3. Space Technology Trusts and Theglobal Fund Scope: E-2020 Initiative: It Is Part of the Global 1

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1. MERA India Initiative  Launched by Food Safety and Standards 2. New Influenza Research Program Authority of India (FSSAI) 3. Eat Right Movement  SAI has prescribed a limit for Total Polar 4. Arogya Setu App Compounds (TPC) at 25% in cooking oil to avoid the harmful effects of reused cooking 1. MERA India Initiative oil.  Launched by ICMR to eliminate malaria by  The movement aims to cut down salt/sugar 2030 and oil consumption by 30% in three years.  Malaria Elimination Research Alliance (MERA)  It also aims to engage and enable citizens to India’ – a conglomeration of partners working improve their health and well-being by on malaria control – in order to prioritise, plan making the right food choices and scale up research to eliminate the disease from India by 2030 4. Arogya Setu APP  Malaria is the most deadly vector-borne  National Informatics Center operating under disease. Ministry of Electronics and Information  Malaria is caused by a Plasmodium Parasites Technology has developed an application that is transmitted from one human to “Arogya Sethu” another by the bite of infected Anopheles  The app alerts the person whenever he comes mosquitoes. in contact within six feet of COVID-19 infected The India Health Fund person.  To eradicate tuberculosis (TB) by 2025 and  The application is available in 11 languages. malaria by 2030bfrom India.  It a collaborative initiative by the Tata 3. Space Technology Trusts and theGlobal Fund Scope: E-2020 Initiative: It is part of the Global 1. Keywords. Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016- 2030 2. History of Indian Space Programme. endorsed by WHO. 3. Types of Orbits. 4. Types of Launch Vehicles. 2. New Influenza Research Programme 5. Types of Satellites.  Indian and European Union collaborated for 6. Applications of Space Technology in everyday new influenza research programme to develop life Next Generation Influenza Vaccine. 7. Space Missions of India  The programme will get fund under EU 8. Indigenization of Space Technologies funding programme for research and 9. Achievements of India and Indians in the innovation called 'Horizon 2020'. field of Space.

3. Eat Right Movement 10. Emerging /recent developments in space Technology.

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 The curved path of an object or spacecraft or Keywords satellite around a Star, Planet or Moon is 1) Space: It is a 3 dimensional region that called an Orbit. begins where the earth’s atmosphere ends.

Outer Space Treaty, 1967  Generally satellites revolve in a defined orbit. All member countries under treaty Example: Moon, INSAT satellites, etc agreed for:  Spacecrafts may or may not revolve in a  No Weapons of Mass Destruction in designated orbit. Space. Ex: Voyager 1, 2; Chandrayan 2, etc.  No placement of Nuclear Weapons in 4) Satellite: Space.  A Satellite is a body that revolves around  Co-operation & Transparency in the another object. A Satellite cab be either Outer Space operations. Manmade (Ex: Astrosat) or Natural (Moon).  No claim of sovereignty over celestial 5) Space Craft: bodies or the celestial objects.  Space craft is an artificial object made to revolve around another Planet or Planets 2) Microgravity : other than Earth. Ex: Chandrayn 1, 2,  Gravity is the force exerted by an object on MOM; Voyager-1,2, etc. the other object. It is proportional to the 6) Rocket: mass of the object.  A rocket is a vehicle that is used to provide  In Space, gravity conditions vary as one move thrust for an object. It can be used as a from one body to another. missile or a launch vehicle. It consists of -  Microgravity is the condition of less fuel & oxidizer, together called as propellant gravity/low gravity situation in the space. and the engine.  Astronauts are trained and equipped to 7) Launch Vehicle: withstand the microgravity conditions.  Launch vehicle is a type of rocket that is

3) Orbit: used to place satellites or spacecrafts into the Space.

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Ex: PSLV, GSLV, GSLV MK III These are intense over Equator and is absent 8) Telescope: over the Poles. They contain charged  It is an optical instrument designed to make particles of both solar and atmospheric distant objects clearers & appear nearer. origin. They are not part of our atmosphere Ex: Hubble Telescope – NASA’s one of the and are extended into space much beyond most famous and the largest astronomical the Earth’s atmosphere. satellite. 9) Perigee, Apogee Perigee- It is the point in a satellite’s elliptical path around the Earth at which it is closest to Earth’s centre. Apogee- It is the point of maximum distance between the satellite and the centre of the Earth.

10) Lagrange Point: It is a location in space where the combined gravitational forces of two large bodies such as Earth and the Sun or the Earth and the Moon, equal the centrifugal force felt by a much smaller third body. The interaction of forces creates a point of equilibrium where a space craft may be “Parked to make observations. Halo Orbit- It is an Orbit around the Lagrange Points. 12) Satellite Frequency bands. Satellites are used for radio communications, astronomy, weather forecasting, broadcasting, mapping and many more applications.

Information to for all these purposes can be sent and received at different frequencies.

11. Van Allen Radiation Belts- It is a zone of charged particles. These energetic particles are trapped at high altitudes in Earth’s magnetic field.

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3. 1696- INCOSPAR was reconstituted as ISRO (Indian Space Research Organization). 4. 1972- GOI established Space Commission and Dept of Space and ISRO were brought under DOS.

Experiments: 1. 1963- The launch of first Sounding Rocket, US made “Nike Apache” was launched from

Thumba near Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. History of Space Program: (St.Mary Magdalene Church)  13thCE—Chinese created rocket to launch 2. 1965-Rohini Series of Sounding Rockets gunpowder filled tubes. developed and experimented successfully.  1940’s V2Rocket—Modrn form of rocket (Indigenous). developed by Germany. Germany used them 3. 1975- First Indian Satellite” Aryabhata” was during WW-II, but the guidance system launched from Soviet Launch Pad. failed. 4. 1981- APPLE- Ariane Passenger Payload  After WW-II, during cold war period, Experiment – India’s First Indigenous technology race started between USA & communication satellite was launched. former USSR. 5. SLV – Successfully attested in 1980 4stage  1957- Sputnik 1, 2 Satellites by USSR launch vehicle- All soil stages.  1958 – Explorer -1 Satellite by USA. 6. ASLV- Tested in 1987. It is a 5 stage launch  1961- USSR launched VOSTOK & sent vehicle – all soil stages. humans to space; Yuri Gagarin is the first 7. PSLV- 1994 – first successful launched human to enter into the Space. vehicle used to send operational satellites – 4  1964 – SYNCOM-3 was launched by USA stages with alternate solid & liquid stage. using this it has live telecasted the Tokyo 8. GSLV-2001 – successfully launched with the Olympics. Cryogenic engine procured from Russia.  1969 – Apollo 11 – USA landed humans on 9. GSLV MK-III – Successfully launched in Moon. 2014 with indigenous cryogenic engine. [3 stage – Solid-Liquid-Cryogenic (Liquid Evolution of Space Program in India: Hydrogen-Liquid Oxygen)]. 1. 1961- Department of Atomic Energy was entrusted with the subject of Space Types of Orbits

Research. Orbits are categorized into various types 2. 1962- INCOSPAR- Indian National based on the height, centricity and the Committee for Space Research was formed inclination. under DAE.

