ARTICLE doi: 10.12032/TMR20200603186

Traditional Medicine in Pakistan

Ethnoveterinary medicines used against various livestock disorders in the flora of Shamozai Valley, Swat, KP Pakistan

Noor Muhammad1*, Muhammad Khalil Ullah Khan1, Nisar Uddin2, Niaz Ali2, Shariat Ullah3, Muhammad Umer4

1College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, ; 2Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, KP, Pakistan; 3Department of Botany, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18800, KP, Pakistan; 4College of Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China.

*Corresponding to: Noor Muhammad. College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, No. 2596 Lekai South Street, Lianchi District, Baoding 071000, China. E-mail: [email protected].

Highlights

In this investigation, the authors have tried to highlight the important ethnomedicinal plant species used by the farmers for treating various livestock diseases. Folk information always offers a baseline for further phytochemical and pharmacologic study.

Traditionality

Human beings use traditional medicines to treat animals since ancient times; however, this knowledge was correctly documented only in recent years. The first traditional animal health knowledge and the earliest reports, “Animal Husbandry, Animal Industry, and Animal Disease in the Somaliland Protectorate, Part I” and “Indian Materia Medica”, were published in 1954 simultaneously, and this knowledge was later recognized as “ethnoveterinary” in one of the studies, “An Introduction to Ethnoveterinary Research and Development”, by McCorkle in 1986. Currently, many reports are available on medicinal activity of worldwide.

Submit a manuscript: https://www.tmrjournals.com/tmr TMR | September 2020 | vol. 5 | no. 5 | 377 doi: 10.12032/TMR20200603186 ARTICLE

Abstract Background: The Shamozai Valley of Swat District is remarkable with various plant treasures. Ethnoveterinary information offers folk remedies for livestock, which are cheaper than standard treatment methods and are readily available. Methods: Different trips were organized for gathering (harvesting) and recording medicinal plants in the area during 2018. A total of 140 local residents were interviewed. Then, the obtained data were evaluated using used value, relative frequency citations, fidelity level, consensus index, and informant consensus factor. Results: In this study, 41 plants were presented, and these plants were used commonly as medication for treating various livestock ailments. The therapeutic plants with most used value were scoparia (0.607), Berberis lyceum Royle (0.610), Bromus japonicus (0.491), Avena sativa (0.482), Cannabis sativa L. (0.473), Capsicum annum L. (0.471), Cedrus deodara (0.462), and Chenopodium murale (0.453). On the basis of relative frequency citations values, the most quoted plant species by the indigenous people are Artemisia scoparia (0.760), Berberis lyceum (0.742), Bromus japonicus (0.731), Avena sativa (0.721), and Cannabis sativa L. (0.711). Consensus index percentage showed the highest for Artemisia scoparia (83.109%), followed by Berberis lyceum Royle (80.454%), whereas the ethnomedicinal plant species with most fidelity level were Artemisia scoparia (76.320%), Berberis lyceum Royle (73.403%), Bromus japonicus (72.013%), Avena sativa (71.024%), Cannabis sativa L. (69.322%), Capsicum annum L (68.344%), Cedrus deodara (67.215%), and Chenopodium murale (66.060%) for various disorders. Informant consensus factor ranged from 0.947 to 1.000, whereas different ailments viz. appetite-causing agent, carminative treatment, eye diseases, mouth ulcers, myiasis, pediculosis, septicemia, and tick infestation had maximum informant consensus factor value. Conclusion: The publics of Shamozai are deeply reliant on ethomedicinal plants for treating numerous livestock ailments. Folk information always offers a baseline for further phytochemical and pharmacologic study. Keywords: Ethnoveterinary practices, Medicinal plants, Folk knowledge, Livestock ailments, Shamozai Valley

Author contributions: NM conducted the field work and wrote manuscript. NA and SU directed all stages of the work of this report and provided comments on the report. MKK, NU and MU helped in data analysis. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Competing interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Abbreviations: UVi, used value; RFCs, relative frequency citations; CI, consensus index; FL, fidelity level; FIC, informant consensus factor. Citation: Noor Muhammad, Muhammad Khalil Ullah Khan, Nisar Uddin, et al. Ethnoveterinary medicines used against various livestock disorders in the flora of Shamozai Valley, Swat, KP Pakistan. Traditional Medicine Research 2020, 5 (5): 377–388. Executive editor: Rui-Wang Zhao. Submitted: 25 April 2020, Accepted: 21 May 2020, Online: 17 July 2020.

