क� द्र�यू�म भ जल बोड셍 जल संसाधन, नद� �वकास और गंगा संर�ण मंत्रालय भारत सरकार Central Ground Water Board Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation Government of

Report on AQUIFER MAPPING AND GROUND WATER MANAGEMENT Parts of District (Phase-I),

द��णी �ेत्र, हैदराबाद Southern Region,

भारत सरकार जल संसाधन नदी विकास एिम् गंगा संरक्षण मंत्रालय कᴂद्रीय भूवमजल बो셍ड

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES, RIVER DEVELOPMENT AND GANGA REJUVENATION

REPORT ON AQUIFER MAPPING FOR SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF GROUNDWATER RESOURCES IN PARTS OF TELANGANA STATE (Phase-I)

CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD SOUTHERN REGION HYDERABAD JUNE-2016

REPORT ON AQUIFER MAPPING FOR SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF GROUNDWATER RESOURCES IN PARTS OF NALGONDA DISTRICT TELANGANA STATE (Phase-I)

CONTRIBUTORS’ PAGE

Name Designation Principal Authors Dr.Pandith Madhnure : Scientist –D (Sr. Hydrogeologist) Shri G. Praveen Kumar : Scientist -C Shri G. Ravi Kumar : Scientist -C Hydrogeology Dr.PandithMadhnure : Scientist-D Shri G.Praveen Kumar : Scientist-C Dr.D.P.Reddy : Scientist-D Shri K. Dwarkanath : Scientist-D Dr.V.S.R. Krishna : Scientist-D Groundwater Exploration : Dr.M. Sudheer Kumar : Scientist-D Shri D.Mohantha : AHG Geophysics Dr.Murali Krishna : Scientist-C Shri P.H.P.Reddy : Scientist-D Shri T.RajaBabu : Scientist-D Hydrometeorology Shri P.Sudhakar : Scientist-D Chemical Analysis Shri M. Bhaskar Reddy : Scientist-B Shri K. Maruthi Prasad : Scientist-B Shri Y.Satyakumar : Asstt Chemist Supervision & Guidance Shri G.R.C Reddy : Scientist -D Dr.P.N.Rao : Supdtg. Hydrogeologist Shri A.D. Rao : Regional Director

REPORT ON AQUIFER MAPPING FOR SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF GROUNDWATER RESOURCES IN PARTS OF NALGONDA DISTRICT TELANGANA STATE (Phase-I)

AT A GLANCE

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

C O N T E N T S

Chapter Content Page No. No.

1 INTRODUCTION 1-4

1.1 Objectives 1 1.2 Scope of Study 1 1.3 Area Details 1 1.4 Climate and Rainfall 2 1.5 Geomorphological Set up 3 1.6 Drainageand structures 3 1.7 Land use andCropping Pattern 4 1.8 Soils 4 1.9 Prevailing Water Conservation/Recharge Practices 4 1.10 Geology 4 2 DATA COLLECTION and GENERATION 6-15 2.1 Hydrogeology 7 2.1.1 Ground Water Occurrences and Movement 7 2.1.2 Exploratory Drilling 7 2.1.3 Ground water Yield 7 2.2 Water Levels 10 2.2.1 Water Table Elevations 10 2.2.2 Depth to Water Levels (DTW) 10 2.2.3 Water Level Fluctuations 10 2.2.3 Long term water level Trends 10 2.3 Geophysical studies 12 2.4 Hydro chemical studies 12 3 DATA INTERPRETATION, INTEGRATION and 16-23 AQUIFER MAPPING

3.1 Conceptualization of aquifer system in 3D 18 3.2 Hydrogeological sections 18 3.3 Aquifer Characterization 23 4 GROUNDWATER RESOURCES 33-34

5 GROUND WATER RELATED ISSUES and REASONS 34-35 FOR ISSUES

5.1 Issues 34 5.2 Reasons for Issues 35

6 MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES 36-41

6.1 Management Plan 36 6.1.1 Supply side measures 36 6.1.1.1 Priority-1 38 6.1.1.2 Priority-2 38 6.1.2 Demand side measures 40 6.1.3 Regulatory measures 40 6.1.4 Institutional measures 40 6.2 Expected Results and Out come 41

Figures

Figure-1.1 Location of study area. 2

Figure-1.2 Annual normal rainfall (mm) 2

Figure-1.3 Geomorphology of Study area 3

Figure-1.4 Drainage with canals and lineaments 4

Figure-1.5 Soils of Study area 5

Figure-1.6 Geology of Study area 5

Figure-1.7 Quartz intrusions in porphyritic granite at (Dasarigudem)- 6 High F- area.

Figure-2.1 Hydrogeological data availability. 8

Figure-2.2 Hydrogeological map of study area 9

Figure-2.3 Water table elevations (Pre and Post-monsoon-2013). 10

Figure-2.4 Depth to water levels Pre-monsoon (May-2013). 11

Figure-2.5 Depth to water levels Post-monsoon (Nov-2013 11

Figure-2.6 Distribution of Electrical conductivity (Pre-monsoon-2013). 12

Figure-2.7 Distribution of Electrical conductivity (Post-monsoon-2013). 13

Figure-2.8 Distribution of Nitrate (Pre-monsoon-2013). 13 Figure-2.9 Distribution of Nitrate (Post-monsoon-2013). 14

Figure-2.10 Distribution of Fluoride (Pre-monsoon-2013). 14

Figure-2.11 Distribution of Fluoride (Post-monsoon-2013). 15

Figure-3.1 3-D Model for study area. 16

Figure-3.2 Panel Diagram-Musi River sub-basin. 17

Figure-3.3 Panel Diagram-Halia River sub-basin (Lower Krishna). 17

Figure-3.4 Map showingvarious sections orientation. 18

Figure-3.5 Conceptualization of aquifer systems and their 20 characterisation.

Figure-3.6 Section-A-A’ (Hydrogeological Profile in N-S direction). 21

Figure-3.7 Section-B-B’ (Hydrogeological Profile West-East direction- 21 Musi River Sub-basin).

Figure-3.8 Section-C-C’ (Hydrogeological Profile West-East direction- 22 Halia River Sub-basin). Figure-3.9 Section-D-D’ (Hydrogeological Profile NW-SE direction). 22

Figure-3.10 Dug well section (dry) showing deep weathering in study 24 area. Figure-3.11 Thickness of Weathered zone (Weathering depth). 24

Figure-3.12 Depth to Water levels-Weathered zone (Pre-13). 25

Figure-3.13 Depth to Water levels-Weathered zone (Post-13). 25

Figure-3.14 Water level fluctuations during pre and post-monsoon 26 seasons-2013. Figure-3.15 Groundwater yield prospects-Weathered zone. 26 Figure-3.16 Distribution of EC-Weathered zone. 27 Figure-3.17 Distribution of Nitrate-Weathered zone. 27 Figure-3.18 Distribution of Fluoride-Weathered zone. 28

Figure-3.19 Depth of Fractured zone (Maximum depth) (m bgl). 28

Figure-3.20 Depth wise distribution of fractures. 29 Figure-3.21 Depth to Water levels-Fractured zone (Pre-monsoon 2013). 29

Figure-3.22 Depth to Water levels-Fractured zone (Post-monsoon 2013). 30 Figure-3.23 Water level fluctuations during pre and post-monsoon 30 seasons (Fractured zone)-2013.

Figure-3.24 Groundwater yield prospects-Fractured zone. 31 Figure-3.25 Distribution of EC-Fractured zone. 32

Figure-3.26 Distribution of Nitrate-Fractured zone. 32 Figure-3.27 Distribution of Fluoride-Fractured zone. 32 Figure-4.1 Utilizable Groundwater Resources (2011). 33 Figure-6.1 Priority-1 Area (Over-exploited). 38

Figure-6.2 Priority-2 Area. 39 Tables

Table-2.1 Brief activities showing data compilation and generations 6 Table-4.1 Sub-basin wise computed Dynamic, In-storage ground water 34 resources (as per GEC-2013) Table-6.1 Hydrogeological characteristics of the area 37

Table-6.2 Village wise Aquifer Management Plan for Priority-1 area. 42

Table-6.3 Village wise Aquifer Management Plan for Priority-2 area. 43-44

Annexure-1:Village wise aquifer management plan for priority-1 area

Annexure-2:Village wise aquifer management plan for priority-2 area

Annexure3: Mandal wise Aquifer maps and Management plan (Fully covered Mandals)-

16 numbers

Annexure-4: Mandal wise Aquifer maps and Management plan (Partially covered Mandals).