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Karman line is the altitude where space Ex: Communication satellites to cover Polar begins. Generally it is at 62 miles or 100 Regions; Earth Observation Satellites, GPS, km. etc

3. High Earth Orbit-  The range of this orbit is from 35,780KM and above. When the height of orbit is 35,780KM, the orbital speed of the satellite becomes equal to the Earth’s rotational speed.

Types of Orbits Based on the Height. 1. Low Earth Orbit-  LEO is the orbit where most of the satellites are placed. It ranges between (180 km- 2000km).  So, this orbit at this height is called as Geo  Most of the Remote Sensing satellites are Synchronous (GSyO) or Geo Stationary Orbit placed in this orbit. (GSO). Ex: International Space Station, IRS series Ex: Communication Satellites & Weather satellites are placed in LEO. Monitors Satellites are place in GSO/GSyO.  In general satellites are first placed in LEO and then transferred to GEO.  Each orbit is associated with certain speed. As LEO is near to the Earth, the gravitation pull on the satellites in this orbit is also more. To overcome this, orbital speed of the

satellite placed in LEO is more.

 Satellites place in LEO orbit generally circle Types of Orbits based on Eccentricity: the Earth once in 90 min. Eccentricity refers to shape of an Orbit. 2. Middle Earth Orbit- Eccentricity of an orbit indicates deviation of  The range of this orbit is between (2000km – the orbit from a perfect circle. 35,780 km).  A Satellite with a low eccentricity Orbit  Generally it takes 12 hrs for the satellite to moves in near circle around the Earth. complete one rotation around Earth.

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 An eccentric orbit is elliptical, with the 4. 4thGeneration: Geo Synchronous Satellite satellites distance from the Earth changing Launch Vehicle (GSLV) depending on where it is in its orbit.  Eccentric Orbits are used as Transfer Orbits. GSLV MK-III is the advanced version with indigenous Cryogenic Engine.

Types of Orbits based on inclination: Inclination is the angle of the Orbit in relation to Earth’s equator.

 A Satellite that orbits directly above the

equator has zero inclination. PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle):  If a satellite orbits from the North Pole to  PSLV earned its title “The workhorse of ISRO” South Pole, it inclination is 90 degrees. These through consistently delivering various are called Polar Orbit Satellites. satellites to low Earth Orbits, Particularly the IRS satellites.  It is the first Indian launch vehicle to be equipped with the liquid stages.  Since 1994, PSLV is used to place many satellites into the orbits.  Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) series satellites are the major group of satellites that are Types of Launch Vehicles placed using PSLV. A launch vehicle is the type of rocket which is  Ex: CARTOSAT, OCEANSAT, RISAT, etc are used to place satellite or spacecrafts into space. place using PSLV.  Chanrayan-1, MOM is launched using PSLV. In India there are 4 generations of launch (PSLVC-II), (PSLVC-25). vehicles.  IRNNS (Indian Regional Navigational Satellite 1. 1st Generation: Satellite Launch Vehicle System) - Constellation of 7 Satellites, are (SLV) place in GTO using PSLV. 2. 2nd Generation: Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV) GSLV-(Geo Synchronous Satellites Launch 3. 3rdGeneation: Polar Satellite launch Vehicle Vehicle) (PSLV)

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 GSLV has enhanced India’s capacity to place It paves heavier satellites in both SSPO and GTO. the way  It is a 3 stage launch vehicle powered by for-

solid-Liquid-Cryogenic engines. India’s  GSLV is used to place communication manned satellites into GTO. Reliable space launch mission  INSAT & GSAT Satellites are launched from vehicle this launch vehicle. Self

 GSLV MK-III is first tested in 2014. In its first Signific reliance in Used to space operational launch it has successfully tested ance launch program the CARE (Crew Module Atmospheric RE- Chandray Launching Entry Experiment) in 2014. an heavier  CE-20, indigenous cryogenic engine was 1,MOM satellites used in this. especially  Recently, Chandrayan-2 mission was the launched using GSLV-MK-III. communic ation satellites Differences between PSLV and GSLV

Eleme GSLV Mk PSLV GSLV Cryogenic Technology: Is the nt III First technology of materials at very low 1993 2001 2014 Test temperatures, below-153˚C (Boiling No. of point of Methane). 4 3 3 stages Cryogenic Rocket technology uses Solid- Solid- Cryogenic fuel. It is more efficient as it Liquid- Solid- Liquid- provides more thrust for every kg of Fuel Cryogeni Liquid- Cryogenic propellant compared to solid and earth Compo c Solid- (Indigenou sition (Russian storable liquid propellant. Liquid s engine- borrowe C20) d) Cryogenic Fuel: Hydrogen@--183˚C, Payloa LEO- LEO- LEO- Oxygen@-253˚C (Oxidizer) d 1750 kg 4000kg 8000kg Advantages of Constraints of capacit GTO- GTO- GTO- Cryogenic Fuel Cryogenic Fuel y 1425kg 2000kg 4000kg 1. High Fuel density 1. Difficult to storage 2. Automatic Cooling 2. Expensive of engine 3. Power density is high 3. Health

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problems in  If scramjet engines are combined with RLV, 4. Cleaner Fuel. case of leakage. the Future space programs become more efficient and cost effective. Other Launch Vehicle Technologies Differences between Ramjet and Scramjet ISRO has other launch vehicle technologies Engine like Scramjet 1. RLV-TD (Supersonic Ramjet 2. Scramjet Engine-TD. Combustion Ramjet) RLV-TD: The combustion in The combustion in  Reusable Launch Vehicle—Technology the combustion the combustion Demonstration is one of the most chamber happens at chamber happens at technologically challenging endeavours of sub-sonic speeds super-sonic speeds ISRO.  Reusability of launch vehicle enables low cost access to space.  It combines both launch vehicle

configuration as well as an aircraft configuration. Both Ramjet and Scramjet engies doesn’t  RLV-TD was successfully tested in 2016. have the moving parts inside. Both move at Scramjet TD: Supersonic speeds. The difference is only at  Scramjet engine is an Air Breathing the combustion stage. Propulsion System.  Scramjet engine uses hydrogen as fuel and Types and Applications of Satellites oxygen from the atmosphere air as the oxidizer.  Scramjet engine-TD was successfully tested by ISRO in 2016. ISRO is the fourth country to successfully demonstrate this technology. Use of Sacrament Engine:  Most of the satellite launch vehicles that

carrying propellants out of the total I. Remote Sensing Satellites: propellant, 70% of it is oxidize  Remote sensing is the acquiring of  If the launch vehicle can take the oxygen information from a distance. These are also from atmosphere, it is weight can be called as Earth Observation Satellites. considerably reduced. Overall cost of  Typically remote sensing satellites are fitted launching the satellites also reduces. with sensors and high resolution cameras.