TMR | September 2020 | vol. 5 | no. 5 | 378 Submit a manuscript: https://www.tmrjournals.com/tmr ARTICLE doi: 10.12032/TMR20200603186 alternative of modern medications, and it will help in Background poverty mitigation by authorizing these societies to practice managing livestock using their own resources Humans have been using folk medicine to treat [1, 5, 8]. animals since ancient times; however, this information Medicinal plants are generally cherished was only documented accurately in recent times [1]. foundations of novel ethnoveterinary medications [5, Knowledge about traditional livestock health was 7]. Nearly 1,500 medicinal plants are consumed in unclear until 1950, and the first traditional animal Pakistan, of which 80% are collected from the wild [1]. health knowledge and the earliest reports, such as Moreover, up to 80% of livestock owners in rural and “Animal Husbandry, Animal Industry, and Animal backward areas are entirely reliant on herbal Disease in the Somaliland Protectorate, Part I” [2] and medications for their animals’ primary healthcare [6]. “Indian Materia Medica” [3] were simultaneously Plants have been applied to cure animal infections published in 1954, and this knowledge was later since ancient times [5, 6]. The prominence of recognized as “ethnoveterinary” in one of the studies, medicinal plants and folk ethnoveterinary health “An Introduction to Ethnoveterinary Research and systems in resolving the health care problems in the Development”, by McCorkle in 1986 [4]. world is a foremost consideration [4, 9–11]. That is Ethnoveterinary remedy contains all the methodologies why in the renaissance of awareness, investigation on practiced by mankind to enhance animal production [1, plants of medicinal reputation is remarkably increasing 2]. Ethnoveterinary information is helpful to evaluate at the country and global level [1]. In addition, the farmer’s daily life experience and is considered to societies are becoming progressively concerned in be the heritage of particular tribe [1–3]. These pieces medicinal plants due to their robust antioxidant actions, of information are verbally transferred from generation decent healing/medicinal activities, low toxicity, and to generation and are kept in their minds [2–4]. widespread availability [12]. Farmers usually have a long history of applying Plants are a significant source of ethnomedicine and cultural medications, and they also have deep plays an important role in animal health [13–16]. familiarity of their surroundings [1–5]. Since early Plants have been recognized to be a vital possible times, medicinal plants have been widely used for source of remedial assistance in the animals [1]. Using treating various disorders [1]. Until now, many reports therapeutic plants plays an impressive role in animal are available on medicinal activities of plants [1–3]. health management throughout the globe [16]. This Natural medicinal flora is under severe stress, and it includes the applications of medicinal plants not only is gradually declining due to anthropogenic activities to cure the ailments, but also as possible material for [1]. Conserving medicinal flora is very important, and maintaining good animal health [12]. Numerous there is an intense and urgent need for conservation countries around the globe, including Pakistan, that is, action, including the need for coordinated conservation two-third of the population rely on plant-based action using both in situ and ex situ strategies [1]. It remedies for primary animal healthcare [14]. This is also requires the inclusion of community and gender due to the healthier traditional adequacy, enhanced perspectives in developmental conservation policies. compatibility, and adaptability with the animals’ body, Several plant species are medicinal, and their and it produces less side effect [15]. From parallel conservation is a microcosm [1]. The limited studies, plant-based medicines were uncovered from occurrence and slow growth of medicinal plants and studying healing, ethnic, and traditional treatments and, the destructive harvesting of small and large plants most particularly, the traditional information from mostly results in the exhaustion of resources and even local people [5, 6], and some of these reports are extinction