Report of Committee on Building Construction Herbert T. Gilkey, SMACNA Inc (Alternate to H. D. Ahern) Correlating Committee Forrest G. Hammaker, American Gas Assn. Laboratories (Alternate to R. A. Kutina) Donald W. Belles, Chairman Vincent J. 14ession, Bell Communications Rese:~r~h Inc. Donald W Belles & Assoc. Inc. (Alternate to L. L. Parks) William R. Pauers, 3ohnson Controls, Inc. (Alternate to S. E. Egesdal) Ron Cote', Secretary C. B. Schram, Underwriters Laboratories Inc. National Fire Protection Association (Alternate to 3. R. Thiel and (Nonvoting) Nonvoting NEt Liaison) Herbert C. Skarbek, Air-Conditioning & John G. Degenkolb, Carson City, NV Refrigeration Inst. Kenneth A. Kander, M&M Protection Consultants (Alternate to D. Fragnlto) llarold E. Nelson, NBS/Center for Fire Research Nicholas L. Talbot, Pompano Beach, FL Chester W. Schirmer, Schlrmer Engineering Corp. (Alternate to R. 3. Seidensticker) William A. Schmidt, Bowie, HD James Tatum, Controlled Air Mfr. Ltd Edward J. Ward, Factory Mutual Research Corp. (Alternate to R. Van Becelaere)

Nonvoting

Jonas L. Morehart, Natl Institutes of Health Technical Committee on Construction and Demolition Rep. NFPA Safety to Life Conwnittee Kenneth A Kander, Chairman H&M Protection Consultants Technical Committee on Air Condltioning Ron Cote', Secretary William A. Schmidt, Chairman National Fire Protection Association Bowie, MD (Nonvoting)

Ron Cote', Secretary Alfred R. Baker, American Nuclear Insurers National Fire Protection Association Raymond 3. Daley, Daley Lazaro & Bligh Assoc. (Nonvoting) Richard 3. Davis, Factory Mutual Research C. Dale Eggen, Washington Public Power Supply System Michael D. Ahern, Harbridge Inc. 3ohn A. Granchi, US Dept. of Labor OSHA Rep. SMACNA Richard G. Kirsop, City of Tacoma Washington Carl F. Baldassarra, Schirmer Engineering Corp. Fire Dept. Gary L. Bauman, Childrens Hospital of Pittsburgh Stephen G. Leeds, Lawrence Livermore Nail Laboratory Rep. American Hospital Assn. 3. Mark Loizeaux, Controlled Demolition Inc. Delbert F. Boring Jr., American Iron & Steel Inst. Thomas C. McNeroey, lhomas C McNerney & Assoc. Jack B. Buckley, I. A. Naman + Assoc. - Consulting R. Benjamin Rietze, Morrison-Knndsen Co. Inc. Engineers Hugh O. Strawn, Minnesota Ins. Informatinn (:tr. Frederic B. Clarke, Benjamin/Clarke Assoc, Inc. Rep. FMANA S. E. Egesdal, Honeywell Inc. Rep. NEHA Staff Liaison: Ron Cote' Daniel Fragnito, United Technologies Carrier Rep. Air=Conditloning & Refrigeration Inst. lhis list represents the membership at th(, time Richard G. Gewain, Hughes Associates Inc. the Committee was balloted on tile text o! this Winfield T. Irwin, CertainTeed Corp. edition. Since that time, changes in tile Rep. Thermal Insulation Mfrs. Assn. membershi p may have occurred. John H. Klote, NBS/Center for Fire Research Marvin A. Koerber, Atco Rubber Products Inc. The Report of the Committee on Building Rep. Air Diffusion Council Construction is presented for adoption ill three Richard A. Kutina, American Gas Assn. parts. Kenneth S. Lewison, NY State Bldg. Codes Bureau Richard E. Masters, Jaros Baum & Bolles Part I of this Report was prepared by tile Ernest E. Miller, Industrial Risk Insurers Technical Committee on Air Conditioning and Donald L. Moore, US Dept. of Housing & Urban Development proposes for adoption a complete revision to NFPA Lyman L. Parks, New Jersey Bell Telephone Co. 90A-1985, Standard for tile Installation of Air Sylvester A. Sampson Jr., US Dept. Health and Human Conditioning and Ventilating Systems. NFPA Services/OES 90A-1985 is published in Volume 4 of the 1988 W. W. Schliestett, Air Masters Inc. National Fire Codes and in separate pamphlet form. Raymond 3. Seidensticker, IRM Insurance 3. Brooks Semple, Smoke/Fire Risk Mgmt. Inc. Part I of this Report has been submitted to Rep. ASHRAE letter ballot of the Technical Committee nn Air Howard H. Summers Jr., Office of Virginia State Fire Conditioning which consists of 29 voting members: Marshal of whom Z8 voted affirmatively, none negatively. James R. Thiel, Underwriters Laboratories Inc. and l ballot was not returned (Hr. Irwin). Robert: Van Becelaere, Ruskin Hanufactoring Div. Rep. Air Hovemeot and Control Assn. Part I of this Report has also been submittef I William A. Webb, Roll Jensen & Assoc. Inc. to letter ballot of the Correlating Committee nn Robert A. Wessel, Gypsum Assn. Building Construction wilich consists of 7 voting Ralph E. Williams, Southwestern Vermont Medical Ctr. members; of whom 6 voted affirmatively, none Rep. NFPA Health Care Sectiou negatively, and I ballot was not returned (Hr. Ward).

Alternates Part II of this Report was prepared by the Technical Committee on Air Conditioning and Kathleen Almand, American Iron & Steel Institute proposes for'adoption amendments to NFPA 90B-1984, (Alternate to D. Boring) Standard for the Installation and Warm Air Heating David Brackett, Gypsum Assn. and Air Conditioning Systems. NFPA 90B-1984 is (Alternate to R. A. Wessel) published in Volume 4 of the 1988 National Fire Douglas S. Erickson, American Hospital Assn. Codes and in separate pamphlet form. (Alternate to G. L. Bauman) Edward A. Fickes, Schirmer Engineering Corp. (Alternate to C. F. Baldassarra)

120 Part II of this Report has been submitted to letter ballot of the Technical Committee on Air Conditioning whici~ consists of 29 voting members; of whom 26 voted affirmatively, none negatively, 1 recorded as not voting (Mr. Clarke) and 2 ballots were not returned (Messrs. Gewain and Irwin).

Part II of this Report has also been submitted to letter ballot of the Correlating Committee on Building Construction which consists of 7 voting members; of whom 6 voted affirmatively, none negatively, and 1 ballot was not returned (Mr. Ward).

Part III of this Report was prepared by the Technical Con~ittee on Construction and Demolition and proposes for adoption amendments to NFPA 241-1986, Standard for Safeguarding Construction, Alteration, and Demolition Operations. NFPA 241-1986 is published in Volume 6 of the 1988 National Fire Codes and in separate pamphlet form.

Part Ill of this Report has been submitted to letter ballot of the Technical Committee on Construction and Demolition which consists of 12 voting members; of whom 9 voted affirmatively, none negatively, and 3 ballots were not returned (Messrs. Loizeaux, McNerney and Strawn).

Part Ill of this Report has also been submitted to letter ballot of the Correlating Committee on Building Construction which consists of 7 voting members; of whom all 7 voted affirmatively.

121 PART I Restrict use thru floors - Never intended. Delete Class II Connector - Obsolete. (Log # 30) Delete NBSIR Tests - New requirements govern, reduce 90A- l - (Entire Document): Accept confusion with vibration isolation connector. SUBMITTER: Technical Committee on Air Conditioning Coverings/Linings/Panels. RECOMMENDATIO_~: Revise NFPA 90A-1985 to read as shown Changed to "Supplementary" materials - Clarify items in the following draft. "field installed". ~TANTIATION: The proposed revision represents a Access. complete rewrite of NFPA 90A as undertaken by the Clarify rated ceiling access - assist resolution in Technical Committee on Air Conditioning using a "Clean maintaining "rating" of ceilings using hold-down clips. Sheet" approach. Starting with blank sheets of paper, Plenums. and trying to set aside any preconceived notions based Additional plenum categories - Assist in application on how NFPA 90A has read for years, a task group (with of systems. the help of Hank Roux who chairs the NFPA Technical Add plastic sprinkler pipe - Those passing tests. Committee on Systems Concepts for Fire Protection in Expand General Requirements for Materials - Structures) used the NFPA 550 firesafety concepts tree Clarification. to outline the draft revision. Five task groups then Egress drafted the proposed wording. One additional task Change Corridor "Plenum" - Response to actual and group performed various cost/benefit analyses on some interpretive problems. of tile provisions drafted by the other task groups. • Air Inlets/Outlets Specific changes are explained below: Materials - Previous language not adequate. Chapter l: Separated inlets/outlets - improve 1-3.2 - Since Appendix C has been eliminated, clarifications/system application. reference to Appendix C has been deleted. Fresh Air Intakes. I-4 Smoke Control - This paragraph makes the proper Change to "Outside" Air Intake -Industry practice. reference to NFPA 92A for smoke control. References to Add fire/smoke dampers if required - Identify Hazard Chapter 4 and Appendix C have been deleted. - Relate to Chapter 3• 1-6 Definitions: Filters Air Cleaner - This is a new definition based on Separate cleaners/filters - Proper classifiction. Chapter 2 requirements of 2-2.2 Air Cleaners and Equipment Filters. Equipment Location - Reference to Chapter 3 - Keep in Air Connector - This is a new definition to clarify one place. differences from air ducts for 2-3.1 and 2-3.2. Add "Electric Furnace" and appropriate reference - Air Duct - Old definition modified by word "air" for Complete types of units mentioned in 90A. clarity and consistency of use in Chapter 2. ~h~pter 3; Air Duct Covering, Air Duct Lining, and Air 3-I Description of Air Handling Equipment Rooms - Distribution System - Same as for Air Duct. Added for clarification. Air Filter - Old definition modified by reference to 3-3.4.4 - New section allowing nonhazardous piping in function by mechanical means as requied in 2-2.2. air duct shafts, for clarification. Air Inlet, Air Outlet, and Air Terminal Vault - 3-4.5 Damper Closure - 3-4.5.3 was expanded to Modification of existing definition by modifier "air permit available U.L. qualified damper capabilities for distribution" before system to provide consistency with enhanced smoke control as recommended in NFPA 92A. air distribution system definition. Deleted Appendix D and reference in paragraph 3-3.3.4 Air Transfer Opening - Second sentence deleted on Exception. NBS Test of Air Terminal Units - Tests the basis that it is not required for the definition. originally developed by National Bureau of Standards as Blower - Replaced words "into an affected area" by a prototype test to be followed-up with additional "through an air duct system" for clarity and testing of manufactured air terminal units. Additional consistency. tests have not been performed and the test equipment is Fire Wall - This was rewritten to be consistent no longer available. This equipment no longer often with changes in Section 3-3. used in new construction because it is not energy Flame Spread Index - Changed word "Rating" to efficient. The equipment therefore no longer "Index" to be technically correct. represents current industry practice• Smoke Developed Index - Same as above. Chapter 4; Limited Combustible - The word rating (which appears 4-3.1 - Operation characteristics were improperly in 5 times) has been replaced by "index" for consistency. the previous definition. Removed from definition and Noncombustible - Second sentence is required to reworded as requirements. reflect the proper title of ASTM E 136 and the proper 4-3.2 and 4-3.3 - Differentiations between distinct way to interpret the results of the test. smoke damper functions has been emphasized for clarity. Plenum - Modification to add ",and which is not used 4-4 Locations, Function and Installation were for occupancy or storage" for clarity for use in separated for clarity of meaning. Chapter 2. Also add reference to 2-3.9 Plenums. C__hapter 5: Smoke Control - Word "system" deleted in term being The need for testing of new equipment before defined.. acceptance is recognized. Reports were discussed of Smoke Damper - Major modification made for clarity. improper application and installation of fire dampers Operational portion has been relocated in Chapter 4. and other equipment required by 90A. The Committee Appendix A - New material for Air Connector, Ceiling felt that acceptance testing of fire protection devices Damper, Fire Damper, Fire Resistance Rating. required by 90A should be made mandatory. This is now Most changes and additions clarify reference incorporated in Chapter 5. Much was previously materials. recommended as Appendix material, especially Appendix l~J~p_t~ 2: B. Appendix B has been edited to follow the new format Reorganize Chapter 2 - More logical order, easier of the standard and revised to avoid redundancy with reading. Chapter 5. Further, some specific recommendations have Duct. been added to Appendix B on periodic maintenance based Delete asbestos, add copper - Current material use. on some available industry practices. Add gypsum duct with limitations - Current practice. The fire protection features of an air conditioning Add duct leakage standard - Reasonably air tight has system need to operate properly to assume a minimum no specific limits. level of fire safety of these systems. There is Suitable Materials - Allows greater range of considerable experience with acceptance testing of available products. other fire safety systems such as alarm systems and Changed references - To current editions. suppression system. Acceptance testing is needed to Added general construction requirement - covers assure that the fire protection features of air situations where no standards exist. conditioning systems work when they are new. Duct Connectors. NOTE: The draft also incorporates the Committee Retitle "Air Connectors" - Conform to trade practice. Action on the other proposals. Add limit per ru_n_ length - Reaffirm, original intent COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept. on a11owing "connectors."

122 (Log #I) 90A- 2 - (Entire Document): Reject included. Since we are all on a learning curve SUB~MI_T!ER: Laurence Reider, Cosentini Associates regarding firestopping, the more exposure or " RECOMMENDATION: Add a simple statement to the effect explanation the word "firestop" receives can only help bring about proper specification and installation. that it is dangerous to pump fresh air by means of a COM__MI_TTEE ACTION: Reject. fan onto the fire floor, and also, that from a life safety standpoint the object of pressurizing stairs is COMMITTEE STATEMENT: The word "firestop" is not used to maintain a smoke free (relatively) exit path. in the proposed NFPA 90A-1989 draft. Use of the word Include a statement in the revised Appendix C to say: "firestopping" is generic enough not to require further definition. With respect to the subject, proposed "The primary object of a smoke control system should he to evacuate the occupants of a (high rise) building 3-4.6.4 requires the use of an APPROVED material and through the assigned exits. To this end it is advised describes its desired performance. In NFPA parlance, "approved" means acceptable to the authority having that the fire floor should be maintained at a high jurisdiction. negative level; air supply air to this floor should be stopped for fear of creating a positive pressure which could be detrimental to the objective, and have the effect of driving smoke into the stair well under certain conditions of wind and temperature." (Log #12) ~U__B_STANTIATION: Having construction projects 90A- 5 - (I-6): Reject throughout the U.S., we are faced with so many SUBMITTER: Dennis Kirson, Sandia National Laboratories opinions, by local fire prevention officials who read, RECOMMENDATION: Add a new definition: it seems, every artlcle ever written about smoke Sleeve. A short section of duct secured in place by control and draw different conclusions and try:'to cover perimeter mounting angles on both sides of an opening, all the "what if's". in which a fire damper is mounted and at which ductwork on each side of the opening terminates by means of slip Our biggest problem is that most agencies want to see joints. smoke evacuation tests, but won't let us conduct the tests with the Fire Exit doors open - as could be S-U.BSTAN~ATION: Fire dampers must stay in place in the expected in an occupied building during a fire. protected opening, in the event ductwork collapses- C__OMMITTEE ACLION: Reject.. during a fire. To accomplish this, ductwork should not COMMI!TEE STATEMENT: Material that proposer suggests be continuous through a partition opening, but should is outside the scope of NFPA 90A. The subject is connect on each side of the partition to a damper within the scope of the new Technial Committee on Smoke installed in a substantial sleeve or frame secured by Control Systems which recently produced NFPA 92A, • perimeter mounting angles on both sides'of the opening. Recommended Practice for Smoke Control Systems. Paragraphs 3-3.7.2.2 and 3-3.7.2.3 both discuss sleeves, a term which is not defined elsewhere'in NFPA 90A. COMMITTEE ACTION: Reject. ~OMMITTEE STATEMENT: Term adequately described in (Log #19) 90A- 3 - (Undetermined): Reject manufacturers' instructions, listings and referenced ~UBMITTER: Dennis Kirson, Sandla National Laboratories SMACNA Guide (see proposed A-3-4.6.2 in Proposal. 90A-I). RECOMME___N.~ATION: Add a new article and Appendix article worded thus: "Electrically actuated fusible links may be used to electrically close fire dampers when the damper is not (Log #13) • being subjected to elevated temperatures. When of the 90A- 6 - (2-1.4.t): Accept in Part in Principle explosive squib design, which may throw a shower of SUBMITTER: Dennis Kirson, Sandia National Laboratories sparks, they shall not be installed near combustible RECOMMENDATION: (a) Delete the last sentence of materials. paragraph 2-1.4.1. Appendix: (b) Add a new paragraph 2-1.4.2: "Explosive squib type electrically actuated fusible "Access doors for fire dampers shall be located such links may fail, if installed with insufficient that the spring catch and Fusible links are accessible tension. After being fired,.the link may resolder and when the damper is closed. Where the size of the duct give the appearance of a functional device; however, it permits, the minimum size access door shall be 18 in. x will not fire a second time. Therefore, if used, 16 in. For dampers too large for a normal person's routine maintenance should include an electrical arms to reach from outside the duct to reset the damper resistance check to detect previously fired links. and replace the fusible link, the minimum size for the access door shall be increased to 24 in. x 16 in., to S__UBSTANTIATION: Fusible links for the operation of permit body entry. fire dampers are not discussed in the standard; thus, I am not sure where to suggest locating this proposal. (c) Renumber current paragraphs 2-I.4.2 through However, some guidance/warning shuuld be given 2-1.4.6 as 2-1.4.3 through 2-1.4.7. regarding the contemplated use of electrically operated ~UBSTANTIATI_QN: The phrase "large enough" in'paragraph fusible links. 2-1.4.1 is undefined and ambiguous. This proposal COMMITTEE ACTION: Reject. provides specific guidance for adequately sized access COMMITTEE ST__ATEMENT: The proposer has not provided openings as well as guidance on determining where to locate an access door. adequate .technical data and substantiation For the proposed new material. Paragraph B-7 recommends an annual operational test of all fire dampers, performed with normal system air flow. Proper access doors will permit such maintenance. COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept in Part in Principle. Revise the submitter's proposed verbiage so as to .(Log #23) 90A- 4 - (I-6): Reject create a new A-2-3.4.1 appendix note to read as follows: SUBMITTER: Terrance J. Knezevic, International A-2-3.4.1 Access doors for fire dampers should be Fireproofing Inc. located such that the spring catch'and fusible links RECOMMENDATION: New text: are accessible when the damper is closed. Where the Firestop. A device or system installed in the size of the duct permits, the minimum size access door annular space between the penetration and the should be 18 in. x 16 in. For dampers too large for a penetrating item(s) of a fire rated assembly. To normal person's arms to reach from outside the duct to prevent the passage of fire,.smoke and toxic gases and reset the damper and replace the Fusible link, the to restore the hourly rating of the fire rated minimum size for the access door should be increased to assembly. Acceptable when that device or system is Z4 in. x 16 in., to permit body entry. tested in accordance with U.L. 1479 "THROUGH. COMMI.T__TEE STATEMENT: The submitter's proposed wording PENETRATION FIRESTOP SYSTEMS!' (XHEZ) &/or "THROUGH is too detailed for the performance-oriented s'tandard PENETRATION FIRESTOP DEVICES" (XHCR). but provides good information which will compliment S_UBSTANTIATION: Due to the fact that firestop or proposed 2-3.4.1 (see Proposal 90A-I) as nonmandatory firestopping is referred to throughout NFPA 90A, it guidance contained in Appendix A. Also see Committee Action on Proposal 90A-29 seems only logical that a definition should be (Log #18).

123 (Log #28) (Log #2) 90A- 7 - (2-2.1.2(a) Exception No. 4 (New)): Reject 90A- 9 - (2-2.2): Reject SUBMITTER: Peter H. Billing, National Forest Products SUBMITTER: Robert a. Thompson, Lynnfield, MA Association RECOMMENDATION: Add "Educational Occupancies" to the RECOMMENDATION: Add additional exception to 2-2.1.2(a) list of occupancies covered by these restrictions. to read: SUBSTANT_IATION: For consistency with the concepts of Exception No. 4: When the exposed surfaces of the limiting movement of hazardous air (e.g., smoke) materials have a flamespread rating less than 25 and through corridors (of schools) during fires. the materials have been demonstrated not to propogate COMMITTEE ACTION: Reject. fire in the form in which they are installed in the COMMITTEE STATEMENT: The list of occupancies covered plenum. by these restrictions is meant to include occupancies SUBSTA~JIA!~_QN.: Present wording of this section where people sleep. An educational occupancy is not a excludes use of Fire Retardant Treated Wood (FRTW) from "sleeping occupancy"." use where the space will act as a plenum, regardless of whether tile applicable building code would otherwise permit use of FRTW. Wood that has been certified as Fire Regardant will have a flamespread similar to that (Log #3) of noncombustible materials and will not propagate any 90A- lO - (2-2.2 and 2-2.2.1 (New)): Reject fire within the plenum. Concern with air movement in SUBMITTER: Robert a. Thompson, Lynnfield, MA the plenum is further mitigated by the fact that the RECOMU~AT_~!_O~: Restate this involved paragraph to FRTW was tested in accordance with the NFPA 255 (ASTM read as follows: E84) flamespread test which itself uses an air flow 2-2.2* Means of Egress Corridors. rate of 240 ± 5 ft/min, during the test. Further, by 2-2.2.1 Egress corridors in the following referencing this proposed exception to NPPA 90A occupancies shall not be used as a portion of a supply, paragraph 2-2.1.2(e), as is done with Exception No. 2, return, or exhaust air system serving adjoining areas. assurance will be given that the FRTW used is suitable (a) Health Care. for continuous exposure to the temperature and humidity (b) Detention and Correctional. conditions of the environmental air found in plenums. (c) Hotels and Dormitories. The NFPA Technical Committee on Automatic Sprinklers (d) Apartment Buildings. recently considered the use of FRTW, and recognizing (e) Lodgingor Rooming Houses. its fire retardant characteristics allowed FRTW to be (f) Residential Board and Care Occupancies. used in concealed spaces without sprinkler protection Exception No. l: Toilet rooms, bathrooms, shower (See NFPA 13, paragraph 4-4.4.2(d)). rooms, sink closets, and similar auxiliary spaces COMMITTEE ACTION: Reject. opening directly on the corridor. COMMITTEE STATEMENT: The submitter has not provided Exception No. 2: Provideddoor clearances do not appropriate technical evidence given that the proposed exceed those specified for fire doors in NFPA 80, wording would use a flame spread test in lieu of a Standard for Fire Doors and Windows, air transfer combustibility test for a material that can be present because of pressure differential in health care in significant quantity so as to present a high fire occupancies from corridors is acceptable. load. Exception No. 3: Use of corridors as part of an engineered smoke control system. (See Appendix C). Exception No. 4: In detention and correctional occupancies with corridor separations of open (Log #21) construction (grating doors or grating partitions). 9OA- 8 - (2-2.1.2 Exception No. 4 (New)): Accept in 2-2.2.2 Air transfer opening(s) are not permitted in Principle fire-rated walls, partitions or doors of egress SUBMITTER: Julian Steinberg, B. F. Goodrich corridors. RECOMMENDATION: Add Exception No. 4: SUBSTANTIATION: For clarity. "Plastic fire sprinkler piping in the space shall be The 1985 standard does not clearly address Board and listed as having adequate fire-resistant and low-smoke Care Homes (which is a new occupancy in the Life Safety producing characteristics. Code) and it might be construed to include one- and SUBSTANTIATION: The 90A Standard allows for two-family dwellings (beyond the scope of NFPA 90A). combustibles in a plenum if they meet 25/50 flame The only changes -- other than editorial -- are to spread, smoke developed ratings. The ASTM E84 simplify interpretation and to explicitly list each procedure does not take into account the material's end occupancy covered by a Life Safety Code Chapter. use configuration. In the case of CPVC sprinkler pipe, COMMITTEE ACTION: Reject. the product's reason for being in the plenum is as a COMMITTEE STATEMENT: Proposed2-3.11.I (see Proposal fire protection system, and there is water in the 90A-l) uses the more general term "residential pipe. Tests conducted at an independent lab (report occupancies." Further subclassification is not needed. attached) show that when tested in its in-use condition CPVC sprinkler pipe's flame spread and smoke developed ratings are below 25/50. Other tests, including UL 910 and full scale plenum (Log #II) fire tests, demonstrate thab CPVC sprinkler pipe both 90A- II - (2-2.2): Reject dry and water-filled meet the low smoke criteria SUBMITTER: Elmer F. Chapman, Fire Department New York identified in section A-2-I.2.2 for the other City exceptions in section 2-2.1.2. (report attached). Both RECOMMENDATION: Change to read as follows: of these series of tests showed that the peak optical "Egress corridors in health care, detention and density of the smoke produced by the pipe samples was correctional, and residential occupancies shall not be less than 0.50 and that tile average optical density was used as a portion of a supply, return, or exhaust air less than 0.15, j_nall "C~- The flame travel along system serving adjoining areas other than toilet rooms, the pipes in the UL 910 "tests was always less than 5 ft bathrooms, shower rooms, sink closets, and similar and no flame propagation was observed in the full scale auxiliary spaces opening directly on the corridor. plenum tests. Provided door clearances do not exceed those specified NOTE: Supportingmaterial is available for review for fire doors in NFPA 80, Standard for Fire Doors and at NFPA Headquarters. Windows. Air transfer because of pressure COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept in Principle. differentials and infiltration in health care See proposed 2-3.10.I(a) Exception (4) and proposed occupancies and residential occupancies from corridors 2-3.10.5(a) Exception (4) in Proposal 90A-I. is not acceptable. Doors between patient rooms, guest C~MITTEE STATEMENT: The Committee Action on Proposal rooms and apartments shall be smoke tight. They shall 90A-I should satisfy the submitter's intent. resist the passage of smoke when there is a pressure differential of .05 inches of water across the door. Air transfer opening(s) are not permitted in walls or in doors of egress corridors."

124 SUBSTA_NTIAT_ION: To prevent any smoke that may be Exception: Approved dampers shall be provided where present in corridors of health care, and residential ducts of Class I material penetrate partitions required occupancies from entering patient rooms, guest rooms or to have a fire resistance rating of I hour or more. apartments. SUBSTANTIATION: Section 3-3.2.1.1: As a result of Hotel fires such as the MGM Grand have called the studies conducted December 1982 at Underwriters attention of the Fire Departments to the deficiencies Laboratories, Inc. by the Thermal Insulation in the hotel air handling systems that cause fatalities Manufacturers Association on UL labeled "Class I ducts" in these occupancies remote from the fire area. As a with an without fire dampers exposed to an NFPA 251 result of this fire and other hotel fires many articles exposure, a revision is essential for fire safety have been written to advise hotel occupants of the reasons because of the poor performance of the "Class I precautions they should take if they happen to be in a ducts" without fire dampers. hotel when a fire takes place. Article after article Based on the UL test where Class 1 ducts penetrated a on hotel fire safety advises the occupants who are partition required to have a one hour fire resistance trapped in their room during a fire, to fill the rating, an approved fire damper is required at the duct bathtub with water and soak all towels in the bathtub. opening in the partition. In addition, the test also Then stuff the soaked towels under and around the door demonstrated a problem where "Class l ducts" penetrate to seal the openings around the door. This will help two hour partitions with a fire damper as now required to keep the smoke out. Some authorities will also by 90A. Based on the UL test witnessed by many of the advise carrying a roll of duct tape when traveling, so NFPA Air Conditioning Committee Task Group on Partition in the event of a fire you can seal up the door with Protection, it is essential that unless there is the duct tape. Good advice for poorly designed hotel additional fire test data to show otherwise, "Class I HVAC systems. How well can you relax and sleep with ducts" penetrating a partition having a two hour or these admonitions on your mind? more fire resistance ratings must have the fire damper What is wrong with our hotel HVAC design? That such mounted in a steel sleeve of duct material which precautions have to be taken by the guest. Why aren't extends not less than 2 ft beyond each side of the the hotel doors smoke tight? Why, in case of a fire, partition. does the guest in order to be safe have to rely on such AISI anticipated that the demonstrated structural a jury rig of band-aid measures as described above? performance of sheet steel ducts in the fire test would Why are so many hotel guest killed in their rooms provide additional evidence for the NFPA Air remote by the actual fire? Why were other guest Conditioning Committee to maintain its current position deriven from their rooms by the smoke to be killed in that no fire dampers are required where steel ducts the corridor and stairways? What was wrong with penetrate walls having a one hour fire resistance "Design"? It is these events that keep our colleagues rating. The fire record over the last 30 years has in the legal profession busy and propserous. justified this NFPA Standard 90A position for steel It is the basic design of the heating, ventilation, ducts. and air-conditioning (HVAC) system in many hotels that The Underwriters Laboratories Inc. fire tests is wrong. In these hotels the nnly air supply for the sponsored by TIMA confirmed other AISI tests in which a guest rooms is air from the public corridor. This air UL labeled "Class l duct" penetrating a one hour Is supplied to the guest rooms by a opening under the partition remained in place, on the fire exposed side door of from 3/8 up to 3/4 of art inch. An average of of the wa11, less than 10 minutes after the start of about 18 square inches for a 36 inch door, which is the the test before being consumed by the fire. In the most common width of hotel guest, room doors. The TIMA fire test, within 5 minutes after UL changed the building air conditioning system for the guest room exposing negative furnace pressure to a positive area of the hotel is designed to supply air to the pressure (representative of most building fire corridor, the system does not remove air from the condition), the "Class I duct" without a fire damper corridor the air is removed via the guest rooms. This ignited and fell flaming and smoking to the laboratory causes the corridor to have a positive pressure in floor on the side of the one hour wall away from the relation to the guest rooms. The toilet exhaust, in fire, thus demonstrating a serious fire spread the guest rooms, removes the air" causing a negative condition. pressure in the guest rooms in relation to the public Steel ducts in the TIMA fire tests, under the same corridor. The only air supply into the guest room is positive-pressure fire test conditions, remained intact the air that comes in under the door! When there is a on both sides (the fire exposed and unexposed side) of fire anywhere in the hotel and smoke gets into the tile wall. By maintaining its structural integrity in public corridor the smoke is literally forced into the the one hour rated partition opening, the steel duct guest room by the differential of pressure between the acted as a fire stop against the passage of flames and public corridor and the guest room. This smoke is gases for one hour -- with or without fire dampers. forced into the guest rooms at a rate of about 60 cubic Steel ducts without a fire damper provided the same feet of smoke per minute. The average hotel room has a fire protection of openings as Onderwriters cubic volume of 1740 cu/ft. This room will be filled Laboratories Inc. labeled fire dampers, fire doors and with smoke in 20 minutes. At the MGM Grand guest were wired glass fire windows~ They all stay in place and waiting for many hours to be evacuated. Tlley paid For restrict the passage of hot gases and flames. Heat this design flaw with their lives. radiating through the opening protective devices on the NFPA gOA should be amended to prohibit this type of side away From the fire is not a factor in the air supply to hotel guest rooms and require that all pass/fail test criteria of those fire assemblies, i.e., hotel guest room doors-be smoke tight. Hotels will fire dampers, fire doors and wired glass fire windows. derive an added benefit for the comfort of their guest, Little or no smoke was emitted from the steel ducts by cutting down on the amount of noise transmitted into during the two separate one hour NFPA 251 fire exposure the rooms from the hall. tests. In comparison, throughout the fire test of the COMMITTEE ACTION: Reject. "Class I duct" the laboratory test'area contained COMMITTEE STATEMENT: The submitter's use of the fire smoke. To remove smoke when the nondampered "Class l at the HGM Grand is not appropriate for substantiation duct" Fell flaming and smoking from the one hour given that the fire deaths at the MGM Grand were not fire-rated partition onto the laboratory Floor, the due to air infiltration around doors into guest test area was ventilated. This performance of a "Class sleeping rooms. The Fire experience is actually quite I duct" in the TIMA/UL fire test is the reason for good; the majority of fires begin within the individual requiring fire dampers in ducts penetrating one hour rooms and not from within the corridors. fire-rated partitions -- to guard against a situation in which tile duct physically fails, .transmitting fire into the space on the "protected" side of the wall. Past field experience and the recent test data from a (Log #4) severe one hour fire exposure on the same I0 ft X 10 ft 90A- 12 - (3-3.2.1.1 Exception (New)): Reject wall section show that fire dampers arenot required S_UBMITTER: W. G. Wells, American Iron and Steel for steel duct penetrations in one hour partitions Institute because galvanized steel ducts are noncombustible and RE~HHENDAT~O~: Add an exception to 3-3.2.1.1 (new strong enough to stay intact and in place under one number) to read as follows: hour of NFPA 251 fire exposure, thereby preventing fire spread through the partition.