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 Remote sensing instruments (Sensors) are of Geostationary orbit- INSAT-3D, Kalpana & two primary types— active and passive. INSAT 3A, INSAT -3DR. Active Sensors, provide their own source of energy to illuminate the objects they observe. Applications of Remote Sensing Satellites: An active sensor emits radiation in the The data from the Earth Observation direction of the target to be investigated. The satellites/ Remote Sensing Satellites are sensor then detects and measures the used for several applications covering radiation that is reflected or backscattered agriculture, water resources, urban from the target. planning, rural development, mineral Passive Sensors, on the other hand, detect prospecting, environment, forestry, ocean natural energy (radiation) that is emitted or resources and disaster management. reflected by the object or scene being 1. Agriculture observed. Reflected sunlight is the most  Agriculture Land Monitoring common source of radiation measured by  Cropping System Analysis passive sensors.  Crop loss estimation (Ex: Damage estimation for insurance)  Soil mapping  Pest/Disease Detection & Incidence

Forecasting Generally remote sensing satellites are  Inland Fishery Development (Ex: HySIS) placed in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) but some  Spraying pesticides. remote sensing instruments can also be

placed in Geo Stationary Orbit (GSO). 2. Urban Development Indian Remote Sensing Program (IRS Program):  Following the successful demonstration of Bhaskar-1 & Bhaskara-2 in 1979 & 1981, India began the development of IRS program.  Starting with IRS-1A in 1988, ISRO has launched many operational remote sensing satellites.  India has one of the largest constellations of  Urban planning (GIS-Geo Mapping of Cities – remote sensing satellites in operation. A direction of Supreme Court was recently Examples: Sun-synchronous orbit- given to Maharsratra to remove illegal RESOURCESAT-1, 2, 2A CARTOSAT-1, 2, constructions using Remote Sensing Data). 2A, 2B, RISAT-1 and 2, OCEANSAT-2,  Property Estimation Megha- Tropiques, SARAL and SCATSAT-1  Crowd Management

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3. Forestry & Environment EX: SARAL Altica, SCATSAT, OCEANSAT  Forest Fire warning  Coral bleaching studies II. Communication Satellites  Mountain Forest studies A communications satellite is an artificial  Polar studies satellite that relays and  Grand Water Monitoring. amplifies radio telecommunications signals via a transponder. 4. Mineral Mapping It creates a communication channel between CARTOSAT and RISAT series satellites are a source transmitter and a receiver at used to map prospective mineral zones. different locations on Earth. Transponder - Is a wireless communications 5. Governance device usually attached to a satellite.  Bhuvan Portal is used for Geo tagging A transponder receives and transmits radio applications to monitor infrastructural signals at a prescribed frequency range. After projects and also to track the progress in the receiving the signal a transponder will at the projects. same time broadcast the signal at a different  Watershed Monitoring frequency.  Geo-MGNREGA

 Clean Ganga Mission  Housing, Sanitation

6. Water Resources Management. Ground Water, Surface Water Management Ex: Bhuvan Bhujal provides comprehensive info on Ground and Surface water resources.

Telangana Water Resources Information System (TWRIS) – It is State specific Indian National Satellite System (INSAT information on micro mapping of water Program) resources in the state of Telangana. INSAT (Indian National Satellite System) was a multipurpose satellite system for tele 7. Energy communications, broadcasting, meteorology Renewable Energy potential estimation and search and rescue services. across the country using satellite data Commissioned in 1983, INSAT is the largest Ex: Solar Energy Estimation, Wind Energy domestic communication system in the Asia- Estimation Pacific Region, and is a joint venture of the 8. Ocean Sciences Indian Department of Space (DOS),  Indentifying Potential fishing zones Department of Telecommunications, India  Identifying Algal bloom Zones  Coral Reef Protection.

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Meteorological Department, All India Radio large circular area on the Earth's and Doordarshan. surface.  Adding data from a second satellite Applications: allows the GPS to narrow the specific Communications satellites are used for television, location of that point down to a region telephone, radio, internet, and military where the two areas of satellite data applications. overlap. 1. Telecommunication  Adding data from a third satellite 2. Education—Satellite Instructional Television provides an accurate position of the Experiment (1975) is a collaboration between point on the Earth's surface. ISRO & NASA. Edusat (2004) is the

dedicated satellite launched to serve the Indian Navigation Satellites: educational sector 3. Tele Medicine 4. Mobile Satellite Services 5. Village Resource Center 6. Satellite Navigation Program 7. Television Services 8. Disaster Management--- SAARC Satellites Geosynchronous Satellites)  Satellite Navigation service is an emerging

III. Navigational Satellites: satellite based system with commercial and Satellite navigation is a system that uses strategic applications. satellites to provide autonomous geo-spatial There are two types of Navigational positioning. Satellite Programs in India. It allows small electronic receivers to A. To meet the Civil Aviation requirements, determine their location to high precision. ISRO is working jointly with Airport Navigation Satellites uses Trilateration Authority of India (AAI) in establishing the method to determine the position of a GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation particular object. (GAGAN) system. Trilateration B. To meet the user requirements of the  It is a sophisticated version of positioning, navigation and timing services triangulation, though it does not use based on the indigenous system, ISRO is the measurement of angles in its establishing a regional satellite navigation calculations. Instead it measures system called Indian Regional Navigation distances. Satellite System (IRNSS).  Data from a single satellite provides a

general location of a point within a A. GAGAN:

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GPS Aided Geo Argument Navigation is a  Presently, similar systems are in Satellite Based Augmentation System operation in USA, European countries implemented jointly by Airports Authority of etc. India (AAI) and ISRO.  It is being ensured that GAGAN system is interoperable with other similar Applications: systems operational in the world. Some of the benefits GAGAN is expected to

bring for Civil Aviation sector are:  Safety benefits – Vertical guidance improves safety, especially in adverse weather conditions  Reduction of circling approaches  Environmental benefits–Approach with Vertical Guidance procedures will help facilitate better energy and descent profile management during the final approach  Global seamless navigation for all phases of flight including arrival, departure, oceanic and en route Other applications include-  Allow direct routings, multiple approaches 1. Vast Improvement in GPS accuracy. resulting in considerable fuel savings to 2. Navigation safety enhancement in Civil airlines and provide for capacity Aviation, Railways, Ships, Spacecraft, etc. enhancement of airports and airspace. 3. Geographic Data collection for atmospheric studies. Background: 4. Location based services.  In view of the limitations of the ground 5. Natural Resources & Land Management. based navigation systems, the International Civil Aviation Organization B. IRNSS (NAVIC Series) (ICAO) in 1993 endorsed a global Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System satellite based navigation system as the (Navigation with Indian Constellation). future of air navigation system.  Independent navigation system developed by  In furtherance of this international India. commitment, AAI and Indian Space  Its services area is Indian Research Organization (ISRO) entered landmass+1500KM. into a MoU on 25.8.2001 for  7 Satellites -3GSO+4GSyO implementation of GAGAN Project for  Location accuracy is better than 20M seamless navigation over Indian air  Two types of Services. space. o Standard Positioning Services

