FREE SOUTH PACIFIC ISLANDS SALOMON-N.CAL- VANUATU-FIJIJ 2014: NEL.265 PDF

GГјnter Nelles | none | 03 Sep 2014 | Nelles Guides and Maps | 9783865744494 | English | Munich, Germany Vanuatu - Wikipedia

Vanuatu was first inhabited by Melanesian people. In the s, France and the United Kingdom claimed parts of the archipelago, and inthey agreed on a framework for jointly managing the archipelago as the New Hebrides through an Anglo—French condominium. An independence movement arose in the s, and the Republic of Vanuatu was founded in Since independence, the country has become a member of the United NationsCommonwealth of NationsOrganisation internationale de la Francophonie and the Pacific Islands Forum. Owing to the lack of any written sources prior to European colonisation, the prehistory of Vanuatu is obscure. Furthermore, only limited South Pacific Islands Salomon-N.Cal-Vanuatu-Fijij 2014: NEL.265 work has been conducted, with Vanuatu's volatile geology and climate also likely to have destroyed or hidden many sites. Over time the Lapita culture lost much of its early unity, and became increasingly fragmented. The precise reasons for this are unclear, though over the centuries pottery, settlement and burial practices in Vanuatu all evolved in a more localised direction, with long-distance trade and migration patterns contracting. Europeans did not return untilwhen the French explorer Louis Antoine de Bougainville sailed by the islands on 22 May, naming them the Great Cyclades. Whaling vessels were among the first regular visitors to this group of islands. The first recorded visit was by the whaler Rose in February South Pacific Islands Salomon-N.Cal-Vanuatu-Fijij 2014: NEL.265 Because of this, and the poor conditions and abuse often faced by workers, as well the introduction of common diseases to which native Ni-Vanuatu had no immunity, the population of Vanuatu declined severely, with the current population being greatly reduced compared to pre- contact times. From onwards missionariesboth Roman Catholic and Protestantarrived on the islands. Other European settlers also came, looking for land for cotton plantationsthe first South Pacific Islands Salomon-N.Cal-Vanuatu-Fijij 2014: NEL.265 these being Henry Ross Lewin on Tanna in which he later abandoned. Initially British subjects from Australia made up the majority of settlers, however with little support from the British government they frequently struggled to make a success of their settlements. The jumbling of French and British interests in the islands and the near lawlessness prevalent there brought petitions for one or another of the two powers to annex the territory. During the s—30s, indentured South Pacific Islands Salomon-N.Cal- Vanuatu-Fijij 2014: NEL.265 from Vietnam then part of French Indochina came to work in the plantations in the New Hebrides. The Second World War brought immense change to archipelago. The fall of France to Nazi Germany in allowed Britain to gain a level of greater authority on the islands. Decolonisation began sweeping the European South Pacific Islands Salomon-N.Cal-Vanuatu-Fijij 2014: NEL.265 after the war, and from the s South Pacific Islands Salomon-N.Cal-Vanuatu-Fijij 2014: NEL.265 Condominium government began a somewhat belated campaign of modernisation and economic development. However the economic development brought with it unintended consequences. In the s many planters began fencing off and clearing large areas of bushland for cattle ranching, which were often deemed to be communally-held kastom lands by Ni-Vanuatu. Meanwhile economic development continued, with numerous banks and financial centres opening up in the early s to take advantage South Pacific Islands Salomon-N.Cal-Vanuatu- Fijij 2014: NEL.265 the territory's tax haven status. In November the British and French met and agreed to create a Representative Assembly in the colony, based partly on universal suffrage and partly on appointed persons representing various interest groups. The Moderates meanwhile supported a more gradual transition to independence and a federal system, plus the maintenance of French as an official language. A compromise was eventually brokered, a Government of National Unity formed under a new constitution, and fresh elections held in Novemberwhich the VP won with a comfortable majority. Independence was now scheduled for 30 July Tensions continued throughout Violent confrontations occurred between VP and Moderate supporters on several islands. Since then Vanuatua politics have been unstable, seeing a series of fractious coalition governments and the use of South Pacific Islands Salomon-N.Cal-Vanuatu-Fijij 2014: NEL.265 confidence votes resulting in frequent changes of Prime Ministers. However, the democratic system as a whole has been maintained and Vanuatu remains a peaceful and reasonably prosperous state. There were frequent attempts by the opposition to unseat Natapei via the use of no confidence votes - though unsuccessful, he was briefly removed on a procedural technicality in Novemberan action that was then overturned by the Chief Justice. However the Chief Justice then overturned Kilman's victory, with Natapei returning to power for 10 days, at which point the Parliament voted in Kilman once more. Kalosil instituted a review of South Pacific Islands Salomon-N.Cal-Vanuatu-Fijij 2014: NEL.265 sale of diplomatic passports and publicly declared his support for the West Papua independence movement, a move supported by former PMs Kilman and Carlot Korman. Meanwhile the country was devastated by Cyclone Pam inwhich resulted in 16 deaths and enormous destruction. Salwai in turn lost the Vanuatuan general election amidst allegations