125 Furthermore, the Underwriters Laboratories Inc. study Two: NFPA 251 Chapter I, General, I-3 Significance clearly shows that fire dampers are required where I-3.4 The test standard does not. provide the following: "Class I ducts" penetrate one hour partitions. Even (f) The effect on fire endurance of cunventional with a fire damper, the U.L. test results show that openings in the assembly, that is, electrical deterioration of the Class I duct" on the unexposed receptacle outlets, plumbing pipe, etc., unless side of the partition at one hour made it questionable specifically provided for in the constrction tested. if the duct could have survived two hours of NFPA 251 NFPA 251 Appendix G Commentary, G-7 Test Specimen, fire exposure. Without further testing, it may be G-7.4 necessary to make special provisions to prevent G-7.4 Although this standard does not contain disintegration of the "Class I duct" on the unexposed specific criteria for judging the impact of through side of a two hour partition, especially if the duct is joints nor "poke-through devices, such as electrical or larger than the 12-inch ducts used in the U.L. fire telephone outlets, it should be evaluated with respect tests. to structural-performance and temperature-rise criteria COMMITTEE ACTION: Reject. if they constitute a significant part of the tested C~MITTEE STATEMENT: The submitter has not provided assembly. adequate justification to mandate such a substantial The problem is that the fire-resistive integrity of change. Additionally, the Committee performed a the fire-rated assemblies is not bejng maintaine_d. cost/benefits analysis on the proposal and found it not NFPA 251 does make note of the existence of penetrating to be justified. items and their importance in fire-rated assemblies. It clearly does not provide the ways or means of firestopping such penetrations. Advanced technology is available and U.L. 1479 is the standard of the (Log #5) industry. U.L. 1479 is the solution to the problem. gOA- 13 - (3-3.2.1.2): Reject COMMIT.LEE ACTIQ_~: Reject. SU_BMITTER: Thomas C. Campbell, Thermal Insulation COMMITTEE STATEMENT: Firestopping is adequately Manufacturers Association addressed, via performance-oriented criteria, by RECOMMENDATION: Changeproposed wording to read: proposed 3-4.6.4 (see Proposal 90A-1). The test 3-3.2.1.2 Approved fire dampers shall be insta|led standard recommended by the submitter is inappropriate in partitions required to have a fire-resistance rating for this application. Also see Committee Action on of one-hour which are used as: Proposal 90A-4 (Log #23). (a) tenant separations, or (b) hazardousspace separations, or (c) corridor walls as follows: I. in each wall where the fire-resistive walls (Log #27) extend from floor slab to fire-resistive floor above; 90A- 15 - (3-3.5): Reject 2. in any wall or ceiling penetration where the SUBMITTER: Terrance J. Knezevic, International fire-rated corridor walls terminate at ceiling of a Fireproofing Inc. fire-rated floor/roof ceiling assembly which is RECOMMENDATIQN: New text: continuous throughout the story; "be firestopped with a complete system in accordance 3. In penetrations of the fire-resistive wall with Underwriters Laboratories Inc., Building Materials membrane(s) when the fire-resistive membrane on the Directory, U.L. 1497 "THROUGH PENETRATION FIRESTOP room side is carried through to the underside of a SYSTEMS" (XHEZ) or "THROUGH PENETRATION FIRESTOP fire-resistive floor or roof above, and the membrane on DEVICES" (XHCR)."" corridor side of the wall is terminated at a ceiling SUBSTANTIATION: The reason for using U.L. 1497 as a that is the ceiling element of a one-hour (or greater) firestop standard is as simple as its name "THROUGH floor or roof assembly. PENETRATION FIRESTOP SYSTEMS." ALL SYSTEMS ARE TESTED Exception: (to item c, only) Fire dampers may be TO PREVENT THE PASSAGE OF FIRE, SMOKE AND TOXIC GASES. omitted in fully sprinklered buildings, provided that With a Fire rating expressed in hours and subject, to a any penetration of the corridor-side membrane is hose stream test after the fire test. Presently U.L. provided with a smoke activated smoke damper. 1497 provides 167 tested systems and 14 different SUBSTANTIATION: Submitter's original proposal manufacturers of products. Each system or test is recognized the need for fire dampers in certain based on three criteria: one; the type of fire-rated critical one-hour walls. Submitter was not aware of assembly, two; size of opening, three; type(s) of the results of the TIMA sponsored wall penetration peuetrating item(s). Since it would be almost tests which demonstrated that undampered ducts of any impossible to test all the different combinations of type of material will compromise the integrity of the fire-rated assemblies, penetrating items and opening wall by transmitting excessive temperatures sufficient dimensions. Most manufacturers will provide written to ignite cotton waste on the surface of the duct 18 approval for field modifications or extrapolations of in. from the wall, and by transmitting hot gases in their tested systems. excess of lO00°F through openings in the duct at Firestopping is probably the most misunderstood least 10 ft from the wall. invention in the fire protection industry today. Fully sprinklered buildings will control the severity Manufacturers report that less than 20 percent o1 of the fire, reduce the build-up of hot gases, and buildings being built today are firestopped properly. obviate the need for fire dampers. Somemeans of Open penetrations or improperly sealed penetrations are control of the smoke will still be required. the rule and not the exception in the field. COMMITTEE ACTION: Reject. Hopefully, these proposed changes will be a step COMMITTEE STATEMENT: See Committee Action on Proposal towards correcting this dangerous oversight. If we had 90A-12 (Log #4). the time or means to address this problem in all related NFPA Standards. We indeed would! CQr4~!!~E ACTION: Reject. COMMITTEE STATEMENT: Firestopping is adequately (Log #26) addressed, via performance-oriented criteria, by 90A- 14 - (3-3.5): Reject proposed 3-4.6.4 (see Proposal 90A-I). The test SUBMITTER: Terrance J. Knezevic, International standard recommended by the submitter is inappropriate Fireproofing, Inc. for this application. Also see Committee Action on RECOMMENDATION: Delete: Proposal 90A-4 (Log #23). "conform with the design of the resistive assembly, as tested in accordance with NFPA 251, Standard Tests of Building Construction and Materials." SUBSTANTIATION: The reason for the deleted text is based on two items: (Log #14) ONE: NFPA 90A states, Chapter l, General, I-3 90A- 16 - (3-3.7.1, 3-3.7.2 and 3-3.7.3): Accept in Purpose l-3.1 Principle (c) Maintain the fire-resistive integrity of SUBMITTER: Dennis Kirson, Sandia National Laboratories building components and elements such as floors, RECOMMENDATION: Add the word "floors" to the wording partitions, roofs, wails, and floor/roof assemblies "walls and partitions" in paragraphs 3-3.?.I through affected by the installation of duct systems. 3-3.7.3.

126 SUBSTANTIATION: The omission of the word floor implies (Log #24) that fire doors and fire dampers are only to be 90A- 20 - (3-3.8.1): Reject installed inthe vertical plane in fire rated walls and SUBMITTER: Terrance J. Knezevic, International partitions. This is inconsistent with the Fireproofing Inc. approval/listing of fire dampers for horizontal RECOMMENDATION: Delete: installation and the requirements of paragraph 3-3.4. "filled solidly with an approved material capable of COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept in Principle. preventing the passage of flame and hot gases See proposed 3-4.1 and 3-4.2 per Proposal 90A-I. sufficient to ignite cotton waste when subjected to the COMMITTEE STATEMENT: Proposed 3--4.1 and 3-4.2 per same NFPA 251 time temperature fire conditions required Proposal 90A-I should satisfy the submitter's intent. for fire barrier penetration." SUBSTANTIATION: The reason for the deleted text is based on two items: ONE: NFPA 90A states, Chapter l, General, I-3 (Log #15) Purpose I-3.1 90A- 17 - (3-3.7.2.4 (New)): Reject (c) Maintain the fire-resistive integrity of SUBMU_TER: Dennis Kirson, Sandia National Laboratories building components and elements such as floors, RECOM_HE_N.pATION: Add new paragraph 3-3.7.2.4: partitions, roofs, walls, and floor/roof assemblies "The fire damper sleeve or frame shall not rest on affected by the installation of duct systems. combustible material. Wood Frame or steel stud wall Two: NFPA 251 Chapter l, General, I-3 Significance construction requires that the wall surface material be 1-3.4 The test standard does not provide the Following: used to line the opening surrounding the fire damper (f) The effect on fire endurance of conventional sleeve or frame. openings in the assembly, that is, electrical SUBSTANTIATION: Heated ductwork in direct contact with receptacle outlets, plumbing pipe, etc., unless wood studs could result in ignition of the lumber. specifically provided for in the construction tested. Heated ductwork in di'rect contact with steel studs NFPA 251 Appendix G Commentary, G-7 Test Specimen, could result in ignition of the lumber. G-7.4 Heated ductwork in direct contact with steel studs G-7.4 Although this standard does not conta'in could result in loss of strength of the steel studs and specific criteria for judging the impact of through premature failure of the fire rated partition. joints nor "poke-through devices, such as electrical or COMMITTEE ACTION: Reject. telephone outlets, it should be evaluated with respect CQMMITTEE_S.TAT_EMENT: The subject is adequately to structural-performance and temperature-rise criteria addressed by the proposed revised standard's if they constitute a significant part of the tested requirement that manufacturer's'literature be followed assembly. (see Proposal 90A-l). The proposer has not submitted The problem is that the fire-resistive integrity of data, yet testing exists to show that steel studs the fire-rated assemblies is not being maintained. perform well without' the proposer's suggested NFPA 251 does make note of the existence of penetrating additional requirements. items and their importance in fire-rated assemblies. It clearly does not provide the ways or means of firestopping such penetrations. Advanced technology is available and UL 1479 is the "standard of the industry. (Log #16) UL 1479 is the solution to the problem. 90A- 18 - (3-3.7.2.5 (New)): Accept in Principle COMMITTEE ACTION: Reject. :' SUBMITTER: Dennis Kirson, Sandia National Laboratories _COMMITTEE STATEMENT: See Committee Action on Proposal REC_QHMENDATION: Add new paragraph 3-3.7.2.5: 90A-19 (Log #22). "Retaining angles shall overlap the protected opening a minimum of l in. around the entire opening. They shall be secured to the sleeve, but not to the fire rated partition and shall not be attached to each other (Log #25) at corners. 90A- 21 - (3-3.8.1): Reject SUBSTANTIATION: This specific guidance is given to SUBMITTER: Terrance O. Knezevic, International assure that the Fire damper remains in the protected Fireproofing Inc. opening, in the event ductwork collapses during a RECOMMENDATION: New text: fire. The reader is also warned against securing "firestopped with a'complete system in accordance retaining angles to both the partition and duct or to with Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., Building each other at the corners, either condition which could Materials Directory U.L. 1479 "THROUGH PENETRATION cause distortion of the damper in the opening and FIRESTOP SYSTEMS" (XHEZ) or "THROUGH PENETRATIONS prevent closure of the opening. FIRESTOP DEVICES" (XHCR)." COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept in Principle. SUBSTANTIATION: The reason for using U.L. 1497 as a See proposed A-3-4.6.2 per Proposal 90A-l. firestop standard is as simple as its name "THROUGH COMMITTEE STATEMENT: The proposed A-3-4.6.2 advises PENETRATION FIRESTOP SYSTEMS." All systems are tested the user to refer to the SMACNA Guide for details on to prevent the passage of fire, smoke and toxic gases, the subject. Such reference should meet the with a wire rating expressed in hours and subject to a submitter's intent. hose stream test after the fire test. Presently U.L. 1497 provides 167 tested systems and 14 different. manufacturers of products. Each system or test is based on three criteria: one; the type of flre-rated (Log #22) assembly, two; size of opening, three; type(s) of 90A- 19 - (3-3.8.1): Reject penetrating item(s). Since it would be almost SUBMITTER: flal Cohen, Lebanon, PA impossible to test all the different combinations of RECOMMENDATION: Revise 6th line as follows: fire-rated assemblies, penetrating items and opening " . . . with an approved material meeting the dimensions. Host manufacturers will provide written required fire resistance rating as tested in accordance approval for field modifications or extrapolations of with ASTM E-814, "Fire-Tests of Through-Pentrations their tested systems. fire stops." The "F" rating of ASTM E-814 shall be Firestopping is probably the most misunderstood used. invention in the fire protection industry today. ~B~T6=N~]A~O~: Revised paragraph cites a more proper Manufacturers report that less than 20 percent of test method. Using the "F" rating, rather than the "T" buildings being built today are fire-stopped properly. rating is suggested since most in!;tallations will not Open penetrations or improperly sealed penetrations are have combustibles nearby. the rule and not the exception in the field. COMMITTEE ACTION: Reject. Hopefully, these proposed changes will be a step COMMITTEE STATEMENT: Proposed 3-4.6.4 (see Proposal towards correcting this dangerous oversight. If we had 90A-l) adequately describes the desired performance the time or means to address this problem in all requirements and would allow materials or systems related NFPA Standards. We indeed would! evaluated under ASTM E814 and UL 1479. COMMITTEE ACTION: Reject. COMMITTEE STATEMENT: See Committee Action on Proposal 90A-Ig (Log #22).

127 (Log #17) COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept in Principle. 90A- 22 - (3-3.8.1 Exception): Reject See rewrite of Chapter 4 in Proposal 90A-l. SUBMITTER: Dennis Kirson, Sandia National Laboratories COMMITTEE STATEMENT: The rewrite of Chapter 4 as RECOMMENDATION: Reword the exception to paragraph proposed in Proposal 90A-I should satisfy the 3-3.8.l thus: submitter's intent. Exception: Where fire dampers are installed, clearance for expansion shall be I/8 in. per lineal ft of sleeve dimension with a maximum of l/2 in. The bottom of the sleeve or damper frame rests on the (Log #8) bottom of the wall opening; therefore, all vertical 90A- 25 - (4-2): Reject clearance is at the top. Clearance on the sides of SUBMITTER: J. Brooks Semple, ASHRAE dampers is equally distributed on each side. Clearance RECOMMENDATION: Revise to read: for expansion shall not be firestopped. 4-2.4 Smoke Removal. Where return air fan capacity ~UBSTAN!IATION: The current phrase "proper clearance" exceeds 15,000 CFM, it, or a separate system provided is undefined and does not provide suitable guidance. for the purpose, shall, upon receipt of a return air COMMITTEE ACT~N: Reject. detector signal, automatically exhaust air from the COMMITTEE STAIEMENT: Some dampers require 3/16 in. or smoke compartment(s) to outside of the building at a 3/8 in. clearance; some require no clearance. Per location remote from any outside air intakes. proposed revised NFPA 90A (see Proposal 90A-l) the Exception No. l: Where a smoke control system is manufacturer's literature should be consulted and installed. followed. Exception No. 2: Where the authority having jurisdiction requires manual operation of this function, the exhaust capability shall be provided, but return air fans shall stop automatically to await (Log #6) manual restart in the exhaust mode. 90A- 23 - (4-2): Accept in Principle Exception No. 3: Where the return air system or ~MI_T!E~: O. Brooks Semple, ASMRAE building design is incompatible with this requirement, ~QMMENDATION: Revise to read: fans shall be arranged to stop, subject to the 4-2 Automatic Controls - Smoke Management Systems. authority having jurisdiction. 4-2.1 Supply Shutdown. In all supply systems of SUBSTANTI_~ATIQN: A number of systems are currently over 2000 CFM (944 L/sec) capacity, fall shutdown shall being installed and called "smoke control systems," be accomplished by signals from either: whereas they are merely smoke removal systems, lhis a) detector(s) listed for the air velocity present paragraph is inserted to make perfectly clear the and located in the supply air duct downstream of both differentiation between a smoke control system and a tile fan and filters, or system which merely is arranged to remove smoke. This b) total smoke detector coverage within the smoke idea was originally presented to the Air Conditioning compartment served by the supply air system. Committee to be incorporated as an official part of the Exception (to b): Where more than one smoke report, but due to time constraints sufficient time was compartment is served, the compartment(s) where smoke not available for consideration. Therefore it is being is detected may be isolated from supply air by smoke published at this time so that the public can be aware dampers or other means in lieu of supply fan shutdown. of it and aware of the fact that the Air Conditioning SUBSTANTIATION: The Air Conditioning Committee has Committee will be studying this idea for possible accepted (a) but rejected (b) because of possible inclusion in the Technical Committee's documentation. conflict with potential smoke control design. The COMMITTEE ACTION: Reject. detector Devices Committee has insisted on (b) because COMMITTEE STATEMENT: The material submitted is beyond of superior reliability of total area detection. The the scope of NFPA 90A and the Technical Committee on exception is offered as method of resolving conflict Air Conditioning. between 90A and 72E, yet also avoiding the potential conflict between (b) and smoke control design. The exception is outside tile scope of 72E, so is only proposed to 90A. Since it is outside of 72E's scope, (Log #9) its publication in 90A will not present a conflict. 90A- 26 - (4-2): Accept in Principle C~MMITTEE ACTION: Accept ill Principle. SUBMITTER: O. Brooks Semple, ASHRAE See rewrite of Chapter 4 on Proposal 90A-l. RECOMMENDATION: ~M~LT_~EE STAT~EN~: The rewrite of Chapter 4 as 4-2.5 Return Fan Shutdown. Where return air fan proposed in Proposal 90A-I should satisfy the capacity does not exceed 15,000 CFM, no return air submitter's intent. detectors are required, but all fans in such systems shall stop upon detection of smoke at the supply fan. Exception No. l: Where a smoke control system is required. (Log #7) Exception No. 2: Where a smoke removal system is 90A- 24 - (4-2): Accept in Principle installed. SU_BMIT!ER: O. Brooks Semple, ASHRAE SUBSTANTIATION: This is not a change of Committee RECOMMENDATION: Revise to read: policy, but rather an editorial rearrangement to 4-2.2 Return Air Detection. ]n all return systems separate and emphasize the difference between supply of over 15,000 EFM (7080 L/sec) capacity, appropriate air shutdown and return air shutdown, and the fact that signals for Smoke Control (4-2.3) or Smoke Removal they should react to different stimuli under different (4-2.4) shall be obtained from either of the following: circumstances. Fundamentally, it is a gross editorial a) complete area detection, or change without a change in Committee policy. b) detector(s) listed for the air velocity present COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept in Principle. and located where tile air leaves each smoke See proposed 4-4.2 of Proposal 90A-l. compartment, or in the duct system before the air COMMITTEE STATEMENT: The proposed 4-4.2 per Proposal enters the return air system common to more than one 90A-I should satisfy the submitter's intent. smoke compartment. Exception: Additional smoke detectors are not required to be installed in ducts where the air duct system passes through other smoke compartments not (Log #I0) served by the duct. 90A- 27 - (4-3): Accept in Principle SUBS!ANTIATIQN: Proposal 90A-21 was submitted by SUBMITTER: J. Brooks Semple, ASHRAE members of the Detection Devices Committee. RECOMMENDATION: Change to read: Subsequently, they have changed their wording to be as 4-3 Automatic Response. exactly as I have proposed above. This comment is made 4-3.1 Supply Shutdown. In all supply systems of in order that the Air Conditioning Standard and the over 2000 CFM (944 L/sec) capacity, Fan shutdown shall Detection Devices Standard incorporate exactly the same be accomplished by signals from either: wording in order to reduce confusion as to NFPA's a) detector(s) listed for the air velocity present policy on detectors for air conditioning service. and located in the supply air duct downstream of both the fan and filters, or

128 b) total smoke detector coverage within the smoke (Log #18) compartment served by the supply air system. 90A- 29 - (A-2-1.4.1): Accept in Principle Exception (to b): Where more than one smoke SUBMITTER: Dennis Kirson, Sandia National Laboratories compartment is served, the compartment(s) where smoke RECOMMENDATION: Add new paragraph A-2-I.4.1: is detected may be isolated from supply air by smoke "Access doors shall be located as close as possible dampers or other means in lieu of supply fan shutdown. to fire dampers. If feasible, the underside of the 4-3.2 Return Air Detection. In all return systems duct is preferable to a side door. of over 15,000 CFM (7080 L/sec) capacity, appropriate Many fire dampers are preloaded with powerful springs signals For Smoke Control (4-2.3) or Smoke Removal which drive the damper shut. These dampers must be (4-2.4) shall be obtained from either of the Following: opened against these springs which may require getting a) complete area detection, or both arms into the duct." b) detector(s) listed for the air velocity present SUBSTANTIATION: This proposal provides additional and located where the air leaves each smoke guidance to my other proposal (Log No. 13) for the compartment, or in the duct system before the air importance of adequately sizing and locating fire enters the return air system common to more than one damper access doors. smoke compartment. COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept in Principle. Exception: Additional smoke detectors are not Add to the A-2-3.4.1 appendix note, created by the required to be installed in ducts where the air system Committee Action on Proposal 90A-6 (Log #13), the passes through other smoke compartments not served by following: the duct. "Access doors should be located as close as possible SUB_STANTIAIION: By use of this. rearrangement, the to fire dampers and smoke dampers. If feasible, the language proposed by the Detection Devices Comm. and by underside of the duct is preferable to a side door. this Committee is totally coordinated. There is no Many fire dampers and smoke dampers are preloaded substantial change in engineering policy incorporated with powerful springs which drive the damper shut. in this proposal. These dampers need to be opened against these springs COMMITFEE ACTION: Accept in Principle. which may require getting both arms into the duct. See proposed 4-4.2 of Proposal 90A-l. COMMITTEE STATEMENT: The Committee Action should meet C_OMMITTEE_STATEMENT: The proposed 4-4.2 per Proposal the submitter's intent. Also see Proposal 90A-6 90A-I should satisfy the submitter's intent. (Log #13).

(Log #20) (Log #29) gOA- 28 - (4-5.1 and 4-5.2): Accept in Principle 90A- 30 - (E-l-I): Accept in Principle "'- SUBHIJ]ER: John E. Kampmeyer, Maida Engineering, Inc. SUBMITTER: Vic D. Humm, Rochester Hills, MI RECOMMENDATION: Revise to read: RECOMMENDATION: Delete the references For NFPA 4-5.1 Detectors shall be installed in accordance publication nos. 54, 70, and 72E. with NFPA 72E. When an approved protective signaling SUBSTANTIATION: These NFPA publications are already system is installed in the building, the smoke referenced in paragraph 5-I.1 and this is to eliminate detectors required by the provisions of Section 4-3 the duplication. shall be connected thereto in accordance with the COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept in Principle. requirements of tile appropriate Signaling System Hake necessary editorial corrections. Standard (NFPA 71, 72A, 72C, 72D) so that actuation of COMMITTEE STATEMENT: Editorial corrections will be any smoke detector will sound a supervisory alarm as made. However, when a document is referenced both well as provide the Function of controlling the mandatorily in one section of the standard and also ventilation system. In buildings provided with referenced nonmandatorily in another section, it will Auxiliary Protective Signaling Systems (NFPA 7ZB), the appear both in the Chapter of mandatory referenced smoke detectors required by tile provisions of Section publication and in the Appendix of nonmandatory 4-3 shall sound a trouble signal. referenced publications. For example, this dual 4-5.2 Activation of smoke detectors required by listing will be done for NFPA 70, which is referenced Section 4-3 installed in a building which is not both mandatorily and nonmandatorily. equipped as outlined in 4-5.1 shall be indicated visually or audibly in a normally occupied area. SUBSTANFIATION: !. The pnrpose of smoke detectors required by Section 4-3 is to prevent recirculation of NFPA 90A smoke through HVAC Systems. The detectors were never intended to be used as building fire alarm devices Standard for the which cause the building to be evacuated. Installation of Air Conditioning 2. The smoke detectors are located at points in duct and Ventilating Systems systems where they are.insensitive to smoke due to dilution of smoke from the space with return air from 1989 Edition other spaces as it,travels back to the unit. Thus the smoke detectors are relatively insensitive to what is NOTICE: An asterisk (*) following the number or letter happening in any one space in the building. The fire designating a paragraph indicates explanatory material should be discovered long before a duct detector would on that paragraph in Appendix A. operate under normal conditions, particularly if there are other detection devices in the building. Information on referenced publications can be found in 3. Duct smoke detectors are notoriously troublesome Chapter 6 and Appendix C. devices. They require regular cleanin 9 and checking to keep them from sending false al~rms. They are known to regularly trip out due to dirt and dust accumulations. Chapter l General 4. Connection of the devices to the supervisory circuits of the building protective signaling system I-I Introduction. An air duct system has the will cause alarms to sound in an attended location and potential to convey smoke, hot gases, and flame from be responded to without causing numerous nuisance area to area, and to supply air to aid combustion in evacuations. the fire area. For these reasons, fire protection of COMMIITEE ACTION: Accept in Principle. an air duct system is essential to safety to life and See proposed 4-4.3.2 and 4-4.3.3 of Proposal 90A-l. the protection of property. However, an air duct COHM[TTEE STATEME__NT: Proposed4-4.3.2 and 4-4.3.3 of system's fire integrity may also enable it to be used Proposal 90A-I have differentiated between supervisory as part of a building's fire protection system. (See and trouble signals. This should satisfy the Section I-4.) submitter's intent. I-2 Scope. This standard applies to all systems for the movement of environmental air in structures which:

(a)* Serve spaces of over 25,000 ft 3 (707.9 m3) in volume, or

129 (b)* Serve buildings of Types III, IV, and V Air Filter. A device used to reduce or remove construction over three stories in height, regardless airborne solids from heating, ventilating, and air of volume, or conditioning systems by mechanical means.

(c) ~ Serve buildings and spaces not covered by other Air Inlet.* Any opening through which air is removed applicable NFPA standards, or from a space back to an air distribution system.

(d)* Serve occupants or processes not covered by Air 0utlet.* Any opening through which air is other applicable NFPA standards. delivered to a space from an air distribution system.

I-3 Purpose. Air Terminal Unit. An appliance receiving, conditioning, and delivering air supplied through an I-3.1 This standard is intended to prescribe minimum air distribution system. requirements for safety to life and property from fire. These requirements are intended to: Air Transfer Opening. An opening designed to allow the movement of environmental air between two (a) Restrict the spread of smoke through air duct contiguous spaces. systems in a building or into a building from the outside. Approved. Acceptable to the "authority having jurisdiction." (b) Restrict the spread of fire through air duct systems From the area of fire origin whether it be NOTE: The National Fire Protection Association within the building or from outside. does not approve, inspect or certify any installations,'procedures, equipment, or materials (c) Maintain the fire-resistive integrity of nor does it approve or evaluate'testing building components and elements such as floors, laboratories. In determining the acceptability of partitions, roofs, walls, and floor/roof-ceiling installations or procedures, equipment or assemblies affected by the installation of air duct materials, the authority having jurisdietinn may systems. base acceptance on compliance with NFPA or other appropriate standards. In the absence of such (d) Minimize ignition sources and combustibility of standards, said authority may require evidence of the elements of the air duct systems. proper installation, procedure or use. The authority having jurisdiction may also refer to the (e) Permit the air duct systems in a building to be listings or labeling practices of an organization used for the additional purpose of emergency smoke concerned with product evaluations which is in a control. position to determine compliance with appropriate standards for the current production of listed I-3.2 Nothing in this standard is intended to prevent items. the use of new methods or devices, provided that sufficient technical data is submitted to the authority Authority Having 3urisdiction. The "authority having having jurisdiction to demonstrate that the proposed jurisdiction" is the organization, office or individual method or device is equivalent in quality, strength, responsible for "approving" equipment, an instaTlation durability, and safety to that prescribed by this or a procedure. standard. NOTE: The phrase "authority having jurisdiction" I-3.3 Provisions of this standard are not intended to is used in NFPA documents in a broad manner since be applied retroactively. Where the systemis being jurisdictions and "approval" agencies vary as do altered, extended, or renovated, the requirements of their responsibilities. Where public safety is this standard apply only to the work being undertaken. primary, the "authority having jurisdiction" may be a federal, state, local or other regional l-4 Smoke Control. Guidance for the design of smoke department or individual such as a fire chief, fire control systems is provided in NFPA 92A, Recommended marshal, chief of a fire prevention bureau, labor Practice for Smoke Control Systems. department, health department, building official, electrical inspector, or others having statutory I-5 Maintenance. Pertinent areas of concern are authority. For insurance purposes, an insurance provided in Appendix B. inspection department, rating bureau, or other insurance company representative may be the I-6 Definitions. "authority having jurisdiction." In many circumstances the property owner or his designated Air Cleaner. A device used to reduce or remove agent assumes the role of the "authority having airborne solids from heating, ventilating, and air jurisdiction"; at government installations, the conditioning systems by electrostatic means. commanding officer or departmental official may be the "authority having jurisdiction." Air Connector.* A conduit for transferring air between an air duct or plenum and an air terminal unit, Blower. A fan used to force air under pressure or an air inlet, or an air outlet. (For limitations on through an air duct system. use of air connectors, see 2-3.2.1.) Ceiling Damper.* A device to limit radiant heat Air Distribution System. A continuous passageway for transfer through an air outlet or inlet opening in the the transmission of air which, in addition to air ceiling of a Floor/roof-ceiling assembly having ,oL ducts, may include air connectors, air duct fittings, less than a l-hour fire resistance rating. Such a dampers, ple~lums, fans, and accessory air handling device may be described in the construction details for equipment, but not including conditioned spaces. some tested floor/roof-ceiling assemblies.