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o Restricted Services. remote sensing capabilities in space. Cartosat 2E+ was dubbed by many as India's Applications: "eye in the sky". 1. Territorial, aerial and marine Navigation. 2. Location based services-Fleet Management. These satellites have surveillance and mapping 3. Geographic data collection & Surveying capabilities, and can be used to keep an eye on 4. Disaster Management enemies along the land and sea borders. Navigational Systems across the world-  Dedicated defence Communication satellites Global Systems Regional Systems are launched to provide reliable GPS-USA QZSS(Quasi Zenith)- communication services. Japan o Ex: GSAT-7 – NAVY, GSAT-7A – Air force and GLONASS-Russia NavIC-India Army Galileo-EU  EMISAT is an Indian reconnaissance BeiDou—China satellite which is meant to provide space-

based electronic intelligence or ELINT. The spacecraft will help improve the situational awareness of the Indian Armed Forces as it will provide information and location of enemy radars EMISAT is developed under DRDO’s Project Kautilya. V. Scientific Satellites:  Indian space programme encompasses research in areas like astronomy, astrophysics, planetary and earth sciences, IV. Defence Satellites: atmospheric sciences and theoretical  The Indian Space Research Organization physics. (ISRO) launched a series of satellites with  Balloons, sounding rockets, space platforms capabilities that could be of significant use to and ground-based facilities support these the armed forces. research efforts. A series of sounding rockets  CARTOSAT and RISAT came up to give India are available for atmospheric experiments. the capability to keep an eye on Pakistan's  Several scientific instruments have been activities along the borders. flown on satellites especially to direct  India launched RISAT-1 in 2012; this remote celestial X-ray and gamma-ray bursts. sensing satellite had radar reconnaissance  Astrosat, Mars Orbiter Mission, Chandrayan imaging capability. 1, Chandrayan 2 are the scientific satellites  With the launch of Cartosat 2E+ in June and spacecrafts of ISRO. 2018, India considerably enhanced its

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Astrosat: AstroSat has provided several new and  AstroSat is the first dedicated Indian exciting results like- astronomy mission aimed at studying  Solving the decade old puzzle of a cool red celestial sources in X-ray, optical and UV star but bright in UV, by identifying it as a spectral bands simultaneously. binary  The payloads cover the energy bands of  X-ray polarization from Crab nebula Ultraviolet (Near and Far), limited optical and  Detection of a coronal explosion on the X-ray regime (0.3 keV to 100keV). nearest planet-hosting star (simultaneously  One of the unique features of AstroSat observed by NASA’s Chandra X-ray mission is that it enables the simultaneous observatory and Hubble Space Telescope. multi-wavelength observations of various astronomical objects with a single satellite.

Indian Space Missions: The scientific objectives of Astro Sat Since the development of PSLV, India has mission are: indigenously launched many satellites into  To understand high energy processes in the space. Development of GSLV and binary star systems containing neutron stars reliability of PSLV have made many space and black holes; missions possible.  Estimate magnetic fields of neutron stars;  Study star birth regions and high energy processes in star systems lying beyond our galaxy;  Detect new briefly bright X-ray sources in the sky;  Perform a limited deep field survey of the Universe in the Ultraviolet region

Achievements of Astrosat:

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Already Experimented Category Chandrayan-1 Mars Orbiter Mission Chadrayan-2 Launched 22ndOctober 2008 5th November 2013 22nd July 2019 in Launched PSLV-XL C11 PSLV-C25 GSLV Mk III by It consists of- 1. Lunar orbiter: It will map the lunar surface and help to prepare 3D maps 1.Methane Sensor for Mars of it with the help of (MSM):To measure methane Orbiter High Resolution in the atmosphere of Mars Camera (OHRC). OHRC 2. Mars Color Camera conducted high-resolution Scientific Payloads from (MCC): It gives images and observations of the landing India information about the surface site prior to separation of a) Terrain Mapping features and composition of the Lander from the Camera (TMC) Martian surface. It is useful orbiter. b) Hyper Spectral Imager to monitor the dynamic 2. Vikram Lander: To (HySI) events and weather of Mars touch down softly on the c) Lunar Laser Ranging like dust storms/atmospheric moon's surface. Instrument (LLRI) turbidity. 3. Pragyan lunar rover: It d) High Energy X - ray 3. Mars Exospheric Neutral is a robotic vehicle. Spectrometer (HEX) Composition Analyzer All were developed in e) Moon Impact (MENCA): It is a quadrupole India. Probe(MIP) mass analyzer capable of Scientific Payloads from analyzing the neutral Orbiter payloads- Equipme abroad composition of particles in 1. Terrain Mapping nts f) Chandrayaan-I X-ray the range of 1–300 amu Camera 2 (TMC 2) Spectrometer (CIXS) (atomic mass unit) with unit 2. Chandrayaan 2 Large g) Near Infrared mass resolution. Area Soft X-ray Spectrometer (SIR - 2) 4. Thermal infrared Spectrometer (CLASS) h) Sub keV Atom Imaging Spectrometer 3. Solar X-ray Monitor Reflecting Analyzer (TIS): TIS measures the (XSM) (SARA) thermal emission and can be 4. Orbiter High i) Miniature Synthetic operated during both day and Resolution Camera Aperture Radar (Mini night. (OHRC) SAR) 5. Lyman Alpha Photometer 5. Imaging IR j) Moon Mineralogy (LAP): a photometer that Spectrometer (IIRS) Mapper (M3) measures the relative 6. Dual Frequency k) Radiation Dose abundance Synthetic Aperture Monitor (RADOM) of deuterium and hydrogen fr Radar (DFSAR) om Lyman-alpha 7. Chandrayaan 2 emissions in the upper Atmospheric atmosphere. Compositional Explorer 2 (CHACE 2) 8. Dual Frequency Radio Science (DFRS) experiment 1.To design, develop, 1.Exploration of 1. To demonstrate the Objective launch and orbit a Mars surface features by ability to soft-land on s spacecraft around the studying the morphology, the lunar surface and

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Moon using an Indian- topography and mineralogy operate a robotic rover on made launch-vehicle the surface. 2.To conduct scientific 2.Study the constituents of 2. Scientific goals include experiments using Martian atmosphere orbital studies of lunar instruments on the including methane and topography, mineralogy, el spacecraft which would CO2 using remote sensing emental abundance, yield data: techniques the lunar exosphere, and (a) for the preparation of signatures a three-dimensional atlas 3.Study the dynamics of of hydroxyl and water ice. (with high spatial and the upper atmosphere of altitude resolution of 5– Mars, effects of solar 10 m or 16–33 ft) of both wind and radiation and the the near and far sides of escape of volatiles to outer the Moon space (b) For chemical and mineralogical mapping of the entire lunar surface at high spatial resolution. 3.To increase scientific knowledge 4.To test the impact of General Objectives: a sub-satellite (Moon 1. Push the boundaries of Impact Probe – MIP) on Scientific Knowledge the surface of the Moon 2. Engage with public as a fore-runner for 3. Unleash innovation future soft-landing 4. Expand India’s footprint missions in Space 5. Explore economic possibilities 6. Foster shared aspirations of International Community 1. The discovery of the 1. First interplanetary presence of Water / mission realized by India Hydroxyl molecules in and first Indian spacecraft to lunar soil detected by the incorporate full scale on- Moon Mineralogy board autonomy to overcome Attempted to soft-land a Measuring Instrument the long distances and the rover there, a feat (M3) of NASA as well as communication gaps due to achieved by only three the mass spectrometer in non-visibility periods. countries -- the US, Russia MIP is a major 2. First Indian spacecraft to and China. breakthrough that would successfully survive Van But, Vikram Lander not Achievem change the face of lunar Allen belt crossing 39 times. being able to soft-land a ents exploration. 3. First mission to use Ship rover on the Moon. 2. Mini-Synthetic Borne Terminals to track ISRO lost contact with Aperture Radar (Mini- the launch vehicle and Vikram in the SAR) instrument satellite over Pacific Ocean by penultimate moments indicated existence of sub ISRO. when it was just 2.1 km surface water-ice 4. First Indian spacecraft to above Moon's surface. deposits in the northern escape the Sphere Of lunar craters of Influence of Earth and orbit permanent sun shadow Sun. region. 5. First Mars mission in the

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world to succeed Mars Orbit 3. The impact probe's Insertion in first attempt. Chandra's Altitudinal 6. Most economical Composition (CHACE) interplanetary mission in recorded direct evidence the world and paved way for of water in 650 mass cost-effective access to deep spectra gathered in the space. The launch vehicle, thin atmosphere above Spacecraft and Ground the Moon's surface. Segment have been realized 4. Moon Mineralogy with a budget of Rs 450 Cr. Mapper has discovered new rock types which are very small.