of species [1–4]. That is why the sustainable inimitable in spite of the current development in use of plants for ethnoveterinary purposes should be science and technology [16]. considered, and harvesting methods must be Livestock keepers all over the Pakistan have up to formulated. Harvesting the whole plant is more 4,000-year-old information and experience [1, 2], but destructive than collecting leaves, flowers, or buds [1]. this requires to be reported on a priority basis as this The younger generation has insufficient knowledge cherished information is vanishing because of rapid about ethnoveterinary practices, whereas elders have socioeconomic and environmental changes and sufficient information [1]. Most of Pakistani advancement of civilization [1, 13, 14, 17–32]. Several (Shomozai) livestock owners particularly in the study plant species used in ethnoveterinary practice to treat area are poor and having 4–6 cattle per family in fever, gastrointestinal helminthiasis, rheumatism, skin general [1]. Majority of them cannot manage to pay for diseases, etc., have been reported in literature [1, 2, new allopathic medicines due to their low economic 4–32]. Treating animal disorders with various situation [6, 7] that finally results into deprived medicinal plants is an important part of livestock production and financial losses due to ethnoveterinary medicine [1]. Several researchers have unhealthy cattle [1, 2]. In this situation, reported ethnoveterinary practices from various parts ethnoveterinary medication can be encouraged as an of Pakistan [3, 4, 16–18], but documentation is still Submit a manuscript: https://www.tmrjournals.com/tmr TMR | September 2020 | vol. 5 | no. 5 | 379 doi: 10.12032/TMR20200603186 ARTICLE required from various parts of the country to preserve plants species of medicinal importance for livestock in this precious knowledge [4–13]. The goal of this the current study were identified by assistant professor research study is to investigate the application of Dr. Shariat Ullah, Plant and Phytosociology medicinal plants to control various animal disorders in Lab, Department of Botany, University of Malakand, the hilly areas of Shamozai Valley, Swat, Pakistan. Chakdara KP, Pakistan, following the identification procedure previously described by Muhammad et al. Materials and methods [1], Muhammad et al. [18], Qureshi et al. [12, 13], and Ahmad et al. [20]; and referring several flora viz. flora Research site of Pakistan by Hooker (1872–1897) [21], the The Shamozai Valley (remote area) is situated in the modernized nomenclature of the recognized species western part of the District Swat, adjacent to the border was done according to Muhammad et al. [16], Ahmed of District Dir lower and Union Council Kuz Abakhel. et al. [20], and Siddiqui et al. [22]. The specimens The area is bordered by the high mountains of were deposited in the herbarium of the University of Shamozai. Around it, in the west are Dir lower and Malakand Chakdara, KP, Pakistan. Ziarat Kuz Abakhel, Kabal in the east, Parai, Barikot in the south, and Sarkhanai and District Dir lower in Statistical analysis the north (Figure 1). Rangila, Chalira, Balera, Banda, Applying quantitative indices as a tool to compute the Sangar, Jabagai, Kohey, Nemogram, Saboon Khpa, use value and importance of plants species is a rising Gharai, Khazana, Gamkot, Chargo Tangay, Sakha fashion in quantitative ethnoveterinary study [1]. Kohay, Mirata, Qabar Shah, Zarkhela, Chongai, Researchers have established numerous indices to Terang, and Dedawar are major villages in Shamozai assess the importance of plants to humans [18–28]. Valley (Figure 1). These sites were visited several The assessment of quantitative indices of plants in times for data collection and recording. ethnobotanical studies is an important technique applied in numerous kinds of studies, providing Medicinal plant collection and methodology exploration on traditional uses, and naming and In the study, 140 local informers were interviewed. classifying important medicinal plants [14–19]. The The research was carried out from March 2018 to following statistical indices used for data analysis are November 2018. The medicinal value of plants was shown in Table 1. recorded based on information from the residents. The