Air Duct. A conduit for conveying air. Environmental Air. Air which is supplied, returned, recirculated or exhausted from spaces for the purpose Air Duct Covering. Air duct covering includes of modifying the existing atmosphere within the materials such as adhesive, insulation, banding, building. coating(s), film, and jacket used to cover the outside surface or an air duct, fan casing, or duct plenum. Fan. An assembly comprising blades or runners and housing or casing, and being either a blower or exhaust Air Duct Lining. Air duct lining includes materials fan. such as adhesive, insulation, coating, and Film used to line the inside surface of an air duct, fan casing, or Fire Damper.* A device, installed in an air duct plenum. distribution system, designed to close automatically upon detection of heat, to interrupt migratory air flow, and to restrict the passage of flame. A combination fire and smoke damper meets the requirements of both.

130 FireResistance Rating. ~ The time, in minutes or Smoke Damper.~ A device within the air distribution hours, that materials or assemblies have withstood a system to control the movement of smoke. fire exposure as establish@d in accordance with the test procedures of NFPA 251, Standard Methods of Fire A smoke damper may also be a fire damper if its ' Tests'of Building Construction and Materials. location lends itself to the multiple-Fuoctions and it meets the requirements of both. ~ " Fire Wa11. A wall subdividing a building to;restrict the spread of fire and having fire resistance and' Smoke Detector.* A device which senses visible or structural stability. invisible particles'of combustion. ' ,'

F-lame Spread Index.* Tile flame spread index of a Smoke Developed Index. * A smoke developed index of a material refers to a number or classification of a material refers to a number or classification of a material obtained according to NFPA 255, Standard material obtained according to NFPA 255, Standard Method of Test of Surface Burning Characteristics of Method of Test of'Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials. • - Building Materials, which measures visible smoke.

Limited Combustible Material.' A building construction material not complying with the definition of ..Chapter 2 HVAC.Systems noncombustible material, which, in theform in which it i f . ,., is used, has a potential heat value not exceeding 3500 2-1 General Requirements - Equipment. .. Btu/Ib (8141 kj/kg) (see NFPA 259, Standard,Test Method for Potential Heat of Building Materials.) and complies 2-I.1 Equipment shall be arranged to afford access for with one of the following paragraphs (a) or (b). inspection, maintenance, and repair., Materials subject to increase in combustibility or j i flame spread index beyond the limits herein established 2-I.2 Equipment shall be selected and installed based through the effects of age, moisture, or other on its proper, application with respect',to'the "" atmospheric condition shall be considered combustible. manufacturer's installation instructiohs~ and listing as applicable. ~ (a) Materials having a structural base'of noncombustible material, with a surfacing not exceeding 2-I.3 Equipment shall be guarded for personnel a thickness of I/8 in. (3.2 mm) which has a flame protection and against intake of foreign matter into spread index not greater than 50. the system.

(b) Materials, in the form and thickness used~, other 2-1.4 Electrical wiring and equipment.shall be than as described in (a), having neither a Flame spread installed in accordance with NFPA 70, National index greater than 25 nor evidence of. continued ,: .. Electr~cal Codee~ combustion, and of such composition that surfaces that would be exposed by cutting through the material on any 2-1.5 Equipment .Location. See,Section 3-I i plane would have neither a flame spread index greater than 25 nor evidence of continued progressive, 2-2 System Components. " " combustion. 2-2.1 Outside Air Intakes. Listed. Equipment or materials included in a list r- published by an organization acceptable to the 2-2;I.1 Outside air intakes shall be located to avoid "authority having jurisdiction" and concerned with. drawing in combustible material or flammable vapor and product evaluation, that maintains periodic inspection to minimize hazard from fires in other strictures. of production of listed equipment or materials and whose listing states either that the equipment or 2-2.1.2 Outside air intakes shall be protected by material meets appropriate standards or has been tested screens of corrosion resistant material not larger than and found suitable for use in a specified manner." I/2 in. (1.27 cm) mesh. ''"

NOTE: The means for identifying listed equipment 2-2.1.3 Outside air intakes shall be located so as:.to may vary for each organization concerned with minimizethe introduction of. flre into the huilding product evaluation, some of which do not recognize from combustiblebuildings and hazardous facilities or equipment as listed unless it is also labeled. The the intake shall be equipped with an approved fire "authority having jurisdlction"'should utilize the damper. system employed by the listing organization to identify a listed product. 2-2.1.4 Outside air intakes shall be located so as.to minimize the .introduction of smoke into the building or Noncombustible Material. A material which, in the the intake'shall be equipped with an approved smoke form in which it is used and under tile conditions damper. anticipated, will not ignite, burn,-support combustion, or release flammable vapors when subjected to fire or Note: See paragraph 4-3. for smoke damper heat. When tested in accordance, with ASTM E136, operation to restrict the intake of smoke. "Standard Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750°C, materials that 2-2.2 Air Cleanersand AiG Filters. ~. successfully pass the test shall be considered noncombustible. 2-2.2.1 Electrostatic air cleaners shall be listed in accordance with UL 867, Standard for Electrostatic Air Pl.enum. A compartment or chamber to which one or more Cleaners, and shall be installed in conformance with air ducts are connected and which forms part of the air tile conditions of Listing. distribution system, and which is not used for occupancy.or storage. (See 2-3.10 Plenums for specific 2-2.2.2 Air filters shall have either a Class I or types.) Class 2 rating in accordance with UL'900, Standard for Test Performance of'Air Filter Units.. For care and Shall• Indicates a mandatory requirement. maintenance, see Appendix B.

Smoke. The airborne solid and liquid.particulates and 2-2.E.3 Liquid adhesive coatings used on air filters gases evolved when a material undergoes pyrolysis or shall have a flash point not'lower than 325°F combustion. . • (163°C) as determined by ASTM D93 Pensky Martens Closed Tester. Smoke Barrier. ~ A continuous membrane, either vertical or horizontal, such as a wall,.floor, .or 2-2.2.4 Where air filters are flushed with liquid ceiling assembly, that is designed and constructed to adhesives, the system shall be arranged so that the air restrict the movement of smoke. cleaner cannot be flushed while the fan i's in operation.

Smoke Control. A system that utilizes fans to produce 2-2.2.5 Combustihle adhesive coatings 'shall be stored pressure differences to manage smoke movement. in accordance wilth NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code.

131 Z-2.3 Fans. Exception No. I to (b): Class 0 or Class I rigid or flexible air ducts shall not be used as a vertical air 2-2.3.1 Installation. Fans shall be installed in duct which is more than 2 stories in height. accordance with applicable NFPA Standards and manufacturer's instructions. Fans shall be approved Exception No. 2 to (b): Class 0 or Class 1 rigid or for the specific installation. flexible air ducts shall not be used in air ducts containing air at temperatures in excess of 250°F 2-2.3.2 Access. Fans shall be located, arranged, and (121°C). installed to afford access for inspection and maintenance. (c) Negativepressure exhaust or return air ducts, where the temperature of the conveyed air does not 2-2.3.3 Exposed Inlets. Exposedfan inlets shall be exceed 125°F in normal service, may be constructed of protected with metal screens to prevent the entry of gypsum board having a flame spread rating not over 25 paper, trash, and similar foreign materials. without evidence of continued progressive combustion and a smoke developed rating no higher than 50. 2-2.4 Air Cooling and Heating Equipment. Exception to (c): The maximum conveyed air temperature 2-2.4.1 Installation. Heating and cooling equipment of 125°F shall not apply to gypsum board material shall be installed in accordance with applicable NFPA used for emergency smoke exhaust air ducts. standards and the manufacturer's instructions. The equipment shall be approved for the specific (d) All air duct materials shall be suitable for installatlon. (See 2-3.3. I.) continuous exposure to the temperature and humidity conditions of the environmental air in the air duct. 2-2.4.2 Appliances. Materials used in the manufacturing of fan coil units, self-contained air 2-3.1.3 The materials, thickness, construction, and conditioning units, furnaces, heat pumps, humidifiers, installation of ducts shall provide structural strength and all similar appliances shall meet the requirements and durability in conformance with recognized good of 2-3.3.1 and 2-3.3.2. Listing by a testing practice. Air ducts shall be deemed as meeting the laboratory shall be sufficient evidence of compliance intent of this paragraph if constructed and installed with this requirement. Unlisted solar energy air in accordance with: distribution system components shall be accompanied by supportive information showing they have flame spread (a) The Fibrous Glass Duct Construction Standard, and smoke developed indices not exceeding those of the 5th Edition; HVAC Duct Construction Standards, Ist air duct system permitted by this standard. Edition (1985); HVAC Air Duct Leakage Duct Manual (1985); (all published by the Sheet Metal and Air 2-2.4.3 Mechanical Cooling. Mechanical refrigeration Conditioning Contractors National Association), used with air duct systems shall be installed in whichever is applicable, or accordance with recognized safety practices. Installations conforming to ANSI/ASHRAE 15, Safety Code (b) The ASHRAE Handbook, 1983 Equipment, American for Mechanical Refrigeration, shall be considered as Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning meeting these requirements. Engineers, Inc.

2-2.4.4 Furnaces. Heating furnaces, combined with (c) Where no standard exists for the construction of cooling units in time same air duct system shall be the air ducts, they shall be constructed to withstand installed in accordance with NFPA 54 (ANSI Z223), pressures of the system both positive and negative. National Fuel Gas Code, if gas fired, and NFPA 31, Standard for the Installation of Oil Burning Equipment, 2-3.2 Air Connectors. if oil fired. 2-3.2.1 Air connectors are limited-use, flexible air 2-2.4.5 Duct Heaters. Where electrical resistance or ducts that need not conform to the requirements for air fuel burning heaters are installed in air ducts, the ducts if they conform to the following provisions: air duct coverings and their installation shall comply with the provisions of 2-3.5.3. The installation of (a) Air connectors shall conform to the requirements electrlcal duct heaters shall comply with the for Class 0 or Class I connectors when tested in provisions of Part F., Duct Heaters, of Article 424 of accordance with UL 181, Standard for Factory-Made Air NFPA 70, National Electrical Code. Ducts and Connectors.

2-2.4.6 Evaporative Coolers. Combustible evaporation (b) Class 0 or Class I air connectors shall not be medium shall not be used but this does not preclude the used in ducts containing air at temperatures in excess use oi: evaporation media meeting the requirements of of 250°F (121°C). 2-2.2.2. (c) Air connector run shall not exceed 14 ft. (4.27 2-2.4.7 Heat Recovery Equipment. Equipment not m) in length. covered by other provisions of this standard and used for heat transfer or air movement shall be constructed (d) Air connectors shall not pass through any wall, so that all material in the air path shall meet the partition or enclosure of a vertical shaft which is requirements of Section 2-2. required to have a fire resistance rating of I hour or more. 2-3 Air Distribution. (e) Air connectors shall not pass through floors. 2-3.1 Air Ducts. 2-3.2.2 Vibration isolation connectors in duct systems 2-3.1.1 Air ducts may be rigid or flexible and shall shall be made of an approved flame retardant fabric or be constructed of materials, reinforced and sealed to shall consist of sleeve joints with packing of approved satisfy the requirements of use of the air duct system material, each having a flame spread rating of not over • such as supply air systems, return or exhaust air 25 and a smoke developed rating of not higher than 50. systems, and variable volume/pressure air systems. The fabric shall not exceed 10 in. (25.4 cm) in length in direction of air flow. 2-3.1.2 Air ducts shall be constructed of the following materials: 2-3.3 SupplementaryMaterials For Air Ducts, Panel and Plenums. (a) Iron, steel, aluminum, copper, concrete, masonry or clay tile. 2-3.3.1 Supplementarymaterials such as duct coverings, duct linings, vapor barrier facings, (b) Class 0 or Class I rigid or flexible air ducts adhesives, fasteners, tapes, and core materials added tested in accordance with UL 181, Standard for to air ducts, plenums, panels, and duct silencers used Factory-Made Air Ducts and Connectors, and installed in in duct systems shall have a flame spread rating not conformance with conditions of listing.

132 over 25 without evidence of continued progressive (c) The minimum design velocity in the return duct combustion and a smoke developed, rating no higher than from the particular occupancy is 1,000 ft/min (508 50. If air duct coverings and linings are to be m/sec). applied with adhesives, they shall be tested as applied with such adhesives, or the adhesives used shall have a 2-3.4.4 Inspection windows are permitted in air ducts flame spread rating not over 25 and a smoke developed provided they are glazed with wired glass. However, rating no higher than 50 when in the final dry state service openings shall be provided as required in (see 2-2.4.2). 2-3.4.1.

Exception: Air duct weatherpruof coverings shall not 2-3.4.5 Openings in walls or ceilings shall be be required to meet these requirements where they are provided so that service openings in air ducts are located entirely outside of a building, do not accessible for maintenance and inspection needs. penetrate a wall or roof, and rlo not create an exposure hazard. 2-3.4.6 Where a service opening is necessary in an air duct located above the ceiling of a floor roof-ceiling 2-3.3.2 Air duct, panel,.and plenum coverings and assembly which has been tested and assigned a fire linings shall not flame, glow, smolder, or smoke when resistance rating in accordance with NFPA 251, Standard tested in accordance with similar test for pipe Methods of Fire Tests of Building Construction and covering, "ASTM C411, Standard Test Method for Hot Materials, access shall be provided in the ceiling and Surface Performance of High Temperature Thermal shall be designed and installed so as not to reduce the Insulation", at tile temperature, to which they are fire resistance rating of the assembly. exposed in service. In no casE. shall the test temperature be below 250°F (121oc). 2-3.5 Air Duct Integrity.

2-3.3.3 Air duct coverings shall not extend through 2-3.5.1 Air ducts shall be located where they are not walls or floors required to be firestopped or required subject to damage or rupture or they shall be protected to have a fire resistance rTating unless such coverings to maintain their integrity. meet tile requirements of 3-4.G.4. 2-3.5.2 When air ducts are located outdoors, the air 2-3.3.4 Air duct linings shall be interrupted at fire duct, together with its covering or lining, shall be dampers so as not to interfere with the operation of protected from harmful elements. devices. 2-3.5.3 Air Duct at Heat Sources. Where electric, 2-3.3.5 Air duct coverings shall not be installed so fossil fuel or solar energy collection heat sources are as to conceal or prevent use of any service opening. installed in air ducts, theinstallatlon shall be made so as to avoid creating a fire hazard. Air ducts rated 2-3.3.6 Pipe insulation and coverings shall meet the Class I, UL 181, alr duct coverings, and lini,gs shall requirements of 2-3.3.1 and 2-3.3.2 when installed in be interrupted at the immediate area of operation of ducts, plenums, or concealed spaces used as part of the such heat sources in order to meet clearances specified air distribution system. as a condition of the equipment listing.

2-3.4 Air Duct Access and Inspection. Exception No. I: Appliances listed for zero clearance from combustibles when installed in accordance with 2-3.4.1" A service opening shall be provided in air their conditions of listing. ducts adjacent to each fire damper, smoke damper, and smoke detector. The opening shall be large enough to Exception No. 2: Insulation specifically suitable for permit maintenance and resetting of the device. the maximum temperature which can reasonably be anticipated on the duct surface may be installed at the 2-3.4.2 Service openings shall be identified with immediate area of operation of such appliances. letters no less than I/2 in (1.27 cm) in height to indicate the location of the fire protection device(s) 2-3.6 Air Outlets. within. 2-3.6.1 General. Air supplied to any space shall not 2-3.4.3 Horizontal air ducts arrd plenums shall be contain flammable vapors, flyings, or dust in provided with service openings (see 2-3.4.1) to quantities and concentrations which would introduce a facilitate cleaning the air duct of accumulations of hazardous condition. dust and combustible materials. Service openings shall be placed at approximately 20 ft. (6.1 m) intervals 2-3.6.2 Construction of Air Outlets. Air outlets along the air duct and at the base of each vertical shall be constructed of noncombustible material or a riser. material which has a smoke developed rating no higher than 50 and a flame spread rating not over 25. Exception No. l: Removable air outlet or air inlet devices of adequate size may be accepted in lieu of 2-3.6.3 Location of Air Outlets. service openings. (a) Air outlets shall be located at least 3 in. (7.6 Exception No. 2: Service openings may be omitted in cm) above the floor. supply ducts when the supply air has previously passed through air filter, air cleaner or water spray. Exception: Where provisions have been made to prevent dirt and dust accumulations from entering the system. Exception No. 3: Service openings are not required when all of the following conditions prevail: (b) When located less than 7 ft. (2.13 m)' above the floor, outlet openings shall be protected by a grille (a) Tile occupancy has no process producing or screen having openings through which a I/2 in. (1.27 combustible material such as dust, lint or greasy cm) sphere will not pass. vapors. Such occupaffcies include banks, office buildings, churches, hotels, and health care facilities 2-3.7 Air Inlets (Return and/or Exhaust) (but not kitchens, laundries, and manufacturing portions of such facilities). 2L3.7.1 General. Air shall not be recirculated from any space in which flammable vapors, flyings, or dust (h) The air inlets are at least 7 ft. (2.13 m) above:,. are present in quantities and concentrations which the floor or are protected by corrosion-resistant metal,~ " would introduce a hazardous condition into the return screens of at least 14 mesh (0.07 in.), installed at air system. tlre inlets so that they will not draw papers, refuse, or other combustible solids into the return air duct. 2-3.7.2 Construction of air inlets. Air inlets shall be constructed of noncombustible material or a material which has a flame spread rating not over 25 and smoke developed rating no higher than 50.

133 2-3.7.3 Location of Air Inlets. 2-3.10.3 Apparatus Casing Plenum. Field fabricated plenum and apparatus casing may be used for supply, (a) Air inlets shall be located at least 3 in. (7.6 return, or exhaust air service and shall be constructed cm) above the floor. of materials and methods set forth in 2-3.1 Air Ducts and in accordance with the following: Exception: Where provisions have been made to prevent dirt and dust accumulations'from entering the system. (a) Casing and Plenum Construction Standards in HVAC Duct Construction Standards, Ist edition (1985) (b) When located less than 7 ft. (2.13 m) above the published by The Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning floor, inlet openings shall be protected by a grille or Contractors National Association. screens having openings through which a I/2 in. (I.27 cm) sphere will not'pass. (b) The ASHRAE Handbook, 1983 Equipment, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning 2-3.8 Fire Dampers. Approved fire dampers shall be Engineers, Inc. provided as required in Chapter 3 and installed in conformance with' conditions of listing. (c) All air duct coverings, duct lining acoustical liner/cells and miscellaneous materials shall comply 2-3.9 Smoke Dampers. with 2-3.3 Supplementary Duct, Panel and Plenum Materials. 2-3L9.1 Approved smoke dampers shall be provided as required in Chapter 3 and installed in conformance with 2-3.10.4 Air Handling Unit Room Plenum. conditions of listing. (a) Individual rooms containing air handling unit(s) 2-3.9.2 Smoke dampers shall be installed in systems gather return air from various sources and combine the over 15,000 cfm (7080 L/sec) capacity to isolate tile return air within the room for returning to the air air handling equipment, including filters, from the handling unit. Duct covering, duct lining, acoustical remainder of the system so as to restrict circulation liner/cells and miscellaneous materials shall comply of smoke. with 2-3.3 Supplementary Duct, Panel and Plenum Materials. Exception: Where the air handling unit is'located on the floor which it serves and serves only that floor. (b) Air handling unit room plenum shall not be used for storage or occupied other than during equipment 2-3.10 Plenums. servicing.

2-3.10.1 Ceiling Cavity Plenum. The space between the 2-3.10.5 Raised Floor Plenum. The space between the tdp of the finished ceiling and~the underside of the top of the finished floor and the underside of a raised floor or roof above may be used to supply'air into or floormay be used to supply air into or return and/or return and/or exhaust air from the occupied area, exhaust air from the occupied area, provided that: provided that: (a) All materials exposed to the air flow shall be (a) All materials exposed to the air flow shall be noncombustible or limited combustible and shall have a noncombustible or limited combustible and have a smoke smoke developed index no higher than 50. developed index no higher than 50. Exception: The materials listed hereinafter are Exception: The materials listed hereinafter are permitted in the raised floor plenum if listed as permitted in the ceiling cavity plenum if listed as having a maximum peak optical density of 0.5 or less, having a maximum peak optical density of 0.5 or'less, average optical density of 0.15 or less and maximum average optical density of 0.15 or-less and maximum flame-spread distance of 5 feet or less when tested in flame-spread distance of 5 feet or less when tested in accordance with the specified test method: accordance with the specified test method: (I) Electrical wires and cables -- NFPA 262 (I) Electrical wires and cables -- NFPA 262 (2) Pneumatic tubing for control systems -- UL (2) Pneumatic tubing for control systems -- UL Subject 1824 Subject 1820 (3) Optical-fiber cables -- NFPA 262 (3) Optical-fiber cables -- NFPA 262 (4) Fire sprinkler piping -- UL Subject 1821 (4) Fire sprinkler piping -- UL Subject 1821 (b) The integrity of fire stopping of penetrations (b) The integrity of fire stopping of penetrations shall be maintained. shall be maintained. (c) The temperature of air delivered to these plenums (c) Light diffusers, other than metal or glass, used shall not exceed 250°F (121°C). in air handling light fixtures shall be listed and marked "Fixture Light Diffusers for" Air Handling (d)_Materials used in the construction of a raised Fixtures". floor plenumlshall be suitable for continuous exposure to the temperature and humidity conditions of the (d) The temperature of air delivered to these environmental air in the plenum. plenums shall not exceed 250°F (121°C). 2-3.11 Corridor Air Systems. (e) Materials used in the construction of a ceiling plenum shall be suitable for continuous exposure to the 2-3.11.I Egress Corridors. Egress corridors in health temperature and humidity conditions of the care, detention and correctional, and residential envirm~mental air in tile plenum. occupancies shall not be used as a portion of a supply, return, or exhaust air system serving adjoining areas. (f) Where the plenum is a part of a floor-ceiling or Air transfer opening(s) are not permitted in v,alls or roof-ceiling assembly which has been tested or in doors separating egress corridors from adjoining investigated and assigned a fire resistive rating of areas. one hour or more, the assembly shall meet the requirements of Section 3-3.3. Exception No. I: Toilet rooms, bathrooms, shower rooms~ sink closets, and similar auxiliary spaces 2-3.10.2 Duct Distribution Plenum. A duct enclosure opening directly on the egress corridor. used for multiple distribution or gathering of ducts or connectors shall be constructed of materials and Exception No. 2: Provided door clearances do not methods as set forth in 2-3.1 Air Ducts. exceed those specified for fire doors in NFPA 80, Standard for Fire Doors and Windows, air transfer because of pressure differentials shall be permitted.

134 x? and requires removal of a portion of that ceiling, the Exception No. 3: Use of egress corridors as part of an replacement material shall be the same as, or approved engineered smoke control system. equal to that which was removed.

Exception No. 4: In detention and correctional Exception: Instead of repairing the existing ceiling, occupancies with corridor separations of open. a new ceiling may be installed below the air duct construction (grating doors or grating partitiions ). system provided the fire resistance rating of the floor/roof-ceiling design is not reduced. 2-3.11.2 Exits. Exit passageways, stairs, ramps, and other exits shall not be used as a part of a supply , 3-3 Penetrations - Protection of Openings. (For return, or exhaust air system serving other areas of examples of application of the penetration protection the building• requirements, see Figure 3-3.)

2-3.12 Smoke.Control. Where provisionS, are required 3-3]I- Fire Rated Walls and Partitions. for a smoke control or exhaust system, it shall conform to the requirements of tile building code of the 3-3.1.I* Approved fire dampers shall be provided where authority having jurisdiction. (See NFPA 92A, air ducts penetrate or terminate at openings in walls Recommended Practice for Smoke Control Systems.) or'partitlons required to have a fire resistance rating of 2 hours or more. (See Figure 3-3.)

Chapter 3 Integration of Ventilation Exception: ~ Fire dampers shall not be required if and Air Conditioning System With other openings through the wall are not required to be Building Construction protected. 3-I Air Handling Equipment Rooms. 3-3.1.2 Approved fire dampers shall be provided in all 3-I.1 General. air transfer openings in partitions required to have a fire resistance rating and in which other openings are required to be protected. 3-1;l.l Air Handling EqUipment Rooms generally fall into three categori.es: ~ ' 3-3.2 Floors Required to Have a Fire Resistance Rating. Where air ducts extend through only one floor aL Those used as air plenums, usually return air and serve only two adjacent stories, the air ducts shall be enclosed (see 3-3.4.1) or fire dampers shall b. Those with air duct openingsdirectly into a shaft be installed at each point where the floor is penetrated. c. Other air handling unit rooms 3-3.3* Floor/Roof-Ceiling Assemblies Having a Fire 3-1.2 Air Handling Equipment Rooms Used as Plenum Space. Resistance Rating. When air ducts and openings for air ducts are used in a floor/roof-ceiling assembly required to have a fire resistance rating, all of" the 3-1.2.1 Air Handling Unit Rooms used as plenums for materials and construction of the assembly, including supply or return air shall comply'with 2-3.10.4. the air duct materials and size of openings, and the protection of the openings shall iconform with the 3-1.3 Air Handling Equipment Rooms That H@ve Air Duct Openings Directly Into a Shaft. design of the fire resistive assembly, as tested in accordance with NFPA 251, Standard Methods of Fire Tests-of Building Construction and Materials. (If 3-1.3.1 Air Handling Equipment Rooms shall be dampers are required,.see 3-4.4.) separated from shafts by construction having'a fire resistance rating not less than that required'for the 3-3.4 Shafts. shaft by 3-3.4, including the protection of openings. 3-3.4.i 'Air ducts whichpass through floors of Exception: Fire resistant separation shall not be . buildings requiring the protection of vertical openings required for air handling equipment rooms which are shall be enclosed with partitions or walls constructed enclosed by construction having a fire resistance of materials as permitted by the building code of the rating not less than that required for the shaft. authority having jurisdiction. The enclosure shall have a fire resistance rating (based on possible fire 3-1.4 Other Spaces Housing Air Haddling Units. exposure from either side of the partition or wall) of no less than l hour when such air ducts are located in Other spaces housing air handling units shall meet the a building less than four'stories in height, and of no requirements of the building code of the authority having jurisdiction. less than 2 hours when such air ducts are located in a building four stories or more in height. 3-2 Building Construction. Exception: Where an air duct penetrates through only one floor, and the air duct contains a fire damper 3-2.1 Air Duct Clearance. The clearance from metal located where the duct penetrates the floor, an air air ducts to assemblies constructed of combustible duct enclosure is not required. materials, i f~cluding plaster on wood lath, shall be not .less than 1/2 in. (1.27 cm), or the combustible 3-3.4.2 A fire-resistive enclosure used as a vertical material shall be protected with minimum 1/4 in. (0.635 air duct shall conform to 3-3~4.1 and 2-3.1. Gypsum cm) approved insulating material. The integrity of the board shaft systems shall be constructed in accordance firestopping' and'smokestopping,shal I be maintained. with the Gypsum Association Fire Resistance Design Manual as described for shaft wall construction. Exception: This clearance may be disregarded for systems used solely for ventilation, air cooling,' or alr conditioning without heating. - . • 3-3.4.3 Shafts that constitute air ducts or that enclose air ducts used for the movement of environmental air shall not enclose: a) exhaust ducts 3-2.2 Structural Members. Time installation of air used for the removal of smoke and grease-laden vapors ducts including the hangers shal.l not reduce the fire from-cooking equipment; b) ducts used for the removal resistance rating of structural members. of flammable vapors; c) ducts used for moving, conveying or transporting stock, vapor, or dust; d) 3-2.3 Where the installation of the hangers'for the ducts used for the removal of nonflammable corrosive components of an air duct system penetrates an existing fumes and vapors; e) refuse and linen chutes, or f) ceiling of a flre-resistive floor/roof-ceiling assembly piping conveying hazardous or toxic materials.