Future Programmes:

Aditya-L1 Gaganyan Will be launched By April 2020. December 2021 in Launched PSLV GSLV Mk III by ISRO So far, USA, RUSSIA and China have launched Aditya L1 will be placed in L1 human space flight missions. point from a distance of As part of the manned Gagayaan mission, India 1.5million km from the Earth. aims to send a 3-person crew to space for a period A Satellite placed in the halo orbit of seven days, with the spacecraft placed in a low Launch around the Lagrangian point 1 Earth orbit of up between 300-400km. Specificat (L1) of the Sun-Earth system has Specifications—Target: 2022 ions the major advantage of  Crew Module Weight: 7 Tons continuously viewing the Sun o Crew:3 Members without any occultation/ o Cost: 10,000 Cr eclipses. o Time: 3days o Orbit: LEO Scientific Objectives- Scientific Objectives- 1. To study the diagnostic 1. Conducting studies in the microgravity parameters of solar corona and environment dynamics and origin of coronal 2. To achieve higher level reliability in launch and mass ejections (using three visible satellite technology. and one infra-red channels); Other Objectives- Objectives 2. To study the magnetic field 1. Enhancement of S&T levels in the country. measurements of the solar corona 2. Collaboration between various institutes, down to tens of Gauss. academia and industry. 3. To provide observations of 3. Improvement in Industrial Growth. Sun's photosphere, chromosphere 4. Development of technology for social benefits and corona. 5. Improving international collaboration. Aditya Mission was The government has already cleared a budget of conceptualized in 2008 by the Rs100 billion for the manned mission. India’s Advisory Committee for Space ISRO developed some critical technologies- Preparedn Research. 1. Reentry mission capability ess It was initially envisaged as a 2. Crew escape system small 400 kg, low-Earth orbiting 3. Crew module configuration

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satellite with a coronagraph to 4. Deceleration and flotation system study the solar corona. 5. Sub systems of life supporting system. An experimental budget of 3 6. Thermal Protection System Crore INR was allocated for the Demonstration: financial year 2016—2017. 1. Space capsule Recovery Experiment(SRE- As of July 2019, the mission has 2007) an allocated cost of 2. Crew Module Atmospheric Reentry Experiment ₹378.53 crore excluding launch (CARE-2014) costs. 3. Pad Abort Test (2018) Technological and Logistical Other developments- capabilities to launch this 1. Human Space Center is established to mission are already there with accomplish this task. ISRO. 2. Astronaut Training with Russian collaboration is under way. 3. Indigenously Space Suits are developed. 4. Collaborations in life supporting subsystems are going on with France and other domestic institutions.

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India’s Space Station: Year Achievement  India plans to have its own space station and India's first satellite 'Aryabhata' was 1975 modalities for it will be worked out after the launched Bhaskara-1 Satellites under Mission first manned mission, Gaganyaan. 1979  The proposed space station is envisaged to Rohini were launched Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment weigh 20 tones and serve as a facility where (APPLE) - ISRO's first indigenous, astronauts can stay for 15-20 days. 198 experimental communication  It would be placed in an orbit 400 km above satellite. earth. Commissioning of the Indian National  If successful, India will be the 4th country to Satellite (INSAT) System: One of the set up a space station on its own after 198 largest domestic communication satellite systems in the Asia Pacific Russia, the US and China. Region.  Nearly $120 billion was spent on the ISS. Rakesh Sharma made history by  ISS likely to be wound up in 2028, so China's 1984 becoming first and only Indian to space station is likely to be the only crewed travel to Space in Soviet Rocket space station left. Launch of first remote sensing 1988  ISRO says it is a natural extension of India's mission IRS-1A. First multi-purpose satellite INSAT- human space programme and is needed to 1992 keep leadership in the space arena. 2A was successfully operationalized. Launched first fully operational

Indigenization of Space Technology 1997 satellite aboard a locally developed rocket PSLV. 1. Solar Photo Voltaic cells Kalpana-1: First dedicated 2. Rohini Series Sounding Rockets(RHS) 2002 meteorological satellite 3. VIKAS- liquid propulsion engine. EDUSAT (GSAT-3): 1st Indian 4. Cryogenic Engine—CE20 2004 Satellite built exclusively to serve the 5. Li-Ion batteries. educational sector. Launch of INSAT-4A from European Achievements of India in Space Launch Vehicle: the first satellite to 2005 Technology meet the requirement of DTH 1. PSLV Television Services. Launch of Chandrayaan-1: Beginning 2. GSLV MK-III of ISRO's Historic Moon Mission 3. MOM (Successful in its first attempt) 2008

4. RLV-TD IRNSS-1A Navigation Satellite 5. Chandrayan-1(Found water on Moon) MOM (Mars Orbiter Mission): India is 6. Astrosat (Multi wavelength Spectrometer) 2013 the first nation to succeed on its first 7. Multiple satellites into multiple orbits in one attempt to reach Mars. launch (2017). Made World Record by launching 104 2017 satellites simultaneously through the

PSLV C-37 (38th successful mission

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of PSLV in a row) of pieces of debris that are so small they can’t be tracked. GSLV Mark-III (the heaviest rocket  Even tiny paint flecks can damage a ever made by India) spacecraft when traveling at these velocities. Launch of India's Heaviest 201 In fact a number of space shuttle windows Communication Satellite GSAT-11 have been replaced because of damage

Emerging Issues caused by material that was analyzed and Space Debris: shown to be paint flecks.  Space debris encompasses both natural Project NETRA: (meteoroid) and artificial (man-made)  Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) particles. initiated ‘Project NETRA’ – an early warning  Meteoroids are in orbit about the sun, while system in space to detect debris and other most artificial debris is in orbit about the hazards to Indian satellites. Earth. Hence, the latter is more commonly  Currently there are 15 functional Indian referred to as orbital debris. communication satellites in the geostationary  Orbital debris is any man-made object in orbit of 36,000 km; 13 remote sensing orbit about the Earth which no longer serves satellites in LEO of up to 2,000 km; and a useful function. eight navigation satellites in medium earth  Space debris could be floating particles from orbits. dead satellites or rocket parts that stay in orbit for many years. Under NETRA, or Network for space object  Even a speck of paint or fragment floating Tracking and Analysis, the ISRO plans to towards their spacecraft can disable on put up many observational facilities: board electronics and cripples the satellite 1. Connected radars, telescopes; worth several hundred crore rupees besides 2. Data processing units and many services that run on it. 3. Control centre.  Agencies constantly look for debris at the

time of a launch and through the life of a Advantages of Project NETRA: satellite.  The project will give India its own capability in space situational awareness (SSA) like the Extent of the Problem: other space powers — which is used to  There are more than 20,000 pieces of debris ‘predict’ threats from debris to Indian larger than a softball orbiting the Earth. satellites.  They travel at speeds up to 17,500 mph, fast  It also goes so far as to serve as an unstated enough for a relatively small piece of orbital warning against missile or space attack for debris to damage a satellite or a spacecraft. the country.  There are 500,000 pieces of debris the size of a marble or larger. There are many millions

