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The Virtues-Based Leadership Model: Assessing Consistency Across Three Spheres-Of-Life

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The Virtues-Based Leadership Model: Assessing Consistency Across Three Spheres-Of-Life Loma Linda University TheScholarsRepository@LLU: Digital Archive of Research, Scholarship & Creative Works Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects 9-2014 The irV tues-Based Leadership Model: Assessing Consistency Across Three Spheres-of-Life Vicki L. Smith Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Smith, Vicki L., "The irV tues-Based Leadership Model: Assessing Consistency Across Three Spheres-of-Life" (2014). Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects. 169. http://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/169 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by TheScholarsRepository@LLU: Digital Archive of Research, Scholarship & Creative Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects by an authorized administrator of TheScholarsRepository@LLU: Digital Archive of Research, Scholarship & Creative Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LOMA LINDA UNIVERSITY School of Behavioral Health in conjunction with the Faculty of Graduate Studies ____________________ The Virtues-Based Leadership Model: Assessing Consistency across Three Spheres-of-Life by Vicki L. Smith ____________________ A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Social Policy and Social Research ____________________ September 2014 © 2014 Vicki L. Smith All Rights Reserved Each person whose signature appears below certifies that this dissertation in his/her opinion is adequate, in scope and quality, as a dissertation for the degree Doctor of Philosophy. , Chairperson Mark T. Clark, Professor of Political Science, California State University, San Bernardino Richard Davidian, Professor of Writing and Anthropology Christiane Schubert, Assistant Professor of Medical Education, School of Medicine iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS “Live as if you were to die tomorrow. Learn as if you were to live forever.” (Mahatma Gandhi). First and foremost, I have to thank God for giving me the strength and patience to complete this journey and for shedding his grace on the United States, a country which supports open academic inquiry such as this. I am forever indebted to my committee Drs. Clark, Davidian and Schubert for their unwavering commitment to helping me finish what I started and for ensuring rigor while maintaining their own virtues-based leadership with me. They are in no part responsible for any shortcomings of this dissertation – those belong to me alone. Finishing this project would not have been possible without the support (and prodding) of my family and friends. I also owe thanks to my Archivist at the Ronald Reagan Library, Ray Wilson and to Leo Belleville who often watched over the research room while I was on-site and both of whom graciously allowed me to bounce ideas and leads on sources off of them. And, finally, I would be remiss if I failed to thank Drs. Robert and Susan Gardner – both of whom inspire me to rise above the fray through Grace. iv CONTENT Approval Page .................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ iv List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... ix Abstract .............................................................................................................................. xi Chapter 1. Introduction ..............................................................................................................1 The Research Question ......................................................................................1 America’s History in Civil Religion ..................................................................2 Presidential Leadership –Setting the Tone for Society .....................................5 Presidential Influences in the Policy Cycle ......................................................8 The Concept of Virtues .....................................................................................9 2. Conceptual Framework .........................................................................................15 Teleological Virtue Theory ..............................................................................18 Neo-Aristotelian Virtue Ethics Framework .....................................................19 Defining the Seven Christian Virtues ..............................................................22 Cardinal Virtues: Fortitude, Justice, Prudence and Temperance ...............23 Fortitude ...............................................................................................24 Justice ...................................................................................................25 Prudence ...............................................................................................26 Temperance ..........................................................................................27 Theological Virtues: Faith, Hope and Love ...............................................28 Faith .....................................................................................................28 Hope .....................................................................................................29 Love .....................................................................................................30 3. Literature Review...................................................................................................32 Virtues of Leadership .......................................................................................32 Assessing the Virtues of Leadership ................................................................38 Virtues of the American Presidency ................................................................43 Virtues and Ronald Reagan .............................................................................48 v Supporters ..................................................................................................57 Critics .........................................................................................................58 Literature Gap ..................................................................................................62 4. Methodology ..........................................................................................................65 Introduction ......................................................................................................65 Study Design ....................................................................................................66 Exploratory Qualitative Descriptive Designs ............................................66 Using Content Analysis in Single Case Studies ........................................67 Problem-Driven Content Analysis .............................................................68 Computer-Aided Textual Analysis ............................................................69 Trustworthiness ..........................................................................................70 Preparation Phase .............................................................................................72 Data Collection ..........................................................................................72 Making Sense of the Data ..........................................................................76 Selecting the Unit of Analysis ...................................................................77 Organizing Phase .............................................................................................78 Structured Matrix Development ................................................................78 Coding Process...........................................................................................82 Data Analysis .............................................................................................86 Reporting Phase ...............................................................................................88 Limitations .......................................................................................................88 Summary ..........................................................................................................89 5. The Three Events ...................................................................................................91 The PATCO Event, the Father Jenco Event and the Nicholas Daniloff Event ................................................................................................................91 The Professional Air Traffic Controllers (PATCO) Event ........................92 PATCO - Background..........................................................................92 PATCO - President’s Involvement ......................................................94 PATCO - Opinion on Presidential Action ...........................................96 PATCO - Consequences to Leadership ...............................................98 The Father Jenco Event ..............................................................................99 vi Jenco - Background............................................................................100 Jenco
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