135 Fire Rated Roof Ceiling Assembly u l \]s,e3-3.,.51 ' Protection at ThesePenetrations Shal F D 1 :haust Fan Conform to the Rated Roof-Ceiling @ " "\ t Assembly See 3-3.3 See Sect ~ ~ L I ~ Roof Top I J . 3-3.2 " Term. See2.3.7.3&2-3.8 F.D. , - ge~'a-3.3, I

:. ,...: .,,:.- .:~:! ..;--:-- :..:.,..... :,~: ..i. n-l-..;-.~,., .~...: :

@ Ceiling @ @ ==& ; ,'t.~i{.'~.:; ;','-(;; :iT: ~ :' "1";'":~":} 't" O~ 22" See 3-3.4.5 Exception 2

Return ® Air See 2-3.1.2(~ & 3-3.4• • .oorateo [ "~ ~ 2=~ 2=~ ~ / ~/~ Partition P] ~ ~ ~ I~r-lq / I~.D. ~ Y,4" KA'~,--- Rated Partition Less F.D. VJ I _ ~ @ J~ Than 2 Hour ~./J I Q (12~ Air~ ~ Air Transfer OpeningSee (~ ~'1 --See 3-3.4.1 ~J Open;ng.... r~J F.D.-I~ 3-3.1.2 ~ (~)-[~ ] b.,i.!~,~'F..;:;~'.?4 :.: .:..'~: :=.:~,.'.:-.'3:.:I,',.':~...'~:,,':.: .:,''..:'.:.'."'.9.:.o : :.::.,~'.: o'::.-,.'o':.'..'F':.';~'~....'.~.":,.-.~':°.',."..'.':. ,.,=.-:o.:.;,,..,.~.,.9...~; F:'D. ~ Masonry/Gypsum D. 2-3.9.2 S.D.~---~--~)J~= I I:'D" r~ See 3-35"1 & 3"3"5 & S'D"s ~--~" '" "'l -r[ Exhaust Shaft 1 Hour Partition---~ (Not 2 Hour ~1 See 3-3 4.2 3@ , /,.~ , I~l ~) YJr~ CombinationRequired if Partition&-- "~r~see 3-3.5.2) ~@F'D"I l r2-'~2.1 I~ FD/SD Provided SmokeBarrier ~/~ (or Combination F.D./S.D. . LLJ~ Air Transfer Opening ®

_ . . See 3-1•3•1 F.D.-~ See 3-3•1.2 ~ ~ ,

rE-: RET/EXH. Duct Requirements Are Similar S.D. = Smoke Damper F.D. = Fire Damper @@@... = SpaceIdentification 3-3.4.4 Noncombustible piping conveying water or other 3-4.3* Smoke Dampers used for protection of openings non-hazardous or non-toxic material shall be permitted in smoke barriers or in engineered smoke control in shafts that constitute ducts or that enclose ducts systems shall be classified in accordance with UL 555S, used for the movement of environmental air. Standard for Leakage Rated Dampers for Use in Smoke Control Systems. 3-3.4.5 Fire dampers shall be installed at each direct or ducted opening into or out of enclosures required 3-4.4 Ceiling dampers or other methods of protecting under 3-3.4.1. openings in rated floor/roof-ceiling assemblies shall comply with the construction details of the tested Exception No. I: In an air duct system serving only floor/roof-ceiling assembly or with listed ceiling air one story when used only for exhaust of air to the diffusers and/or with listed ceiling dampers. outside and contained within its own dedicated shaft. 3-4.5 Damper Closure. Exception No. 2: Where branch ducts connect tO enclosed exhaust risers meeting the requirements of 3-4.5.1 Closing of all fire dampers and ceiling 3-3.4.1 or 3-3.4.2 in which the airflow is upward and dampers shall be automatic and they shall remain closed subducts at least 22 in. (56 cm) in length are carried upon the operation of a listed fusible link or or.her up inside the riser from each inlet and the riser is approved heat actuated device located where readily appropriately sized to accommodate the flow restriction affected by an abnormal rise of temperature in the air created by the subduct. (See Figure 3-3.) duct.

3-3.5 Smoke Barriers. 3-4.5.2 Fusible links shall have a temperature rating approximately 50°F (28oc) above the maximum 3-3.5.1 Smokedampers shall be installed at or temperature that normally is encountered with the adjacent to the point where air ducts pass through system in operation or shutdown, but not less than . required smoke barriers, but in no case shall the smoke 160OF (71°C). damper be installed more than 2 ft. from the barrier or after the first air duct inlet or outlet. Exception: Where fire dampers are within air ducts which are a part of an engineered smoke control system, Exception No. I: SmokeDampers shall not be required fusible links shall have a temperature rating on alr systems other than those smoke dampers necessary approximately 50°F (28oc) above the operating for the proper function of that system when the system temperature for which the smoke control system is is specifically designed to: designed but not to exceed 286OF (141oc).

(a) Function as an engineered smoke control system, 3-4.5.3 Provision for remote opening of combination including continuous air movement with the air handling fire and smoke dampers, when ncessary for smoke system, or removal, shall be permitted. Such dampers shall have provisions to reclose automatically upon reaching the (b) Provide air to other areas of the building damper's maximum degradation, test temperature per during a fire emergency, or UL 555S, Standard for Leakage Rated Dampers for Use "in Smoke Control Systems. (c) Providepressure differentials during a fire emergency. 3-4.6 Installation. (See 2-3.4 for access.)

Exception No. 2: The requirement for locating a smoke 3-4.6.1 The locations and mounting arrangement of all damper within a prescribed distance of a smoke barrier fire dampers, smoke dampers, ceiling dampers and fire shall not apply to isolation smoke dampers in air protection means of similar nature required by this handling equipment (see 2-3.9.2). standard shall be shown on the drawings of the air duct systems. 3-3.5.2 Where penetration of a smoke barrier is required to be provided with a fire damper, a' 3-4.6.2* Fire dampers including their sleeves, smoke combination fire and smoke damper equipped and arranged dampers and ceiling dampers shall be installed in to be both smoke and heat responsive shall be permitted. accordance with the conditions of their listing and the manufacturer's installation instructions. 3-4 Fire Dampers, Smoke Dampers, and Ceiling Dampers. 3-4.6.3 Thickness of sleeves for fire dampers shall 3-4.1 Fire dampers used for the protection of openings not be less than that associated with the conditions of in walls, partitions or floors wit.h fire resistance rating under 3-4. ratings of less than 3 hours shall have 1 I/2 hour fire protection rating in accordance with UL 555, Standard Exception: Where UL 555 permits sleeve thickness to be for Fire Dampers and Ceiling Dampers, 3rd Edition. the same as duct gage, such thickness shall mean not less than the following: 3-4.2 Fire dampers used for the protection of openings in walls, partitions or floors having a fire resistance rating of 3 hours or more, shall have a 3-hour fire protection rating in accordance with UL 555, Standard for Fire Dampers al~d Ceiling Dampers, 3rd Edition.

137 Air Duct-Diameter Minimum Sleeve ' : . or Maximum Width Thickness

12 in or less (30.48 cm) .018 in. (.46 mm) (26 ga.) 13 in. - 30 in. (33.02 cm - 76.20 cm) .024 in. (~61 mm) (24 ga.) 31 in. - 54 in. (78.74 cm - 137.16 cm) .030 in. (.76 mm) (22 ga.)

55 in. - 84 in. (139.7 cm - 213.36 cm) .036 in. (.91 mm) (20 ga.)

85 in. or more (215.9 cm) .047 in. (1.19 mm) (18 ga.)

3-4.6.4 Patching, Filling and Repairing. 4-4.2* Function. Smoke detectors provided as required by 4-4.1 shall automatically stop their respective Where air ducts pass through walls, floors, or fan(s) upon detecting the presence of smoke. partitions required to have a fire resistance rating and where fire dampers are not required, the opening in Exception: Where thereturn air fan is functioning as the construction around the air duct shall not exceed part of an engineered smoke control system and a l-in. (2.54 cm) average clearance on all sides and different mode is required. shall be filled solid with an approved material capable of preventing the passage of flame and hot 4-4.3 [nstallatlon. gases sufficient to ignite cotton waste when subjected to the same NFPA 251 time temperature fire conditions 4-4.3.1 Smoke detectors shall be installed in required for fire barrier penetration. accordance with NFRA 72E.

Exception: Where fire dampers are installed, proper 4-4.3.2 In addition to the requirements of 4-4.2, when ~ clearance for expansion shall be maintained. (See an approved protective signaling system is installed in 3-4.6. ) the building, the smoke detectors required by the provisions of Section 4-4 shall beconnected to the Chapter 4 Controls 'protective signaling system in accordance with the requirements of the appropriate Signaling System 4-I Wiring. The installation of electrical wlring and Standard (NFPA 71, 72A, 72B, 72C, or 72D) so that. the equipment associated with the operation and control, of activation of any air distribution system smoke air conditioning and ventilating systems shall be in detector will cause a supervisory signal to be accordance with NFPA 70, National Electrical Code. indicated at a constantly attended location, or will cause an alarm signal. 4-2 Manual Control. Each air distribution system shall be provided with not less than one manually 4-4.3.3 When smoke detectors required by Section 4-4 operable means to stop the operation of supply, return, are installed in a building not equipped with an and exhaust fan(s) in an emergency. The means of approved protective signaling system as addressed by manual operation shall be located at .an approved 4-4.3.2: location. (a) the smoke detector activation.required by 4-3* Smoke Dampers: Section 4-4 shall cause a visual and an audible signal in a normally occupied.area, and 4-3.1 Smoke dampers shall be control.led by an automatic alarm initiating device. Smoke dampers shall (b) any trouble condition with the smoke detectors be permitted to be positioned manually from a command shall be indicated visually or audibly in a normally station. occupied area and shall be identified as air duct detector trouble.. 4-3.1.2 Smoke dampers installed to isolate the air handling system in accordance with,2-'3.9.2 shall be 4-4.3.4 Smoke detectors having power supplied arranged to close automatically when the system is not separately from the signaling system for the sole in operation. function of stopping fans, do not require standby power. 4-3.2 Smoke dampers installed in smoke barriers may remain open during fan shutdown if their associated Chapter 5 Acceptance Testing controlling damper actuators and smoke detectors ~emain operational. 5-I General.

4-4* Smoke Detection for Automatic Control. 5-1.1* An acceptance 'test shall be performed to determine that the protective measures required in this 4-4.1 Location. Smoke detectors listed for use in air Standard will function when needed to restrict fire and distribution systems shall be located: smoke spread. Maintenance, including cleaning, repair, and periodic test, is discussed in Appendix B. (a) Downstream of the air filters and ahead of any branch connections in air supply systems of greater 5-1.2 Records shall be prepared of acceptance test than 2,000 cfm (944 L/sec) capacity. results and shall be available for inspection.

(b) At each story prior to the connection to a 5-2 Fire Dampers, Smoke Dampers, and Ceiling Dampers. common return and prior to any recirculation or fresh air inlet connection in air return systems over 15,000 5-2.1 All fire dampers, smoke dampers, and ceiling cfm (7080 L/sec) capacity, and serving more than one dampers shall be operated, prior to building occupancy, story. to determine that they function in accordance with the requirements of this standard. Exception: Return system smoke detectors are not required when the entire space served by the air 5-2.2 Acceptance tests sha11, as far as practical, distribution system is protected by a system of area simulate actual conditions including operating dampers smoke detectors. with designed system air flow to assure that they are not held open by the air stream.

138 5-3 Controls and Operating Systems. ASTM C411-1982, Test for Hot-Surface Performance of High-Temperature Thermal Insulation, American Society 5-3.l' Controls relating to fan shutdown and automatic for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race Street, damper operation shall be tested for compliance with Philadelphia, PA 19103 the requirements of this standard. Generally, tests can be included with acceptance testing of the air ASTM 093-1980, Test for Flashpolnt by Pensky-Martens conditioning controls or fire alarm systems. Closed Tester, Amercan Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103 5-3.2 Acceptance of fire protection devices in air conditioning and ventilating systems shall, as far as ASTM E136-1982, Standard Test Method for Behavior of practical, be done under normal operating conditions. Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750°C Some portions of control or alarm systems may have American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race standby power or other emergency modes of operation and Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103 tests shall be run to determine that the system shall operate under these conditions as well as normal Gypsum Association Fire Resistance Design Manual, conditions. Eleventh Edition - 1984, Gypsum Association; 1603 Orrington Ave, Evanston, IL 60201 Chapter 6 Referenced Publications SMACNA Fibrous Glass Duct Construction Standard, 5th 6-I The following documents or porti'ons thereof are Edition - 1979, Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning referenced within this standard and shall be considered Contractors' National Assn., Inc., 8224 Old Courthouse part of t~e requirements of this document. The edition Rd; Tysons Corner, Vienna, VA 22180 indicated for each reference is the current edition as of the date of the NFPA issuance of this document. SMACNA HVAC Air Duct Leakage Duct Manual - 1985, Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' Natlonal 6-1.1 NFPA Publications. National Fire Protection Assn., Inc., 8224 Old Courthouse Rd, Tysons Corner, Association, Batterymarch Park, quincy, MA 02269. Vienna, VA 22180 NFPA 30-1987, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code SMACNA HVAC Duct Construction Standards, 1st Edition

- 1985, Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' NFPA 31-1987, ,Standard for the Installation of Oil National Assn., Inc., 8224 01d Courthouse Rd, Tysons Burning Equipment Corner, Vienna, VA 22180 NFPA 54-1984, National Fuel Gas Code UL 181-1984, Standard for Factory-Made Air Ducts and Connectors, Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., 333 NFPA 70-1987, National Electrical Code Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL 60062 NFPA 71-1987, Standard for the Installation, UL 555-1986, Standard for Fire Dampers and Ceiling Maintenance, and Use of Signaling Systems for Central Dampers, Third Edition, Underwriters Laboratories, Station Service Inc., 333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL 60062 NFPA 72A-1987, Standard for the Installation, UL 555S-1983, Standrd for Leakage Rated Dampers for Maintenance, and Use of Local Protective Signaling Use-in Smoke Control Systems, Underwriters Laboratories Systems for Guard's Tour, Fire Alarm, and Supervisory Inc., 333 Pfingsten Rd., Northbrook, IL 60062 Service UL 867-1987, Standard for Electrostatic Air Cleaners, NFPA 72B-1986, Standard for the Installation, Underwriters Laboratories Inc., 333 Pfingsten Rd., Maintenance, and Use of Auxiliary Protective Signaling Northbrook, IL 60062 Systems for Fire Alarm Service UL 900-1987, Standard for Test Performance of Air NFPA 72C-1986, Standard for the Installation, Filter Units, Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., 333 Maintenance, and Use of Remote Station Protective Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL 60062. Signal i ng Systems UL Subject 1820, Proposed Outline of Investigation of NFP'A 72D-19861" Standard for the Installation, Pneumatic Tubing for Flame and Smoke Characteristics Maintenance, and Use of Proprietary Protective Only (1986), Underwriters Laboratories~.Inc., 333 Slgnaling Systems Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL 60062. NFPA 72E-1987,;Standard on Automatic Fire Detectors UL Subject 1821, Outline of Proposed Investigation for Thermoplastic Sprinkler Pipe and Fittings for Fire NFPA 80-1986, Standard for Fire Doors and Windows Protection Service (1986), Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., 333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL 60062. NFPA 251-1985, Standard Method:; of Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials APPENDIX A NFPA 255-1984, Standard Method of Test of Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials This Appendix is not a part of this NFPA document, NFPA 259-1987, Standard Test Method for Potential but is included for information purposes only. Heat of Building Materials A-I-2 (a) For the purpose of this standard, a space NFPA 262-1985, Standard Method of Test for Fire and is considered as an entire building or a portion Smoke Characteristics of Wires and Cables. thereof separated from all other portions of the building by fire resistance rated construction and 6-I.2 Other Publications. whose environmental air does not mix with that o~ any other sp~ce. For spaces not exceeding 25,000 ft J ANSI/ASHRAE 15, Safety Code for Mechanical (707.9 m~) in volume, see NFPA 90B, Standard for the Refrigeration, American Society of Heating, Installation of Warm Air Heating and Air Conditioning Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Systems. 1791 Tullle Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329 (b) For construction types, see NFPA 220, Standard ASHRAE Handbook, 1983 Equipment:, American Society of on Types of Building Construction. Heati ng, Ref ri geratl ng and Ai r-Condi ti onl ng Engineers, Inc., 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329

139 (c) Such applicable standards include, but are not Access doors should be located as close as possible limited to: NFPA gOB, Standard for the Installatlon of to fire dampers and smoke dampers. If feasible, the Warm Air Heating and Air Conditioning Systems, and NFPA underside of the duct is preferable to a side door. 70, National Electrlcal Code, Article 450. Many fire dampers and smoke dampers are preloaded (d) Such appllcable standards include, but are not with powerful springs which drive the damper shut. limited to: NFPA 31, Standard for the Installation of These dampers need to be opened against these springs 0il Burning Equipment; NFPA 33, Spray Applicatlon Using which may require getting both arms into the duct. Flammable and Combustible Materlals; NFPA 34, Dip Tanks Containing Flammable or Combustible Liquids; NFPA 70, A-3-3.1.1 Ouct penetrations of fire walls should be National Electrical Code, Article 450; NFPA 75, avoided. Standard for the Protection of Electronic Computer/Data Processing Equipment; NFPA 91, Standard for the Exceptlon Fire dampers may be desirable to isolate Installation of Blower and Exhaust Systems for Dust, specific hazards. Stock, and Vapor Removal or Conveying; and NFPA 96, Standard for Vapor Removal from Cooking Equipment. A-3-3.3 For information on designs of fire-resistive assemblies incorporating air handling components, see A-l-6 Air Connector. Some such devices are listed in UL Fire Resistance Directory under "Floor-Ceiling the Underwriters Laboratories Inc. "Gas and Oil Designs" or "Roof-Cel]ing Designs." Equipment Directory" under the category "Connectors (ALNR)". These devices, since they do not meet all the A-3-4.3 The designer should specify the leakage class, requirements for air ducts, have limitations on use, maximum pressure, maximum velocity, installation mode length, diameter, and location. (horizontal or vertical), and degradation test temperature of the damper. Air Inlet and Air Outlet. For further discussion of various types of air inlet and air outlet devices, see A-3-4.6.2 Fire dampers are of no fire protection value Chapter 32, "Space Air Diffusion", in the unless they remain in place in the protected opening, "Handbook-1985 Fundamentals", published by the American in the event that the ductwork collapses during a Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning fire. To accomplish this, ductwork should not be Engineers, Inc. continuous through a partition opening, but should connect on each side of the partition to a damper Ceiling Damper. Some such devices are listed in the installed in a sleeve or frame secured by perimeter Underwriters Laboratories Inc. "Fire Resistance mounting angles on both sides of the opening, or as Directory" under the category of "Ceiling Damper listed. For specific detal]s regarding sleeve (CABS)". thickness, perimeter angle dimensions, size and frequency of fasteners, clearance for expansion, Fire Damper. Some such devices are listed in the duct-sleeve connections, and fire damper access doors, Underwriters Laboratories Inc. "Building Materials refer to the manufacturer's installation instructions Directory" under the category of "Fire Dampers (ALBR)". and Sheet Heta] and Air Conditioning Contractor's National Association (SHACNA) "Fire, Smoke and Fire Resistance Rating. Some such assemblies are Radiation Damper Installation Guide for HVAC Systems." llsted in the Underwriters Laboratories Inc. "Fire Resistance Directory" under the categories of "Floors", A-4-3 The dampers should close as quickly as possible, "Roofs", "Walls and Partitions". subject to requirements of system fan and air duct characteristics. The designer should evaluate whether Flame Spread Index. Some such materials are listed the smoke dampers should be normally open or normally in the Underwriters Laboratories Inc. "Building closed and should consider the fail-safe position of Haterials Directory", Part II, under the category, the dampers such as during power failure. "Hazard Classiflcation (Fire)". A-4-4 The use of smoke detectors in relationship to Smoke Barrier. See also Chapter 6, NFPA 101e, Life HVAC systems and high air movement areas, and details Safety Code@, for addltlonal guidance. as to optimum installation are covered in NFPA 72E, specifically under Smoke Sensing Fire Detectors, HVAC Smoke Damper. Smoke dampers may be subjected to and High Air Movement Areas as well as under Smoke various pressure differentials, may be exposed to Detectors for Control of Smoke Spread. elevated temperatures and may be required to open or close against mechanically induced air flow. Some such Protection provided by the installation of smoke devices are llsted in the Underwriters Laboratories, detectors and related requirements is intended to Inc. "Building Haterials Directory" under the category prevent the distribution of smoke through the supply "Leakage Rated Dampers (OOYZ)". air duct system and, preferably, to exhaust a significant quantity of smoke to the outside. Neither Smoke Detector. See NFPA 72E, Standard on Automatic function, however, will guarantee either early Fire Detectors. detection of fire or the detection of smoke concentrations prior to dangerous smoke conditions if Smoke Developed Index. Some such materials are smoke movement is other than through the supply air listed in Underwriters Laboratories Inc. "Building system. Haterials Directory", Part II, under the category "Hazard Classification (Fire)". Where facility smoke control protection is determined to be needed, see NFPA 92A, Recommended Practice for A-2-3.4.1 Access doors for fire dampers should be Smoke Control Systems. located such that the spring catch and fusible links are accessible when the damper is closed. Where the A-4-4.2 Water Flow for Automatic Control. size of the duct permits, the minimum size access door should be 18 in. x 16 in. For dampers too large for a Where automatic water sprinklers are provided and normal person's arms to reach from outside the duct to zoned to coordinate with the HVAC zones, their wateE reset the damper and replace the fusible llnk, the flow switches should initiate devices for the functions minimum size for the access door should be increased to described in this Chapter. 24 in. x 16 in., to permit body entry. Sprinklers are often tested on a weekly basis. When desirable to prevent the accompanying automatic shutdown of fan system(s) referred to in 4-5.1, a means may be used to temporarily avoid such shutdown, provided:

140 (a) a trouble signal is sustained in the sprinkler B-3.2 When renewing filters, care must be taken to use supervisory system until the automatic shutdown proper type and size and to avoid gaps between filter provision is restored, or sections, mounting frames or hardware. Damaged filter sections or media should not be used. (b) the automatic shutdown provision is restored at the end of the time period necessary to test the B-3.3 Filters designed and manufactured to be thrown sprinkler system, its alarms and related elements. away after use should never be cleaned and reused.

A-5-1.1 Many of the fire protection measures required B-3.4 Care should be exercised in the use of liquid in this Standard are passive and only Function in adhesives. Use of an adhesive of low flash point would emergencies. Therefore, acceptance testing needs to be create a serious hazard. performed so that all parts of air conditioning systems will be ready for a fire emergency. The access B-3.S Electrical equipment of automatic filters should openings, required in 2-3.4, should be checked for be inspected semi-annually, observing the operation proper location, function, and size while conducting cycle to see that the motor, relays and other controls acceptance tests. function as intended. Drive motors and gear reductions should also be inspected at least semi-annually,.and Appendix B Maintenance lubricated when necessary.

B-4 Inspection and Cleaning of Ducts. This Appendix is not a part of this NFPA document, but is included for information purposes only. B-4.1 Inspections to determine the amount of dust and waste material in the ducts (both discharge and return) B-l General. should be made quarterly, except that if after several inspections such frequent inspection is found B-l.l Beyond the scope of this standard lies the unneccessary, the interval between inspections may be important responsibility for the maintenance of adjusted to suit the conditions. equipment. This includes periodic checks of the detection and control equipment, damper and motor B-4.2 Cleaning should be undertaken whenever operation, and cleaning of ducts, plenums, dampers and inspection indicates the need. filters. Owners should develop a greater awareness of the life and property protecting abilities of these B-4.3 Cooling and heating coils should be cleaned, if systems and establish a planned maintenance schedule. necessary, at the time of cleaning the ducts. Thorough Failure to maintain proper conditions of cleanliness in cleaning of ducts may require scraping, brushing, or air duct systems and carelessness in connection with other positive means. Vacuum cleaning may not remove repair operations have been important contributing dust of an oily or sticky nature, or heavy causes of several fires which have involved air accumulations in the elbows or seams. The amount and conditioning systems. The following recommendations kind of dust and dirt will depend greatly on the apply, in general, to the period of operation of the occupancy and the arrangement of the duct system. system; systems operating only part of the year should Additional access doors or panels may be required for be given a thorough general checkup before starting complete cleaning of duct systems. operation and again after shutting down. B-5. Inspection and Cleaning of Plenums. B-{.2 The interval of testing and maintenance will vary widely depending on duration of system operation, B-5.1 Apparatus Casing and Air Handling Unit plenums condition of Fresh air, amount of dust in return air, should be inspected monthly, except that if after and other factors. The intervals given in this several inspections such frequent inspection is found standard are intended to be maximum and should be unnecessary, the interval between inspections may be shortened if system conditions warrant. adjusted to suit the conditions.

B-l.3 Inspection Form. The use of an inspection form B-5.2 Ceiling Cavity, Raised Floor and Duct to assist in obtaining a thorough inspection is distribution plenums should be inspected similar to recommended. The form should be made up to fit the ducts, beginning with quarterly inspections and system or systems involved, listing the items needing adjusting frequency to suit dirt buildup conditions. attention. However, it is suggested that provision be made on the form for equipment lecation, inspection B-5.3 Cleaning should be undertaken whenever frequency, due date, inspection date, inspector, and inspection indicates the need, especially in common record of discrepancies found. plenums serving more than one fan or system. Where plenum chambers being used for storage are found, B-2 Fire Dampers, Smoke Dampers, and Ceiling Dampers. arrangements, such as keeping the doors locked, should be made to prevent such usage. (See 2-3.10.) B-2.1 Each damper should be examined every two years to see that it is not rusted or blocked, giving B-5.4 Repair Work. Great caution should be exercised attention to hinges and other moving parts. Remove in the use of open flames or spark emitting devices fusible links (where applicable), operate damper to inside of ducts or plenum chambers, or near air intakes. verify that it fully closes, check latch (if provided) and lubricate moving parts if necessary. It is B-6 Outside Air Intakes desirable to operate dampers with normal system air flow to assure that they are not held open by the air B-6.1 Conditions outside the outside air intake should stream. be examined at the time of inspection of the ducts. Items to be noted are: (a) accumulations of B-3 Filters. combustible material near the intake (b) presence of buildings or structures which may present an exposure B-3.1 All air filters should be kept free of excess to the intake allowing smoke and fire to be drawn in, dust and combustible material. Unit filters should be and (c) operating condition of any automatic damper renewed or cleaned when the resistance to air Flow has designed to protect the opening against exposure fire. increased to two times the original resistance or when the resistance has reached a value of recommended B-6.2 If accumulations of combustible material are replacement by the manufacturer. Provide a suitable noted, they should be immediately removed, and draft gauge for the purpose. If the filters are of the arrangements made to avoid such accumulations. automatic liquid adhesive type, sludge should be Inspections should thereafter be made more frequently. regularly removed from the liquid adhesive reservoir. If newly erected exposures are noticed, consideration should be given to the protection at the intake to see that it is adequate. (See 2-2.1.)

141 B-7 Fans and Fan Motors NFPA 34-1987, Standard for Dipping or Coating Processes Using Flammable or Combustible Liquids B-7.1 Fans and fan motors should be inspected at least quarterly, and cleaned and lubricated when necessary. NFPA 70-1987, National Electrical Code Care should be exercised in lubricating fans to avoid allowing lubricant to run onto the fan blades. Fans NFPA 72E-1987, Standard on Automatic Fire Detectors should also be checked for alignment, and to see that they are running freely. NFPA 75-1987, Standard for the Protection of Electronic Computer/Data Processing Equipment B-7.2 The alignment oF fan belt drives should be checked since improper alignment can cause motor NFPA 90B-1984, Standard for the Installation of Warm overheating as well as premature belt failure. Air Heating and Air Conditioning Systems

8-8 Controls NFPA 91-1983, Standard for the Installation of Blower and Exhaust Systems for Dust, Stock, and Vapor Removal B-8.1 Fan controls should be examined and activated at or Conveying least once a year to assure that they are in operable condition. NFPA 92A-1988, Recommended Practice for Smoke Control Systems B-8.2 All automatic shutdown devices should be tested at least once a year. Special care should be given to NFPA 96-1987, Standard for the Installation of smoke sensing devices and fittings to assure that they Equipment for the Removal of Smoke and Grease-Laden are clean and properly calibrated in accordance with Vapors from Commercial Cooking Equipment manufacturer's instructions. NFPA I01-1988, Life Safety Code

Appendix C ReferencedPublications NFPA 220~1985, Standard on Types of Building Construction

C-1 The following documents or portions thereof are ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals-1985, American Society referenced within this standard for informational of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning purposes only and thus are not considered part of the Engineers, Inc., 1791Tullie Circle NE, Atlanta, GA requirements of this document. The edition indicated 30329 for each reference is the current edition as of the date of the NFPA issuance of this document. UL Building Materials Directory, Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., 333 Pfingsten Rd., Northbrook, IL C-1.1 NFPA Publications. National Fire Protection 60062 • Association, Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269. UL Fire Resistance Directory, Underwriters NFPA 31-1987, Standard for the Installation of Oil Laboratories, Inc., 333 Pfingsten Rd., Northbrook, IL Burning Equipment 60062 NFPA 33-1985, Standard for Spray Application Using SMACNA Fire, Smoke and Radiation Damper Installation Flammable and Combustible Materials Guide for HVAC Systems, Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' National Assn., Inc., 8224 Old Courthouse Rd, Tysons Corner, Vienna, VA 22180

142 PART II (Log # 8) 90B- 5 - (2-I): Accept (Log # 4) SUBHITTER: Technical Committee on Air Conditioning 90B- l - (I-3): Accept RECOMMENDATION: Revise. 2-1 to read.as follows: SUBMITTER: Technical committee on Air .Conditioning 2-I Supply Systems. RECOHMENDATION: Delete definition of "Labeled" from 2-1.I Duct Materials. Section I-3 and insert a definition of "Listed" as 2-1.1.1 Supply ducts, shall be: follows: (a) Class 0 or Class I rigid orflexible air ducts Listed. Equipment or materiais included in a list tested in accordance with UL 181, Standard for published by an organization acceptable to the Factory-Made Air Ducts and Connectors, or "authority having jurisdiction" and concerned with (b) of sheet metal having a nominal thickness as product evaluation, that maintains periodic inspection shown in Table 2-1.1. of production of listed equipment oc materials and • Exception No. 1: Supply ducts that are completely whose listing:states either that the equipment or encased in not less than 2 in. (51 mm) of concrete in a material meets appropriate ~tandards or has been tested floor slab need not meet the requirements of 2-I.I.1 and found sui,table for use in.a specified manner. except within 2ft (.61 m) of the furnace supply NOTE:. Tlie means for identifying listed equipment plenum, and within 2 ft (.61 m),of a vertical may vary for each organization concerned with connection to a riser or register. product evaluation, some of which do not recognize Exception No. 2: Supply ducts for a separate air equipment as listed unless it is also labeled. The cooling system, not interconnected to any warm air "authority having jurisdiction" should utilize the heating system, serving a single-family dwelling need system employed by the listing organization to not meet the requirements of 2-I.I.I, provided that identify a listed product. they are not closer than 2 ft (.61 m) to any Furnace or S~_BSTANTIATION: The term "listed", not "labeled", is its supply plenum, boiler, or other heat producing used in the standard and needs definition. appliances, and that they comply with 2-2.1.1, 2-2.1.3, COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept. 2-2.2, 2-2.3, and 2-2.4 as specified for return ducts. Exception No. 3: Vibration isolation connectors in duct systems shall be made of approved flame'retardant fabric or shall consist of sleeve joints with packing (Cog # 5) of approved noncombustible material. The fabric shall 90B- 2 - (1-3): Accept not exceed 10 in. (25.4 cm) in length in direction of SUBMITTER: Technical Committee on Air Conditioning air flow. RECOMMENDATION: Add a definition of "Noncombustible Exception No. 4: Class 0 or Class I rigid or Material" as follows: Flexible air ducts shall not be used as a vertical air Noncombustible Material. A material which, in the duct which is more than two stories in height. Form in which it is used and under the conditions Exception No. 5: Class 0 or Class I rigid or anticipated, will not ignite, burn support combustion, flexible air ducts shall not be used in air ducts or release'flammable vapors when subjected to fire or containing air at temperatures in excess of 250OF heat. When tested in accordance with ASTM E136, (121°C). "Standard Test Hethod for Behavior of Materials in a Table 2-I.1 (no change). Vertical Tube Furnace at 750°C'', materials that 2-I.1.2 Supply ducts shall be installed in successfully pass the test shall be considered conformance with: noncombustible. (a) conditions of their listing, Add ASTH E136 to the list of Chapter 5, Mandatory (b) SMACNA Fibrous Glass Duct Construction Standards, Referenced Publications. 5th edition, or; SUBSTANTIATION: The term "noncombustible" is used in (c) SMACNA HVAC Duct Construction Standards, Ist the standard and needs a definition consistent with Edition, 1988 that used in other NFPA standards. COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept. (d) SMACNA Installation Standards for Residential Heating and Air Conditioning Systems, 6th Edition. 2-1.2 Air Connectors. Air connectors are limited-use, flexible air duct that need not conform to the requirements for air ducts if they conform to the (Log # 6) following provisions: 90B- 3 - (I-3): Accept (a) Air connectors shall conform to the requirements ~UB~!_T!ER: Technical Committee on Air Conditioning for Class 0 or Class I connectors when tested in R~HMENDATIO_N: In definition of "Return System" in accordance with UL 181, Standard for Factory-Made Air Section I-3, replace the word "heated" with the word Ducts and Connectors. "conditioned" so as to read: (b) Class 0 or Class I air connectors shall not he Return System. An assembly of connected ducts, air used in ducts containing air at temperatures in excess passages or plenums and fittings through which air from of 250°F (121°C). the space or spaces to be conditioned is conducted back (c) Air connector run shall not exceed 14 ft (4.3 m) to the heat exchanger. in length. SUBSTANTIATION: Air might be cooled just as commonly (d) Air connectors shall not pass through any wall, as it is heated. Thus, the term "conditioned" is more accurate. partition or enclosure of a vertical shaft which is required to have a fire resistance rating of I hour or COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept. more. (e) Air connectors shall not pass through floers. 2-1.3 Furnace Plenums. Furnace plenums shall be constructed of metal of minimum thickness as shown in (Log # 7) 90B- 4 - I-3): Accept Table 2-I.1 for a minimum of 36 in. (91 cm) from the heat exchanger measured along the center line of air SUBHITTER: Technical Committee on Air Conditioning flow. Other plenums shall conform to the requirements RECOMMENDATION: Revise definition of "Supply Systems" for supply ducts. so as to read: 2-1.d (existing 2-I.2 as modified by Proposal 90B-7) Supply Systems. An assembly of connected ducts, air Add a reference in Chapter 5 to the SMACNA passages or plenums and fittings through which air is Installation Standards for Residential Heating and Air conducted from tile heat exchange to the space or spaces Conditioning Systems, referenced in 2-I.1.2(d). to be conditioned. SUBSTANTIATION: The rewording clarifies intent and SUBSTANT_IA__[TION Air might be cooled just as commonly recognizes a new SMACNA standard. New wording as it is heated. Thus, the term "conditioned" is more accurate. recognizes flexible air ducts and connectors which are in common usage. Changes made by Proposal 90B-6 are COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept. also incorporated. COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept.