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 Our SSA will first be for low-earth orbits or Laboratory in USA, along with its LEO which have remote-sensing spacecraft. international partners.  They can, among others, spot, track and catalogue objects as small as 10 cm, up to a The LIGO-India project will be built by the range of 3,400 km and equal to a space orbit Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) and the of around 2,000 km. Department of Science and Technology  NETRA’s eventual goal is to capture the GEO, (DST), Government of India, with a or geostationary orbit, scene at 36,000 km Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with where communication satellites operate. the National Science Foundation (NSF), USA,  NORAD, or the North American Aerospace along with several national and international Defense Command, is an initiative of the U.S. research and academic institutions. and Canada that shares selective debris data The project is being led by four with many countries. institutions:  More importantly, the SSA also has a military (i) Indore’s Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced quotient to it and adds a new ring to the Technology (RRCAT): It will provide its country’s overall security, as space and expertise in lasers and laser technology; defense experts read it. (ii) Pune’s Inter-University Centre for Astronomy  NORAD, too, uses satellites, ground and air and Astrophysics (IUCAA): It will provide the radars to secure its two countries against scientific teams, scientific data computation attacks from air, space or sea. and data acquisition;  Combined with other elements of military (iii) Gandhinagar’s Institute for Plasma Research intelligence, he said SSA would help us to (IPR): It will contribute in cryogenic and high understand motives behind any suspicious vacuum systems for the prestigious project. orbit changes of other satellites and to know Gravitational Waves: if they were spying on or harming our  Gravitational waves are ripples in the spacecraft. curvature of space-time which propagate LIGO India Project: as waves, travelling outward from the The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave source at the speed of light. Observatory (LIGO) - India is a planned  They transport energy as gravitational advanced gravitational-wave observatory to radiation and pass through matter be located in India as part of the worldwide without interacting with it. network. This is planned at Hingoli district of  Gravitational waves were first predicted in Maharashtra. 1916 by Albert Einstein on the basis of his

LIGO-India is envisaged as a collaborative Theory of General Relativity. project between a consortium of Indian Strongest sources of gravitational research institutions and the LIGO waves: o Black holes,

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o Supernova, o Neutron stars and o Big bang. Significance: Information extracted by these transmitted waves will help to address unsolved questions and mysteries 2. Lox Methane Engine of physics and astronomy.  Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre of ISRO is developing 2 Lox methane-powered rocket 1. SSLV- Small Satellite Launch Vehicle engines.  ISRO is slated to induct the Small Satellite  The ‘LOx methane’ engine uses methane as Launch Vehicle in early 2020. fuel and liquid oxygen as oxidizer.  SSLVs are considered small wonders capable  Methane can be synthesised using water and of launching payloads of 500-700 kg in LEO carbon dioxide in space. (1/3rd of what PSLV can carry).  It is non-toxic. (Di-Methyl Hydrazine and  It can reach upto heights of 500 KM in the Nitrogen tetroxide is said to be highly toxic) LEO.  Higher specific impulse (read above for  SSLVs will cost 1/10th of a PSLV and will Specific Impulse). need only 72 hours for launch in comparison  Does not leave a residue upon combustion. to 45 days for PSLV.  All 3 stages are solid stages. 3. Ion Rockets Small scale ion propulsion is used in a number of missions including NASA’s Dawn mission and Deep Space mission, ESA’s LISA Pathfinder and Bepi Colombo and Japan’s Hayabusa Mission.

Ion Rockets:  Ion rockets are the rockets of the future for deep space exploration.  They are much more efficient than conventional rockets that use chemical fuels. Fig: Small Satellite Launch Vehicle.  While chemical fuels generate velocities of

upto 2 to 3 km/s, ion rockets can achieve velocities of about 4,400 km/s.  Ion rockets use electric repulsion of ions to propel the rockets.

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4. Glimpse of ISRO 2019 support the Indian Regional Navigation 1. Launches by ISRO in 2019 satellite system, NavIC. The first-ever NavIC  The year began with ISRO successfully demonstration using the Snapdragon Mobile launching Microsat-R and Kalamsat-V2 Platforms was showcased by Qualcomm onboard the PSLV-C44 vehicle. during the India Mobile Congress at New  GSAT 31 communication satellite was Delhi during 14 to 16 October 2019. launched from Kourou, French Guiana  New Space India Limited (NSIL), Bengaluru onboard Arianespace rocket on 6 February was incorporated on 6 March 2019. The 2019. business activities of NSIL is mainly driven  Launch view gallery along with a Rocket space towards enabling Indian industries to garden was launched in Sriharikota to productionise space systems and to exploit enable nearly 5000 people to watch ISRO the commercial opportunities emanating launches live. from the Indian space programme.  EMISAT was successfully launched onboard  The notable development of the year was PSLV-C45 on 1 April 2019. technology transfer of Li-ion to Indian  RISAT-2B radar imaging earth observation industries.10 industries were selected for the satellite was launched onboard PSLV-C46 on transfer of the Li-ion cell technology from 22 May 2019. ISRO.  The launch of GSLV-MK III M1, India’s most  Space Technology Cells (STCs) have been powerful launch vehicle, was accomplished established at IIT Guwahati and IIT Delhi to on 22 July 2019. The mission carried take space technology research and Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter spacecraft to its applications to newer heights. intended orbit. The instruments are  Space Technology Incubation Centres (S-TIC) continuously providing very useful science were established at NIT, Trichy and NIT, data. Jalandhar for developing concepts related to  Cartosat-3, a third-generation agile advanced Space Science and technology in line with satellite having high-resolution imaging the National policy of ‘Start-up India’. capability, was launched by PSLV-C47 on 27  Regional Academic Centre for Space (RAC-S) November 2019. was established at NIT, Kurukshetra to  PSLV-C48 launched RISAT-2BR1 radar develop Academia-Industry ecosystem for imaging earth observation satellite on 11 Space technology. December 2019.  A special programme for School Children called “YuvaVIgyaniKAryakram (YUVIKA)” 2. Collaborations Formed by ISRO with was organized to impart basic knowledge on Industry and Academia space technology, space science and space  Qualcomm Technologies Inc. in collaboration application. with ISRO developed and tested a chipset ISRO launched ‘Samwad with Students’ platform across their portfolio which can wherein youngsters across India had an

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opportunity to interact with K Sivan, today’s launch was also the 75th launch Chairman, ISRO. vehicle mission from SDSC SHAR, Sriharikota. Cartosat-3 Cartosat-3, an advanced earth imaging and mapping satellite. Launched by PSLV C47. The 1,560 kg satellite will have 13 small US customer satellites riding as secondary Fig: Satellite Launches- RISAT 2BR1 passengers. They will be placed in a polar 5. Mangalyaan-2 (or the Mars Orbiter orbit. Mission-2) Cartosat-3, with an ISRO-best resolution of  Planned mission by ISRO between 2022 and 25 cm, will be the first of a series of high 2023. resolution, third generation satellites  The Mangalyaan-2 orbiter will use planned for observing the Earth. aerobraking to lower its initial apoapsis and The satellite will be able to pick up objects of enter into an orbit more suitable for that size (25 cm) from its orbitals perch observations. about 509 km away. This will make Cartosat-  This mission, much like the Mangalyaan-1 3 among the few sharpest, if not the best, mission has been planned as an orbiter- civil earth imagers world wide. alone mission, and won't feature a lander or 000 rover. Fig: Satellite Launches- CARTOSAT 3