of perjury, bringing back in the VP under Bob Loughman as the country dealt with the aftermath of Cyclone Harold and South Pacific Islands Salomon-N.Cal-Vanuatu-Fijij 2014: NEL.265 global Coronavirus pandemic. Most of the islands are steep, with unstable soils and little permanent fresh water. There are several active volcanoes in Vanuatu, including LopeviMount Yasur and several underwater volcanoes. Volcanic activity is common, with an ever-present danger of a major eruption; a nearby undersea eruption of 6. Vanuatu's population estimated in as growing 2. While well- vegetated, most islands show signs of deforestation. The islands have been logged, particularly of high-value timber, subjected to wide-scale slash- and-burn agriculture, and converted to coconut plantations and cattle ranches, and now show evidence of increased soil erosion and landslides. Many upland watersheds are being deforested and degraded, and fresh water is becoming increasingly scarce. Proper waste disposal, as well as water and air pollution, are becoming troublesome issues around urban areas and large villages. Additionally, the South Pacific Islands Salomon-N.Cal-Vanuatu-Fijij 2014: NEL.265 of employment opportunities in industry and inaccessibility to markets have combined to lock rural families into a subsistence or self-reliance mode, putting tremendous pressure on local ecosystems. Despite its tropical forests, Vanuatu has a limited number of plant and animal South Pacific Islands Salomon-N.Cal-Vanuatu-Fijij 2014: NEL.265. It has an indigenous flying fox, Pteropus anetianus. Flying foxes are important rainforest and timber regenerators. They pollinate and seed disperse a wide variety of native trees. Their diet is nectar, pollen and fruit and they are commonly called "fruit bats". They are in decline across their South Pacific range. However, governments are increasingly aware of the economic and ecological value of flying foxes and there are calls to increase their protection. There South Pacific Islands Salomon-N.Cal-Vanuatu-Fijij 2014: NEL.265 no indigenous large mammals. The nineteen species of native reptiles include the flowerpot snakefound only on Efate. The Fiji banded iguana Brachylophus fasciatus was introduced as a feral animal in the s. While the small Polynesian rat is thought to be indigenous, the large species arrived with Europeans, as did domesticated hogs, dogs, and cattle. The ant species of some of the islands of Vanuatu were catalogued by E. The region is rich in sea life, with more than 4, species of marine molluscs and a large diversity of marine fishes. Cone snails and stonefish carry poison fatal to humans. The Giant East African land snail arrived only in the s, but already has spread from the Port-Vila region to Luganville. There are three or possibly four adult saltwater crocodiles living in Vanuatu's mangroves and no current breeding population. The climate is tropical, with about nine months of warm to hot rainy weather and the possibility of cyclones and three to four months of cooler, drier weather characterised by winds from the southeast. Cool between April and September, the days become hotter and more humid starting in October. Southeasterly trade winds occur from May to October. Vanuatu has a long rainy season, with significant rainfall almost every month. The wettest and hottest months are South Pacific Islands Salomon-N.Cal-Vanuatu-Fijij 2014: NEL.265 through April, which also constitutes the cyclone season. The driest months are June through November. Cyclone Pam is possibly the worst natural disaster in Vanuatu's history. Vanuatu lands minister, Ralph Regenvanu said, "This is the worst disaster to affect Vanuatu ever as far as we know. In AprilCyclone Harold roared through the Espiritu Santo town of Luganville, and caused great material damage there and on at least four islands. Vanuatu has relatively frequent earthquakes. Of the 58 M7 or greater events that occurred between andfew were studied. The Republic of Vanuatu is a parliamentary democracy with a written constitutionwhich declares that the "head of the Republic shall be known as the President and shall symbolise the unity of the nation. The President may be removed by the electoral college for gross misconduct or incapacity. The Prime Ministerwho is the head of governmentis elected by a majority vote of a three-quarters quorum of the Parliament. The Prime Minister, in turn, appoints the Council of Ministers, whose number may not exceed a quarter of the number of parliamentary representatives. The Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers constitute the executive government. The Parliament of Vanuatu is unicameral and has 52 members, [] who are elected by popular vote every four years unless earlier dissolved by a majority vote of a three-quarters quorum or by a directive from the President on the advice of the Prime Minister. The national Council of Chiefs, called the Malvatu Mauri and elected by district councils of chiefs, advises the South Pacific Islands Salomon-N.Cal-Vanuatu-Fijij 2014: NEL.265 on all matters concerning ni-Vanuatu culture and language. Besides national authorities and figures, Vanuatu also has high-placed people at the village level. Chiefs continue to be the leading figures at the village level. It has been reported that even politicians need to oblige them. In northern Vanuatu, feasts are graded through the nimangki-system. Government and society in Vanuatu tend to divide along linguistic French and English lines. Forming coalition governments has proved problematic at times, owing to differences between English and French speakers. Francophone politicians like those of the Union of Moderate