143 (Log # 9) (Log #21 gOB- 6 - (2-1.I): Accept 90B- 8 - (Figure 3-I.2(b)): Accept in Principle SUBMITTER: Technical Committee on Air Conditioning SUBHITTER: RodneyA. HcPhee, Canadian Wood Coun~'il RECOMMENDATION: Revise second and third sentences of RE_~OI4MENDATION: In the figure extend the bottom arrow 2-1.1 to read: below the duct to the stud pictured in the figure. "., . . as shown in Table 2-I.1. Furnace plenums SUBSTANTIATION: As noted in 3-1.1, the clearance is to shall be constructed of metal of minimum thickness as be measured From the duct to the combustible material. shown in Table 2-I.I for a minimum of 36 in. (91 cm) The arrow is extended to the stud to indicate this from the heat exchanger measured along the centerline requirement. If tile arrow were not altered, the nf air flow. Other plenums shall conform to the clearance to the stud from the duct would exceed the requirements for supply ducts." minimum required unnecessarily. SUBSTANTIATION: The term "bonnets" has been deleted COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept in Principle. because the term is archaic. The 36 in. (91 cm) Correct Figure 3-1.2(b) by moving the stud upward to dimension has been added to help clarify how far the the edge of the thimble. metal components needs to extend past the heat COMMITTEE STATEMENT: By moving the stud upward on the exchanger. This clarifies the current requirement figure so that it sits immediately below the thimble, which is intended to help keep failure of a gas valve the figure will be correct. This should satisfy the from exposing combustibles to high temperatures. submitter's intent. COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept.

(Log #3) 90B- 9 - (3-1.4): Accept in Principle (Log #I) SUBHITTER: a. Herbert Witte, Lincolnwood, IL 90B- 7 - (2-I.2(c 1: Accept in Principle RECOMMENDATION: Revise Table 3-1.4 and notes thereto SUBHITTER: Peter H. Billing, National Forest Products as shown: Assoc, (table on following page) RECOMMENDATION: Amend the second sentence of 2-1.2(c1 Change designation of "Figure 3-1.4" to "Figure to read: 3-1.4(a1." "Ground cover not complying with this requirement Add new Figure 3-I.4(b) and new Figure 3-I.4(c) as shall be covered over with at least 2 in. (5.1 cm) of shown : sand or other noncombustible material." SUBS_TA_NTIATION: Formal Interpretation 90B-76-I (dated Air Movement Around Protector aune 1978), allows use of polyethylene film meeting the Plates or Panels flammability requirements of this section to be used without a noncombustible cover. Proposed wording would NOTE: Copies of figures submitted by Mr. Witte bring standard in line with what is allowed by Formal available for review at NFPA Headquarters. The Interpretation. figures submitted appear in slightly revised form COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept in Principle. below as part of the Committee Action. Revise 2-1.2(c) to read: (c) The enclosing material of the under floor space SUBSTANTIATION: Present Table 3-I.4 includes asbestos including the side wall insulation and ground cover material which is no longer appropriate for the purpose. shall not be more flammable than l-in. (2.5 cm) Also the present Table 3-I.4 does not correlate with (nominal) wood boards. Ground cover not complying with NFPA 211-198d which includes up-to-date information on this requirement shall be covered over with at least 2 the subject based on tests by National Bureau of in. (5.1 cm) of sand or other noncombustible material. Standards. COMMITTEE STATEMENT: The additional revision to tile First sentence of 2-1.2(c), by the Committee, was necessary to make the requirement read correctly. The revised wording should satisfy the submitter's intent.

144 Table 3-1.4 Clearances, Inches, with Specified Forms of Protection I (For S.I. Units: 1 in. = 25.4 mm) Type of Protection Where the required clearance with no protection is: Applied to and covering all surfaces of combustible material within the distance specified as the required clearance with no protection 18 inches 9 inches 6 inches (See Figs. 3-I.4(a), (b), and (c) Chimney Chimney Chimney Thicknesses are minimum. Sides & or Vent or Vent Sides & or Vent Above Rears Connector Connector Above Rear Connector (a) 3 I/2 in. thick masonry wall without ventilated air space - .12 12 6 - 4 4 (b) I/2 in. thick noncombustible insulation board over 1 in. glass fiber or mineral wool batts 12 9 9 4 , 4 3 3 (c) 0.024 in. (24 gauge) sheet metal over 1 in. glass fiber or mineral wool bats reinforced with wire on rear face, with ventilated air space 9 6 6 3 3 2 2 (d) 3 I/2 in. thick masonry wall with ventilated air space 6 6 3 - 2 2 (el 0.024 in. (24 gauge) sheet metal with ventilated air space 9 6 6 3 3 2 2 (f) I/2 in. thick noncombustible insulation board with ventilated air space 9 6 6 2 3 2 2 (g) 0.024 in. (24 gauge) sheet metal with ventilated air space over 0.024 in. (24 gauge) sheet metal with ventilated air space 6 3 3 2 2 1 I (h) 1 in. glass fiber or mineral wool batts sandwiches between two sheets 0.024 in. (24 gauge) sheet metal with ventilated air space. 6 3 3 2 2 ] 1

Notes - Table 3-1.4

1. All clearances shall be measured from the outer surface of the combustible material to the nearest point on tile surface of the appliance, disregarding any intervening protection applied to the combustible material. 2. Spacers and ties shall be of noncombustible material. No spacer or tie shall be used directly opposite appliance or connector. 3. With all clearance reduction systems using a ventilated air space, adequate provision for air circulation shall be provided as described. See Figures 3-I.4(b) and (c). 4. There shall be at least l in. (25 mm) between clearance reduction system and combustible walls and ceilings for reduction systems using ventilated air space. 5. If a wall protector is mounted on a single flat wa]l away from corners, adequate air circulation may be provided by leaving only. the bottom and top edges or only the side and top edges open with at least I in. (25 mm) air gap. 6. Mineral wool balls (blanket or board) shall have a minimum density of 128 kg/m3 (8 Ib/ft 3) and a minimum melting point of 816°C (1500 ft). 7. Insulation material used as part of clearance reduction system shall have a thermal conductivity of 1.0 (BTU-in)/(sq ft=hr-OF) or less. 8. There shall be at least I in. (25 ram) between the appliance and the protector. In no case shall tile clearance between tile appliance and the combustible surface be reduced below that allowed in the table. 9. A11 clearances and thickness are minimum, larger clearances and thicknesses are acceptable.

145 CO___MMI_T__TEE ACTION: Accept in Principle. Revise Table 3-1.4 and associated notes to read as follows:

Table 3-1.4 Reduction of Clearances with Specified Forms of Protection Where the required clearance with no protection from appliance, vent connector single wall metal plpe is: 6 inches Type of Protection 36 inches 18 inches 12 inches 9 inches

Applied to and covering all surfaces Allowable Clearance with Specified Protection, inches: Sides Sides Sides Sides Sides of combustible material within the & & & & & distance specified as the required Above Rear clearance with no protection. Above Rear Above Rear Above Rear Above Rear (See Figs. 3-I.4(a), (b), and (c).

(a) 3 I/2 in. thick masonry wall without ventilated air space - 24 - 12 - 9 - 6 - 5

(b) I/2 in. insulation board over 1 in. glass fiber 6 6 5 4 3 or mineral wool batts 24 18 12 9 9

(c) 0.024 in. (24 gauge) sheet metal over I in. glass fiber or mineral wool batts reinforced with wire on 4 5 3 3 3 rear face, with ventilated air space 18 12 9 6 6

(d) 3 I/2 in. thick masonry wall 6 - 6 - 6 with ventilated air space 12 - 6 -

(e) 0.024 in. (24 gauge) sheet metal 4 5 3 3 2 with ventilated air space 18 12 9 6 6

(f) I/2 in. thick insulation board with ventilated air space 18 12 9 6 6 4 5 3 3 3

(g) 0.024 in. (24 gauge) sheet metal with ventilated air space over 0.024 in. (24 gauge) sheet metal with 6 4 5 3 3 3 ventilated air space 18 12 9 6

(h) I in. glass fiber or mineral wool batts sandwiched between two sheets 0.024 in. (24 gauge) sheet metal with 6 4 5 3 3 3 ventilated air space. 18 12 9 6

Notes - Table 3-1.4

1. Reduction of clearances from combustible materials shall not interfere with combustion air, draft hood clearance and relief, and accessibility of servicing. 2. All clearances shall be measured from the outer surface of the combustible material to the nearest point on the surface of the appliance, disregarding any intervening protection applied to the combustible material. 3. Spacers and ties shall be of noncombustible material. No spacer or tie shall be used directly opposite an appliance or connector. 4. With all clearance reduction systems using a ventilated air space, adequate provision for air circulation shall be provided as described. See Figures 3-1.4(b) and (c). 5. There shall be at least 1 in. (25 mm) clearance between the reduction system and combustible walls and ceilings for reduction systems using ventilated air space. 6. If a wall protector is mounted on a single flat wall away from corners, adequate air circulation may be provided by leaving only the bottom and top edges, or only the side and top edges open, with at least 1 in. (25 mm) air gap. 7. Mineral wool bates (blanket or board) shall have a minimum density of 8 lb/ft 3 (128 kg/m 3) and a minimum melting point of 1500°ft (816°C). 8. Insulation material used as part of clearance reduction system shall have a thermal conductivity of 1.0 (BTU-in)/(sq ft-hr-°F) or less. 9. There shall be at least 1 in. (25 mm) between the appliance and the protector. In no case shall the clearance between the appliance and the combustible surface be reduced below that allowed in the table. 10. All clearances and thickness are minimum, larger clearances and thicknesses are acceptable.

146 Renumber Figure 3-1.4 so as to become Figure 3-1.4(a). Create new Figures 3-1.4(b) and 3-1.4(c) as follows:

~~_.~ Mounted With Side and Top Edges Open

Wall Protector Mounted ~ Mounted With Top and With all Edges Open , Bottom Edges Open

Wall protector Mountecl-!. -' on Single Flat Wall

Must Be Mounted With Top and Bottom Edges Open

Wall Protector Installed in Corner

i Wall ,

Nail or Screw Anchor /////J J

~Clearance Reduction System (Table 3-1.4)

1" Noncombustible Spacer Such as Stacked Washers, Small Diameter Pipe, Tubing, or Electrical Conduit. Masonry Walls May be Attached to Combustible Walls Using Wall Ties. Do Not Use Spacers Directly Behind Appliance or Connector.

Figure 3-1.4(b) Wall Protector Clearance Reduction System.

147 ~v/~ CombustibleWall

1" Min. Airspace Between , / Masonry and Combustible Wall Brick Wall L~"~ ~:~ It Metal Wall ~1~ ~~ ~1"} Ties

of Bricks Staggered For "-4;~~ Ill!' Ventilation yl~ ,l,.L~

A Strip of Heavy Gage Steel May Be Used For Added Support

NOTE: Do Not Place Masonry Wall Ties Directly Behind Appliance or Connector

Masonry Wall Tie

Figure 3-1.4(c) Masonry Clearance Reduction System.

~OMMITT_EE STATEMENT: The revised table and Figures which appear above in the Committee Action Further enhance the material proposed by the submitter. The pruposed Committee Action should meet the submitter's intent.

148 PART III trolleys and multiple torch head machines shall be equipped with listed safety valves. • (Log #I) 6-4.3.7* Safety caps shall be attached to all 241- I - (I-4, 6-4 and A-6-4): Accept propane cylinders and installed on the valves whenever SUBMITTER: Technical Committee on Construction and cylinders are not in use. The propane cylinder shall Demolition be adequately sized~for the torch used. If frost-build ~EC~MMENDATION: In the Section I-4 definitions, up occurs on propane cylinders and the rate of vapor replace current definition of "single-ply (torch withdrawal is no longer adequate for operating applied) roofing systems" with separate definitions of conditions, the cylinder shall not be placed on its "single-ply roofing systems" and "torch applied roof side or heated with the torch flame. The hose shall be systems" as Follows: disconnected and a larger cylinder used. Single-ply Roofing Systems. Single layer roof 6-4.3.8* Equipment shall be thoroughly inspected and covenngs made of plastic, synthetic rubber or modified repaired or replaced as needed prior to.use. bitumen. 6-4.3.9 Propane cylinders shall not he hoisted by Torch Applied Roof Systems. Bituminous roofing their valves. Straps placed around the cylinders shall systems using membranes that are.adhered by heating be utilized. '' with a torch and melting saturated asphalt instead of 6-4.3.10" A fire watch shall be conducted for at mopping hot asphalt for adhesion. least one-half hour after torch work has been completed. In the 1-4 definition of "hot work" insert the word 6-4.4 Fire Extinguishers for Roofing Operations. "torch applied roofing" after the words "thawing pipe" 6-4.4.1" There shall be at least one portable fire and change'the last word of the definition from extinguisher having a rating of not less than 20-B "situation" to "operation" so as to read: within 30 ft (9.1.:~m) horizontal travel distance of Hot Work.' Operations including cutting, welding, every roofing kettle at all times while such kettle is Thermit welding, brazlng , soldering, grinding, thermal in operation. spraying, thawing pipe, torch applied roofing , or any 6-4.4.2* There shall be at least 6he:multipurpose other similar operation. 2-A:20-B:C portable fire extinguisher'on the roof being Replace Section 6-4 and its associated append!x items covered or repaired, or other'fire protection as with the following: determined by the authority havin~ jurisdiction. 6-4 Roofing Operations. 6-4.4.3 There shall be at least one multipurpose 6-4.1 General. All roofing operations involving 2-A:20-B:C portable fire extinguisher~within 20 it-(6.1 heat sources and hot processes shall be conducted by a m) horizontal travel distance of torch applied roofing qualified agency. equipment. 6-4.2 Asphalt and Tar Kettles. 6-4.5 Fuel for Roofing Operations. 6-4.2.1 Asphalt and tar kettles shall be located in 6-4.5.1 Fuel containers; burners, and related a safe place outside of the building or on a appurtenances of roofing equipment in which liqOefied noncumbustible roof at a point so as to avoid danger of petroleum gas is used for heating shall comply with all ignition of combustible material below. the applicable requirements of NFPA 58, Standard for 6-4.2.2 A lid which can be, closed by means of' the Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases. gravity shall be provided on all roofing kettles. The 6-4.5.2 Fuel containers shall be located at least I0 tops and covers of all kettles Shall be close fitting ft (3 m) from the burner flame or at least 2 ft (0.6 m) and constructed of steel having a thickness of not less therefrom when properly'insulated from heat or flame. than 0.075 in. (No. 14 manufactures' standard gage). Exception: Hand held fuel containers with maximum 1 6-4.2.3* Used roofing mops and rags shall be cleaned Ib (453 g) capacity~, of excessive asphalt and stored away from the building 6-4.5.3 Solid fuel or Class I liquids shall 6or be and combustible materials. Discarded roofing mops and used as fuel for rdofing kettles. rags shall not be in contact with combustibles. A-6-4.2.3 Many flammable and combustible liquids, 6-4.2.4 Kettles shall be constantly attended when in including roofing.asphalts, combine readily with the operation. oxygen in air and produce heat. When these liquids are 6-4.3* Single-Ply and Torch Applied Roofing Systems. present on rags and mops used in roofing operations, 6-4.3.1" Single-ply and torch applied roofing the heat can concentrate inside the mass faster than it systems shall be installed using extreme caution. can be dissipated and result in spontaneous combustion. Torches or hot-air guns used to secure roofing Fires in mops can be prevented by "spinning" or membranes shall be used in accordance with cleaning excessive asphalt out of the mop or rag after manufacturer's recommendations. In order to prevent its work period is finished. smoking or ignition of membranes, they shall not be. A-6-4.3 For additional information see the ARMA overheated. publication, "Torch Applied Roofing, Do's an~ Don'ts." 6-4.3.2* Caution shall be used when working around A-6-4.3.1 Torch applied roofing may be a potentially roof openings, penetrations, or flashings. The flame hazardous construction process and extreme caution of the torch shall not come in direct contact with wood should be exercised during installation. The exposed nailers, cant strips and metal flashing. Small torches outer surface of the membrane coil should he heal:ed shal] be used to heat the underside of the membrai~e until a slight sheen deve]ops. The compound should'not away from these areas before securement. Hot trowels be overheated. A slight smoke vapor can be seen when shall be used to Feather seams at laps and flashings. the compound is overheated. The flame from a ha,d-held The torch shall not be used in areas where the flame torch should be constantly moved from side to side. IF impingement cannot be fully viewed. Open flames shall a mobile heating apparatus is used it should be kept in not be left unattended. constant motion while operating. 6-4.3.3 The torch flame shall not be applied to a Some roof membranes such as polyviny] chloride (PVC) combustible substrale for tlle membrane. When or chloro-sulfonated polyethylene (CSPE or hypalon)may foam-plastic, kraft-faced glass fiber, or wood fiber require heating or the use of solvents in order t'o form insulation, or cant strips, or plastic fastener plales lap joints or to secure tile membrane. are to be used,they shall be covered with a base A-6-4.3.2 Roof openings/vents should be covered with sheet, equivalent to either a minimum 40 Ib organic a stable noncombustible cover to prevent ignition of fell base sheet or a glass fiber felt base sheet, building contents as well as personal injury. before the torch applied membrane is installed. Torch Extreme caution should be used near penetrations such flames shall not come in contact with exposed plastic as exhaust vents. Flames could ignite grease roofing cement.. accumulations from kitchen vents and lint accumulations 6-4.3.4 Installation of torch appl!ed, and in some from laundry vents. Such accumulations should be cases, single-ply roofing system is hot.work and shall cleaned before roofing work is started. comply with Section 3-I, except where otherwise noted. Air conditioning units and ventilating fans should be 6-4.3.5 * Protective clothing and personal protective shut down before torch work is done in that area. equipment shall be worn by installers: A torch stand should be used to direct the flame 6-4.3.6* proper equipment shall be used to heat upward when momentarily not in use. The cylinder valve roofing membranes. Torches shall be equipped with a should be closed to burn off propane in the line before pilot.adjustment, flame height adjustment, 25 to 50 ft shutting off the torch head. The gas supply should be (7.6 to 15.2 m) of lisCed hose, pressure gauge and shut off whenever a propane odor is'detected. regulator. A spark igniter.shall be used. Torch Torches should not be used near gas lines or electrical wires. c-

149 A-6-4.3.5 Protective clothing should include 3-5.1.2 Storage of Class I and II liquids shall not nonsynthetic fabrics, long-sleeve shirt, long pants, exceed 60 gal. (227 L) within 50 ft (15.2 m) of the gloves and eye protection. The safe handling of hand structure. torches and hot trowels necessitat'es proper protective 3-5.1.3 (former 3-5.1.2) Storageareas shall be clothing and personal protective equipment. kept free of weeds, debris, and combustible materials A-6-4.3.6 These provisions are not intended to apply not necessary to the storage. to the hand-held torches used to heat trowels. 3-5.1.4 (former 3-5.1.3) Open flames and smoking A-6-4.3.7 Liquid propane cylinders may be of either shall not be permitted in flammable and combustible the vapor withdrawal or liquid withdrawal type. With liquids storage areas. Such storage areas shall be the vapor withdrawal type, vapor is drawn off from the appropriately posted as "No Smoking" areas. torch head. Vapor withdrawal cylinders are equipped Create a new A-3-5.1.2 to read: with female cylinder valves. Liquid withdrawal A-3-5.1.2 The reference to "structure" is intended cylinders transfer the liquid, via a dipstick from the to apply to those structures under construction, cylinder to the torch head where it is vaporized. alteration, or demolition and not to temporary Liquid withdrawal cylinders have male cylinder valves, structures on the construction site. Additionally, which may be equipped with adapters. existing properly protected storage within 50 ft . Frost build-up occurs only with vapor withdrawal (15.2 m) of the structure or inside an existing cylinders. This can be as a result of the cylinder structure under alteration is not intended to be being undersized for the torch or air temperatures regulated by this provision. being low. When vapor is drawn off more quickly than ~_UB_S_TANTIATION: The existing standard is too it is replaced, heat is absorbed and frost buildup restrictive in that it restricts quantities of Class I occurs on the outside of the cylinder. Vapor pressure and II liquids to a total of 60 gallons on the entire then further declines. Consequently, liquid withdrawal construction or demolition site. The proposed revision cylinders are preferred. However, if vapor withdrawal would allow for greater quantities yet provides the cylinders are used, 40 or 100 Ib (18.2 or 45.5 Kg) original protection intended by limited the amount of cylinders should be used with larger torches (such as Class I and II liquids allowed within 50 ft of the those used on the field of the roof)nor when structure. temperatures are low (below 20°F (-TUC)). COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept. A-6-4.3.8 Propane cylinders should be inspected for dents. If dents larger than a quarter are found, the cylinder should be replaced. Torch and cylinder connectors should be visually inspected and checked for (Log #3) leaks with a soap and water solution. An open flame 241- 3 - (Chapter 8 (New)): Accept should not be used to test for leaks. SUBMITTER: Technical Committee on Construction and Leaky equipment should not be used. Regulator Demolition adjustments and pressure gauges should be checked to RECOMMENDATION: Renumber current Chapter 8, referenced assure they are operable. The vent on the regulator publications, as a new Chapter 9 and insert a new should be checked to assure it is not.blocked. If an Chapter 8, Underground Operations, and other associated unst'able flame occurs (roars loudly and tends to blow changes as follows: itself out), the equipment should be repaired or In Paragraph I-1.5 add wording to make reference to replaced immediately. the new Chapter 8 on Underground Operations so as to A-6-4.3.10 All roof areas worked on should be read: checked for hot spots and signs of smoldering. The 1-I.5 General requirements applying to construction inside of the building should also be inspected for and demolition are contained in Chapters l through 5; signs of fire or smoke. All fires should be reported specific requirements for construction activities are to the Fire Department even if extinquished. found in Chapter 6; those requirements specific to Smoldering may continue after extinguishment, may take demolition activities are covered in Chapter 7; and place For hours before flaming begins, and may take specific requirements for construction, alteration and place in areas unsuspected by the layman. Also see demolition activities in underground locations are A-3-1 .l. contained in Chapter 8. Alteration activities may A-6-4.4.1 Additional information regarding the safe require the use of both the demolition and construction use and operation of roofing kettles can be found in activity requirements as applicable. NFPA l, Fire Prevention Code, Section 3-6. Revise the I-2 Scope statement to read: A-6-4.4.2 For large roof areas" additional protection I-2 Scope. This standard applies to structures in such as charged hose lines or additional extinguishers the course of construction, alteration or demolition may be advisable. including those in underground locations. B-1.2 Other Publications. In the 1-4 section on Definitions, add a definition Torch Applied Roofing, Do's and Don'ts - 1986 of "Underground Structures" as follows: Asphalt Roofing Manufacturer's Association, 6288 Underground Structures. Structures located in an Montrose Road, Rockville, Maryland, 20852. underground tunnel, shaft, chamber, passageway or cut SUBSTANTIATION: Current Section 6-4 on roofing and covered excavation. operations is being expanded and revised based on Insert the new Chapter 8 and its associated appendix lessons learned from field experience by the roofing items so as to read as follows: industry and from losses experienced by the Factory Mutual System, among others, related to torch applied CHAPTER ~ - UNDERGROUND OPERATIONS roof systems. In effect, the torch applied roof systems industry has developed guidelines for the safe 8-I* General. installation of its products. Much of the new material 8-1.1" The provisions of Chapters l through 7 shall proposed for Section 6-4 comes from industry be Followed, as applicable, for all operations in guidelines, such as those developed by the Asphalt underground structures in addition to the specific Roofing Manufacturers Association. Other changes requirements of this chapter. represent the best judgment of the Technical Committee 8-1.2 Drainage systems shall be pcoperly designed on Construction and Demolition. and installed to remove water from sprinkler discharge COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept. or fire hose streams. 8-I.3 Fire safety for existing, operating fixed guideway underground transportation systems undergoing alteration or renovation shall be in acccordance with (Log #2) NFPA 130, Standard for Fixed Guideway Transit Systems. 241- 2 - (3-5.1 and A-3-5.1.2): Accept 8-1.4 Means of egress for existing, operating SUBMITTER: Technical Committee on Construction and underground structures shall be in accordance with NFPA Demolition I01, Life Safety Code. RECOMMEND A!ION: Revise 3-5.1 to read as follows: 8-I.5 At each above ground entrance, underground 3-5.1 Storage. operations shall have a check-in/check-out system that 3-5.1.I Storage of flammable and combustible liquids provides an accurate record of each person underground. shall be in accordance with NFPA 30, Flammable and 8-1.6 Completed or unused sections of the Combustible Liquids Code, except as modified by this underground facility shall be barricaded and made off section.