11 numbers

REPORT ON AQUIFER MAPPING FOR SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF GROUNDWATER RESOURCES IN PARTS OF NALGONDA DISTRICT TELANGANA STATE (Phase-I)

AT A GLANCE

S.No. Item Particulars 1 Geographical area : 4547 Km2

2 Mandal’s Covered : 27 (Fully:16; Partially:11)

2.1 Fully covered Mandal’s (16 no’s) : , , , Chityal, , Kattangoor, Kethepalli, Mungod, , Narayanpur, Narkatpalle, Pochampalle, , SaliGouraram, Tipparthy,

2.2 Partially covered Mandal’s (11 no’s) Atmakur(M), Chandur, M.Turkapalle, Marriguda, Miryalguda, , Nalgonda, Nidamanur, Tripurarm, Vemulapally,

3 Locations : North Latitude 16°51’58"-17°41´57” East Longitude 78°40´25"-79°36´48"

4 River Basin : Krishna River

4.1 Sub-basin : Musi River (63% area), Halia River (37 % area)

4.2 Watersheds : 19 (Musi:12, Halia:7)

4.3 Minor Irrigation tanks : 1565 (182km2water spread including PT’s)

4.4 No of ARS : PT:675, CD’s:213 and 490Farm Ponds:

5 Districts : Nalgonda

6 Mandals : 34 (partly or fully)

7 Revenue villages : 441

8 Population : ~9 lakhs (95 % Rural and 5 % urban)

9 Geomorphology : Pedi-plains (77%), pediments , Denudational hills etc.

10 Major crops (Khariff season) : Paddy, Cotton, Jowar, maize etc.

11 Soils : Clayey, calcareous, gravelly loam and gravelly clay soils

12 Geology : Granites and Gneisses with intrusive rocks (Dolerite and Gabbro)

13 Rainfall : 581-914 mm (avg: 752) (SW-74% & NE 19%)During 2013 it received 510 mm (avg) (- 27% than normal)

14 Depth to water Table Elevations (m : 127-564(pre-13) and 132-580 (post). The flow amsl) gradient in Musi basin is 2.6 m/km and Halia basin 3.4 m/km.

15 Depth to water levels (2013) (mbgl) : Pre-monsoon:0.7-92.6 (avg:20) Post-monsoon:0.5-83.7(avg:10)

16 Majority of water levels : Pre-monsoon:10-20 mbgl (52 % of area) Post-monsoon:5-10 mbgl (40% of area).

17 Water Level Fluctuations (m) : 87 % wells shows rise in water levels 13 % shows fall in water levels

18 Long term water level trends : Pre-monsoon:-0.08-0.25 m/Yr. Post-monsoon:-0.04-0.32 m/Yr.

19 Ground water yield : 0.1 to 7.5 lps

20 Number of ground water structures : 105021 (Dug wells:43777; Bore wells:58511) (as on 2011 March)

21 Conceptualization Weathered zone Fractured zone 22 Depth (m bgl) : Up to 30 Up to 185

23 Dynamic GW Resources-2013 : Musi Sub-basin Halia Sub- Total (MCM) basin

23.1 Net dynamic groundwater : 431 223 654 availability

23.2 In-storage groundwater availability : 78 37 115

23.3 Gross GW Draft : 238 135 373

23.4 Provision for D &Ind (2025) : 25 12 37

23.5 Stage of Ground water development : 77 82 80 (%) 24 Hydraulic Properties : Weathered Zone Fractured Zone 24.1 Transmissivity (m2/day) : 1-630 (Avg:32) 1-927 (Avg:55)

24.2 Specific yield (%) 2 0.00002 to 0.001

24.3 Storativity : -

25 Groundwater Quality 2013 25.1 EC (Ω Siemen’s/cm)-Pre-monsoon : 390-6400 630-5210

25.2 Nitrate (mg/L) 4-653

25.3 Fluoride (mg/L) 0.4-5.2 0.05-11.2

26 Sustainable Groundwater : Supply side Measures management Plan ARS: ~2642 with ~199.7 crores. Water Conservation Measures (WCM):7460 farm ponds are recommended (@20 in each village) cost: 18.65 Crores and will recharge 1.12 MCM to ground water. Repair Renovation and Restoration of 185 tanks created additional 2.6 MCM of storage capacity and will contribute 1.04 MCM to ground water. Remaining ~1762 tanks should be taken up in next phase. Mission Bhagiratha will bring additional 32.5 MCM of surface water into the basins and directly saving the ground water from the basin. Demand side Measure Adaptation of micro-irrigations practices in 33000 ha area saved ~ 60 MCM of ground water from the basin. ~37,300 ha of additional land can be brought under micro irrigation (@100 ha/village) costing 223.2 crores with this 74.6 MCM of ground water can be conserved. Regulatory Measures Complete ban on paddy during rabi season in non-command area. Regulatory power supply in 2 spells. Every ground water user should recharge through ARS in proportion to the extraction. Institutional Measures Participatory ground water management and strict implementation of WALTA-Act.

27 Expected Results and Out come : Stage of GW Development will come down by 15 % with one time investment of 486.45 crores.

ABBREVATION:

2D : 2 Dimensional 3D : 3 Dimensional ARS : Artificial Recharge Structures Avg : Average BW : Bore Well CD : Check dam CGWB : Central ground water board Cr : Crore DTW : Depth to water DW : Dug well EC : Electrical conductivity EL : East Longitude F : Fluoride FP : Farm Pond GEC : Ground Water Estimation committee GW : Ground Water Ha : Hector Ha.m : Hector meter Km2 : square kilometre LPS : Liters per second M : meter M3 : Cubic meter max : Maximum M bgl : Miters below ground level MCM : Million cubic meter Mg/L : Milligram per liter min : Minimun MPT : Mini percolation tank NL : North Latitude : NO3 Nitrate OE : Over Exploited PGWM : Participatory ground water management WCM : Water conservation measures EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

An integrated study including hydrogeology, hydrometeorology, geophysics, and hydrochemistry was taken up to develop comprehensive aquifer maps (2-D & 3-D) and to suggest suitable groundwater management plansfor Musi and Halia river sub-basins of river Krishna basin. Area experiences semi-arid climate with 750 mm annual normal rainfall with ~9 lakh population covering 19 watersheds covering 4547 km2 area in Nalgonda district,Telangana State. ~90% of the irrigation needs in the area is met through ground water and 10% through surface water and out of total irrigated crops (through ground water) 70 % is paddy and 30 % is non paddy. Pedi plains are major geomorphic features followed by pediments and hills. The area is underlain by granites and gneisses with basic intrusive rocks at places.

Main aquifers constitute, weathered zone at the topfollowed by a discrete anisotropic fractured/fissured zone at the bottom.Groundwater occurs under unconfined and semi- confined to conditions and flows downward from the weathered zone into the fracture zone. The predominant water levels are in the range of 10-20 m bgl during pre-monsoon season and 5-10 mbgl during post-monsoon season of 2013.The net annual ground water availability is 471 MCM and the gross ground water draft is 373 MCM and net available balance for future irrigation use is 61 MCM with average stage of groundwater development of 80%.

High incidence of fluorosis (maximum F up to 11.2 mg/L) is due to geogenic contamination and is the major problem faced by people in the area while high concentrations of nitrate is due to anthropogenic contamination (as high as 800 mg/L). About 44 % and 55% of the samples are unfit for human consumption during pre and post-monsoon season of 2013 respectively. Overall the groundwater quality is suitable for irrigation purposes.

Aquifer systems from the area can be conceptualized as weathered zone down to ~30 m and fractured zonebetween ~30-200 m bgl. The weathered zone is dis-integrated from the bed rock (upper part-saprolite zone) and partially/semi weathered in the lower part (sap rock zone) with average transmissivity of 32 m2/day and specific yield of 1-3 %. The fractured zone is fractured granite, which occur in limited extent, associated sometime with quartz vein. The average transmissivity of this zone is 55 m2/day and storativity varies from 0.00002 to 0.001. Comparatively weathered zone is vulnerable to nitrate contamination while fractured zone is vulnerable to fluoride contamination. The study formulatesmanagement strategies for supply side, demand side, regulatory and institutional measures. The supply side measures include construction of 2642 artificial recharge structures with ~200 crores (Priority-1 and Priority-2 areas). ~7460 farm ponds are recommended (@20/village) with a cost of 18.65 crores. De-silting of remaining 1762 tanks under Mission Kakatiya and supply of 100 and 135 lpd/person for fluoride affected habitations under Mission Bhagiratha are recommended. Demand side measures include micro irrigation adaptation in additional 37300 ha of land (@100 ha/village) with a cost of

Rs. 223.2 Crores. Regulatory measures recommended are intermittent pumping, power regulation and institutional measures includesparticipatory groundwater management

(PGWM) approach in sharing of groundwater and monitoring resources on a constant basis along with effective implementation of existing ‘Water, Land and Trees Act’ of 2002

(WALTA 2002). The other measures include filling up of tanks in lean monsoon season with treated Musi river water free from heavy metals.

NUMBEROF DATAPOINTS USED FOR PREPARATIONOF VARIOUS MAPS/FIGS-4547 Km2 area, Nalgonda District, Telangana State.