Parties tend to be conservative and support neo-liberal policies, as well as closer relations with France and the West. The anglophone Vanua'aku Pati identifies as socialist and anti-colonial. The Supreme Court consists of a chief justice and up to three other judges. Two or more members of this court may constitute a Court of Appeal. Magistrate courts handle most routine legal matters. The legal system is based on British common law and French civil law. The constitution also provides for the establishment of village or island courts presided over by chiefs to deal with questions of customary law. In Marchat the 34th regular session of the UN Human Rights Council, Vanuatu made a joint statement on behalf of some other Pacific nations raising human rights abuses in the Western New Guinea or West Papua region, which has been part of Indonesia since[] and requested that the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights produce a report [] [] as more thanPapuans allegedly have died during decades of Papua conflict. Australia now provides the bulk of external assistance, including the police force, which has a paramilitary wing. The association's Charitable Trust funds small scale assistance in the education and training sector. This means that there are many islands with no police presence, and many parts of islands where getting to a police post can take several days. Vanuatu has been divided into six provinces since Provinces are autonomous units with their own popularly South Pacific Islands Salomon-N.Cal-Vanuatu-Fijij 2014: NEL.265 local parliaments known officially as provincial councils. Their executive arm consists of a provincial government headed by an executive officer who is appointed by the Prime Minister with the advice of the minister of local government. Earth - South Pacific E01 Ocean of Islands - video dailymotion

Home Details. Add to watchlist. The intended outcome of the project is that ecosystem-based adaptation South Pacific Islands Salomon-N.Cal- Vanuatu-Fijij 2014: NEL.265 is integrated into development, climate change adaptation responses, and South Pacific Islands Salomon-N.Cal- Vanuatu-Fijij 2014: NEL.265 resource management policy and planning processes in South Pacific Islands Salomon-N.Cal-Vanuatu-Fijij 2014: NEL.265 Pacific island countries providing replicable models for other countries in the region. Acquired knowledge is systematically documented and disseminated in the Pacific Region. ESRAM baseline studies for the six project sites conducted and completed as basis for adaptation planning at national, provincial and community levels. Twelve technical reports of the ESRAM baseline studies including three synthesis reports completed and are being prepared for dissemination to key partners in the three countries EbA Options Assessments conducted and development of EbA Implementation Plans for demonstration activities in the six project sites completed. Project profile showcased through presentations and photo exhibitions at key Pacific and international events. Fiji: communication campaign launched Solomon Islands: rehabilitation of forest reserve started Vanuatu: urban forestry project to promote fruit trees launched Project media releases providing insight into some key project activities as well as the quarterly newsletter can be accessed here: www. Project data. Related news Ecosystem-based adaptation in the Solomon Islands. Federal Environment Ministry steps up cooperation with Pacific island countries on adaptation against the impacts of climate change. Synthesis Report: Planning for ecosystem-based adaptation on the Solomon Islands. Synthesis Report: Planning for ecosystem-based adaptation in Fiji. Synthesis Report: Planning for ecosystem-based adaptation in Vanuatu. South Pacific Islands -Vanuatu-Fijij : Günter Nelles :

Tropical Cyclone Harold will scrape parts of Tonga with damaging winds and heavy rainfall before racing into the open waters of the South Pacific Ocean. Harold raked South Pacific Islands Salomon-N.Cal-Vanuatu-Fijij 2014: NEL.265 portions of Vanuatu and Fiji earlier this week. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Harold brought heavy rain and damaging winds to parts of Fiji as it moved just south of Viti Levu, the country's most populated island, on Wednesday local time. Viti Levu's western coastal town of Nadi reported wind gusts up to 64 mph and heavy rainfall. Fiji's Kadavu Island, located just south of Viti Levu, took a direct hit from the powerful tropical cyclone. On Thursday local South Pacific Islands Salomon-N.Cal-Vanuatu-Fijij 2014: NEL.265, Tonga might get scraped by bands of heavy rain and damaging winds from Harold as it races east-southeastward while passing near or south of the island and into the open waters of the South Pacific Ocean. Flooding and downed trees were reported in the Solomon Islands, and at least 24 passengers were missing after a ferry encountered strong winds and violent seas from Harold early Friday. The island has a population of approximately 40, people. From there, the eyewall of South Pacific Islands Salomon-N.Cal-Vanuatu-Fijij 2014: NEL.265 moved directly across nearby Pentecost Island. For a full recap on Harold's Vanuatu strike, click here. According to NOAA's database, Harold became only the fifth Category 5 equivalent tropical cyclone to track near the northern islands of Vanuatu since This story does not necessarily represent the position of our parent company, IBM. Hurricane Central. By weather. Damaging winds and flooding rain are possible impacts in Tonga. Coastal flooding could inundate low-lying areas. On Monday, Harold became the fifth Category 5 cyclone to track near Vanuatu since