150 limits. Consideration shall be given to 8-4.5 The quantity of combustible materials to be compartmentation through the installation of fire. used underground shall be kept to a minimum. Advance barriers to limit the extent and severity of the fire planning shall provide for the use of materials having and to provide areas of refuge for occupants. the most favorable combination of high ignition points, 8-1.7 Fire safety inspections shall be conducted at low rates of combustion and low emissions of smoke.and regular and frequent intervals. (See also 5-I.I) harmful gases. • 8-1.8 Open flames and fires are prohibited in all 8-4.6. Areas within 25 ft (7.6 m) of major electrical underground operations except as prescribed for installations and unburied tanks for storage of cutting, welding and hot work operations. combustible liquids shall be free of transient 8-1.9" The carrying of matches, lighters, or other combustible materials. flame producing smoking materials shall be prohibited 8-4.7-Fan houses, fan bulkheads for main and booster in all underground operations where fire or explosion fans, and air ducts connecting main fans to underground hazards exist. openings shall be constructed of noncombustible 8-I.lO Listed less hazardou.s hydraulic fluids shall materials. be used ih underground machinery and equipment unless 8-4.8 No combustible structure shali be erected and the machinery and equipment are protected by an no combustible materials shall be stored within tO0 ft approved fire suppression system or by approved (30 m) of an access shaft, shaft hoist or other entry. multi-purpose fire extinguishers rated at least 4A:4OBC. 8-4.9 Listed metal safety cans shall be provided and 8-1.II Wafer'line outlets located at shaft stations used to store combustible waste and debris and shall be shall have at least one standard fitting with outlet removed to the surface daily. threads compatible With equipment of the local fire 8-4.10 Where combustible or flammable materials are department. stored underground, suitable fire extinquishers shall 8-I.12 Fire protection extinguishing equipment be installed so travel distance from any one point in either automatic or manual, applicable to the hazard the area does not exceed 50 ft (15 m) on a horizontal and approved by the authority having jurisdiction shall plane. :, be provided at the head, tail, drive and take up 8-5 Electrical. pulleys of belt conveyors and at intervals along 'belt 8-5.1 Electrical. cords and plugs shall be heavy duty conveyor lines. and suitable for use.in damp locations (See NFPA 70, 8-1.13 Whenever self~propelled equipment is used National Electrical Code). underground, a fire Suppression system or a fire 8-5.2 Conductors shall be so located or guarded as extinguisher rated at least 4A:4OBC shall be on the to protect them from physical damage. Multiconductor equipment. portable cable shall be permitted to supply mobile 8-2 Special Precautions. equipment. An equipment grounding conductor shall be 8-2.1 Welding, cutting, and burning operations shall run with circuit conductors inside the metal raceway or be in accordance with NFPA 51B, Standard for Fire inside the multiconductor cable jacket. The equipment Prevention in Use of Cutting and Welding Processes. A grounding conductor shall be-permi±ted to be insulated. suitable fire extinguisher or other fire control device or bare. shall be ready for instant use in any location where 8-5.3 Oi1~filled transformers shall not be used welding is done. underground unless they are located in a Fire-resistant '8-2J2 Acetylene, llqulfied petroleum gas (LPG), and enclosure suitably vented to the outside and surrounded methylacetylene propadiene stabilized gas (MPS), may be by a dike to retain the contents of the transformers in usedunderground only for welding, cutting and hot work event of rupture. and only if the quality of air is within permissible 8-5.4 Bare terminals of transformers, switches, limits as set forth in the ACGIH Threshold Limit Values motor controllers, and other equipment shall be and B'iological Exposure Indices. enclosed to prevent accidental contact with energized 8-2.3 A limited number of underground construction parts. Enclosures for use in tunnels shal] be operations involve the use of compressed air to avoid raintight, rainproof or watertight (See NFPA 70, flooding. The use of compressed air often increases National Electrical Code, for definitions) as required the percentage of oxygen in the working areas and by the environmental conditions, ,, therefore increases the risk of fire and explosion. 8-5.5 Speci'al attention shal~ be paid to maintaining Compressed air operations require special precautions clea~" access and adequate workspace around electrical that are beyond the scope of this publication. equipment (See NFPA 70E, Standard for Electrical Safety However, a good understanding of stri'ct compliance with Requirements For Employee Workplaces). Good the fire hazards and safety'and health requirements of housekeeping shall be maintained to avoid" fire hazards. the regulatory authorities having jurisdiction is 8-5.6 All nonenergized metal parts of electric necessary to ensure a fire safe working environmentl equipment and metal raceways and cable sheaths shall be 8-3 "Emergency Procedures and Systems. effectively grounded and bonded to all metal pipes and 8-3.1" A written fire prevention, fire suppression rails at the portal and at intervals not exceeding tO00 and emergency evacuation plan shall be developed with ft (300 m) throughout the tunnel. special attention being given to rescue and smoke A-8-] The following publications may be consulted venting procedures, to the means of ingress/egress, and for additional information on underground operations to training and orientation of employees and visitors. and related subjects: 8-3.2 Audible alarm and emergency lighting for safe ANSI AlO.16 - American National Standard Safety evacuation shall be required. Requirements for Construction of Tunnels, Shafts and 8-3.3 Underground operations shall have disaster and Caissons. evacuation drills for each shift, at least once at the ACIGH Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure start of underground operations and every six months or Indices for 1985-1986. more frequently as appropriate. A record of such CFR, Title 29, Part 1926, Subpart S - Tunnels and drills shall be maintained. Shafts, Caissons, Cofferdams and Compressed Air. 8-4 Underground Equipment and Storage Requirements. CFR, Title 30, Part 57 - Safety and Health Standards, 8-4.1" Class I Flammable liquids shall not be taken, Underground Metal and Non-metal Mines. stored or used underground, nor within tO0 ft (30 m) of CFR, Title 30, Part 75 - Mandatory Safety Standards, a tunnel portal or shaft opening. Underground Coal Mines, 8-4.2 Class II and III liquids shall be transported NFPA Fire Protection Handbook. and stored in approved closed containers, safety cans NFPA 121, Standard on Fire Protection for or tanks. Quantities shall be limited to that Self-Propelled and Mobile Surface Mining Equipment. necessary for one day's operation. NFPA 22, Standard for the Storage of Flammable and 8-4.3 Lubricating oils, greases and rope dressings Combustible Liquids Within Underground Metal and taken underground shall be in closed and reclosable Nonmetal Mines (Other than Coal). metal containers that will not permit the contents to A-8-1.I Underground structures and construction leak out or spill. activities present unique fire protection problems in 8-4.4 Oil, grease, and diesel fuel stored that fires can quickly create temperatures and smoke underground shall be kept in tightly sealed containers levels that are intolerable to workers and fire in fire resistant areas at least 100 ft (30 m) from fighters. Due to the unusual circumstances, the shafts and inclines. Storageareas shall be positioned complexity and variety of activities regarding or diked so that the contents of ruptured or overturned underground operations, fire prevention, fire containers will not flow from the storage area.

151 suppression and emergency evacuation plans should be NFPA 122-1986, Standard for the Storage of Flammable reviewed with responding fire departments and medical and Combustible Liquids Within Underground Metal and facilities. It is further recommended that fire Nonmetal Mines (Other Than Coal), National Fire fighting personnel be given periodic tours of the Protection Association, Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA underground work areas. 02269 A-8-I.9 If an underground location is classified as ~UBSTANTIATION: The proposed new chapter dealing with gassy by the regulatory authorities, then additional underground operations represents the best judgment of fire protection and equipment may be needed. For a committee of experts, drawing in part from some of example, continuous monitoring for flammable gas, the references listed in proposed Appendix Note A-8-I. explosion proof electrical equipment, and other related COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept. requirements may be necessary. It is recommended that contact be made with the authority having jurisdiction over the project to determine specific safety and fire prevention needs. (Log #4) A-8-3.1 An underground emergency evacuation plan 241- 4 - (A-5-2.1): Accept should be developed and the first and foremost ~UBMITTER: Technical Committee on Construction and consideration of this plan should be the prompt and Demolition safe removal of all persons underground. This plan R__ECOMMENDATION: Replace existing A-5-2.1 with the should include, as a minimum: emergency communications following: and alarm system; clear, concise and uncomplicated A-5-2.I Due to the growing threat of arson, guard emergency instructions; location of means of egress service should be provided on major projects even when from the underground work areas; availability and not required by'the authority having jurisdiction. The location of self-rescuer air breathing units and requirements for guard service should also be based on, first-ald supplies; emergency ventilation methods and but not limited to, the hazards at the site, the size location of any refuge stations. of the risk, the difficulty of fire fighting, the A-8-4.1 The use of hazardous materials, liquids or exposure risk, and the physical security of the site. chemicals underground should be minimized and S__UBB~STANTIATION: The growing threat of arson, eliminated when feasible. Strict controls including especially at an unguarded construction or demolition fire resistant storage areas vented to the outside is site, needs to be countered by a suggestion that guard recommended. service be provided. The proposed appendix note Add the following references to 9-1.1 (previously provides some oF the considerations which should be 8-1.1): given when considering guard service. NFPA 70E-1983, Standard for Electrical Safety COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept. Requirements for Employee Workplaces NFPA 101-1988, Life Safety Code, Chapter 30 NFPA 130-1986, Standard for Fixed Guideway Transit Systems. (Log #5) Add the follwing references to Appendix B: 241- 5 - (A-6-2.2): Accept ANSI A10.16-1987, American National Standard Safety SUBH!.T]~: Technical Committee on Construction and Requirements for Construction of Tunnels, Shafts and Demolition Caissons, American National Standards Institute, 1430 R~E_CO_ttH~DAT!ON: Change the the word "suppliers" to Broadway, New York, NY 10018 "supplies" so as to read: ACIGH Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure A-6-2.2 The authority having jurisdiction should be Indices for 1985-86, American Conference of contacted regarding the adequacy of water supplies for Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 6500 Glenway hose lines. Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45211 SUBSTANTIATION: Editorial correction. CFR, Title 29, Part 1926 - Safety and Health COMMITTEE ACTION: AccePt. Regulations for Construction, Subpart S - Tunnels and Shafts, Caissons, Cofferdams and Compressed Air, Code of Federal Regulations, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 (Log #6) CRF, Title 30, Part 57 - Safety and Health Standards 241- 6 - (A-6-8.3.1): Accept

- Underground Metal and Nonmental Mines, Code of SUBMITTER: Technical Committee on Construction and Federal Regulations, U.S. Government Printing Office, Demolition Washington, D.C. 20402 RECOMMENDATION: In the second sentence of A-6-8.3.1 CFR, Title 30, Part 75 - Mandatory Safety Standards - insert the word "story" after the word "multiple" so as Underground Coal Mines, Code of Federal Regulations, to read: U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 "...in multiple story buildings to facilitate Fire Protection Handbook, Sixteenth Edition, National protection..." Fire Protection Association, Batterymarch Park, Quincy, SUBSTANTIATION: Editorial. MA 02269 COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept. NFPA 121-1986, Standard on Fire Prtoection for Self-Propelled and Mobile Surface Mining Equipment, Hational Fire Protection Association, Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269

152 Report of Committee on Cultural Resources This Report has been submitted to letter ballot of the Technical Committee on Cultural Resources which consists of 26 voting members; of whom lq John M. Watts Jr., Chairman voted affirmatively. 2 negatively (Messrs. Bush and Fire Safety I~istitute Webb), @.nd 5 ballots were not returned (Messrs. Gosnell, Keith, Neargarth, Schumm and Ralph H. Lewis, Secretary Stromstedt). U.S. Nat'l Park Service Mr. Bush voted negatively because at the Robert B. Barnes, Gage-Babcock & Associates, Inc. meeting of the Committee on Protection of Cultural Stephen E. Bush, US Library of Congress Resources in Los Angeles, the Committee replaced Harry R. Carter, Newark Fire Dept., NJ tile next to last sentence of subsection 3-3.6 with Michael a. Dougherty, Philadelphia Museum of Art "It is recommended that fire detection be provided Hoyt R. Galvin, Hoyt Galvin &Assoc. throughout the entire building." In discussion he Charles F. Gosnell, NY University Libraries asked whether this meant that a building with an Diane Gould, Fred S. James & Co. automatic sprinkler system would satisfy this Marilyn E. Kaplan, Cannon Design, Inc. recommendation. The answer he received was "no, it Gary S. Keith, Factory Mutual Research would not." If the intent is that a separate John W. Koester, Johnson & H~ggins "early warning" fire detection system is to be Danny L. HcDaniel, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation provided, a cautionary recommendation should he George A. McKenna, Holliswood, NY included to specify detection devices appropriate Wayne D. Moore, Mass Fire Alarms of New England to the different occupancy uses in the building so Rep. AFAA as to minimize false alarms from normal comhustlnn John Morris, Walnut Creek, CA processes that may exist in the building. Earl D. Neargarth, Ansul Fire Protection Hr. Bush noted also, at the meeting in Rep. FEMA Los Angeles, that the Committee modified the sec(nld Harry E. Newell, Pyrotrooics sentence of the third paragraph under ~-~3.7.3.3 George H. Proper, Jr,, Loudonville, NY (3-.I].7.Z.3 revised text) to read: "C~nsequently O. William Schumm Jr., Fairfax County VA Fire the usual 5,"/. - 7Z concentration of ll~Ion 1301 will & Rescue Dept., VA extinguish mosL fires. This same concentration Edward R. Sniechoski, Smithsonian Institution will safely support human life." William C. Stromstedt, New York Public Library This is not consistent with advice given in Don L. Tolliver, University Libraries NFPA 12A, Section I-6.1 Hazards to Personnel. William A. Webb, Roll Jansen & Assoc. Inc. Furthermore, this section omits any discussion Charles E. Zimmerman, Norfolk, VA regarding the reliability of Halon 1301 systems.

Alternates Hr. Webb voted negatively because he was opposed to the changes made at tile-Committee meeting to Paragraph 3-3.6 and 3-3.7.1. • His Nicholas P. Chergotis, Gamewell Corp. objection to Paragraph 3-3.6 was the recommen,)e'.iurl (Alternate to NEMA Rep.) that a detection system be provided throughout ~.he Thomas F. Norton, Norel Service Co. Inc. building in all cases irrespective of whether the, (Alternate to W. D. Moore) building is protected by complete automatic Loren E. Pauling, Great Lakes Chemical Corp. sprinkler system or other automatic Fire (Alternate to E. D. Neargarth) suppression system. The automatic sprinkler system Dale R. Wheeler, Rolf Jensen& Assoc. Inc. does provide detection which should be recognized. (Alternate to W. A. Webb) While Mr. Webb agrees that there are instance~ J. Andrew Wilson, Smithsonian Inst. where a smoke detection system in addition to .~ (Alternate to E. R. Sniechoski) automatic sprinkler system may be warranted, it is ills opinion that this is not the general ca.~e, lie Staff Liaison: Richard L. Best therefore recommends that the paragraph be revis,~d to read "It is recommended that tile need for a detection system be evaluated considerii~g whetheY This list represents the membership at the time an automatic sprinkler system is provided.and the Committee was balloted on the text of this considering life safety and historic preservatin,, edition. Since that time, changes in tile needs." membership may have occurred. Hr. Webb further commented regarding paragraph 3-3.7.1 that the revised wording gives tile The Report of the Committee on Cultural implication that activation of a Fire extinguishi,g Resources is presented for adoption. system should cause ~ general evacuation alarm (, otherwise cause an evacuation alarm. This is nnl. This Report was prepared by the Technical always necessary nor prudent. He recommends thal Committee on Cultural Resources and proposes for the revised sentence read "Any one of these systems adoption a new document NFPA 914, Recommended should cause activation of an alarm at a constantly Practice for" Rehabilitation and Adaptive Reuse of attended location or of the building alarm system." Historic Structures.

153 914- I - (Entire Document): Accept Review of proposed rehabilitation or maintenance work SUBMITTER: Technical Committee on Cultural Resources may be required by a local, state, or federal aul~hority RE_E~_O_MMENDATION: Adopt a new document, NFPA 914-1989, for a variety of regulatory requirements or incentive Recommended Practice for Rehabilitation and Adaptive programs. These reviews are separate from those Reuse of Historic Structures. conducted for building code and fire protection SUBSTANTIATION: Toprovide, as part of the National purposes. Fire Codes, guidance for the protection from fire of historic buildings undergoing any level of Where local design review commissions have authority, rehabilitation or restoration. approval is typically necessary for exterior work COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept. only. State or federal authorities are usually involved when state or federal funds or tax incentives are to be used; the scope of these reviews is likely to include all exterior and interior work. Although local review commissions may adopt their own guidelines For NFPA 914 treatment of historic buildings, the Secretary of the Recommended Practice for Interior's Standards and Guidelines for Rehabilitation Rehabilitation and Adaptive Reuse of (see 3-1.1.1) are used for all federally funded or Historic Structures. assisted projects, and in many cases projects receiving state fundings, permits, etc. 1989 Edition As early as possible, the authorities having jurisdiction for review should be consulted. Local NOTICE: Information on referenced publications can be historic preservation organizations and State Historic found in Chapter 5 and Appendix C. Preservation Offices can be of assistance in identifying these authorities and consultants and architects who specialize in historic preservation (See Appendix B). Chapter l Introduction I-3.2. Building Codes and Fire Safety. Building and l-l Scope. This recommended practice addresses fire fire codes are documents written primarily for new protection and prevention as it relates to all aspects construction and adopted by a legal authority for the of historic preservation. It is intended for primary purpose of providing life and property safety. application to a wide range of historic building types Although it is but one issue the codes address, fire undergoing any level of rehabilitation or restoration. protection concerns dominate most codes. Associated review processes often require separate reviews by the The document provides background material on the building code official and fire marshal. historic preservation field and its requirements, information regarding the identification of fire Codes establish a minimum standard for buildino hazards, and recommendations for planning and design construction through the use of prescriptive sta~dards approaches and solutions appropriate for the historic that specify allowable materials or techniques, nr building. The document assumes that its reader has a performance standards that specify the level of basic understanding of building technology and performance any proposed material or assembly must construction concepts, and refers to other NFPA meet. Most codes determine allowable construction documents and resource materials for more in-depth techniques or materials by weighing the degree of discussion of the issues. safety provided by the building (its construction classification) against the degree of hazard presented I-2 Purpose. The purpose of this recommended practice by the user (occupancy classification) and by taking is to provide guidance relative to the fire prevention into account factors such as installed fire detection and protection of historic buildings - irreplaceable and suppression systems. artifacts of history and culture. Each state or authority may write its own code or, Protection of these buildings, their contents, and either partially or in entirety adopt one of the model occupants from fire and other hazards presents unique codes prepared by private organizations whose primary problems not addressed by codes and requirements purpose is to prepare codes for the protection of life intended for modern construction. This document and property. At present three model building codes provides strategies and solutions for these problems are commonly used in the US: the BOCA National and is intended for use by building and fire officials, Building Code published by the Building Officials & architects and engineers, fire protection specialists, Code Administrators International, Inc. of Country CIuh contractors, and other design and preservation Hills, Illinois used primarily in the midwestern and professionals involved with the protection of historic northeastern states; the Uniform Building Code buildings. published by the International Conference of Building Officials of Whittier, California in the western I-3 Background states; and the Standard Building Code published by the Southern Building Code Congress International of I-3.1 Historic Preservation. In the last twenty Birmingham, Alabama in the southeastern states. In years, the recognition of historic buildings has addition, most codes include appendices that reference increased nationwide. Although structures such as industry standards prepared by manufacturers or house museums or monumental public structures have long research associations. These standards are typically been identified as having historical and cultural narrowly focused and provide more detailed information significance, the type and quantity of built resources than do the building codes. Examples are the standards determined to be worthy of protection has expanded of the National Fire Protection Association and ASTM greatly and now includes a wide variety of building (formerly American Society for Testing and Materials.) types. Most code documents are modified at regular intervals Current estimates are that more than 500,000 to respond to increasing safety standards and properties are included in the National Register of technological advances. Each modification has the Historic Places as either individual listings or as potential to exacerbate inherent conflicts that exist components of historic districts. In addition to the between the code and the historic or existing building federal government, local cities and states can also constructed prior to the adoption of that code. The designate structures historic. Designation is intended conflicts may be resolved by the local building to protect the architectural character and integrity of official who has the authority to approve non-complying a structure, including all original and significant alternatives in special instances, or through variance exterior and interior spaces and Features. hearings usually conducted at a higher level of government.

154 I-4 Definitions. Fire Resistance Rating. The time, in minutes or hours Adaptive Use. A use for a building othe~ than that that materials or assemblies.have withstood a fire for which the structure was'originally designed or exposure as established in accordance with the test intended. procedures of NFPA 251, Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials. Addition. An extension or increase in floor area or height of a building or structure. Hazardous Areas. Areas of structures, buildings, or parts thereof having a degree of hazard greater than Approved. Acceptable to the "authority having ' that normal to the general occupancy of the building or jurisdiction." structure, such as'storage or use of combustibles or flammables, toxic, noxious, or corrosive materials, or NOTE: The National Fire Protection Association use of heat-producing appliances. does not approve, inspect or certify any installations, procedures, equipment, or materials Historic Building. A structure and its associated nor does it approve or evaluate testing additions and site deemed to have historical, laboratories. In determining the acceptability of architectural, or cultural significance by a local, installations or procedures, equipment or ,state, or federal, jurisdiction. Designation may be in materials, the authority having jurisdiction may an official existing or future national, state, or base acceptance on compliance with NFPA or other local historic register or inventory, such as the appropriate standards. In the absence of such National or State Register of Historic Places. standards, said authority may require evidence of proper installation, procedure or use. The Historic Character. The essential quality of an authority having jurisdiction may also refer, to the historic building or space that'provides its listings or labeling practices of an organization significance. The character may be determined by the concerned with product evaluations which is in a historic background including association with a position to determine compliance with appropriate significant event or person, the architecture or standards for the current production of listed design, or the contents or elements and finishes of the items. building or space.

Atrium. A floor opening or series of floor openings Historic Fabric. Original or added connecting two or more stories that is covered at the building/construction materials, features, and finishes top of the series of openings and is used,for purposes that existed during the period deemed to be most other than an enclosed stairway, elevator hoistway, architecturally and/or historically significant. escalator opening, or utility shaft used for plumbing, electrical, air conditioning, or communication Historic Preservation. A generic term that facilities. encompasses all aspects of the professional and public concern related to the maintenance of an historic Authority Having 3urisdiction. The "authority having structure, site or element in its present condition, as jurisdiction" is the organization, office or individual origina]ly constructed, or with the additions and responsible for "approving" equipment, an installation alterations determined to~ have acquired significance or a procedure. over time.

NOTE: The phrase:"authority having jurisdiction" Means of Escape. A way out of a building or ~tructure is used in NFPA documents in a broad manner since that does not conform to the strict definition of means jurisdictions and "appro@al" agencies vary as do of egress but does provide an alternate way out. their responsibilities. Where public safety is primary, the "authority having jurisdiction" may be National Register of Historic Places. The federal a Federal, state, local or other'regional listing of all historic structures, districts, and department or individual such as a fire chief, fire sites considered to possess architectural, historic, or marshal, chief of a fire prevention bureau, labor cultural significance and worthy of protection. department, health department, building official, electrical inspector, or others having statutory Occupancy. The purpose for which a building or authority. For insurance purposes, an insurance portion thereof is used or intended to be used. inspection department, rating bureau, or other insurance company representative may be the Occupant Load. The total number'of persons that my "authority having jurisdiction." In many occupy a building or portion thereof at any one time. circumstances the property owner or his designated agent assumes the role of the "authority having Rehabilitation. The process of returning a property jurisdiction"; at government installations, the to a state of utility, through repair or alteration, co~m~anding officer or departmental official may be which makes possible an efficient contemporary use the "authority having jurisdiction." while preserving significant portions and Features of the property. Exit. That portion of a means of egress that is separated from all other spaces of the building or Restoration. The process of accurately recovering the structure by construction or equipment to provide a form and details of a structure and its setting by the protected way of travel to the exit discharge. removal of later work and the accurate replacement of missing earlier elements. Exit Access. That portion of a means of egress that leads to an entrance to an exit. Secretary of the Interior's Standards. DdcumenL prepared by the National Park Service, DepartmenL of Exit Discharge. That portion of a means of egress the Interior, to direct appropriate work undertaken on between the termination of an exit and a public way. historic buildings. Used by federal agencies and adopted by state local preservation officials and Fire Barrier. A fire barrier is a continuous historic district and planning commissions. membrane, either vertical or horizontal, such as a wall or floor assembly, that is designed and constructed Self-Closing. Equipped with an approved device that with a specified fire resistance rating to limit the will ensure closing after having been opened. spread of Fire, and that will also restrict the movement of smoke. Such barriers may have protected Smoke barrier. A'smoke barrier is a continuous openings. membrane, either vertical or horizontal, such as a wall, floor, or ceiling assembly, that is designed and Fire Compartment. A fire compartment is a space constructed to restrict the movement of smoke. A smoke within a building that is enclosed by fire barriers on barrier may or may not have a fire resistance rating. all sides, including the top and bottom. Such barriers may have protected opening.

155 State Historic Preservation Office. The state agency The sequence of consciously designed spaces may be or office responsible for coordinating all federal and important to the understanding and appreciation of the state preservation activities including compliance building or architect. Examples are a foyer opening review, National Register designations, grant and tax onto a large hall; front and rear parlors connected by incentive programs. pocket doors; an office lobby opening onto an elevator hall; a hallway leading to a stairwell, etc. Vertical Opening. An opening through a floor or roof. Spaces may have distinctive proportions such as ceiling height to room size, or significant or unusual Chapter 2 Identification and Evaluation room shapes or volumes such as rooms with curved walls, of Existing Conditions rooms with six or eight walls, rooms with vaulted-ceilings, etc. 2-I Historic Spaces and Features (c). Features. Distinctive architectural details Providing adequate fire protection to the historic that are characteristic of the period of significance, building while protecting the historic character can be construction or historic function might include a difficult task. It can occur only after the building wainscotting, parquet flooring, picture molding, has been thoroughly surveyed to identify fire hazards mantels, ceiling medallions, built-ln bookshelves and and code deficiencies and those surviving historic cabinets, crown molding, arches, as well as simpler, elements and spaces worthy of retention. This survey more utilitarian features such as plain windows and will be the basis of all planning and design decisions, doors and associated trim. The significance of some and is essential for rehabilitation projects of all architectural features may be that they are worked by types, including those that continue original or hand, exhibit fine craftsmanship or are particularly existing uses and those that involve new uses. characteristic of the building style.

2-I.1 Historic Documentation Some features may indicate later changes and alteration~ that have gained significance over time, This information may exist in the files of a local such as lobby alterations, changes to wall and floor historic organization, or at the State Historic finishes, and later millwork. Preservation Office (SHPO) (See Appendix B). If the historic resource is listed on the National Register of 2-2 Code Deficiencies. Historic Places, a careful review of the official National Register nomination (on file at the SHPO) The evaluation of existing conditions should include should be the first step in this assessment. An a review of all safety related requirements to understanding of why and when the individual building determine if and where the historic building is or historic district achieved significance will help to deficient with respect to applicable codes. evaluate those spaces and features that are significant for their association with specific events or persons, In some instances, this code review can be used to architectural importance, or information potential. determine the use of a building that will cause the least damage to historic character. In others, this In some cases, older National Register nominations review will illustrate those areas of the building may neglect to describe all architectural spaces and where code requirements are most stringent and features of tlre building's exterior and interior. This conflicts between code requirements and historic should not be construed to mean that the building preservation concerns are most likely to occur. possesses no character-definlng elements. In such cases, professional preservation judgment can be of Common code or safety deficiencies of the historic great assistance. building are listed below. Although some can be readily addressed without damage to the historic 2-1.2 Identification of Historic Elements. character of the building, others require innovative solutions not in strict compliance with the code or 2-1.2.1 Exterior. standards for new construction.

Exterior historic elements may include the sheathing • Inadequately sized mechanical and electrical systems. or facade material, roofs, chimneys, skylights, cornices, window and door lintels or sills, windows, Non-operative or insufficient sprinkler protection. doors, stoops, or railings and fencing. Major and minor facades should be studied such that if exterior No stand pipes. modifications or additions are necessary, they can be located on the least visible and significant elevation Inadequate water supply for fire protection use. to have minimal impact. Inadequate number of smoke detectors and alarms Z-I.2.2 Interior. Character-defining aspects of the interior may consist of spaces that are important in Smoke detectors not centrally wired. and of themselves; and/or they may consist of architectural features and their finishes. Historic Exterior walls inadequately fire rated. fabric and spaces will include those original to the building and those later changes that have acquired Chimneys of inadequate design, height, or lining. significance in their own right. Inadequate distance between buildings. (a) Plan. The floor plan may be an important characteristic of tlre buildiilg type, style, period of Attic inadequately compartmented. construction or historic function. Even if the plan has been altered over time, it may have historic Fire stopping inadequate. significance: alterations that have been additive (large rooms divided into smaller ones) versus Fire separation between tenancies inadequate. subtractive (where walls have been taken out) may be easily corrected to restore the building's integrity. Wood frame construction inadequately protected.

(b) Spaces. Significant rooms or spaces may be Building height and fire area not within limitations. those that are typical of the building type or style, or are associated with specific persons or events. Use or occupancy not allowed in construction type.

156 Enclosures for mechanical/electrical rooms inadequate. short period of time may not ignite while the same fuel can undergo ignition when exposed for a longer duration Lightning protection non-existent or inadequate. to a l'ower temperature. For example, wood products have a normal ignition temperature of 400-500°F Number of exits inadequate. (204-260°C), but they have been found to ignite when subjected to a much lower heat source of 228°F Width of exits inadequate. (109°C) for four days. (See NFPA Fire Protection Handbook, 16th Edition, p. 5-14) Exit corridors or stairways inadequately fire rated. Contents of most buildings consist of combustible Exit corridors do not lead directly to exterior. materials. Accumulations of readily ignitable items constitute a fire hazard. Construction materials such Exit corridors or stairways contain combustible as siding and roofing can increase the possibility of materials or flammable finishes. fire spread from other buildings. This is especially true of wood shingles not fire retardant treated. Dead end corridors. 2-3.2.2 Flame Spread. Combustibility is the principal Excessive exit travel distance. factor contributing to the spread of flame across surfaces. Once ignition takes place the flame heats Corridor doors inadequately rated. surrounding material causing it to ignite and thereby spread across the surface. The rate at which flame Exit stairways of inadequate width. spread occurs is measured by test. (See NFPA 255, Standard Method of Test of Surface Burning Configuration of exit stairway inadequate. Cbaracteristics of Building Materials.) Most model building codes and NFPA I01®, Life Safety Code@ Unenclosed, open monumental stairs. place restrictions on the use of materials with high flame spread rates. Inadequate ceiling heights. A single layer of paint and most wall covering add Corridor transoms. little Fuel to a fire. Even if it burns completely, only a small amount of heat is liberated and little 2-3 Fire Hazards. damage results. On the other hand, the substrate on which the paint or paper is applied can have a great A Fire Hazard is a condition which may contribute to influence on flame spread. Paint on a metal ceiling the start or spread of a fire, or to the endangerment may not ignite at all under fire exposure~because the of people or property by fire. General categories of heat is dissipated in the metal. fire hazards are: ignition sources, combusZibility of materials, and structural fire hazards. Walls in older buildings may have been repeatedly painted or papered. When five or more layers of paint 2-3.1 Ignition Sources. and paper are present, flame spread may be significantly increased. Ignition is the initiation of combustion. It originates with the heating of a fuel by a heat source, The existence of interior wood panelling as found in a process controlled by thermodynamic properties of many historic structures adds to the fuel and thereby materials and the environment. When the temperature of increases flame spread. Combustible composition the material is raised sufficiently, it begins to ceiling and wall materials and plastics: both in the pyrolyze or decompose from the heat into simpler form of high density solids and expanded foam products, substances, primarily combustible gases and vapors. may also contribute to flame spread. Flame spread in Different substances are produced at varying rates and low density cellulosic materials used extensively in temperature regimes. When an adequate mass of some older buildings for ceiling tile and wall panels combustible gases and vapors is mixed with oxygen or may be faster than most people can run. air and exposed to an energy source of sufficient intensity, ignition will take place. 2-3.2.3 Environmental Factors. Sustained burning of tile fuel material depends on its combustibility and Any form of energy is a potential ignition source. additional factors such as interaction of surfaces, Most often this is open flames or electrical wiring and fluid flows, and thermal absorptions. These are appliances. Smoking, candles, solid fuel heating, and neither well defined nor predictable outside of the similar combustion processes represent likely sources laboratory. Observed conditions which produce these of ignition. In older structures., chimneys are effects include arrangement of combustibles, wall particularly dangerous if not properly lined and materials, and room dimensions. pointed. Inadequate electrical service and misuse of appliances are also common hazards. Certain Furnishings and other combustibles which are close occupancies such as restaurants and repair facilities together will cause fire to spread easily from one item significantly increase the number and variety of heat to another. A fire starting in a corner will grnw in sources. An example of a more unusual ionition source size about four times faster than one in the middle of associated with historic buildings is the capacity of a a room. Flame spread is much faster on vertical "bull's eye" glass to focus rays of tile sun (Goldstone, surfaces than on horizontal ones. 19821. In general, fire develops more slowly ill larger In congested areas there is the danger of fire spaces. This is particularly true with respect to the spreading from another nearby building, while in open height of the ceiling. A high Victorian ceiling is areas lightning is a potential ignition hazard. Arson inherently more Fire safe than a low colonial ceiling. is a major threat to fire safety and should always be Fires which can vent themselves to the outside through considered. windows or other means, are less likely to spread to other parts of the building. 2-3.2 Combustibility of Materials. 2-3.3 Structural Fire Hazards. Structural features of 2-3.2.1 Material Properties. The tendency of a buildings which constitute fire hazards are of two material to ignite is a function of its chemistry, types. There are structural conditions which promote physical state, surface texture, and moisture content. the spread of fire and conditions which may lead to Different chemical compositions have different minimum structural failure in a fire. temperatures at which they will ignite. Ignition is a function of time as well as temperature. A potential 2-3.3.1 Fire Spread. Most buildings take the form of fuel subjected to a relatively high temperature for a a connected series of compartments. As such they are inherently fire safe if a fire can be contained to the compartment of origin. Unfortunately, design, construction, and use practices create many avenues for

157 fire spread. For example, balloon frame construction 2-4.2 Exit Capacities. Codes regulate the capacity of creates virtual chimneys in the stud channels, allowing exits by relating the required width of various exit fire to spread the full height of the building. Paths elements to the number of occupants they serve and by of fire spread may be either horizontal or vertical. establishing minimum widths for each of the exit elements. It is the intent of the codes to provide an 2-3.3.1.I Doorways. Means of Horizontal Fire Spread. exit capacity large enough to move the total expected number of occupants into the safety of the exits before Ceiling voids over walls access to the exits become difficult.