Figure 1 Map of Shamozai Valley, Swat, Pakistan

TMR | September 2020 | vol. 5 | no. 5 | 380 Submit a manuscript: https://www.tmrjournals.com/tmr ARTICLE doi: 10.12032/TMR20200603186 Table 1 Statistical indices, formulas, and their uses Statistical No. Symbols Formula Explanation Uses References indices UVi index is used to Ui = respondent-cited assess the relative number of use for a plant importance of each 1 Used value (UVi) UVi = ∑Ui/N [5, 18] species. N = total number medicinal plant species of informants interviewed. based on their relative use among interviewees. FCs = number of local Relative informants who reported To assess the indigenous 2 frequency (RFCs) RFCs = FCs/N traditional medicinal use value of each plant [1, 18] citations of the species. N is total species in an area. number of respondents. n is number of informers % age of local informers citing medicinal plant Consensus having folk information 3 (CI %) CI = n/N × 100 species, while N is the [1, 18, 25] index of medicinally valued total number of plant species. interviewees.

Ip = application of plant FL is the % age of species recommended by indigenous informants Fidelity the number of informers 4 (FL %) FL = Ip/Iu × 100 mentioning the given [1, 16] level value for a specific disease, and plant’s usage report for Iu is the total No. of the same major disease. informers FIC value was used to Nur is the total number of examine the consensus Informant informers who quoted FIC = between uses of plants for 5 consensus (FIC) same plant for any [1, 18] Nur − Nt/Nur − 1 various illness groupings factor disease. Nt is the number and the respondents of of botanical species. the study area. UVi, used value; RFCs, relative frequency citations; CI, consensus index; FL, fidelity level; FIC, informant consensus factor. is an easy way, because they use local plants to treat Results various ailments [5, 6, 16]. The incorporation of systematically authenticated ethnoveterinary practices Phytodiversity in the livestock husbandry system in rural areas may Cultural diversity and rich flora are key indicators for help in poverty mitigation and increase livestock the existence of rich traditional ethnoveterinary production [4–16]. The UVi of medicinal plant species medicinal plants [1]. The present study designated 41 used in ethnoveterinary practices ranged from 0.122 to plants that were commonly used by the local people 0.607 (Table 3). The medicinal plants with the highest for treating various livestock diseases. Among the 41 most-use values were Artemisia scoparia (0.607), plant species, 43.420% were herbs, 9.756% were Berberis lyceum Royle (0.610), Bromus japonicus shrubs, and 26.829% were trees (Table 2). Only those (0.491), Avena sativa (0.482), Cannabis sativa L. plants were collected, for which the interviewers have (0.473), Capsicum annum L. (0.471), Cedrus deodara solid opinion or valid and authentic knowledge (0.462), and Chenopodium murale (0.453); whereas regarding the plants’ efficacy in traditional the plants with the least UVi values were ethnoveterinary practices. The 41 plants with botanical, Desmostachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf (0.160), Plantago local, and family names, as well as their uses, are lanceolata L. (0.150), Tamarix aphyla (L.) Karst shown in Table 2. (0.140), Cedrela serrata Royle (0.130), and Zanthoxylum armatum Dc (0.122). The high UVi of Used value (UVi) the quoted therapeutic plant species may be due to Farmers’ knowledge about treating livestock using their extensive spread and the intense cultural ethnoveterinary practices was obtained from their awareness, causing these species to become the first ancestors [1, 2, 6, 17]. This type of livestock treatment choice for treating animal diseases [2–20]. Submit a manuscript: https://www.tmrjournals.com/tmr TMR | September 2020 | vol. 5 | no. 5 | 381 doi: 10.12032/TMR20200603186 ARTICLE Table 2 Documentation of medicinal plants with scientific name, local name, parts used, and associated ailments No. Botanical Family Local name Habit Part(s) used Ethnobotanical uses References name/voucher ID Applied for stomachache, 1 Artemisia scoparia Jawkay Herb Stem anthelminthic remedy, used for [1, 10, 11, 23] wound healing. Khan Bot.01 (UOM) 2 Berberis lyceum Royle. Berberidaceae Toor kwaray Shrub Roots and fruit Myiasis, ticks, internal wounds [1, 19, 24] (roots), mouth ulcers. Khan Bot.02 (UOM) Bromus japonicus Fodder and for treating 3 Thurd. ex Murr. Poaceae Jokay Herb Shoot powder constipation. [1, 6, 26] Khan Bot.03 (UOM) Spikes and Used for gastrointestinal 4 Avena sativa Poaceae Jamdarai Herb stem problems. [1, 23, 27] Khan Bot.04 (UOM) 5 Cannabis sativa L. Cannabinaceae Bhang Herb Leaves Pediculosis, tick infestation, [1, 26] colic pain, and fever. Khan Bot.05 (UOM) 6 Capsicum annum L. Solonaceae Marchakai Herb Fruit Digestion, used as an [1, 19] appetite-causing agent. Khan Bot.06 (UOM) 7 Cedrus deodara Pinaceae Ranzra Tree Wood oil Flatulence and stomachache. [1, 11] Khan Bot.07 (UOM) Shoot and root Plant is used for colic pain, for 8 Chenopodium murale Chenopodiaceae Kharawa Herb powder treatment of cough, and [1, 23] anthelmintic remedy. Khan Bot.08(UOM) 9 Chenopodium Chenopodiaceae Skha botay Herb Leaves Used for piles and anthelmintic [27] ambrosioides L. remedy. Khan Bot.09 (UOM) Dodonea viscosa (L.) Anthelmintic remedy, wound 10 Jacq. Sapindaceae Ghalaskay Shrub Dried leaves healing. [1, 11] Khan Bot.10 (UOM) Fumaria indica Karachay/ Whole plant 11 (Hausskn.) Pugsl Fumariaceae Papra Herb decoction Refrisent [1, 14, 19] Khan Bot.11 (UOM) 12 Foeniculum vulgare Lamiaceae Kagay Herb Seeds and Used as anti-hemorrhagic, used [1, 24, 26] velaney leaves for pneumonia and septicemia. Khan Bot.12 (UOM) 13 Daphne mucronata Laighonay Herb Whole plant [1, 11] Royle Thymeleaceae powder Anthelmintic remedy. Khan Bot.13 (UOM) Use internally, used for wound 14 Hyoscyamus niger L. Solanaceae Bargak Herb Leaf decoction healing. [10, 13, 30] Khan Bot.14 (UOM) Mallotus philippensis 15 (Lam) Muell Ary Euphorbiaceae Kambela Shrub Fruit powder Vermifuge and diarrhea [1, 10, 11] Khan Bot.15 (UOM) 16 Mentha longifolia Lamiaceae Herb Leaves and Anti-inflammatory and [1, 23, 26] (Linn) Huds. Elanay stem anti-flatulence. Khan Bot.16 (UOM) 17 Mentha arvensis L. Lamiaceae Podina Herb Leaves Gastric disorders, also used for [1, 27] colic pain. Khan Bot.17 (UOM) Tora Anthelmintic, seed is used for 18 Melia azedarach L. Meliaceae Bekanrha Tree Seeds, stem, [1, 13, 27] (shanday) and leaves infertility. Khan Bot.18 (UOM) Micromeria biflora 19 Benth. Lamiaceae Shamakay Herb Leaves Used for cough and fever. [1, 19] Khan Bot.19 (UOM) 20 Narcissus