S. No. Data Aquifer Total Data Points Source CGWB SGWD Others 1 Panel Diagram (3-D) Combine 742 out of 2194 data 209 (67 BW + 142 VES) 46 487 (irrigation BW) 2 Hydrogeological Sections 4 no’s 742 209 (67 BW + 142 VES) 46 487 (irrigation BW) 3 Fence/panel Diagrams 2 no’s 742 209 (67 BW + 142 VES) 46 487 (irrigation BW) 4 Depth of weathering 1 no’s 742 209 (67 BW + 142 VES) 46 487 (irrigation BW) 5 Depth of fracturing 1 no’s 742 209 (67 BW + 142 VES) 46 487 (irrigation BW) 6 Groundwater Yield Weathered zone 423 44 379 (irrigation BW) Fractured zone 552 51 501 (irrigation BW) 7 Transmissivity (m2/day) Weathered zone 42 42 Fractured zone 51 51 8 Depth to Water Level Maps (2013) Combine 369 16 33 320 ( Key Observation Wells) Weathered zone 155 16 24 115 ( Key Observation Wells) Fractured zone 103 03 11 89 ( Key Observation Wells) 9 Water Level Fluctuations Combine 369 16 33 320 ( Key Observation Wells) Weathered zone 155 16 24 115 ( Key Observation Wells) Fractured zone 103 03 11 89 ( Key Observation Wells) 10 Water quality Combine 1654 1603 (Key observation wells) 51 (RWS) (2013) (EC, F and NO3) (922 pre and 732 post-monsoon) Weathered zone 214 163 51 (RWS) Fractured zone 67 67

Abb:CGWB-Central Ground Water Board, SGWD-State Ground Water Department, BW-Bore well, VES-Vertical Electrical Sounding

1. INTRODUCTION The rapid expansion of agriculture, industries and urbanization has triggered unplanned groundwater development leading to severe stress on groundwater resources in crystalline rocks of India. These rocks provide a vital yet finite groundwater resource that largely supports India’s water, food and livelihood security. With the advent of water well drilling techniques, development of groundwater was revolutionised and subsequently, there has been rapid and unplanned development of groundwater resources resulting in its depletion from many parts of crystalline rocks.

These crystalline rocks lack primary porosity, and groundwater occurrence is limited to secondary porosity developed by weathering and fracturing. Weathered zone is the potential recharge zone for deeper fractures and excessive withdrawal from this zone leads to drying up in places, reducing the sustainability of bore wells/drying of bore wells. Besides these quantitative aspects, groundwater quality also pose a major challenge, threatened by both geogenic and anthropogenic pollution. In some places, the aquifers have high level of geogenic contaminants, such as fluoride, rendering them unsuitable for drinking purposes. Excess use of fertilizers for agricultural production and improper development of sewage system in rural/urban areas led to point source pollution particularly nitrate and chloride. 1.1 Objectives: In view of the above challenges, an integrated hydrogeological study was taken up to develop a reliable and comprehensive aquifer map and to suggest suitable groundwater management plan on 1: 50,000 scale.

1.2 Scope of the Study: The main scope of study is summarised below. 1. Compilation of existing data consisting of exploration, geophysical, groundwater level and groundwater quality with geo-referencing information. 2. Periodic long term monitoring of ground water regime (for water levels and water quality) for creation of time series data base and ground water resource estimation. 3. Identification of principal aquifer units. 4. Quantification of groundwater availability and assessing its quality. 5. To delineate aquifer in 3-D along with their characterization on 1:50, 000 scale. 6. Capacity building in all aspects of ground water development and management through information, education and communication (IEC) activities, information dissemination, education, awareness and training. 7. Enhancement of coordination with concerned central/state govt. organizations and academic/research institutions for sustainable ground water management.

1.3 Area Details: The NW-SE trending study area covering 4547 km2, lies between north latitude 16°51´58"-17°41´57" and east longitude 78°40´25"-79°36´48". It forms part of the Musi river sub-basin (2855 km2: 63 %) covering 12 watersheds and Halia river sub-basin (1692 km2: 37 %) covering 7 watersheds of the Krishna river basin falling in Nalgonda (98 %) Ranga Reddy and Medak (2% and mostly hilly areas) districts, Telangana State (Fig.1.1). Out of total geographical areas, the rural is 97 % and urban is 3 % and administratively governed by 34 revenue mandals covering 441 villages with a population of ~9 lakhs (2011 census) (urban: 5%, rural: 95 %).

1

Fig.1.1: Location of study area 1.4 Climate and Rainfall: The area experiences semi-arid and tropical climate with annual precipitation varying from 581-914 mm (average: 752) and increases from south to north and west to east (Fig.1.2). The south-west monsoon contributes 74 % and north-east contributes 19% of rainfall. During 2013, the area received average precipitation of 1092 mm (45 % excess of normal).

Fig.1.2: Annual normal rainfall (mm).

2

1.5 Geomorphological set up: Pediplain is the major landform covering about 3500 km2 (76 %) area, the other landforms observed are pediment, denudation hill, flood plain, residual hill, channel fill, etc. (Fig.1.3). 1.6 Drainage and structures: The drainage is controlled by lineaments trending NW-SE, E- W, NE-SW and N-S directions and are drained by many streams with rivulets having dendritic, sub-dendritic to parallel drainage pattern. In Musi sub-basin the general trend of lineament follows the NW-SE direction, whereas in Halia basin the trend of lineaments is NS and NW-SE. High drainage density is observed in NW and SE part and low density along the river Musi of study area (Fig.1.4).

fig.1.3: Geomorphology of Study area.

3

Fig.1.4: Drainage with canals and lineaments. 1.7 Land use and cropping pattern: The land use can be grouped into 20 classes and main area is under khariff cultivations (paddy, cotton, jowar, arhar, bajra, maize, sea sum and chillies) and during rabi paddy, horse gram, maize etc. The gross irrigated area is130478 ha, out of which 90 % is through ground water and 10 % is through surface water. Under ground water irrigation, 70 % of area is under paddy and 30 % under non-paddy and under surface water irrigation, 99 % area is under paddy crops. 1.8 Soils: The area is mainly occupied by clayey, calcareous soils, gravelly loam soils and gravelly clay soils (Fig.1.5) with infiltration rate of 0.3 to 28.2 cm/hr. 1.9 Prevailing Water Conservation/Recharge Practices: There are 1565 water bodies having 182 km2 water spread area. A total of 675 percolation tanks, 213 check dams and 490 farm ponds are present in the area. 1.10 Geology: Geologically the entire area is covered with crystalline rocks (Granites and Gneisses-Banded Gneissic complex-BGC) with basic intrusive rock (Dolerite and Gabbro’s) at places (Fig.1.6). In Telangana State, the BGC is the principle aquifer system (60 %) of which 11.5 % is spread in the district and presently 6.65 % is covered under the aquifer mapping programme. Quartz vein intrusions are observed as out crops in porphyritic granites (Fig.1.7). Un-consolidated deposits comprising alluvial sands, clay, occur in isolated narrow patches along the Musi and Halia rivers and major streams.

4

Fig.1.5: Soils of Study area.

fig.1.6: Geology of Study area

5

Fig.1.7: Quartz intrusions in porphyritic granite at (Dasarigudem)-High F- area.

2. DATA COLLECTION and GENERATION Collection, compilation and generation for aquifer mapping studies is carried out in conformity with EFC document of XII plan of CGWB encompassing various activities (Table-2.1). Table-2.1: Brief activities showing data compilation and generations.

S. Activity Sub-activity Task No.

1 Compilation of Compilation of Existing Preparation of base map and various thematic layers, existing data/ data on groundwater compilation of information on Hydrology, Geology, Geophysics, Hydrogeology, Geochemical etc. Identification of Creation of data base of Exploration Wells, Principal Aquifer delineation of Principal aquifers (vertical and lateral) Units and Data Gap and compilation of Aquifer wise water level and draft data etc.

Identification of Data Data gap in thematic layers, sub-surface information Gap and aquifer parameters, information on hydrology, geology, geophysics, hydrogeology, geochemical, in aquifer delineation (vertical and lateral) and gap in aquifer wise water level and draft data etc.

2. Generation of Data Generation of geological Preparation of sub-surface geology, geomorphologic

6

layers (1:50,000) analysis, analysis of land use pattern.

Surface and sub-surface Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES), bore-hole geo-electrical and logging, 2-D imaging etc. gravity data generation

Hydrological Parameters Soil infiltration studies, rainfall data analysis, canal on groundwater recharge flow and recharge structures.

Preparation of Water level monitoring, exploratory drilling, pumping Hydrogeological map tests, preparation of sub-surface hydrogeological sections. (1:50, 000 scale)

Generation of additional Analysis of groundwater for general parameters water quality parameters including fluoride.

3. Aquifer Map Analysis of data and Integration of Hydrogeological, Geophysical, Preparation preparation of GIS layers Geological and Hydro-chemical data. and preparation of (1:50,000 scale) aquifer maps

4. Aquifer Preparation of aquifer Information on aquifer through training to Management Plan management plan administrators, NGO’s, progressive farmers and stakeholders etc. and putting in public domain.