6. Indian Data Relay Satellite System RISAT 2BR1 (IDRSS) RISAT-2BR1 is a radar imaging earth IDRSS give India its own space-to-space observation satellite weighing about 628 kg. tracking and communication of its space The satellite will provide services in thefield assets. India has planned for IDRSS series in of Agriculture, Forestry and Disaster 2020 Management. The mission life of RISAT-2BR1  Under IDRSS, 2 satellites will be launched in is 5 years. geostationary orbit spaced 180 degrees The nine customer satellites of Israel, Italy, apart to provide continuous contact for any Japan and USA were precisely injected into spacecraft in LEO. their designated orbits. These satellites were  It is primarily meant for providing launched under a commercial arrangement continuous/real time communication of with New Space India Limited (NSIL). Low-Earth-Orbit satellites including human PSLV-C48 is the 2nd flight of PSLV in ‘QL’ space mission to the ground station. configuration (with 4 solid strap-on motors).  It will also reduce the dependence on the Besides being the 50th launch of PSLV, ground stations in tracking satellites.

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 US, China, Japan and Europe have such  This is exclusively designed for fishermen DRS systems. about disasters when they are 10 to 12 km away from the coast. 7. Shukrayaan-1  Note: Read about GAGAN from static portion It is a proposed orbiter to Venus by the ISRO of the notes to study the surface and atmosphere of Venus. 9. Paras  Scientific team of Physical Research Objectives Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad Discovered of To study a Sub-Saturn Exoplanet around a Sun-like  atmosphere of Venus and its chemistry star.  Surface and sub-surface features  Named EPIC 211945201B/K2-236B  Interaction of the planet with solar radiation Paras (PRL Advanced Radial Velocity Abu  Rotation pattern of Venus Sky Search Spectrograph)  It is a spectrograph to find exo-planets. Venus:  It is designed and developed by PRL.  Planet Venus is often described as Earth's (Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad) 'twin sister' due to similarities in their sizes,  Main aim is to search for exo-planets around densities, composition and gravity. dwarf main sequence stars using radial  About 80% of the surface of Venus is velocity method. composed of flat plains of volcanic origin.

 The atmosphere of Venus is composed of 10. Project Netra (Network for Space Object 95% carbon dioxide and thus high Tracking and Analysis) greenhouse effect.  ISRO initiated ‘Project NETRA’ – an early  Unusual thing about Venus is that its warning system in space to detect debris and rotation period is longer than its orbital other hazards to Indian satellites. period.  It includes a network of observational  It spins in the direction opposite to the facilities like connected radars, telescopes, direction in which it orbits the Sun. data processing units and a control centre  Due to slow rotation of Venus it has no  The system is deployed to predict threats to global magnetic field. Indian satellites from space debris, space attacks etc. 8. Gemini Device:

The Government of India launched the Under NETRA, the ISRO plans to put up GEMINI device that will provide information many observational facilities: related to disaster warning. 1. Connected radars, telescopes;  Stands for Gagan Enabled Mariner’s 2. Data processing units and Instrument for Navigation and Information. 3. Control centre.

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NORAD - ISRO currently depends on NORAD astronauts respond to living outside earth in (North American Aerospace Defence controlled zero-gravity conditions. Command) for tracking of space debris and The humanoid has been developed by protect its satellites in course and during the ISRO Inertial Systems Unit, launches. It is an initiative of USA and Thiruvananthapuram. Canada. 12. Human Space Flight Centre (HSFC) 11. Vyommitra: Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) unveiled its first ‘woman’ astronaut, named Vyom Mitra who will ride to space in the first test flight of the human space mission, Gaganyan.

Fig: Human Space Flight Center

HSFC shall be responsible for implementation of GAGANYAAN Project which involves end-to-end mission planning, Fig: Vyommitra development of Engineering systems for crew survival in space, crew selection & training  She is half-humanoid and her body stops at and also pursue activities for sustained the torso and has no legs. human space flight missions.  She is capable of switching panel operations, HSFC will take support of the existing ISRO performing Environment Control and Life Centres to implement, the first development Support Systems (ECLSS) functions, flight of GAGANYAAN under Human Space conversations with the astronauts, Flight Programme. recognising them and solving their queries.

 The humanoid can detect and give out Manned Space Mission: warnings if the environment changes within August 2004 : ISRO Policy Planning the cabin. Committee  She will simulate the human recommends manned functions required for space before real space mission. astronauts take off before August 2022. November 2006 : National Committee  She will be sent in a space capsule around comprising 80 the end of 2020 or early 2021 to study how scientists and

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technocrats endorses Two critical stages in Manned Space proposal. Mission September 2007 : First Public 1. Reentry modules announcement of the 2. Crew Escape System. human space 13. NISAR- NASA- ISRO Synthetic Aperture programme. Radar. February-March 2009 : Another committee, comprising Montek 1. NASA-ISRO SAR Mission (NISAR) Siongh Ahulwalia, A dedicated US and Indian in SAR R.Chidambaram, (Interferometric synthetic-aperture radar) Roddam Narasimha, mission, in partnership with ISRO, optimized MGK Menon, YashPal, for studying hazards and global M.S.Swaminathan environmental change. and K.Radha Krishnan, discusses the desirability and feasibility of the programme and expresses support. April 2010 : Failure of GSLV-D3. December 2010 : Failure of GSLV-F06. December 18, 2014 : Successful testing of Fig: NISAR Mission. experimental flight of

GSLV MK-III; this also successfully tests n Space Related Current Issues experimental crew 1. SSLV- Small Satellite Launch Vehicle module,  ISRO is slated to induct the Small Satellite demonstrating re- Launch Vehicle in early 2020. entry capability  SSLVs are considered small wonders capable June 2017 : First developmental of launching payloads of 500-700 kg in LEO flight of GSLV MK-III (1/3rd of what PSLV can carry). July 2018 : First successful flight  It can reach upto heights of 500 KM in the of the crew escape LEO. system.  SSLVs will cost 1/10th of a PSLV and will August 15, 2018 : Prime Minister need only 72 hours for launch in comparison announces manned to 45 days for PSLV. mission to take place  All 3 stages are solid stages. before 2022.

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and BepiColombo and Japan’s Hayabusa Mission.

Ion Rockets:  Ion rockets are the rockets of the future for deep space exploration.  They are much more efficient than conventional rockets that use chemical fuels.  While chemical fuels generate velocities of

upto 2 to 3 km/s, ion rockets can achieve Fig: Small Satellite Launch Vehicle velocities of about 4,400 km/s.  Ion rockets use electric repulsion of ions to propel the rockets.

4. Glimpse of ISRO 2019 1. Launches by ISRO in 2019  The year began with ISRO successfully launching Microsat-R and Kalamsat-V2

onboard the PSLV-C44 vehicle.