tazetta L. Amaryllidaceae Gul nargis Herb Whole plant Healing of external wounds. [1, 11, 13] Khan Bot.20 (UOM) UOM, University of Malakand. TMR | September 2020 | vol. 5 | no. 5 | 382 Submit a manuscript: https://www.tmrjournals.com/tmr ARTICLE doi: 10.12032/TMR20200603186 Table 2 Documentation of medicinal plants with scientific name, local name, parts used, and associated ailments (Continued) No. Botanical Family Local name Habit Part(s) used Ethnobotanical uses References name/voucher ID 21 Ocimum basilcum L. Lamiaceae Kashmalay Herb Seeds and Leaf extract is used for [1, 24, 25] leaves digestive disorders. Khan Bot.21 (UOM) Fruit, leaves, 22 Olea ferruginea Royle. Oleaceae Khona Tree and stem Leaves used for mouth ulcers. [1, 11, 19] Khan Bot.22 (UOM) 23 Origanum vulgare L. Lamiaceae Shamakay Herb Leaf powder Increase lactation. [11, 19, 36] Khan Bot.23 (UOM) 24 Oxalis corniculata L. Oxalidaceae Manzakay Herb Leaves [1, 13, 23, 29] tarookay Leaves used against worms. Khan Bot.23 (UOM) Paeonia emodi Wall.ex Rhizome 25 Royle. Paeoniaceae Mamekh Herb powder Used for pain. [1, 13, 19] Khan Bot.24 (UOM) Primula denticulata 26 Smith. Primulaceae Mamera Shrub Leaf extract Eye disease. [1, 11] Khan Bot.26 (UOM) 27 Pronus armeniaca Rosaceae Khobany Tree Fruit, stem, Fruit is used for constipation. [1, 23, 29] and leaves Khan Bot.27 (UOM) 28 Punica granatum L. Punicaceae Ananghoray Tree Fruit and stem Fruit is used for cough, [1] inflammation of kidneys. Khan Bot.28 (UOM) Quercus dilatata Lindl. 29 ex Royle. Fagaceae Banj Tree Fruit powder Urinary problems. [1, 19] Khan Bot.29 (UOM) Used for constipation in goats 30 Rumex dentatus L. Polygonaceae Shalkhay Herb Leaves and sheep. [1, 23, 24] Khan Bot.30 (UOM) 31 Salvia moorcroftiana Rutaceae Khardag Tree Leaves Leaves are used for fracture [1, 27] pain. Khan Bot.31 (UOM) Plant is used as a fodder and 32 Sonchus oleraceus Asteraceae Showdapai Herb Whole pant for increasing milk production [1, 13, 24] in cattle. Khan Bot.32 (UOM) Leaves are used for increasing 33 Spinaceae oleraceae Brassicaeae Palak Herb Whole plant body meat and lactation. [1, 25, 31] Khan Bot.33 (UOM) Seeds are used for 34 Tribulus terrestris L. Zygophyllaceae Markondai Herb Seeds hemorrhoids. [1, 11] Khan Bot.34 (UOM) 35 Verbascum Thapsus L. Scrophulariaceae Khwarghwag Herb Whole plant Diarrhea and dysentery. [1, 19] Khan Bot.35 (UOM) Teucrium stocksianum Leaves used for mouth ulcers 36 Boiss Lamiaceae Spera botay Herb Leaves and sore throat. [1, 24, 25] Khan Bot.36 (UOM) Desmostachya Bulb powder is used for 37 bipinnata (L.) Stapf Oleaceae Dela Herb Bulb infertility. [1, 24] Khan Bot.37 (UOM) 38 Plantago lanceolata L. Brassicaceae Ghwai jabai Herb Whole plant Used as fodder and external [1, 30, 31] wound healing. Khan Bot.38 (UOM) 39 Tamarix aphyla (L) Tamaricaceae Ghaz Tree Whole plant Leaves are used for infertility. [1, 11, 19, 26] Karst. Khan Bot.39 (UOM) 40 Cedrela serrata Royle. Asteraceae Shnai Tree Whole plant Used for fever. [1, 24] Khan Bot.40 (UOM) 41 Zanthoxylum armatum Rutaceae Dambara Tree Fruit, seeds, Anthelmintic and carminative [1, 11, 24] Dc. and bark disorders, promotes lactation. Khan Bot.41 (UOM) UOM, University of Malakand. Submit a manuscript: https://www.tmrjournals.com/tmr TMR | September 2020 | vol. 5 | no. 5 | 383 doi: 10.12032/TMR20200603186 ARTICLE