2.1 Hydrogeology Hydrogeology is concerned primarily with mode of occurrence, distribution, movement and chemistry of water occurring in the subsurface in relation to the geological environment. The occurrence and movement of water in the subsurface is broadly governed by geological frameworks i.e.; nature of rock formations including their porosity (primary and secondary) and permeability. The principal aquifer in the area is granites and gneisses and the occurrence and movement of ground water in these rocks is controlled by the degree of interconnection of secondary pores/voids developed by fracturing and weathering. Based on 2194 data points data availability, map is prepared and presented in Fig.2.1. 2.1.1 Ground Water Occurrences and Movement: Groundwater occurs under unconfined and semi-confined conditions and flows downward from the weathered zone (saprolite and saprock) into the fracture zone. The main aquifers constitute the weathered zone at the top, followed by a discrete anisotropic fractured/fissured zone at the bottom, generally extending down to 200 m depth. The storage in granite rocks is primarily confined to the weathered zone and its overexploitation, mainly for irrigation purposes, has resulted in desaturation of weathered zone at many places. At present, extraction is mainly through boreholes of 60-90 m depth, with yield between 0.1 and 10 litres/second (lps). Hydrogeological map of the area is presented in Fig.2.2. 2.1.2 Exploratory Drilling: In the area 213 exploratory wells are drilled (EW and OW) in the depth range of 18-203 m for determination of hydraulic properties of the aquifers and discussed detailed in Chapter -3. 2.1.3 Ground water Yield: There are 76712 existing wells (30255 dug wells and 46457 bore wells (as on 31st March 2011) and dug wells are mostly functional in command area. There is 19 % decrease in function dug wells (DW) on account of reduction in yields/drying up and

7

an increase of 15 % in bore wells during 2013 (Total wells:77,825-BW: 53,324 & DW:24,501). In general the ground water yield varies from <0.1 to 7.5 lps (avg: 1.83 lps). Wells located in the command area have higher yield and sustains for 4-6 hrs of pumping as compared to non- command area where yields are relatively low with sustainability of 2-3 hrs.

Fig. 2.1: Hydrogeological data Availability.

8

Fig.:2.2 Hydrogeological map of study area.

9

2.2 Water Levels (2013):

Water levels from 446 wells (dug wells and bore wells) were monitored for pre and post- monsoon water levels during the year 2013. 2.2.1 Water Table Elevations: During pre and post-monsoon season (May and November), the water-table elevation ranges from 127-564 and 132-580 meter above mean sea level (m a msl) respectively and in general, groundwater flow is in NW-SE and W-E direction and follows the surface topography (Fig.2.3). The flow gradient in Musi basin is ~3 m/km and in Halia basin it is 5.5 m/km. 2.2.2 Depth to Water Levels (DTW): The depth to water level (DTW) during 2013, varies from 0.7 to 92.6 meter below ground level (m bgl) (average: 20 m) and 0.5-83.7 m bgl (average: 10) during pre and post-monsoon season respectively (Fig.2.4 & Fig. 2.5). Water level fluctuations vary from -53 to 82 m with average rise of 9 m. 2.2.3 Long term water level Trends: Long-term water level trends of 49 and 30 hydrograph stations for the last 5 years were studied. The trends show a -0.08 to 0.25 m/yr and -0.04 to 0.32 m/year during pre and post-monsoon season respectively.

fig.-2.3: Water table elevations (Pre and Post-monsoon-2013).

10

Fig. 2.4: Depth to water levels Pre-monsoon (May-2013).

Fig. 2.5: Depth to water levels Post-monsoon (May-2013).

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2.3 Geophysical: Results of 142 VES data reveals resistivity < 100 ohm (Ω) m for the weathered granite (1-30 m), 60-350 Ω m for underlying fractured granite (30-196 m thickness) and > 350 Ω for massive granite. 2.4 Hydro Chemical: To understand chemical nature of groundwater, total 1654 wells data is utilized from ground water monitoring wells of CGWB, SGWD and inventoried wells (mostly tapping combined aquifers Aq-1 and aq-2) during the pre and post-monsoon season of 2013. Parameters namely pH, EC (in µS/cm at 25 ° C), TH, Ca, Mg, Na, K, CO3, HCO3, Cl, SO4, NO3 and F were analyzed. Groundwater in the area is mildly alkaline to alkaline in nature in both seasons with average EC of 1754 and 1844 µ Siemen’s/cm during pre and post-monsoon season respectively (Fig.2.6 and Fig.2.7). Average concentration of TDS and TH is 1105 & 475 and 1165 & 454 mg/L during pre and post-monsoon season respectively. The concentration of NO3 ranges from 0-682 and 0-800 mg/L during pre and post monsoon season respectively (Fig.2.8 and Fig.2.9). Fluoride concentration varies from 0.06-7.5 and 0.05-11.2 mg/L during pre and post monsoon respectively (Fig.2.10 and Fig.2.11).

Fig. 2.6: Distribution of Electrical conductivity (Pre-monsoon-2013).

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Fig. 2.7: Distribution of Electrical conductivity (Post-monsoon-2013).

Fig. 2.8: Distribution of Nitrate (Pre-monsoon-2013).

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Fig. 2.9: Distribution of Nitrate (Post-monsoon-2013).

Fig. 2.10: Distribution of Fluoride (Pre-monsoon-2013).

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Fig.2.11: Distribution of Fluoride (Post-monsoon-2013).

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3. DATA INTERPRETATION, INTEGRATION and AQUIFER MAPPING Conceptualization of 3-D hydrogeological model was carried out by interpreting and integrating representative 742 data points (both hydrogeological and geophysical down to 200 m) for preparation of 3-D map, panel diagram and hydrogeological sections. The data is calibrated for elevations with Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data (Fig.2.1). The lithological information was generated by using the RockWorks-16 software and generated 3- D maps for both sub-basins (Fig.3.1) along with fence diagram (Fig. 3.2 and Fig. 3.3) and hydrogeological sections. The hydrogeological section layout is presented in Fig.3.4.

Fig. 3.1:3-D Model for study area.

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Fig. 3.2: Panel Diagram-Musi River sub-basin.

Fig. 3.3: Panel Diagram-Halia River sub-basin (Lower Krishna).

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Fig. 3.4: Map showing orientation of various sections.

3.1 Conceptualization of aquifer system in 3D Aquifers were characterized in terms of potential and quality based on integrated hydrogeological data and various thematic maps. Weathered zone is considered up to the maximum depth of weathering and first fracture encountered (below weathered depth) generally down to ~30 m depth and the fractured zone (fractured granite) is considered up to the depth of deepest fracture below weathered zone (~30-200 m) (Fig. 3.5). 3.2 Hydrogeological Sections A) Section-A-A’ (N-S): The section covering distance of ~65 kms depicts uniform weathered zone thickness in most part except in central part (at Musi river inter section) where it is less (Fig.3.6). The thickness of fractured zone is also uniform except in northern part where it is less. The water table elevations are behaving differently from weathered and fractured zone except at the intersection with Musi River during pre-monsoon season of 2013. The water table elevations from weathered zone is at higher elevations in most part and water table from fractured zone is at lower elevations. B) Section-B-B’ (W-E): (West-East-Musi-sub basin): The section covering distance of ~62 kms depicts uniform weathered zone thickness in most part except in central part (at inter

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section of Musi) and in western part (Fig.3.7). The thickness of fractured zone is also uniform except in western part. The water table elevations in weathered zone are at higher elevations in western part, and water table in fractured zone are at higher elevations in eastern part during pre-monsoon season of 2013.

C) Section-C-C’ (West-East-Halia-sub basin): The section covering distance of ~75 kms depicts shallow depth of weathered zone in central part and thick in western part. The fractured zone thickness is high in central part and thinner in eastern part (Fig.3.8). The water table elevations in weathered zone are at higher elevations as compared to fractured zone except in central part where water levels from fractured zone are at higher elevations during pre-monsoon 2013. D) Section-D-D’ (NW-SE): The section covering distance of ~120 kms depicts shallow depth of weathered zone in central part along the river Musi (right bank) and in south-eastern part and is thick in NW part. Comparatively the thickness of fractured zone is more in western and central-eastern part as occurrence of deep fractures are encountered (Fig.3.9). The water table elevations in weathered zone are at higher elevations as compared to fractured zone except in central part where water levels from fractured zone are at higher elevations during pre-monsoon 2013. From the sections it can be concluded that the water levels in weathered and fractured zones behave differently due to the unconfined and semi-confined nature of these zones. The elevation of the water levels in the fracture zone depends on the pressure conditions existing and depth of the fracture which is being tapped. .

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Fig.-3.5: Conceptualization of aquifer systems and their characterisation

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Fig.-3.6: Section-A-A’ (Hydrogeological Profile in N-S direction).

Fig.-3.7: Section-B-B’ (Hydrogeological Profile West-East direction- Musi River Sub-basin). 21

Fig.-3.8: Section-C-C’ (Hydrogeological Profile West-East direction- Halia River Sub-basin).

Fig.-3.9: Section-D-D’ (Hydrogeological Profile NW-SE direction).