Floor cavities under walls 2-4.3 Arrangement of Exits. In addition to their number and capacity, codes generally require that exits Utility and service chase through walls be located to facilitate their use ill a fire emergency. Requirements address remoteness, maximum Void in projecting eave or cornice travel distance, direct exit to the exterior, and minimum dead-ends. Breaching of wall by fire 2-4.3.1 Remoteness. Codes generally require that Opening produced by distortion or failure of exits be as remote from each other as practical, and be structural members in a fire arranged to allow direct access in separate directions. The intent of providing exit remoteness is Open attic'space to minimize the probability that access to all exits will be blocked by a single fire. The term "remote" is subjective and frequently a matter of interpretation. 2-3.3.2 Means of Vertical Fire Spread 2-4.3.2 Travel Distance. Requirements governing Stairways travel distance to an exit are intended to establish a maximum interval of time for an occupant to reach an Conduction of heat through hearth slab to supporting exit. Travel distances are measured by mapping the timbers below path of travel to an exit. When combined with requirements for minimum number of exits and exit Wall cavities penetrating floor remoteness, the limitations on travel distance assure than even if one exit is blocked by a fire, an occupant Utility and service chase penetrating floor should still be able to reach another exit or a location of refuge before the fire has spread in a Shifts for elevator, dumb waiter, laundry, trash, etc. manner that would prevent escape. The actual time for escape implied by maximum travel distance limitations Breaching of floor or ceiling by fire is not explicitly stated in the codes.

Atriums • 2-4.3.3 Dead-End Travel. Dead-end corridors of any length are undesirable features in buildings for two Exterior Openings. reasons. People who use a dead-end corridor to get to an exit could be trapped by fire or smoke between them 2-3.3.2.1 Structural Integrity. The ability of and the exit. Secondly, it is possible to mistakenly structural framing to resist the effects of a severe enter the dead-end corridor rather than the exit and fire is dependent on the framing material and its under smoky or low light conditions become trapped or dimensions. Wood members, while combustible, may have confused. limited Fire resistance according to their size, since fire resistance is a function of the surface-to-mass 2-4.4 Construction Details. Codes set out many ratio of the member. Large dimensioned lumber such as requirements for the details of various exit components that used in heavy timber construction provides that make up a building's egress system. Typical areas significant endurance from the eCfects of fire. Studs include: means of separation from other spaces, and joists have little fire resistance although older, allowable materials, handrails, tread and riser design, fully dimensioned members are significantly better than landings, platforms, guards, door hardware, signs, modern thin-webbed, strap-hung, construction. lighting, alarms, and emergency lighting. The intent of these provisions is to assure a quality design that Steel, although noncombustible, is subject to will promote safe and easy passage. Individual code decreased structural capacity at relatively low fire requirements tend to be numerous and highly s~ecific. temperature. Steel members can be protected to improve their resistance to fire. Chapter 3 Planning and Design 2-4 Means of Egress. Evacuation of occupants is the primary approach to life safety from fire. NFPA lot, Life Safety Code and model building codes detail 3-I Objectives in Rehabilitation Planning. specific requirements for assuring adequate means of egress. The Life Safety Code defines an exit as The primary 'fire protection objective in separated from other spaces of the building to provide rehabilitation planning is to achieve the best a protected way of travel to a safe area. Egress protection program for the historic building while problems in existing buildings generally arise with maintaining its historic integrity and character. respect to number of exits, exit capacities, Because of the unique character of each historic arrangement of exits, or construction details. structure, achieving this objective requires an understanding of historic preservation and Fire 2-4.1 Numher of Exits. Codes specify the number of protection concepts. exits that must be provided for each floor as well as for the entire building. Requirements for a minimum 3-1.1 Historic Preservation. number of exits are established to increase the reliahility of the egress system. The intent is that Historic buildings should be treated with for any single fire situation that prohibits travel to sensitivity, as described in the Secretary of the one exit, there will be an alternative exit available. Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation, published by A minimum of two means of egress is a fundamental life the U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park safety principle and codes allow very few exceptions to Service. this rule. Additional exits may be required under consideration of arrangement or capacity of exits. 3~l.l.l Secretary of the Interior's Standards.

158 I. "Every reasonable effort shall be made to provide alternative methods or systems that willprovide a compatible use for a property which requires minimal equivalent levels of safety as those requi.red for new alteration of the building, structure, or' site and its construction. (See NFPA 101, Section I-5, "Equivalency environment, or to use a property for its originally Concepts"). In some cases, special appeal or variance intended purpose." boards exist and should be requested to address those situations where fire safety and proteEtion concerns 2. "The distinguishing original qualities or and historic preservation goals cannot acceptably be character of a building, structure, or site and its resolved by the standard review process. Most building environment shall not be destroyed. The removal or code officials are willing to worR with owners, alteration of any historic material or distinctive architects, and engineers and will conslde~ alternative architectural feature should be avoided when possible." construction methods provided that a reasonable or equivalent level of life and property protection be 3. "All huildings, structures, and sites shall be proposed. recognized as products of their own time. Alterations that have no historical basis and which seek to-create 3-2 Concepts of Fire Safety Planning, an earlier appearance shall be discouraged." 3-2.1' Management Responsibility. 4. "Changes which may have taken place in the course of time are evidence of the history and development of The key to any successful fire lprotection program a building, structure, or site and its environment. lies in the effort extended by the management. Without These changes may have acquired significance in their the active participation and direction of high levelt own right, and this significance shall be recognized management the effectiveness of the fire protection and respected." effort wi'll be serioqsly hindered; This is true in an -rerational facility as well as in one'G.ndergoi'ng. 5. "Distindtive stylistic features or examplesof rehabilitation. skilled craftmanship'which characterize a building, structure, or site shall be treated with sensitivity." Fire safety is an essential and permanent part of historic structure operations, and must be a key 6. "Deteriorated architectural "features shall he consideration when that structure is scheduled for repaired rather than replaced wherever possible. In rehabilitation. Owners and others entrusted with the the event replacement is necessary, the new material management or operation.of buildings hav'ing historic should match the material being replaced in significance have prime responsibility in assuring that composition, design, color, texture, and other visual the historic structure is protected against the qualities. Repair or replacement of missing disastrous effects of fire. architectural features should be based on accurate duplications of features, substantiated by historic, Using adv'ice from qualified fire safety professionals physical, or pictorial evidence rather than on (see Appendix B), the management team'should develop conjectural designs or the availability of different fire safety objectives and a fire defense master plan architectural elements from other buildings or for the complete facility. As part.of this master structures." plan, the management must decide how the boildlng, its contents and the. occupants are to be protected during 7. "The surface cleaning of ~;tructures s'hall be the rehabilitation ~rocess as Well as when completed. undertaken with the gentlest means possible. Sandblasting and other cleaning methods that will Regardless of the complexity or size of 'th e project, damage the historic building materials shall not be management should collaborate with preservation undertaken." architects, structural engineers, fire protection engineers, fire service representatives, and others 8. "Every reasonable effort shall be made to protect with experience and expertise in the design'of fi.re and preserve archaelogical 'resources affected by, or protection systems. .. adjacent to any project." 3-2.2 Elimination or Control of Fire and Life Safety 9. "Contemporary design for alterations and additions Hazards. to existing properties shall'not be discouraged when such alterations and additions do not destroy The planning process for the rehabilitation of a significant historical, architectural or cultural historic structure should include provisions to control material, and such design is compatible with the size, hazards that are not an inherent part of the historic scale, color, material, and character of the property, fabric of the'structure or its operation. Fi're safety neighborhood or environment." problems identified in the evaluation of exlsEing conditions (Chapter 2) should be ranked by priority to I0. "Wherever possible, new additions or alterations help identify the most undesirable conditions. These to structures shall be done in such a mam~er that if hazards may include life safety issues such as exit such additions or alterations were to be removed in the facilities as well as fire'ignition and mater'ial future, the essential form and integrity of the combustibility considerations. Every effort should be structure would be unimpaired." made to eliminate as marly of the identified hazards as possible. 3-1.2. Administrative and Review Requirements. V/he're a specific hazard is an essential part of'the 3-1.2.1 Historic Preservation. Dependingon funding historic fabr'ic of the building, the Ehreat. tG.the sources and federal, state, or local legislation, building and contents should be controlied by pr(~viding review by state of federal preservation offices or special protection for ~he'hazard.. The approach,taker local historic review commissions may be required to can use any or a combination of the elements discussed ensure that the historic building is treated with in Section 3-3. sensitivity. Projects should be discussed with the appropriate preservation authorities as early as As part of tile elimination and contr61' of fire !' possible in the planning stages. hazards, the planned rehabilitation should build upon the building's inherent fire safety features and not 3-I.2.2 Code Enforcement. introduce new fire hazards. Alterations may change the conditions which have kept the building fire safe. Proposed rehabilitation projects should be discussed with the appropriate building and fire code officials 3-3 Elements of a Fire Safety Plan. as early as possible in the planning stages to determine if code or safety conflicts exist. Many 3-3.i Management Involvement. : ~ "~ codes have special provisions for historic buildings (see Appendix B) and for the consideration of

159 3-3.1.2 Management should consider the following four structure is to be substantially rebuilt or when items steps to ensure the fire safety of the historic used in original construction are unavailable. property both during and after the rehabilitatlon Ingenuity can produce fire-safe components which process: simulate wood roofing and numerous other products. In some instances the use of substitute materials fnr (a) Fully evaluate the existing conditions of the original wood may be appropriate: rough sawn wood can building. be duplicated in appearance by casting concrete in a mold or form which bears the marks that are desirable (b) Educate and train appropriate personnel as to on the surface of the finished product, or wood the importance and implementation of a sound fire shingles can be easily simulated with fire-resistant prevention program. Provide or have available a materials. Wood shingles and shakes that have been trained, properly equipped fire fighting and salvage given a fire-retardant treatment are commercially o~ganization. available. Even if community fire regulations and codes do not require the use of such materials, they (c) Institute management and operation practices should be considered. which eliminate the cause of fire both during and after the planned rehabilitation. Construction contracts Mechanical systems should be designed to minimize the should specify methods of control of combustibles and use of combustible materials or lubricants. hazards, including measures such as those indicated in Noncombustible insulation materials should be used NFPA 241, Standard for Safeguarding Construction, where such materials are to be installed. Alteration, and Demolition Operations. Scaffoldino and forms should be required to be of (d) Incorporate appropriate fire protection measures noncombustible materials. When noncombustible in the rehabilitation effort to limit any damage should materials cannot be substituted, scaffolding and form a fire occur, including structural compartmentation, lumber should be fire-retardant treated. Tarpaulins, automatic detection and alarm, and fixed extinguishing if used, should be fire-retardant treated. systems. 3-3.3.2 Interior Finish Materials. Choice of 3-3.2 Prevention. furnishings and interior finishes should be given careful consideration. For example, where highly 3-3.2.1 General. When planning for the rehabilltation combustible wood veneer paneling must be replaced, it of a historic building, great care must be exercised to may be appropriate to substitute a fire resistive provide for the abatement of fire hazards throughout product. Fire resistant carpeting is available, and the construction period and following rehabilitation. draperies of glass fiber or other fire resistive materials should be considered. 3-3.2.2 Design. Existing fire safety standards such as NFPA 70, National Electrical Code®, and other NFPA Coatings are available that will effectively reduce standards and industry standards should be consulted to the surface flame spread rating of many combustible provide fire-safe designs for electrical, mechanical, materials. Although they do not render a material and other systems. noncombustible, they significantly reduce the ease with which a material will ignite. Such applications should 3-3.2.3 Education and Training. For bui'Idings that be considered whenever a noncombustible substitute is will be occupied during the rehabilitation process, either not available or not suited to a particular staff members should be instructed to identify obvious application. Caution is necessary to avoid a coating fire hazards and report them to a designated that contains a chemical or other product that will individ,lal. Staff members should also receive hands-on damage any historic material on which it will be training in the use of the fire suppression equipment applied. provided. They should be instructed to report a fire and evacuate the area before attempting to extinguish 3-3.3.3 Furnishings and Contents. Noncombustible the fire. If not practical for the entire staff, then materials should be used as much as possible for specific staff members should be designated for such furnishings and other contents of the building. Where training. the intended occupancy of the building introduces combustible contents that cannot be substituted, the A fire brigade or floor marshal plan can help fire loading must be considered when fire suppression organize specific staff members to react quickly to any systems are designed. fire emergency. Members of the brigade should be kept apprised of the rehabilitation work in progress and the 3-3.4 Compartmentation. possible hazards that will be introduced during construction. 3-3.4.1 Horizontal Fire and Smoke Barriers. The planning for the rehabilitation of a historic structure 3-3.2.4 Operation and Maintenance. Special should consider the use of fire rated walls and doors precautions should be taken during the demolition and to subdivide building areas into separate fire areas construction processes necessary to complete the and to segregate specific hazards, such as furnaces, rehabilitation project. See Chapter 4 for a discussion boilers, or storage areas, from the remainder of the of specific hazards and processes. building. These fire rated barriers should be designed to resist the passage of smoke. Other walls should 3-3.2.5. Enforcement. The responsibility for also be designed to resist smoke passage and to confine enforcement of fire prevention measures should be the effects of a fire where possible. Such designs can definitely assigned, including enforcement of the often be incorporated while maintaining the historic construction contract requirements relating to fire fabric and character of the structure. perils. Authority should be given to stop work pending correction of flagrant abuses. The responsible local 3-3.4.2 Vertical Enclosures. Provisions should be authorities such as fire and building departments made to enclose stairways, ventilation shafts, and should be consulted. other vertical openings with fire rated construction to prevent the vertical spread of fire and smoke. Where 3-3.3 Limiting Combustibility. the historic fabric of the building prevents such enclosures, alternative protection should be provided. 3-3.3.t Construction Materials. Careful consideration should be given to the use of Fire resistive materials 3-3.4.3 Fire Stops. Fire stops should be provided in and methods whenever these materials and methods will concealed spaces to prevent the spread of fire within not damage the structure's historic character. This is walls and between rafters and floor joists. Filling especially true in concealed areas and other areas not concealed spaces with inert material, such as mineral exposed to the public. wool insulation or other similar fire resistive materials, can further retard the spread of fire. Inert or fire resistive materials should be used However, it is necessary to guard against the effect of where appropriate including some cases where the

160 condensation within the insulation in exterior wood In almost every structural fire, measurable amounts frame or Furred masonry walls by using an appropriate of smoke are produced prior to measurable amounts of vapor barrier. heat. Thus, smoke detectors are preferred for earlier warning of fire. Smoke detectors respond to the 3-3.5 Structural Protection. The existing structural visible or invisible particulate matter produced early fire resistance should be determined whenever in Fires. Three principles of operation are available possible. For older structures, the U.S. Department of for smoke detection; ionization, photoelectric, and Housing and Urban Development has developed the cloud chamber. (See Appendix A) Guideline on Fire Ratings of Archaic Materials and Assemblies, Number 8 in their series of Rehabilitation 3-3.6.3 Applications. Guidelines, to assist in identifying approximate fire resistance qualities of older construction methods and 3-3.6.3.1 The primary function of an automatic materials. detection system is to alert the occupants of a building to the presence of a fire. This may be Wherever possible, new materials to be installed especially important under the following conditions: should be selected based on their ability to enhance the fire resistance of the basic structure. Gypsum (a) In large buildings where persons in one part of wallboard, plaster, and other finish materials can the building may not be aware of a fire in another part. improve the fire resistance rating of structural members if applied correctly. (b) In buildings where a fire may start in an unoccupied area. 3-3.6 Detection and Alarm. (c) 'In occupancies where there is a large number of Significant improvement in protection from fire can people, requiring a significant time to evacuate. be achieved by installation of a detection and alarm system connected to a central station or fire (d) In situations where there are relatively long department. Fire has much less chance of doing great travel distances to exits. damage if it is detected and contained at an early stage. Furthermore, structures can be evacuated more (e) In buildings where the nature and arrangement of quickly if early warning of a fire is given. It is fuel makes a fast-growing fire possible. recommended that fire detection be provided throughout the entire building. Partial protection may result in (f) In buildings which do not have sufficient a delayed response to a fire, causing larger losses. barriers to limit the spread of fire and smoke.

Various types of fire detection and signal systems (g) Residential occupancies. are described in Appendix A. 3-3.6.3.2 Automatic fire detection also performs the 3-3.6.1 Fire Detection Systems. function of initiating the process of fire suppression by trained occupants or the municipal fire servir:e. 3-3.6.1.I Various automatic fire detectors can detect Before any suppression can begin, a fire must be a fire condition from traces of smoke, a critical detected and the suppression activated. This can be temperature or rate of temperature rise, or infrared or accomplished on-slte by individuals trained in the use ultravoilet radiation from the fire. These detectors of fire extinguishers, or by a properly equipped and can provide the early warning needed to get people staffed fire department. Fire size at detection will safely out of the structure, notify the fire impact the ability of manual suppression to control the department, and start fire extinguishing action fire. Expected fire size should be considered when promptly. Fire protection specialists should be designing a detection system (see NFPA 72E, Standard on consulted to determine what kinds of detectors best fit Automatic Fire Detectors). High ceilings (20' and the conditions in different parts of the structure (see higher) provide the most difficult fire detection Appendix B). scenario as early warning becomes difficult if not impossible. It is imperative that engineering 3-3.6.1.2 Installed detection and alam systems should assistance be obtained in all such areas. not only sound an alarm within the structure but should also transmit a signal to a central station or to a 3-3.7. Fire Extinguishment. local fire department. Subsequent to an alarm, the fire department should be contacted immediately to 3-3.7.1 General. An essential element in any fire verify that the alarm was received. safety plan is the consideration of the means to suppress a fire once it has begun. Managementmust 3-3.6.2 Fire Detectors. make critical decisions as to the type of Fire suppression'capability that will be provided in the Fires produce heat, smoke, flame, and other building. An immediate response by trained building signatures which detection systems recognize and to personnel with appropriate extinguishing equipment or which they respond. Fire detectors are most typically the operation of an automatic extinguishing system can designed to detect fire at a specific point in space be crucial in minimizing the damage to historic (spot detectors), requiring a number of properly structures and their contents. Operations of any of located units to cover a laroe area. There are also these systems should cause activation of the building linear or line type detectors (wires, pneumatic tubes, alarm system. Tile provision of these systems is and photo-electric beams) which (:an be arranged to equally important during the rehabilitation process and provide automatic detection less obtrusively and in afterward. unusual configurations. Samplin~I type detectors use a pipe or tubing system to draw air samples from the 3-3.7.2 Automatic Fire Extinguishing Systems. protected space to the detector where the air is analyzed For fire products. 3-3.7.2.1 General automatic fixed extinguishing systems are the most effective means of controlling 3-3.6.2.1 Heat Detectors. fires in buildings. Their use in historic buildings is recommended. They should be installed carefully to Heat detectors are designed to be activated when they avoid damage to architectural and historic features and sense a specific temperature or a rapid increase in spaces. temperature, or both. Heat detectors respond best to relatively large, high heat producing fires. ~/ithout some type of automatic extinguishing system, a fire will increase in intensity until the fire 3-3.6.2.2 Smoke Detectors. department arrives. At this time, the fire department would be extinguishing a much larger fire than would exist if an automatic extinguishing system had activated, and the damage due to extinguishing tile fire in this manner would be sufficiently greater.

161 Example: Fire department using one or more 3-3.7.2.4 Carbon Dioxide Systems. hoselines inside the building delivering water at a rate of 250 gpm per hoseline Carbon dioxide extinguishes a Fire by lowering the oxygen level below the 15% required for flame VS. production. Personnelmust be evacuated before agent discharge to avoid suffocation and reduced visibility Automatic sprinkler system that during and after the discharge period. These systems discharges water at 15 to 25 gpm (per should not be used in occupied areas. nozzle) 3.3.7.2.5 Other types of systems are discussed in VS. Appendix A. These other systems are not reconmlended for complete area or building protection. They are used An automatic Halon 1301 extinguishing primarily for protection of specific hazards such as system that discharges a gaseous agent cooking equipment. and leaves no residue to clean up. 3-3.7.3 Manual Firefighting Capability. The various types of automatic extinguishing systems are described in Appendix A. 3-3.7.3.1 Portable Fire Extlngushers. Portable fire extinguishers are important items of fire protection 3-3.7.2.2 Automatic Sprinkler Systems. An automatic equipment and should be installed in accordance with sprinkler system consists of a network of piping with NFPA 10, Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers. sprinkler beads uniformly spaced along the piping to These extinguishers permit the use of a limited provide protection to a specified area or building. quantity of extinguishing agent on a small fire at the Water is supplied to the piping from a supply system moment the fire is discovered and therefore should be such as a municipal or private water distribution present in adequate numbers. system. Proper operation is dependent upon an adequate and dependable water supply. The extinguishers should be the type intended for the class of fire anticipated. Multi-class portable Different types of sprinkler systems can be designed extinguishers are available which remove any doubt for specific areas. These include wet-pipe systems, whether the correct extinguisher is being used. dry-pipe systems and pre-action systems: all are Extinguishers should be properly located and inspected discussed in Appendix A. Systems vary in method of regularly so they will be in working order when operation and whether or not water is normally in the needed. Personnel should know their locations and be piping system. In most systems only those heads that instructed in their use. It must be emphasized that are heated to the predetermined temperature will the use of fire extinguishers should not delay the operate; heads in other areas will remain closed. transmission of alarms to the fire department. Typically, most fires are controlled by fewer than 5 sprinkler heads operating. 3-3.7.3.2 Standpipe and Hose. Where standpipes and hose lines are required or installed to provide The potential for water damage from automatic reliable and effective fire streams in the shortest sprinklers is often misunderstood. Somewater damage possible time they should be installed in accordance will occur when sprinklers operate to control a fire. with NFPA 14, Standard for the Installation of However, this damage is usually small when compared to Standpipe and Hose Systems. Training and skill in the the amount of damage the fire would have caused if the use of hose streams are essential to avoid injury and sprinkler system had not controlled or extinguished unnecessary property damage. It must be emphasized it. Reports of water damage in sprinklered buildings that the use of standpipe hose lines, as with the use are often exaggerated in comparison to the small amount of fire extinguishers, should not delay the of fire damage resulting from successful fire control transmission of alarms to the fire department. A water by the sprinklers. flow alarm should be provided on a wet standpipe system.

3-3.7.2.3 Halon 1301 Total Flooding Systems. 3-3.7.3.3 Hydrants and Outside Protection. Where a municipal water system or a private water system with Halon 1301 is a colorless, odorless, electrically sufficient capacity and pressure is available, fire non-conductive gaseous agent that leaves no residue and hydrants should be provided to enable the fire requires no agent clean-up after discharge. department to quickly connect their pumpers and lay hose lines to the building. Where possible, hydrants Halon 1301 extinguishing systems can be designed to should be provided on all sides of the building. Care protect rooms or enclosures of large or small size, or should be taken to avoid placing hydrants too close to even entire buildings in some special applications. the building so that the fire department will not be They are often used to protect hazards with high value prevented from using the hydrant due to fire exposure contents'particularly susceptible to water damage. from the building.

Halon 1301 works by interfering with the combustion 3-4 Developing the Fire Safety Plan. process, not hy diluting or displacing oxygen. Consequently, tile usual 5%-7% concentration of Halon 3-4.1 Selecting Fire Safety Plan Elements. 1301 will extinguish most fires. This same concentration will safely support human life. 3-4.1.1 Elements of a fire safety plan should be selected to control or mitigate identified fire hazards A Halon 1301 system consists of a supply of the as appropriate to the objectives of historic extinguishant in one or more containers and nozzle(s) preservation and Fire safety. The best protectinn will strategically spaced throughout the protected be afforded by a combination of strategies, designed to enclosure. The containers may be centrally located and address specific Fire safety problems. In addition, connected to the nozzles by a piping network or placed reliability can be greatly improved by the use of at various locations in or near the hazard with each redundant or overlapping strategies. container connnected directly to its nozzle or piped to one or more nozzles. The type of nozzles selected, and 3-4.1.2 Fire Hazards. Table 3-4.1.2 shows categories their number and placement should be such that their and examples of fire hazards discussed in Section 2-3. force of discharge will not adversely affect the Fire safety plan elements should address the specific building or room contents. hazards of each building.

The Halon discharge is usually released automatically by a fire detection system within the protected hazard which includes a means for manual release.

162 3-4.1.4 Table 3-4.1.4 shows the categories of fire Table 3-4.1.2 hazards and categories'of fire safety plan eleme.ts FIRE HAZARDS IN HISTORIC BUILDINGS most likely to be effective at elimination or control of various problem'sit~ations. The table emphasizes IGNITION SOURCES two points: Arson (a) There is typically more than one way to deal Lightning with a particular fire hazard, and Chimneys Exposures . (b) The same fire safety plan element may be Heating, mechanical, electrical systems effective at controlling or mitigating more than one Smoking (management) fire hazard. Special hazards {i.e. restaurants, laboratories, etc.) In general, the choiceof fire safety plan elements COMBUSTIBLES can bebased on evaluation of costs 'and benefits of each alternative. However, removing or changing an essential historic feature represents a cost or loss of Roofing materials Siding value that cannot be readily quantified. The concern for authenticity may be so strong that the feature must Construction materials be preserved, thus limiting the choice of design Interior ~inish alternatives. Contents Trash (management) SFRUCTURAL FEATURES Table 3-4.1.4 Superstructures Concealed spaces Horizontal openings (large fire areas) Vertical openings 'Structural assemblies FIRESAFETY PLAN MEANS OF EGRESS MEN[S Number Of exits y Capacity of exits Location of exits IGNITION Travel distances SOURCES t ,# it/ . Protection of means of egress I-

3-4.1.3 Fire Safety Plan Elements. Possible elements COMBUSTIBLES v' v' of a fire safety plan discussed in Section 3-3 of this Chapter are summarized in Table 3-4.1.3. These are the alternative strategies for dealing with the identified STRUCTURAL fire hazards. FEATURES I, '#

Table 3-4-1.3 UEANS OF !/ v' v' ELEMENTS OF A FIRE SAFETY PLAN EGRESS

PREVENTIb~I

Operation & Maintenance Education and training Enforcement

LIMITING COMBUSTIBILITY

Material substitution Protection with overlayer Coating Fire retardant treatment COMPARTMENTATION

Enclosure 3-4.2 Sources of Information. To successfully develop Subdivision a fire safety plan, a knowledge of the subject and a constructive attitude are necessary. The requisite Barriers, doors, dampers knowledge is available from a number of sources STRUCTURAL PROTECTION described below. More specific identification of resources may be found in th@ appendlces to this document. Fire resistance DETECTION AND ALARM 3-4.2.1 Human Resources. EVery building is'unique and no two fire safet~ problems exist under the s~me set nf Facilitating egress conditions. However, experience allows the grouping nf Facilitating suppression certain similar sets of conditions and solutions• [his expertise is most often found in the organizations and SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS consultants which focus on fire safety. .Appendix B identifies some of the resources which may be Manual appropriate for aparticular situation. Sprinklers 3-4.2.2 Codes and Standards. Special hazard systems

163 3-4.2.2.1 Model Codes. Almost every jurisdiction has Pre-planning of the construction phase should include applicable codes and standards for fire safety. discussions with the owner of the building, the ilowever, not all building codes are the same. For architect, the contractor(s) and project manager about example, NFPA 101, Life Safety Code is the only such firesafety. Owners should have a designated person code that provides specific chapters for both new and that will represent their interests in making sure that existing buildings. There may be situations where the firesafety precautions are practiced on the job site. approach to fire safety of one code is more fitting to The general contractor should designate a person who particular circumstances than another code. Appendix B will ensure that the job site is maintained in a fire lists the most common model building codes and their safe manner. The public flre department and other fire specific approach to historic buildings. protection authorities should be consulted for their guidance. If a facility can be closed to the public 3-4.2.2.2 Special Legislation. Many states have during the rehabilitation work, firesafety efforts can adopted special legislatlon to deal with the particular concentrate on the construction processes and the problems of fire safety in historic structures. These hazards introduced to the facility. ordinances should be consulted to determine alternative approaches to identified fire safety issues. When the facility will remain open to the public during the rehabilitation process, extreme fire- and 3-4.2.3 Special Publications. In 1980 a series of llfe safety hazards can be created. Extra effort must Rehabilitation Guidelines was prepared by the National be made to assure that necessary life safety features Institute of Building Sciences for the Departmertt of are not compromised by any construction process. To Housing and Urban Development. They were designed for reduce the level of hazard to occupants and the voluntary adoption and use by states and communities as structure, construction areas should be separated from a means to trpgrade and preserve the nation's building public use areas as much as possible, including the use stock, while maintaining reasonable standards for of noncombustible partitions. Required exits should be health af~d safety. Two of these guidelines which are maintained or supplementary routes provided. Guards particularly applicable to fire safety are the Egress may need to be employed to help keep the public out of Guidelines for Residential Rehabilitation and the construction areas and to assist the public in exiting Guideline on Fire Rating of Archaic Materials and when alternate exit routes are required. Assemblies. 4-2 TemporaryConstruction and Equipment. 3-4.2.3.1 Egress Guidelines for Residential Rehabilitation. This document lists design 4-2.1 Construction Offices and Sheds. alternatives for the components of egress that are regulated by current codes, such as number and Construction offices, trailers, sheds, and other arrangement of exits, corridors, stairs, travel facilities for the storage of tools and materials, when distance, dead-end travel, and exit capacity and located within the building, on the sidewalk bridging, width. Although written primarily for residential or within 30 feet of the building should be of occupancies, it has a much broader application. noncombustible construction. Only safely installed approved heating devices should be used in construction 3-4.2.3.2 Guideline on Fire Ratings of Archaic offices and sheds. Ample clearance should be pr(wided Materials and Assemblies. This document contains fire around stoves and heaters and all chimney and vm~t ratings of building materials and assemblies that are connectors to prevent ignition of adjacent combustible no longer llsted in current building codes and related materials. reference standards. Introductory material discusses flame spread, the effects of penetrations, and methods 4-2.2 Construction Equipment & Materials. for determining ratings of assemblies not listed in the guideline. Internal combustion engine-powered air compressors, hoists, derricks, pumps, etc., should be located such 3-4.2.4 "Firesafety Concepts Tree". One approach used that the exhausts discharge away from combustible to qualitatively evaluate alternative arrangements for materials. When the exhausts are piped outside the equivalent safety from fire is the NFPA "Firesafety building under construction, a clearance of a least 6 Concepts Tree". This tool is documented in NFPA 550 in. should be maintained between such piping and Guide to the FiresaFety Concepts Tree. The tree combustible materials. Service areas or fuel for" represents all possible means of meeting fire safety construction equipment should not be located within objectives. By increasing fire safety measures on one buildings. hranch of the tree, one can theoretically offset a lack of required measures on another branch, thus Construction materials should be kept to a minimum establishing an arrangement of equivalent fire within the structure. Materials not immediately protection. required should be safely stored away from the structure. Storageof construction materials should not impede egress from buildings or access of fire Chapter 4 -- Fire Safety in the Construction Phase apparatus to hydrants.