2. Lox Methane Engine  GSAT 31 communication satellite was launched from Kourou, French Guiana  Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre of ISRO is onboard Arianespace rocket on 6 February developing 2 Lox methane-powered rocket 2019. engines.  Launch view gallery along with a Rocket  The ‘LOx methane’ engine uses methane as space garden was launched in Sriharikota fuel and liquid oxygen as oxidizer. to enable nearly 5000 people to watch  Methane can be synthesised using water and ISRO launches live.  EMISAT was successfully launched carbon dioxide in space. onboard PSLV-C45 on 1 April 2019.  It is non-toxic. (Di-Methyl Hydrazine and  RISAT-2B radar imaging earth observation Nitrogen tetroxide is said to be highly toxic) satellite was launched onboard PSLV-C46  Higher specific impulse (read above for on 22 May 2019. Specific Impulse).  The launch of GSLV-MK III M1, India’s  Does not leave a residue upon combustion. most powerful launch vehicle, was accomplished on 22 July 2019. The

3. Ion Rockets mission carried Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter spacecraft to its intended orbit. The Small scale ion propulsion is used in a number instruments are continuously providing of missions including NASA’s Dawn mission very useful science data. and Deep Space mission, ESA’s LISA Pathfinder  Cartosat-3, a third-generation agile advanced satellite having high-resolution

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imaging capability, was launched by PSLV- called “YuvaVIgyaniKAryakram (YUVIKA)” C47 on 27 November 2019. was organized to impart basic knowledge  PSLV-C48 launched RISAT-2BR1 radar on space technology, space science and imaging earth observation satellite on 11 space application. December 2019.  ISRO launched ‘Samwad with Students’ 2. Collaborations Formed by ISRO with wherein youngsters across India had an Industry and Academia opportunity to interact with K Sivan,  Qualcomm Technologies Inc. in Chairman, ISRO. collaboration with ISRO developed and tested a chipset platform across their portfolio which can support the Indian Regional Navigation satellite system, NavIC. The first-ever NavIC demonstration using the Snapdragon Mobile Platforms was showcased by Qualcomm during the  India Mobile Congress at New Delhi during 14 to 16 October 2019.  New Space India Limited (NSIL), Bengaluru was incorporated on 6 March 2019. The business activities of NSIL is mainly driven Fig: Satellite Launches- CARTOSAT 3 towards enabling Indian industries to productionise space systems and to exploit the commercial opportunities emanating from the Indian space programme.  The notable development of the year was technology transfer of Li-ion to Indian industries.10 industries were selected for the transfer of the Li-ion cell technology from ISRO.  Space Technology Cells (STCs) have been established at IIT Guwahati and IIT Delhi to take space technology research and

applications to newer heights. Fig: Satellite Launches- RISAT 2BR1  Space Technology Incubation Centres (S- TIC) were established at NIT, Trichy and 5. Mangalyaan-2 (or the Mars Orbiter NIT, Jalandhar for developing concepts related to Space Science and technology in Mission-2) line with the National policy of ‘Start-up  Planned mission by ISRO between 2022 and India’. 2023.  Regional Academic Centre for Space (RAC-  The Mangalyaan-2 orbiter will use S) was established at NIT, Kurukshetra to aerobraking to lower its initial apoapsis and develop Academia-Industry ecosystem for enter into an orbit more suitable for Space technology.  A special programme for School Children observations.

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 This mission, much like the Mangalyaan-1  About 80% of the surface of Venus is mission has been planned as an orbiter- composed of flat plains of volcanic origin. alone mission, and won't feature a lander or  The atmosphere of Venus is composed of rover. 95% carbon dioxide and thus high greenhouse effect. 6. Indian Data Relay Satellite System (Idrss)  Unusual thing about Venus is that its  IDRSS give India its own space-to-space rotation period is longer than its orbital tracking and communication of its space period. assets. India has planned for IDRSS series in  It spins in the direction opposite to the 2020 direction in which it orbits the Sun.  Under IDRSS, 2 satellites will be launched in  Due to slow rotation of Venus it has no global geostationary orbit spaced 180 degrees apart magnetic field. to provide continuous contact for any spacecraft in LEO. 8. GEMINI Device:  It is primarily meant for providing  The Government of India launched the continuous/real time communication of Low- GEMINI device that will provide information Earth-Orbit satellites including human space related to disaster warning. mission to the ground station.  Stands for Gagan Enabled Mariner’s  It will also reduce the dependence on the Instrument for Navigation and Information. ground stations in tracking satellites.  This is exclusively designed for fishermen  US, China, Japan and Europe have such about disasters when they are 10 to 12 km DRS systems. away from the coast.  Note: Read about GAGAN from static portion 7. Shukrayaan-1 of the notes  It is a proposed orbiter to Venus by the ISRO to study the surface and atmosphere of 9. PARAS Venus.  Scientific team of Physical Research Objectives: Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad Discovered of  To study a Sub-Saturn Exoplanet around a Sun-like  atmosphere of Venus and its chemistry star.  Surface and sub-surface features  Named EPIC 211945201B/K2-236B  Interaction of the planet with solar radiation  Rotation pattern of Venus Paras (Prl Advanced Radial Velocity Abu Venus: Sky Search Spectrograph)   Planet Venus is often described as Earth's It is a spectrograph to find exo-planets.  'twin sister' due to similarities in their sizes, It is designed and developed by PRL. densities, composition and gravity. (Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad)

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 Main aim is to search for exo-planets around  She is half-humanoid and her body stops at dwarf mainsequence stars using radial the torso and has no legs. velocity method.  She is capable of switching panel operations, performing Environment Control and Life 10. Project Netra (Network For Space Object Support Systems (ECLSS) functions, Tracking And Analysis) conversations with the astronauts,  ISRO initiated ‘Project NETRA’ – an early recognising them and solving their queries. warning system in space to detect debris and  The humanoid can detect and give out other hazards to Indian satellites. warnings if the environment changes within  It includes a network of observational the cabin. facilities like connected radars, telescopes,  She will simulate the human data processing units and a control centre functions required for space before real  The system is deployed to predict threats to astronauts take off before August 2022. Indian satellites from space debris, space  She will be sent in a space capsule around attacks etc. the end of 2020 or early 2021 to study how astronauts respond to living outside earth in Under NETRA, the ISRO plans to put up controlled zero-gravity conditions. many observational facilities:

1. Connected radars, telescopes; The humanoid has been developed by 2. Data processing units and the ISRO Inertial Systems Unit, 3. Control centre. Thiruvananthapuram.

NORAD - ISRO currently depends on NORAD 12. Human Space Flight Centre (HSFC) (North American Aerospace Defence  HSFC shall be responsible for Command) for tracking of space debris and implementation of GAGANYAAN Project protect its satellites in course and during which involves end-to-end mission planning, launches. It is an initiative of USA and development of Engineering systems for crew Canada. survival in space, crew selection & training and also pursue activities for sustained 11. Vyommitra: human space flight missions. Indian Space Research Organisation  HSFC will take support of the existing ISRO (ISRO) unveiled its first ‘woman’ Centres to implement, the first development astronaut, named Vyom Mitra who will ride flight of GAGANYAAN under Human Space to space in the first test flight of the human Flight Programme. space mission, Gaganyan.

Vyommitra