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3.3 Aquifer Characterization Weathered zone: Weathered zone, wherever it is shallow has gone dry in significant part of the area due to over-exploitation. Dug wells, which were in existence, have become defunct and only few dug wells existing in south-eastern and in central part along the Musi River have water levels. Thickness of weathered zone is shallow (< 10 m) in central part and in south eastern part and deep (>20 m) in north-western and south-western part and moderate (10-20 m) in other parts (Fig.3.10 and Fig. 3.11). In major part of the area the water levels (155 no’s) are in the range of 10-20 and 5-10 m bgl during pre and post-monsoon season respectively (Fig.3.12 and 3.13). The water level fluctuations (WLF) between pre and post monsoon, in general show a rise and a maximum rise is observed in eastern part and fall of > 20 m is noticed in NW-and SW part (Fig.3.14). In south western part (Narayanpur mandal) during post-monsoon season the water levels are at deeper levels than pre-monsoon season due to less rainfall than normal during the year in that mandal. The yield of bore wells (423 no’s) varies from < 1-10 litres per second (lps), transmissivity (T) (42 no’s) from 1-630 m2/day and specific yield (Sy) from 1-3 %. The groundwater quality (922 no’s) suggests geogenic contamination with fluoride (average: 1.25 mg/L) and anthropogenic contamination with nitrate (average: 84 mg/L). The EC varies from 390-6400 µ Siemens/cm at 25 0C. The distribution of groundwater yield, EC, F and NO3 are given in Fig. 3.15, 3.16, 3.17 and 3.18 respectively. Fractured zone: Ground water is extracted mainly through bore wells of 60 to 100 m depth from fractured zone (~30 to 200 m). Fractures in the range of 30-60 m depth are more predominant, deep fractures in the range of 100-150 and > 150 m occur in north-western and post-monsoon season respectively (Fig.3.21 and Fig.3.22). The water level fluctuation (WLF), in general shows a rise and a maximum rise > 20 m is observed in most part and fall is noticed in small patches in NW-and central western part(Fig.3.23).The yield of bore wells (552 no’s) varies from 0.1 to 7 lps. Transmissivity (51 no’s) varies from 1-927 m2/day and storativity from 0.00002 to 0.001. Groundwater is geogenically contaminated with fluoride (avg: 2.1) and anthropogenically with nitrate at places (214 no’s). High fluoride concentration >5 mg/L is observed in Kammagudem and Yellareddigudem villages (NW of Nalgonda town). The EC varies from 630-5210 µ Siemens/cm at 25 0C. The distribution of groundwater yield, EC, F and NO3 are given in Fig.3.24, 3.25, 3.26 and 3.27 respectively.

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Fig3.10: Dug well section (dry) showing deep weathering in study area.

Fig.-3.11: Thickness of Weathered zone (Weathering depth) (742 data points).

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Fig.-3.12: Depth to Water levels-Weathered zone (Pre-monsoon-2013).

Fig.-3.13: Depth to Water levels-Weathered zone (Post-monsoon-2013).

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Fig. 3.14: Water level fluctuation during pre and post-monsoon -2013.

Fig.-3.15: Groundwater yield prospects-Weathered zone.

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Fig.-3.16: Distribution of EC-Weathered zone.

Fig.-3.17: Distribution of Nitrate-Weathered zone.

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Fig.-3.18: Distribution of Fluoride-Weathered zone.

Fig.-3.19: Depth of Fractured zone (Maximum depth) (m bgl).

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No. of Wells analysed: 2193 No. of Fractures: 2285

Fig.3.20: Depth wise distribution of fractures.

Fig.-3.21: Depth to Water levels-Fractured zone (Pre-monsoon-2013).

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Fig.-3.22: Depth to Water levels-Fractured zone (Post-monsoon-2013).

Fig. 3.23: Water level fluctuation during pre and post-monsoon seasons (Fractured zone).

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Fig.-3.24: Groundwater yield prospects-Fractured zone.

Fig.-3.25: Distribution of EC-Fractured zone.

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Fig.-3.26: Distribution of Nitrate-Fractured zone.

Fig.-3.27: Distribution of Fluoride-Fractured zone.

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4. GROUND WATER RESOURCES (AS PER GEC-2013) In hard rocks, for practical purpose it is very difficult to compute zone wise (aquifer wise) groundwater resources, because the weathered zone (WZ) and fractured zone (FZ) are inter connected with fractures/joints and fractured zone gets recharged through weathered zone. Difference in water levels between two aquifers is observed (Fig.3.6-3.9), however water levels from fracture zone mixes with water levels of weathered zone during lean/discharge period. Therefore it is very difficult to demarcate the boundary between two aquifers; hence the resources are estimated. While computing dynamic resources, actual area of village (in study area), water level fluctuation of 2013 season, specific yield (2 %) are considered. While computing in-storage resources, the general depth of deepest fractures in the area, pre-monsoon water levels and 2 % of granular zone (zone below pre- monsoon water level and down to deepest fractured depth in the area) and 3 % of specific yield are considered. As per 2011 GEC report, the computed dynamic replenishable groundwater resources are 654 MCM, gross ground water draft for all uses 434 MCM and net annual ground water potential available for future irrigation needs is 185 MCM. Basin wise stage of ground water development varies from 66-67 %. Based up on 2011 resources, village wise utilizable ground water resource map is prepared and presented in Fig. 4.1.

As per GEC-2013, the net groundwater availability is 471 MCM, gross ground water draft is 373 MCM, provision for domestic and Industrial use is 37 MCM, balance for future irrigation use is 61 MCM and the stage of ground water development is 80 %. Summarised sub-basin wise resources are given in Table-4.1.

Fig.4.1: Utilizable Groundwater Resources (2011).

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Table-4.1: Sub-basin wise computed Dynamic, In-storage ground water resources (as per GEC-2013) (Provisional figures). Parameters Musi basin Halia Total basin As per 2011 GEC (Provisional MCM MCM MCM Dynamic (Net GWR Availability) 431 223 654 Gross GW Draft 286 148 434 Provision for Domestic & Indusrial (2025) 23 12 35 Net GW available For future Irrigation 122 63 185

Stage of Ground Water Development (%) 67 66 66 As per 2013 GEC (Provisional) Dynamic (Net GWR Availability) 308 163 471 In-storage 78 37 115 Gross GW Draft 238 135 373 Provision for Domestic & Industrial (2025) 25 12 37 Net GW available For future Irrigation 45 16 61

Stage of Ground Water Development (%) 77 82 80

5. GROUND WATER RELATED ISSUES and REASONS FOR ISSUES 5.1 Issues Pollution (Geogenic and Anthropogenic) 1. The area is identified as fluorosis endemic area (geogenic) where fluoride as high as 7.5 mg/L during pre-monsoon and 11.2 mg/L during post-monsoon season is found in groundwater (High concentration of F during post-monsoon season is due different sample locations). The high fluoride concentration (>1.5 mg/L) occur in 33 % and 28 % of the area during pre and post-monsoon season of 2013. 2. High nitrate (> 45 mg/L) due to anthropogenic activities is observed in 50 samples mostly from dug wells, command and urban areas. 3. The high concentration of EC (> 3000 micro-seimens/cm) in 14 % and 10 % of area is observed mostly in canal command area during pre and post-monsoon season. Over-exploitation 4. ~ 765 Km2 area covering 85 villages can be categorized as over-exploited. Deep water levels 5. The shallow aquifer wherever the depth of weathering is less gone dry due to over- exploitation and almost all dug wells which were in existence having become defunct and are abandoned. In fact there is 19 % decrease in functional dug wells in 2013, as compared to 2011.

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6. Deep water levels (> 20 m bgl) are observed during pre and post-monsoon season in 30 % and 2 % of the area respectively. 7. 15 % increase in number of bore wells is observed in 2013 as compared to 2011.

Sustainability 8. Low yield (<1 lps) occurs in ~40 % area and yields of bore wells have reduced over a period of time and some bore wells which used to yield sufficient quantity of water have gone dry and rich farmers are acquiring water from nearby places (if available) or transporting water from far off places (2-3 km) and saving the commercial crops thereby incurring lot of financial expenses. Water Logging 9. Water logging during post-monsoon season is observed in 8 % of the area mostly in canal command area.

Water Marketing and other issues 10. Water marketing is prevalent in almost all over the area and people are buying bottled water from the market for drinking purposes as there is no sufficient supply of surface water. 11. Change in land use and cropping pattern from agricultural land to residential purposes and from traditional crops to cash crops (cotton) during Khariff season is observed. 12. During rabi season, paddy is grown based ground water irrigation in most of the area, thereby leading to heavy withdrawal of ground water.