4-1 Introduction. 4-3 Construction Processes and Hazards.

The potential For fire during the rehabilitation of a 4-3.1 Cutting and Welding Operations. bq,ilding is usually greater than during normal use and occupancy. During this period, fire protection Cutting and welding operations on the job site should facilities generally have not been completed and require a permit that is under the supervision of the unprotected steel or wood structure may be exposed designated person in charge of fire protection. Any throughout the structure; the products of demolition such operations should be carried out in accorda~ce and crating, boxes, cartons, etc., are highly with the requirements of NFPA 51B, Standard for Fire combustible, and welding and cutting operations, Prevention in Use of Welding and Cutting Processes. plumbing torches, tar kettles, temporary heating equipment, and wiring, may serve as igni.tion sources A permit should not be issued until it has been and create a rapidly developing fire situation. determined that cutting and welding can be safely Frequently, automatic sprinkler protection, yard conducted at the desired location and combustibles have hydrant systems, and standpipe and hose facilities have been moved away or safely covered. The permit should not yet been finished, thereby severly hampering fire require that a person trained in the use of fire fighters. Proper steps to safeguard these conditions extinguishers be stationed in the vicinity of the must be taken to reduce the loss potential in cutting or welding operation for the duration of the structures undergoing rehabilitation and restoration. work and for 30 minutes thereafter to assure that sparks or drops of hot metal from the work do not start a Fire. At the close of the work day the work si~ould be inspected by the supervisor so that any smoldering may be detected.

164 If the structure has a wooden floor, the floor should accumulation bags emptied before the close of the day. be wetted down before and after welding or cutting Dust should be disposed of in closed metal containers operations are conducted. Adequate precautions must be outside of the building. Other operations should be taken so that wetting down will not introduce a similarly controlled to reduce the possibility of fire personnel safety hazard or cause damage to historic ignition. building materials or finishes. 4-3.7 Smoking, 4-3.2 TemporaryHeating Equipment. Smoking should be prohibited Or restricted to As much as possible, the permanent building heating designated areas. Smoking areas should be selected on equipment should be maintained in service to provide the basis of their remoteness from exposed combustible heat for the workers and to prevent freezing of water materials, the low degree of danger that an incipient pipes. fire could spread rapidly, and the availability of fire protection equipment and personnel. Receptacles for Heating devices should be situated so they are not spent smoking materials should be provided in the likely to overturn and should otherwise be installed in smoking area, and housekeeping should be exemplary. accordance with their listing, including clearance to Stringent restrictions on smoking also serve to promote combustible material, equipment, or construction. general consciousness of the need for firesafety. Refueling operations for oil burning equipment and Surreptitious smoking should be dealt with severely. liquefied petroleum gas burning equipment should be safely conducted by removing the heater to a safe 4-3.8 Housekeeping. location and waiting for it to cool prior to refueli . ' ' , • Extreme care should be taken to prevent even small accumulations of debris or rubbish inside construction personnel. areas or close to an exterior fire hazard. Debris and rubbish should be removed from the site daily, andnot Where temporary heating equipment.must be used, only burned in the vicinity. Contractors should be required steam heaters, approvedelectric heaters, approved gas to provide ample receptacles for rubbish, papers, etc. and oil fired space heaters or indirect-fired gasoline If a chute is employed for removal of debris, it should beaters located outside the building should be be erected on the outside of the building. Burning of permitted. The design and installation of these waste materials on the premises should not be permitted• heaters should comply with appropriate standards such as NFPA 31, Standard for the Installation of Oil Housekeeping is always an essential consideration in Burning Equipment, NFPA 54, National Fuel Gas Code and any fire protection plan. During periods of NFPA 58, Standard for the Storage and Handling of construction it takes on added importance since the Liquefied Petroleum Gases. constuction process introduces many transient hazards.

Chimney or vent connectors, where required from 4-3.9 Electrical. direct-Fired heaters, shall bE, maintained at least 18 in. from combustibles. Electrical wiring and equipment for light, heat, or power shall be installed in compliance with the 4-3.3 Flammable Liquids. The use and storage of requirements of NFPA 70, National Electrical Code. flammable liquids during rehabilitation operations Attention should be given to assure thattemporary should be carefully controlled and monitored. lighting, bulbs, and fixtures do not come in conLact Potential sources of ignitions should.be identified and with combustible materials. Circuit breakers should be safeguarded whenever operations involving flammable shut off on circuits not being utilized. liquids are to be conducted. Ventilation should be provided For operations involving the use or 4-3.10 Environmental Conditions. application of materials containing flammable liquids. Flammable liquids should be stored in accordance with Attention should be focused on possible fire exposure the provisions of NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible hazards created by the weather and environmental Liquids Code. conditions. Fire damage may not be confined to the building of origin and could spread to adjacent 4-3.4 Roofing. property. If the fire threat to adjoining or nearby buildings is severe, the provision of fire doors, Asphalt and tar kettles, when used in roofing or temporary barriers or sprinkler water curtains should other operations, should be located in a safe place be evaluated. outside of the building or on a noncombustible roof at a point where they avoid ~he danger of igniting Windstorm damage, while not necessarily related combustible material below. U~ed roofing mops should directly to loss by fire, may'in fact contribute not be stored within the building. Continuous directly to an increase in the fire hazard. Open supervision should be required while kettles are in structures are particularly susceptible to damage from operation, and metal covers should be provided for all high winds that may cause skewing and misalignment of kettles to smother outflames in case of fire. Suitable the structure and disrupt existing water supplies for fire extinguishers should be provided in the vicinity fire protection. Water supplies may be affected, and of such operations. may freeze in cold weather if temporary doors or window closures are blown away. Roof construction may also be 4-3.5 Plumbing. damaged to the extent that freezing of equipment may occur. Entry of wind into a building may also blow Plumbing operations involving open flame should be debris, lumber scraps, or tarpaulins against heating conducted only under the supervision of the person in devices thereby causing ignition of these materials. charge of fire protection. Such work should occur only Consequently, proper care should be given to after it has been determined that the plumbing can be eliminating both direct loss from wind and the safely conducted at the desired location, that attendant possibility of resultant fire damage. combustibles have been moved away or safely covered, and that the workman has a charged fire extinguisher 4-4 Fire Protection. with him. At the close of the work day the work must be inspected by the supervisor so that any smoldering 4-4.1 Fire Cutoffs. may be detected. Fire walls and exit stairways, if required for the 4-3.6 Other Hazardous Operations. Operations that completed building, shall be given construction introduce fire hazards should be reviewed to determine priority. Fire doors with approved closing devices and if other, safer methods can be utilized. Paint hardware should be installed as soon as practical and stripping operations involving open flame should not be permitted. Floor sanders should have their dust

165 before combustible materials are introduced. After installation, fire doors should not be obstructed from 4-4.3.5 First-Aid Fire Equipment. closing. 4-4.3.5.1 Hose and nozzles should be provided and made 4-4.2 Existing Fire Detection Systems. ready for use as soon as either the temporary or permanent water supply is available. Existing fire detection and alarm systems should be maintained in operating order wherever possible. 4-4.3.5.2 For every building operation, including Should a temporary fire detection system with some form those occuring in a toolhouse, storeroom, or other of connection to the fire department be installed, this structure located in or adjacent to the building under system should only include heat detectors and pull rehabilitation, or within a room or space used for stations with smoke detectors installed in areas that storage, workshop, or employee changing, fire are not affected by the construction. The smoke extinguishers should be provided and maintained in an detectors that are deemed necessary to be used within accessible location. the construction area must be protected from dust, dirt, and extreme temperatures during construction. At least one approved fire extinguisher should also When construction has finished for the day, a security be provided in plain sight on each floor at each usable guard or other authorized person should be instructed stairway. to remove the covering from any of the smoke detectors in the construction area to avoid delayed alarms during 4-5 Supervision and Watch Service. non-working hours. Care should be taken to avoid disabling the fire alarm system or causing false alarms 4-5.1 A capable and qualified person having the during the rehabilitation work. necessary authority should be placed in charge of fire protection. Responsibilities should include 4-4.3 Fire Fighting. maintenance and location of fire protection equipment, general supervision of safeguards and location of 4-4.3.1 Access. salamanders or portable heating equipment, and the establishment and maintenance of safe cutting and A suitable location at the site should be designated welding operations. Where watch service is provided, as a command post and provided with plans, emergency he or she should be acquainted with developments during information, keys, communications, and equipment, as the day and pass along any special instructions on the needed. The person in charge of fire protection shall status of fire protection equipment and emergency return to the location immediately if a fire occurs. procedures.

Access for use of heavy fire fighting equipment 4-5.2 A public fire alarm box near the premises, should be provided to the immediate job site at the telephone service to the fire department or equivalent start of construction and maintained until all facilities should be readily available. Instructions construction is completed. should be issued to notify the fire department immediately in case of fire. When telephone service is Free access from the street to fire hydrants and to employed, the local fire department number shall be outside connections for standpipes, sprinklers, or conspicuously posted near each telephone. other fire extinguishing equipment, whether permanent or temporary, should be provided and maintained at all 4-5.3 If welding operations have been conducted during times. Protective pedestrian walkways should not be the previous working period, the incoming watchman constructed so as to impede access to hydrants, siamese should be alerted to check the location where welding connections, or fire extinguishing equipment. was done as a part of the regular rounds. Where watch service is not provided, use of gas-operated welding or During construction operations, free access to cutting equipment should be discontinued a minimum of permanent, temporary, or portable first aid fire three hours before the end of the work day. equipment should be maintained. In all buildings over one story in height, at least one stairway should be provided in usable condition at all times. Chapter 5 Referenced Publications

4-4.3.2 Water Supply. 5-1 The following documents or portions thereof are referenced within this recommended practice and should Water supply for either temporary or permanent fire be considered part of the recommendations of this protection, should be made available as soon as document. The edition indicated for each reference is construction begins and combustible material the current edition as of the date of the NFPA issuance accumulates. of this document. The local fire authority should be contacted 5-1.1 NFPA Publications. National Fire Protection regarding adequacy of water supply for hose lines. Association, Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269.

Where underground water mains are to be provided, NFPA 10-1988, Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers they should be installed, completed, and in service with hydrants or standpipes located as directed by the NFPA 13-1987, Standard for the Installation of local fire authority prior to construction work. Sprinkler Systems

4-4.3.3 Standpipes. NFPA 14-1986, Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems In all buildings in which new standpipes are required or where existing in buildings being altered, they NFPA 30-1987, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code should be maintained in accordance with the progress of building activity such that they are always ready for NFPA 31-1987, Standard for the Installation of Oil fire department use. Burning Equipment 4-4.3.4 Sprinkler Protection. NFPA 51B-1984, Standard for Fire Prevention in Use of Cutting and Welding Processes If automatic sprinkler protection is to be provided, the installation should be placed in service as soon as NFPA 54-1988, National Fuel Gas Code possible. In buildings where sprinkler protection existed prior to. the rehabilitation project, the system NFPA 58-1986, Standard for the Storage and Handling should be kept in service as long as possible during of Liquified Petroleum Gases the rehabilitation work to provide continuous protection to the building. NFPA 70-1987, National Electrical Code NFPA 72A-1987, Standard for the Installation, Maintenance, and Use of Local Protective Signaling Systems for Guard's Tour, Fire Alarm, and Supervisory Service

166 NFPA 72B-1986, Standard for the Installation, 5-1.2.5 US Government Publicatlons. Superintendent of Maintenance, and Use of Auxiliary Protective Signaling Documents, US Government Printing Office, Washington, Systems for Fire Alarm Service DC 20402. NFPA 72C-1986, Standard for the Installation, "Egress Guideline for Residential Rehabilitation", Maintenance, and Use of Remote Station Protective Rehabilitation Guideline #5, US Department of Housing Signaling Systems and Urban Development, 1980 NFPA 72D-1986, Standard for the Installation, "Guideline on Fire Ratings of Archaic Materials and Maintenance and Use of Proprietary Protective Signaling Assemblies", Rehabilitation Guideline #8, US Department Systems of Housing and Urban Development, 1980 NFPA 72E-Ig87, Standard on Automatic Fire Detectors The Secretary of the Interior's "Standards for Rehabilitation and Guidelines for Rehabilitating NFPA I01-1988~ Life Safety Code ': Historic Buildings, National Park Service, US Department of the Interior, 1983 NFPA 241-1986, Standard for Safeguardlng . , Construction, Alteration, and Demolition Operations Appendix A NFPA 251-1985, Standard Methods of Fire'Tests of Building Construction and Materials This Appendix is not a part of the recommendationsof thls'NFPA document, but is included for information NFPA 255-1984, Standard Method of Test of Surface purposes only. Burning Characteristics of Building Materials, A-I Most fires thatioccur in historic structures and NFPA 550-1986, Guide to the Firesafety Concepts Tree' landmarks can be expected to fall into one or more of the following categories: Fire Protetion Handbook, Sixteenth Edition, 19

l Class A. Fires involving ordinary combustible 5-1.2 Other Publications. materials, such as paper, wood, textile fibers, etc., where a cooling, blanketing, or wetting extinguishing 5-1.2.1 BOCA Publication. Building Officials and Code agent.is required. Administrators, International, 4051 West Flossmor Road, County Club Hills, IL 60477. • Class B. Fires involving oils, ~reases, paints, and flammable liquids, where a smotherlng or blanketing BOCA National Building Code .... ' •action is required for extinguishment. 5-1.2.2 ICBO Publication. International Conference of Class C. Fires involving live electrical equipment Building Officials, 5360 South Workman Mill Rd., where a nonconducting extinguishing agent where a Whittier, CA 90601. .~ . smothering action is required. Uniform Building Code, 1988. AL2 Glossary of Fire Prote~tlon Systems. 5-I.2.3 SBCCI Publication. SouthernBuilding Code -The ~ollowing information, has been prepared to assist Congress International, 116 Brown Marx Building, in the description and evaluation of the principal Birmingham, AL 305203. kinds of detection systems, signaling systems, and extinguishing systems that are appropriate for use in Standard Building Code, 1988 historic structures. Terminology, insofar as is possible, has been limited to nontechnical language in 5-1.2.4 Goldstone, BarbaraM.,.!'Hazards from the order to be readily understandable to those personnel Concentration of Solar Radiation. by Textured Window who have been-delegated firesafety responsibility. Glass", Building Research Establishment Report, Department of the Environment, UK, 1982.

167 FIRE DETECTION SYSTEMS

Type Description Comments

I. Smoke detection systems. These smoke detectors operate on the ioniza- Intended for early warning. Some are de- tion, photoelectric, or cloud chamber princi- signed for installation m vefitilation ple. Spot-type smoke detectors use either the ducts. See NFPA 72E, Standard on ionization principle of operation, the Automatic Fire Detectors. photoelectric principle, or both. Line-type smoke detectors use the photoelectric princi- ple. Air sampling-type smoke detectors use either the ionization, photoelectric, or cloud chamber principle. Properly installed. smoke detectors can detect smoke particles in very early stages of fire in the areas where they are located.

2. Heat detection systems. These systems use heat-responsive devices Relatively low cost. Cannot detect small. either of the spot- or line-type mounted smoldering fires. Line-type detectors" on exposed ceiling surfaces. Operate either can be installed in a relatively incon- at fixed temperatures or on a sudden tem- spicuous manner by taking advantage of perature increase, called the rate-of-rise ceiling designs and patterns. See NFPA principle. Some devices incorporate both 72E. Standard on Automatic Fire Detec- fixed temperature and rate-of-rise actua- tors. tion. Spot detectors are usually small elec. trical devices, a few inches in diameter, and interconnected with wire. Line detectors are usually lengths of heat-sensitive wire or small-bore metal tubing. 3. Flame detection systems. These systems use infrared, ultraviolet, or Intended for early warning: may be use- photoelectric flame detectors, ful in high ceiling'spaces. See NI~PA 72E. Standard on Automatic Fire Detectors.

FIRE SIGNALING SYSTEMS

Type Description Comments

1. Local protective signaling An alarm svstem operating in the protected Of little or no value if premises are not system. premises, responsible to the operation of a attended. Someone must always be pres- manual fire alarm box. waterflow in a sprin- ent to transmit the alarm to fire authori- kler system, or detection of a fire by a smoke ties. See NFPA 72A, Standard for the In- or heat detecting system. stallation, Maintenance and Use of Local Protective Signaling Systems for Guard's Tour, Fire Alarm and Supervisory Ser- t~'ce . 2. Auxiliary protective signal- An alarm system utilizing a standard muni- Some communities will accept this type ing system. cipal coded fire alarm box to transmit a fire of system and others will. not. See NFPA alarm from a protected property to munici- 72B. Standard for the Installation, pal fire headquarters. These alarms are re. Maintenance and Use of Auxiliary Pro. ceived on the same municipal equipment tective Signaling Systems. and are carried over the same transmission lines as are used to connect fire alarm boxes located on streets. Operation is initiated by the local fire detection and alarm system in- stalled at the protected property. 3. Central station An alarm system connecting protected Flexible system. Can handle many types signaling system. premises to a station whose function is to of alarms, including trouble within monitor the connecting lines constantly and system at protected premises. See NFPA record any indication of fire, supervisory or ¢1. Standard for the Installation. Main- other trouble signals from the protected tenance, and Use of Signaling Systems premises. When a signal is received, the cen- for Central Station Sertn~e. tral station will take such action as is re- quired, such as informing the municipal fire department of a fire or notifying the police department of intrusion. 4. Remote station An alarm system connecting protected Requires leased lines into each premises. protective signaling premises over leased telephone lines to a See NFPK 72C, Standard for the In. system. remote station such as a fire station or a po- stallation, Maintenance, and Use of lice station. Includes separate receiver for in- Remote Station Protective Signaling dividual functions being monitored, such as Systems. fire alarm signal, or sprinkler waterflow alarm.

168 FIRE SIGNALING SYSTEMS -- cont.

Type Description Comments

5. Proprietary An alarm system which serves contiguous or Requires 24-hour manning of central protective signaling noncontiguous properties under one owner- supervising station on the premises. See system, ship from a central supervising station at the NFPA 72D, Standard for the Installa- protected property. Similar to a central sta- tion, Maintenance and Use of Pro. tion system but owned by the protected prietary Protective Signaling Systems. property.

6. Emergency voice/ This system is used to supplement one of the See NFPA 72F, Standard for the Installa- alarm communication systems listed above by providing voice com- tion, Maintenance and Use of Emergency system. munication within the building for use dur- Vozce/Alarm Communication Systems, ing a fire emergency either with prerecorded and NFPA 72G. Guide for the Installa- messages or for use by the fire department. tion, Maintenance and Use of Notifica- or both. tion Appliances for Protecttve Signaling Systems.

FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS

Type Description Comments

1. Wet-pipe automatic A permanently piped water system under Automatically detects and controls fire. sprinkler system. pressure, using heat-actuated sprinklers. Protects structure and contents. May When a fire occurs, the sprinklers exposed to cause water damage to protected books, the high heat open and discharge water in- manuscripts, records, paintings. Not to dividually to control or extinguish the fire. be used in spaces subject to freezing. See NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, and NFPA 22. Standard for Water Tanks for Private Fire Protection. 2. Pre-action automatic A system employing automatic sprinklers at- Automatically detects and controls fire. sprinkler system. tached to a piping system containing air that May be installed in areas subject to freez- may or may not be under pressure, with a ing. Minimizes the accidental discharge supplemental fire detection system installed of water due to mechanical damage to in the same area as the sprinklers. Actuation sprinkler heads or piping, and thus is of the fire detection system by a fire opens a useful for the protection of paintings. valve which permits water to flow into the drawings, fabrics, manuscripts, speci- sprinkler system piping and to be discharged mens. and other valuable or irreplace- from any sprinklers that are opened by the able articles that are susceptible to heat from the fire. damage or destruction by water. See NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, and NFPA 22. Standard for Water Tanks for Private Fire Protection.

3. On-off automatic A system similar to the pre-action system, ex- In addition to the favorable feature of sprinkler system. cept that the fire detector operation acts as the automatic wet-pipe system, these an electrical interlock, causing the control systems have the ability to automatically valve to open at a predetermined tempera- stop the flow of water when no longer ture and close when normal temperature is needed, thus eliminating unnecessary restored. Should the fire rekindle after its water damage. See NFPA 15, Standard initial control, the valve will reopen and for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, water will again flow from the opened heads. and NFPA 22, Standard for Water Tanks The valve will continue to open and close in for Pn~ate Fire Protection. accordance with the temperature sensed by the fire detectors. Another type of on-off system is a standard wet-pipe system with on- off sprinkler heads. Here each individual head has incorporated in it a temperature- sensitive device which causes the head to open at a predetermined temperature and close automatically when the temperature at the head is restored to normal. See No. 1. Can protect areas subject to 4. Dry-pipe automatic Has heat-operated sprinklers attached to a freezing. Water supply must be in a sprinkler system. piping system containing air under pressure. When a sprinkler operates, the air pressure is heated area. See NFPA 13, Standard for reduced, a "dry-pipe" valve is opened by the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, and water pressure, and water flows to any NFPA 22, Standard for Water Tanks for opened sprinklers. Private Fire Protection.

169 FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS ~ cont.

Type Description Comments

5. Standpipe and A piping system in a building to which hoses A desirable complement to an automatic hose system, are connected for emergency use by building sprinkler system. Staff requires training occupants or by the fire department, to use hoses effectively. See NFPA 14. ' Standard for the lnstallatton of Stand- pipe and Hose Systems. 6. Halon automatic A permanently piped system using a limited No agent damage to protected books, system, stored supply of a halon gas under pressure, manuscripts, records, paintings or other and discharge nozzles to totally flood an en- irreplaceable valuable objects. No agent closed area. Released automatically, by a residue. Halon 1301 can be used with suitable detection system. Extinguishes fires safeguards in occupied areas. Halon by inhibiting the chemical reaction of fuel 1211 total flooding systems are pro- and oxygen, hibited in normally occupied areas. Halons may not extinguish deep-seated fires in ordinary solid combustibles such as paper, fabrics, etc.: but are effective on surface fires in these materials. These systems require special precautions to avoid damage effects caused by their ex- tremely rapid release. The high velocity discharge from nozzles may be sufficient to dislodge substantial objects directly in the path. See NFPA 12A. Standard on Halon 1301 Fire Extinguishing Systems, and NFPA 12B. Standard on Halon 1211 Fire Extinguishing Systems.

7. Carbon dioxide Same as No. 6, except uses carbon dioxide Same as No. 6. Appropriate for service automatic system. gas. Extinguishes fires by reducing oxygen and utility areas. Personnel must content of air below combustion support evacuate before agent discharge to avoid point. suffocation. May not extinguish deep- seated fires in ordinary solid com- bustibles such as paper] fabrics, etc.; but effective on surface fires in these materials. See NFPA 12. Standard on Carbon Dzoxide Extinguishing Systems.

8. Dry chemical Same as No. 6, except uses a dry chemical Should not be used in personnel- automatic system. powder. Usually released by mechanical occupied areas. Leaves powdery deposit thermal linkage. Effective for surface protec- on all exposed surfaces. Requires clean- tion. up. Excellent for service facilities having kitchen range hoods and ducts. May not extinguish deep-seated fires in ordinary solid combustibles such as paper, fabrics. etc.: but effective on surface fires in these materials. See NFPA 17, Standard for Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems.

9. High expansion A fixed extinguishing system which gener- Should not be used in occupied areas. foam system. ates a foam agent for total flooding of con- The discharge of large amounts of high fined spaces, and for volumetric displace- expansion foam may inundate personnel. ment of vapor, heat, and smoke. Acts on the blocking vision, making hearing dif- fire by: ficult, and creating some discomfort in a. Preventing free movement of air breathing. Leaves residue and requires b. Reducing the oxygen concentration at clean up. High expansion foam, when the fire used in conjunction with water sprin- c. Cooling. klers, will provide more positive control and extinguishment than either ex- tinguishment system used independently, when properly designed. See NPFA llA, Standard for Medium and High Expan- sion Foam Systems.

10. Wet chemical Same as No. 6, except uses liquid agent usu- Leaves agent residue that is confined to extinguishing ally released by automatic mechanical ther- the protection area(s). Requires clean* system. mal linkage. Effective for restaurant, com- up. Excellent for service facilities having mercial, and institutional hoods; plenums: range hoods and ducts. See NFPA 17A, ducts; and associated cooking appliances. Standard for Wet Chemical Extinguish- mg Systems.

170 Appendix B Resources NPS publishes the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation and Guidelines for This Appendix is not a part of the recommendations of Rehabilitating Historic Buildings. They answer this NFPA document, but is included for information inquiries, provide reference services, conduct purposes only. seminars, and make referrals.

B-I NFPA. National Fire Protection Association, B-7. NTHP. National Trust for Historic Preservation, Batterymarch Park, Quincy, HA 02269. 1785 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC.

NFPA publishes this and related documents on fire NTHP promotes preservation of sites, buildings, and protection and they will answer inquiries on these objects. They publish magazines and books on historic documents. They also conduct educational seminars, preservation and offer advisory services, conferences, studies, and llterature searches for a fee. NFPA and workshops. maintains a list of Fire protection consultants. Appendix C Bibliography B-2 SFPE. Society of Fire Protection Engineers, 60 Batterymarch Street, Boston, MA OZ116. This appendix lists publication that are not referenced but which may provide additional helpful SFPE is a professional society of fire protection information. It is not considered to be a part of tile engineers. They meet annually, publish technical recommendations of this NFPA document. information, conduct technical seminars, and support local chapters. Members are located in all parts of C-I NFPA Publications. National Fire Protection the world.. Names and addresses of members in a .Association, Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269. particular geographic area may be obtained from Society headquarters. "Protecting Our Heritage", 2nd ed., 1970.

B-3 NICET. National Institute for Certification in NFPA 910-1985, Protection of Libraries and Library Engineering Technologies, 1420 King Street, Alexandria, Collections '- VA 22314. NFPA 91]-1985, Protection of Museums and Museum NICET certifies technicians in the following areas of Collections . fire protectioh: Ca) automatic'sprinkler.system layout, (b) special hazards systems layout (automatic NFPA 912-1987, Fire Protection in Places of Workship and manual foam water, halon, carbon dioxide, and dry chemical systems), and (c) fire alarm systems. People NFPA 913-1987, Protection of Historic Structures and with a NICET certification can also assist in the Sites selection and use of fire protection systems. C-2 Other Publications B-4 UL. Underwriters Laboratories, 333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL 60062. Association of Preservation Technology, Bulletin, Vol. 13, No. 2, 1981. .UL has a certification service through which alarm companies may be qualified to issue certificates that "Building Codes and Historic Preservation", installed fire warning systems comply with NFPA Preservation Forum, Vol. 2, No. ], Spring ]988, pp. standards and are properly tested and maintained. A 11-17. list of alarm service companies authorized to issue UL certificates is available. UL also publishes safety Fisher, Thomas, "Fire Breaks: Fire Safety in standards and annual directories of labeled and listed Historic Buildings", Progressive Architecture, Vol. 67, products and fire resistant assemblies. No. 11, 116-121, November 1986.

B-5 APT. Association for Preservation Technology, Box Parnell, Alan, and David H. Ashford, "Fire Safety in 2487, Station D, Ottawa, Ontario KIP 5W6. Historic Buildings", Technical Pamphlet 6, Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings and the Fire APT is organized for the preservation of historic Protection Association, London, 1978. resources, rehabilitation and reuse of historic structures and history of building technology. They Pielert, James H., "Removing Regulatory Restraints to will respond to inquiries and provide consulting Building Rehabilitation: The Massachusetts references. They distribute publications and offer Experience", Center for Building Technology, National training courses in various aspects of the Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC, October ]gBl. preservation/rehabilitation field. Sussman, Gall, "Fire Prevention in Heritage B-6 NPS. National Park Service, National Register of Buildings", British Columbia Heritage Trust, 1983. Historic Places Branch, Interagency Resources Division, Department of the Interior, 1100 L Street NW, Room 640, Uniform Code for BuildinQ Conservation, International Washington, DC 20004. Conference of Building Offlcial, Whittier, CA, 1~87.

171