311 DE CaJabre t�a,N.; Layno�, B.: ��!.�I:!._t':J..�'=-_�r:!9.l:!.�� �_�_��_ �er.:.���1:! Lorenz, B.: Bibl iotheksklassifikation im Veroond: Notizen zur to teach in-g MeSH.- Oreg.en. Med ical Reference Services Q.Jarter­ TY ·-"Jol-9: NO 4�-1990. p.1-16, 9 refs. Anwe��ung �r Rege6S5U��c=�f�f�CC������f�n�--(C!Drary classification in a net'M:trk : notes concern ing the-appl ication of the Regensburg shelving system) Orig.de. In: Bibl iotheks­ 1-531 957 IT landschaft Bayern: Festschrift f.Max Pauer zun 65.Geburtstag Aschero, B.: Professional training of indexers in Italy: prob­ I ems and sugges -orTg-:n-:-TrrnOicr£z-a-irone """l}or ""4�-"No--r; unter Mi tw.von Gerhard Hanusch hrsg.v.Paul Nie

1-521 934.33 SU 98 User Stud;es Ma levich,E.N. : Centralization and decentra lization of the sub- je�t analysi���f _rr��� _�toa�=[�=�=f����sfaf��--l)rrg�ru� Tez:dOKT. 1 soObShCfi;kom.po Itogan n.-I.r.i60ty Gos.biblio­ 1-533 981 Til:teki SSSR im V.I.Lenina zu 1989 g. , 20 apr.1990. Moskva 1990. Prager,J.M. ; Larrbert i ,O.M., Gardner,D.L., Balzac,S.R. : REASON: p.38-40 An intel l igent user assistant for interactive envi rom:ents� Orrg.en�-�-S;stem6-J�lVor-i9�,}9orNo-r:-p�f4f:f64:-42-rers� 1-522 934.812 SU Description of tile design rr.ethodo [ogy used to bu ild REA9:l'i (Rea l-tiloo Exp lanation SuggestiON). an intel l igent user­ assistant prototype for Anda wi ndcmed, ITJ.Jltitasking envi rom:ent. REASON 's central corrponent is an inference engine that solves probl ems arising frem a user 1s activi ty. \\hen tile user ITEkes one of several kinds of errors, the inference engine offers 1-523 935 dynamically generated suggest ions about 'Ohat the user might CN have intended. The user can also query using natural leng, L.: An overview of the abstractingand indexi� services REASON �Ch ina. Tridexer Vol 17, No -Z;-f990 . p.99-107, n-re fs-:---­ language. In addi tion to prov iding suggestions of corrected A picture of the deve loprnnt of A&I services in China and input or answers to questions, REASON can provide two comp le­ identification of their prob lems to encourage more attention. mentary types of explanations of these responses, derived from the inferences that led to them. (Author, abbr.) 1-524 936 1-534 981 Nwafor, B:U.: �d �xlng services In NljIer la: problems a pr s­ Orlg.en. rnaexer Vo l NoT, 1991. p.1BS.:--m8 , !: ref Lin, Liebscher, P. , Marchionini, G.: �ical r�resenta­ ��. ll, S; t i o�s X"of e I e��r.:. 1].i sear�IJ.J�,!� erns. Or ig. en�--J:-NOOr:-SOc:-rn= Recent indexing deve Joprnnts including the Na tional Indexing � � � Project of the National Library of Nigeria are highl iif\ted. fonn.Sc i. Vo l 42, '"No 7, 1991. p.Q69-478, 34 refs. The loo thodology descri bed in this article involves defining 1-525 936 Nl state spaces of user options within a system, capturing key­ Dtokunefor, H.C. ; tw.Qdo, C.O.: The coming of age of book ..£l!..� strokes or mouse moves as rmv data, cod ing these data into I ishing and indexing in Ni er a.(JrTg;en. the state spaces, and ana Iyz ing user moves throuifl the state � [JOrary Revlew � N0 �, 990. p.33-40, 16 refs. space as evidence of goal directed infonnation-seeking strate- � -

61 Int.Classif. 19(1992)No. 1, Classification Literature 1992·1 gies and patterns. A tool for displaying user noves through a but ing to the decl ine in subject search frequency . Chiefamong state space has been deve loped and is described. The tool gra­ these factors are user difficulties in fomulating subject phically represents data in a variety of fonna ts, al lowing hu­ queries with Library of Congress Subject Headings, leading to pattern be appl ied for data search fa i lure, and the p oblan of " i nfo t i on overload" as nan recognition capabi l ities to r rma ed database size i nc eases. The arti c l e presents the node ls and analysis. Graphs can be represent for individual searches or r for rrultiple searches done by either a single searcher or by resu lts of the transaction log ana lysis, discusses the under­ several searchers work ing on the SaTe search task. (Author) lying problans wi th subject searching contributing to the ob­ served dec line and revi fWS sorfe proposed irrprove-rnnts to on­ C I User Requirements; Interfaces; Feedback 982 & line catalog systems to aid in overcoming the problems. See also I-nil (Author)

1-535 982 1-538 982 Hancock-Beaulie u, M.; Eva ng Yee,M.M. : System design and cataloging meet the user: User in­ l!.�!.j �_��<:.!._

Personal Author Index

Aboud Razouk, M. 1-351 Bened ii

62 Int.C!assif.19(1992)No.1, Classification Literature 1992·2