5.2 Reasons for Issues

Geo genic pollution (Fluoride) 1. Higher concentration of F in ground water is attributed due to source rock, which contains avg. 810 ppm of F (higher than surrounding Hyderabad granites). 2. Rock water interaction where acid-soluble F bearing minerals (fluorite, fluoro-apatite) gets dissolved under alkaline conditions. 3. Higher residence time of ground water in deeper aquifer. Anthropogenic pollution (Nitrate) 4. Higher concentration is due to sewage disposal of treated and untreated effluents in urban and rural areas. Use of NPK fertilizers and nitrogen fixation by leguminous plants. Over-exploitation and Deep water levels 5. Over-extraction, paddy cultivation during rabi season, ground water mining, limited artificial recharge measures etc. Sustainability and Water Logging 6. Absence of primary porosity, negligible development of secondary porosity, Low rainfall, desaturation of weathered zone and urbanization. 7. Low development of ground water resources due to saline soils, shallow water table, semi-arid conditions and surface water irrigation.

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6. MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES High dependence on groundwater coupled with absence of augmentation measures has led to a steady fall in water levels and desaturation of weathered zone in some parts, raising questions on sustainability of existing groundwater structures, food and drinking water security. The studies revealed different behavior of ground water in the weathered zone (~ 30 m) and fractured zone (30-200 m). The occurrence of fractures in fractured zone are very limited in extent, as the compression in the rock reduces the opening of fractures at - depth and the majority of fractures occur within 100 m depth (95%) (Fig.3.20).Higher NO3 concentrations (> 45 mg/L) in weathered zone is due to sewage contamination and higher concentration of F- (>1.5 mg/L is due to local geology (granite rock) (Fig. 1.7) high weathering (Fig.3.10) longer residence time and alkaline nature of groundwater.

6.1 Management plan The uneven distribution of groundwater availability and its utilization indicates that a single management strategy cannot be adopted and requires integrated hydrogeological aspects along with socio-economic conditions to develop appropriate management strategy. The study suggests notable measures for sustainable groundwater management, which involves a combination of various measures given below. Mandal wise aquifer maps and management plans for fully covered and partially covered Mandal’s are given in Annexure-1 and Annexure-2 respectively. 1. Supply side measures 2. Demand side measures 3. Regulatory measures 4. Institutional measures 6.1.1 Supply side measures:

Ongoing Projects Repair Renovation and Restoration of existing tanks:

 De-silting of existing minor tanks (251 no’s) was taken under state Govt. sponsored Mission Kaktiya-Phase-1 to remove 3.1 MCM of silt, out of which till December 2015, 2.6 MCM is removed from 185 tanks (with storage capacity of 115 MCM) costing 100.5 crores and this has created additional surface storage. This will contribute ~ 1.04 % MCM to groundwater and with this additional ~173 Ha land can be brought under irrigated dry (ID) crops in tank ayacut. There is need to take remaining tanks (~1762) in next phases for de-silting, this will greatly help in stabilisation of tank ayacut and groundwater augmentation. Mission Bhagiratha:

 Presently, out of 9 lakh population, ~7.5 lakh population have been provided with protected water supply from surface water with per capita of 40 lpd/persons. In the area ~ 10.95 MCM/year of water is provided under multi village scheme (MVS).

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 Under Telangana Drinking Water Supply Project (TDWSP) also known as Mission Bhagiratha, all the villages are proposed to be covered from the two water grids Bhongir and Choutupal to provide protected water from surface reservoirs (the schemes are at various stages of completion). The scheme is to enhance the existing drinking water scheme and provide 100 lpd/persons and 135 lpd/person of water in rural and urban areas respectively. Thus all Fluoride affected habitations will be covered with the implementation of this project.

 Imported water to the tune of ~32.5 MCM from surface sources into the basins will reduce the stress on groundwater which can be effectively utilized to irrigate 5420 ha of additional land under ID crops.

 To be taken up Artificial Recharge structures: Construction of 2642 artificial recharge structures (ARS) (474: priority-1 and 2168: priority-2 areas) are suggested by following standard methodology. While formulating the village wise groundwater management plan, the unsaturated volume of aquifer is estimated by multiplying the area with specific yield and unsaturated thickness (post-monsoon water levels below 3 m). Initially village wise dynamic groundwater resources of 2011 are considered (Fig.4.1). Potential surface run off is estimated by following standard procedures. On conservative side 20 % runoff yield is considered as non-committed yield for recommending artificial recharge structures. The pre-monsoon groundwater quality is considered for categorising contaminated area (F >1.5 mg/l &EC >3000). Nitrate is not considered here because it is point source pollution and localized. Based on above criteria, the area can be prioritized into priority-1 which needs immediate intervention and priority- 2. Based on hydrogeological characteristics, the area is further sub-divided into following 8 categories (Table-6.1). Table-6.1: Hydrogeological characteristics of area.

Category Hydrogeological characterizations

1 High EC with additional scope for artificial recharge.

2 High EC with no additional scope for artificial recharge.

3 High F with additional scope for artificial recharge.

4 High F with no additional scope for artificial recharge.

5 High EC and F with additional scope for artificial recharge.

6 High EC and F with no additional scope for artificial recharge.

7 Groundwater quality within permissible limits for drinking and irrigation with no scope for artificial recharge.

8 Groundwater quality within permissible limits for drinking and irrigation with scope for artificial recharge.

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6.1.1.1 Priority-1 (Area where groundwater development > 100 %) Area consisting 85 villages (partly and fully) falling in 21 mandals (20 Nalgonda and 1 Rangareddy) covering ~765 Km2 (Fig.6.1) is considered as Priority-1 where immediate intervention is required because, here, the stage of groundwater development is > 100%. The area is again sub-divided into 8 categories based on hydrogeological conditions as mentioned above. For sustainable development and management of the groundwater resources the following recommendations are made and summarised in Table-6.2.

Fig.6.1: Priority-1 Area (Over-exploited)

 474 artificial recharge structures (237 CD’s with 6 filling and 237 mini PT’s with 1.5 fillings) with a total cost of 35.10 crores can be taken up.

 Roof top rainwater harvesting structures should be made mandatory to all Government buildings (new and existing).

 In 28 villages, where no unsaturated weathered thickness is available but 4.57 MCM utilizable yield is available, construction of surface storages are recommended and the water can be used for drinking and irrigating ID crops only.

6.1.1.2 Priority-2 (Area where groundwater development <100 %)

Area consisting 356 villages (partly and fully) falling in 33 mandals covering ~3781 Km2 (Fig.6.2) is considered as Priority-2, where there is scope for further groundwater

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development. The area is again further divided into 8 categories based on hydrogeological characteristics as mentioned above. For sustainable development and management of groundwater resources, the recommendations are made (Table-6.3).

Fig.6.2: Priority-2 Area.

 2168 Artificial recharge structures (ARS) (1084 CD’s with 6 fillings and 1084 mini PT’s with 1.5 fillings) can be taken up with a cost estimate of 164.55 crores.

 Roof top rainwater harvesting structures should be made mandatory to allGovernment buildings.

 In 20 villages, where no unsaturated weathered thickness is available, constructions of surface storage structures are recommended. Other supply side measures:

 Existing ARS like percolation tanks and check dams and dried dug wells can be de- silted involving people’s participation through the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) (NREGA 2005). This will also help in sustainable management of groundwater resources.

 Some of de-silted tanks along Musi river may be filled up with treated Musi river water during lean monsoon period as done in the upper parts of Musi basin.

Water Conservation Measures (WCM) (Farm Ponds):

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The farm ponds are the ideal water conservation structures, which are constructed in the low lying areas of the farm. The ideal size of form ponds is 10 x 10 x3 m. In the area total 7460 farm ponds are recommended (20 in each village in 373 villages) with total cost of 18.65 crores. The expected storage from this will be ~2.24 MCM and this will contribute ~1.12 MCM of recharge to the ground water. 6.1.2 Demand side measures: In order to manage the available resources more effectively the following measures are recommended. Ongoing Work

 ~25 % water as compared to traditional flooding irrigation. In the area till date a total number of 33000 no’s drip and sprinklers are sanctioned which has irrigated ~38000 ha under ID crops saving ~60 MCM of groundwater from the basin. Additional areas need to be brought under micro irrigation. To be Taken up Work

 ~37,300 ha of additional land that can be brought under micro-irrigation (@100 ha/village in 373 villages) costing about 223.2 crores (considering 1 unit/ha @0.6 lakh/ha). With this 74.6 MCM of ground water can be conserved over the traditional irrigation practices.

6.1.3 Regulatory measures

 Change in cropping pattern from water intensive paddy to other irrigated dry and drought resistant crops that have a short growing season is recommended, particularly in water stress/ Over-exploited/Critical areas. If necessary some regulatory rules may be framed and implemented.

 To avoid the interference of cone of depression between the productive wells, intermittent pumping of bore wells is recommended through regulatory mechanism.

 Power supply should be regulated by giving power in 4 hour spells two times a day in the morning and evening by the concerned department so that pumping of the bore well is carried out in phased manner to allow recuperations of the aquifer and increase sustainability of the bore wells.

 As a mandatory measure, every groundwater user should recharge rainwater through artificial recharge structures in proportionate to the extraction. 6.1.4 Institutional measures

 A participatory groundwater management (PGWM) approach in sharing of groundwater and monitoring resources on a constant basis along with effective implementation of the existing Andhra Pradesh ‘Water, Land and Trees Act’ of 2002 (APWALTA 2002) are the other measures suggested. Subsidy/incentives on cost involved in sharing of groundwater may be given to the farmers involved. The other measures includes, supplementary calcium and phosphorous rich food should be provided to children in fluoride and nitrate contaminated areas (Category-3 and 4), creating awareness about safe drinking water habits, side effects of high fluoride and nitrate rich groundwater, improving oral hygiene conditions are recommended. In urban and rural

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areas the sewerage line should be constructed to arrest leaching of nitrate. Going for salt tolerant plants like chick pea, mustard etc where water levels are deep and in shallow water table areas (Category-1 and 5), where EC is high, the rice varieties like CSR-27,CSR- 23.CSR-13 and CSR-10 are recommended in Category-2 and 6.

6.2 Expected Results and Out come With the above interventions costing Rs 440 crores (excluding the cost involved in Mission Kakatiya and Mission Bhagiratha), the likely benefit would be the net saving of 149 MCM of ground water. This will bring down the stage of ground water development by 12 % (from 80 % to 68 %). Acknowledgment The authors thank Shri K.B. Biswas, Chairman, and Sri. D. Saha, Member (SAM), Sri. K.C.Naik, Member (ED & MM), of the Central Ground Water Board, Govt. of India and S/Shri A.D. Rao, Regional Director, and Dr. P. N. Rao and GRC Reddy of CGWB, for encouragement. The authors acknowledge State Ground Water Department and Rural Water Supply department, Govt of Telangana for making available of field data. Authors also thank the Executive Engineer and his drilling crew of CGWB, for carrying out the exploration activity.

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Table-6.2: VILLAGE WISE AQUIFER MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR PRIORITY-1.

S. Mandal/ Category No. Of Area Recharge Utilizable No. No. Of Total Cost No. District villages (Sq. km) Potential yield Of MPTS (CD & (MCM) (MCM) CDS MPTs) In Lakhs 1 Bhuvanagiri/Nlg 4 1 44.24 2.47 1.09 21 21 300 2 Bhuvanagiri/Nlg 3 3 35.73 1.18 0.88 17 17 255 3 Bhuvanagiri/Nlg 1 8 27.88 1.84 0.69 13 13 195 4 Bibinagar/Nlg 1 3 11.93 0.00 0.25 0 0 0 5 Bibinagar/Nlg 2 8 11.92 0.85 0.25 5 5 75 6 B.Ramaram/Nlg 3 5 26.13 2.32 0.44 8 8 120 7 B.Ramaram/Nlg 1 6 2.70 0.00 0.05 0 0 0 8 Chandur/Nlg 2 1 13.50 0.35 0.29 6 6 75 9 Chandur/Nlg 1 3 15.78 1.39 0.34 6 6 90 10 Chityala/Nlg 1 1 19.73 3.69 0.36 7 7 105 11 Chityala/Nlg 1 5 6.62 1.97 0.12 2 2 30 12 Choutuppal/Nlg 1 1 7.95 0.79 0.14 3 3 45 13 Kattangoor/Nlg 1 2 14.90 0.00 0.34 0 0 0 14 Kattangoor/Nlg 1 8 6.91 0.38 0.16 3 3 45 15 Kethepalle/ Nlg 3 2 23.44 0.00 0.66 0 0 0 16 Kethepalle/Nlg 1 4 9.16 0.00 0.26 0 0 0 17 M turkapalle/Nlg 2 6 14.03 0.00 0.26 0 0 0 18 M turkapalle/Nlg 2 7 18.67 0.00 0.34 0 0 0 19 Munugode/Nlg 3 1 22.48 2.75 0.72 14 14 210 20 Munugode/Nlg 3 3 14.09 2.95 0.45 9 9 120 21 Munugode/Nlg 1 4 12.60 3.88 0.41 0 0 0 22 Munugode/Nlg 1 5 37.79 4.99 1.22 23 23 345 23 Munugode/Nlg 3 8 29.93 4.23 0.96 18 18 270 24 Nakrekal/Nlg 2 1 16.04 0.53 0.37 7 7 105 25 Nakrekal/Nlg 3 2 33.69 0.00 0.77 0 0 0 26 Nakrekal/Nlg 1 7 16.59 0.00 0.38 0 0 0 27 Nakrekal/Nlg 1 8 14.12 0.16 0.32 6 6 90 28 Nalgonda/Nlg 2 1 23.30 3.32 0.24 5 5 75 29 Nalgonda/Nlg 1 8 6.52 0.65 0.07 1 1 15 30 Narayanapur/Nlg 1 1 5.64 1.74 0.10 2 2 30 31 Narayanapur/Nlg 2 3 11.23 2.73 0.20 4 4 60 32 Narayanapur/Nlg 2 5 19.53 3.49 0.36 7 7 90 33 Narketpalle/Nlg 3 1 23.31 7.85 0.58 11 11 180 34 Narketpalle/Nlg 2 8 21.80 4.09 0.54 10 10 150 35 Nidamanur/Nlg 3 1 17.31 2.07 0.36 7 7 105 36 Ramannapeta/Nl 2 5 11.22 1.51 0.16 3 3 45 37 gRamannapeta/Nlg 1 8 20.36 0.67 0.28 5 5 75 38 gSaligouraram/Nlg 3 1 23.52 1.32 0.58 11 11 165 39 Saligouraram/Nlg 2 2 20.56 0.00 0.51 0 0 0 40 Shamirpet/RR 3 6 3.24 0.00 0.06 0 0 0 41 Thipparthi/Nlg 1 2 5.36 0.00 0.10 0 0 0 42 Thipparthi/Nlg 1 5 2.29 0.00 0.04 0 0 0 43 Thipparthi/Nlg 1 6 3.65 0.00 0.07 0 0 0 44 Thipparthi/Nlg 1 7 5.45 0.00 0.10 0 0 0 45 Thripuraram/Nlg 1 1 7.85 0.17 0.14 3 3 45 46 Vemulapalle/Nlg 4 2 24.70 0.00 0.45 0 0 0 Total 85 765.38 66.31 17.46 237 237 3510 *Actual area falling in study area (not the total area of village).

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Table-6.3: VILLAGE WISE AQUIFER MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR PRIORITY-2.

S.No. Mandal/ District Category No. of Area* Recharge Utilizable CD’s MPT’S Total Utilizable GW Villages (Km2) Potential Runoff yield Cost Development (MCM) (MCM) (Lakhs) Potential (MCM)# 1 Atmakur (M)/Nlg 1 5 44.43 1.57 0.81 15 15 225 1.6 2 Atmakur (M)/Nlg 3 2 8.48 0.48 0.15 3 3 45 0.5 3 Atmakur (M)/Nlg 6 2 4.48 0.00 0.08 0 0 0 0.1 4 Atmakur (M)/Nlg 8 4 29.23 1.01 0.53 10 10 150 0.8 5 Bhuvanagiri/Nlg 1 10 63.08 4.91 1.56 30 30 465 3.1 6 Bhuvanagiri/Nlg 4 1 6.41 0.00 0.16 0 0 0 0.1 7 Bhuvanagiri/Nlg 5 2 11.60 0.64 0.29 5 5 90 0.1 8 Bhuvanagiri/Nlg 7 1 2.95 0.00 0.07 0 0 0 0.6 9 Bhuvanagiri/Nlg 8 7 66.33 4.44 1.64 31 31 465 1.8 10 Bibi Nagar/Nlg 1 4 30.75 1.14 0.66 13 13 195 0.8 11 Bibi Nagar/Nlg 2 4 19.45 0.00 0.42 0 0 0 0.7 12 Bibi Nagar/Nlg 3 4 34.41 2.05 0.74 14 14 210 0.8 13 Bibi Nagar/Nlg 4 1 7.89 0.00 0.17 0 0 0 0.6 14 Bibi Nagar/Nlg 5 7 41.52 2.77 0.89 17 17 255 1.3 15 Bibi Nagar/Nlg 8 3 42.27 4.00 0.90 17 17 270 1.1 16 B. Ramaram/Nlg 1 3 30.81 2.60 0.51 10 10 150 1.0 17 B. Ramaram/Nlg 5 9 45.07 4.79 0.75 14 14 210 1.0 18 B. Ramaram/Nlg 6 1 4.39 0.00 0.07 0 0 0 0.3 19 B. Ramaram/Nlg 7 1 10.17 0.00 0.17 0 0 0 0.4 20 B. Ramaram/Nlg 8 5 37.95 3.68 0.63 12 12 180 0.6 21 Chandur/Nlg 1 1 9.58 0.42 0.20 4 4 60 0.0 22 Chandur/Nlg 3 1 14.30 1.10 0.31 6 6 90 0.1 23 Chandur/Nlg 7 1 11.66 0.00 0.25 0 0 0 0.1 24 Chandur/Nlg 1 5 77.33 11.11 1.41 27 27 405 1.4 25 Chityala/Nlg 3 3 28.54 3.48 0.52 10 10 150 0.4 26 Chityala/Nlg 5 1 29.56 3.58 0.54 10 10 150 0.4 27 Chityala/Nlg 8 5 96.45 13.36 1.76 33 33 525 1.3 28 Choutuppal/Nlg 1 8 112.69 12.50 2.05 39 39 585 3.4 29 Choutuppal/Nlg 3 2 22.10 1.42 0.40 8 8 120 0.5 30 Choutuppal/Nlg 4 2 41.97 0.00 0.76 0 0 0 1.8 31 Choutuppal/Nlg 8 4 60.70 4.29 1.10 21 21 315 2.4 32 Ghatkesar/RR 1 1 5.25 0.81 0.00 0 0 0 0.1 33 Ghatkesar/RR 2 1 8.37 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0.0 34 Ghatkesar/RR 5 3 9.95 0.19 0.00 0 0 0 0.3 35 Ghatkesar/RR 6 1 7.36 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0.3 36 Hayatnagar/RR 8 1 1.77 0.04 0.00 0 0 0 0.1 37 Kattangoor/Nlg 1 8 87.99 20.72 2.02 39 39 570 2.0 38 Kattangoor/Nlg 2 3 28.67 0.00 0.66 0 0 0 0.9 39 Kattangoor/Nlg 3 2 15.90 1.80 0.37 7 7 105 0.5 40 Kattangoor/Nlg 4 2 26.50 0.00 0.61 0 0 0 0.9 41 Kattangoor/Nlg 8 1 1.84 0.73 0.04 1 1 15 0.1 42 /RR 5 3 31.28 0.69 0.00 0 0 0 0.3 43 Kethepalle/Nlg 2 5 71.23 0.00 2.02 0 0 0 2.2 44 Kethepalle/Nlg 4 2 17.22 0.00 0.49 0 0 0 0.7 45 Kethepalle/Nlg 7 2 25.67 0.00 0.73 0 0 0 0.8 46 M.Turkapalle/Nl 1 1 4.14 0.05 0.08 1 1 15 0.1 47 M.Turkapalle/Nlg 5 1 10.36 0.57 0.19 4 4 60 0.3 48 M.Turkapalle/Nlg 6 2 13.35 0.00 0.24 0 0 0 0.1 49 M.Turkapallg e/Nl 8 3 27.39 0.80 0.50 9 9 135 0.7 50 Manchal/RRg 1 1 12.26 0.13 0.00 0 0 0 0.0 51 Manchal/RR 5 2 19.72 0.54 0.00 0 0 0 0.2 52 Manchal/RR 6 1 2.91 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0.0 53 Marriguda/ Nlg 3 2 13.83 1.00 0.16 3 3 45 0.2 54 Marriguda/Nlg 4 1 6.00 0.00 0.07 0 0 0 0.0 55 /Nlg 6 1 16.59 0.00 0.41 0 0 0 1.7 56 Miryalaguda/Nlg 7 2 13.85 0.00 0.34 0 0 0 0.7

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57 Mothkur/Nlg 1 3 51.17 1.97 1.01 19 19 285 0.6 58 Mothkur/Nlg 2 2 14.76 0.00 0.29 0 0 0 0.4 59 Mothkur/Nlg 4 1 9.45 0.00 0.19 0 0 0 0.2 60 Mothkur/Nlg 5 1 2.06 0.07 0.04 1 1 15 0.0 61 Mothkur/Nlg 8 6 63.00 3.65 1.24 24 24 360 1.5 62 Mulugu/Medak 6 2 4.68 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0.0 63 Munagode/Nlg 1 4 42.04 1.76 1.35 26 26 390 0.6 64 Munagode/Nlg 3 6 72.14 3.91 2.32 44 44 660 1.6 65 Munagode/Nlg 8 1 14.20 0.94 0.46 9 9 135 0.1 66 Nakrekal/Nlg 2 4 52.77 0.94 1.34 0 0 0 1.3 67 Nakrekal/Nlg 6 2 7.20 0.00 0.17 0 0 0 0.2 68 Nakrekal/Nlg 7 2 8.61 0.00 0.20 0 0 0 0.0 69 Nakrekal/Nlg 8 1 5.82 0.19 0.13 3 3 45 0.0 70 Nalgonda/Nlg 1 3 26.97 5.18 0.28 5 5 75 0.3 71 Nalgonda/Nlg 2 1 8.89 0.00 0.09 0 0 0 0.5 72 Nalgonda/ Nlg 3 2 30.01 5.36 0.31 6 6 90 0.1 73 Nalgonda/Nlg 5 1 14.70 4.04 0.15 3 3 45 0.1 74 Nalgonda/ Nlg 7 4 30.11 0.00 0.31 0 0 0 3.5 75 Nalgonda/ Nlg 8 3 43.64 1.75 0.45 9 9 120 2.2 76 Narayanapaur/ 1 2 22.25 1.49 0.40 8 8 120 0.0 77 Narayanapaur/Nlg Nalgonda 3 2 45.06 9.06 0.82 16 16 240 0.6 78 Narayanapaur/Nlg Nalgonda 5 3 129.57 17.87 2.36 45 45 675 3.9 79 Narayanapaur/Nlg Nalgonda 8 2 35.84 4.57 0.65 12 12 195 0.6 80 Narketpalle/Nlg Nalgonda Nlg 1 2 28.66 8.18 0.71 13 13 195 1.3 81 Narketpalle/ Nlg 3 3 58.57 6.74 1.45 28 28 420 2.2 82 Narketpalle/ Nlg 5 3 40.32 6.89 1.00 19 19 300 1.3 83 Narketpalle/ Nlg 8 6 56.84 12.29 1.40 27 27 390 0.8 84 Nidamanur/ Nlg 1 2 33.04 0.73 0.60 11 11 300 2.9 85 Nidamanur/ Nlg 2 1 0.86 0.00 0.02 0 0 0 0.0 86 Pochampalle/ Nlg 1 4 45.75 1.47 0.98 19 19 285 1.1 87 Pochampalle/ Nlg 2 14 95.63 0.00 2.04 0 0 0 3.0 88 Pochampalle/ Nlg 8 3 37.09 1.54 0.79 15 15 225 0.9 89 Ramannapet/ Nlg 1 10 89.79 6.59 1.25 24 24 360 1.7 90 Ramannapet/ Nlg 3 1 5.21 0.46 0.07 1 1 15 0.1 91 Ramannapet/ Nlg 5 1 9.34 0.72 0.13 2 2 30 0.4 92 Ramannapet/ Nlg 7 1 16.14 0.00 0.23 0 0 0 0.8 93 Ramannapet/ Nlg 8 5 61.87 3.09 0.86 16 16 240 1.7 94 SaliGouraram/Nl 1 10 90.57 9.64 2.24 43 43 615 1.5 95 SaliGouraram/g Nalgonda 2 6 89.08 0.00 2.20 0 0 0 1.9 96 Shamirpet/Nlg Nalgonda RR 1 1 4.46 0.78 0.00 0 0 0 0.0 97 Thipparthi/ Nlg 1 3 57.35 1.34 1.04 20 20 285 3.6 98 Thipparthi/ Nlg 3 2 31.91 0.35 0.58 11 11 165 0.3 99 Thipparthi/ Nlg 4 2 11.39 0.00 0.21 0 0 0 0.8 100 Thipparthi/ Nlg 5 1 19.79 0.22 0.36 7 7 105 0.4 101 Thipparthi/ Nlg 7 4 69.50 0.00 1.26 0 0 0 2.4 102 Thipparthi/ Nlg 8 2 36.88 0.55 0.67 13 13 195 1.7 103 Thripuraram/ Nlg 1 6 31.21 0.69 0.57 11 11 165 0.5 104 Valigonda/ Nlg 1 13 158.31 7.99 3.38 64 64 975 4.3 105 Valigonda/ Nlg 2 2 20.02 0.00 0.43 0 0 0 0.1 106 Valigonda/ Nlg 3 4 38.47 2.31 0.82 16 16 225 0.5 107 Valigonda/ Nlg 5 1 8.60 0.66 0.18 3 3 45 0.1 108 Valigonda/ Nlg 7 1 6.01 0.00 0.13 0 0 0 0.3 109 Valigonda/ Nlg 8 7 70.82 5.07 1.51 29 29 465 1.6 110 Vemulapalle/Nlg 2 5 58.73 0.00 1.07 0 0 0 2.7 111 Vemulapalle/ Nlg 4 2 22.47 0.00 0.41 0 0 0 0.9 112 Vemulapalle/ Nlg 7 1 7.92 0.00 0.14 0 0 0 1.2 113 Yadagirigutta/ 1 2 36.36 1.44 0.90 17 17 255 2.0 114 Yadagirigutta/Nlg 3 2 16.79 0.79 0.41 8 8 120 0.5 115 Yadagirigutta/Nlg 5 1 15.88 0.87 0.39 7 7 105 0.6 116 Yadagirigutta/Nlg 8 3 38.69 1.43 0.96 18 18 270 0.7 TotalNlg 356 3781 259 75.38 1084 1084 16455 107.6

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