Table 3 Medicinal plants with local and family names, habit, part(s) used, disease cured, UVi, RFCs, FL, and CI No. Botanical Name Local name Part used UVi RFCs FL% CI% 1 Artemisia scoparia Jawkay Stem 0.607 0.760 76.320 83.109 2 Berberis lyceum Royle. Toor kwaray Roots and fruit 0.610 0.742 73.403 80.454 3 Bromus japonicus Thurd. ex Jokay Shoot powder 0.491 0.731 72.013 79.862 Murr. 4 Avena sativa Jamdarai Spikes and stem 0.482 0.721 71.024 72.341 5 Cannabis sativa L. Bhang Leaves 0.473 0.711 69.322 69.151 6 Capsicum annum L. Marchakai Fruits 0.471 0.720 68.344 68.012 7 Cedrus deodara Ranzra Wood oil 0.462 0.691 67.215 66.034 8 Chenopodium murale Kharawa Shoot and root 0.453 0.684 66.060 64.337 powder 9 Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Skha botay Leaves 0.443 0.673 65.100 63.913 10 Dodonea viscosa (L.) Jacq. Ghwalaskay Dried leaves 0.343 0.662 64.138 62.035 11 Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Pugsl Whole plant 0.421 0.654 63.226 61.047 Karachay/Papra decoction 12 Foeniculum vulgare Kagay velaney Seeds and leaves 0.412 0.643 62.414 60.438 13 Daphne mucronata Royle. Laighonay Whole plant powder 0.393 0.624 59.800 57.900 14 Hyoscyamus niger L. Bargak Leaf decoction 0.387 0.612 58.125 56.403 Mallotus philippensis (Lam) 15 Muell Ary Kambela Fruit powder 0.376 0.600 57.223 54.222 16 Mentha longifolia (Linn) Huds. Elanay Leaves and stem 0.366 0.591 56.24 53.984 17 Mentha arvensis L. Podina Leaves 0.365 0.582 55.123 52.345 Tora Bekanrha, Seeds, stem, and 18 Melia azedarach L. (shanday) leaves 0.354 0.571 52.404 51.023 19 Micromeria biflora Benth. Shamakay Leaves 0.342 0.562 51.305 49.048 20 Narcissus tazetta L. Gul nargis Whole plant 0.334 0.553 50.224 48.352 21 Ocimum basilcum L. Kashmalay Seeds and leaves 0.321 0.542 48.413 47.462 22 Olea ferruginea Royle. Khona Fruit, leaves, and 0.32 0.532 47.614 46.323 stem 23 Origanum vulgare L. Shamakai Leaf powder 0.298 0.527 46.211 45.026 Manzakay 24 Oxalis corniculata L. tarookay Leaves 0.282 0.512 45.318 44.317 25 Paeonia emodi Wall. ex Royle. Mamekh Rhizome powder 0.281 0.494 44.612 42.348 26 Primula denticulata Smith. Mamera Leaf extract 0.274 0.480 43.713 41.081 Fruit, stem, and 27 Pronus armeniaca Khobany leaves 0.266 0.472 42.612 40.991 28 Punica granatum Ananghoray Fruit and stem 0.251 0.461 40.993 39.013 29 Quercus dilatata Lindl. ex Royle. Banj Fruit powder 0.242 0.455 39.415 38.022 30 Rumex dentatus L. Shalkhay Leaves 0.231 0.444 38.318 37.051 31 Salvia moorcroftiana Khardag Leaves 0.222 0.433 36.213 34.033 32 Sonchus oleraceus Showdapai Whole pant 0.221 0.421 35.342 33.004 33 Spinaceae oleraceae Palak Whole plant 0.200 0.413 34.214 32.914 34 Tribulus terrestris L. Markondai Seeds 0.191 0.372 33.315 30.011 35 Verbascum Thapsus L. Khwarghwag Whole plant 0.180 0.363 32.123 28.214 36 Teucrium stocksianum Boiss Spera botay Leaves 0.170 0.352 31.417 26.015 37 Desmostachya bipinnata (L.) Dela Tuber 0.1603 0.341 29.128 25.512 Stapf 38 Plantago lanceolata L. Ghwai jabai Whole plant 0.150 0.331 28.194 24.221 39 Tamarix aphyla (L.) Karst Ghaz Whole plant 0.140 0.321 26.313 23.442 40 Cedrela serrata Royle. Shnai Whole plant 0.130 0.311 24.111 22.021 Fruit, seeds, and 41 Zanthoxylum armatum Dc. Dambara bark 0.122 0.286 23.214 21.741

TMR | September 2020 | vol. 5 | no. 5 | 384 Submit a manuscript: https://www.tmrjournals.com/tmr ARTICLE doi: 10.12032/TMR20200603186 constipation (FIC = 0.992), followed by fracture pain Relative frequency citations (RFCs) and infertility (0.991 for both), flatulence and RFCs are assessed in order to recognize the most inflammation of urine (0.990 for both), stomachache frequently consumed medicinal plants for various (0.989), vermifuge and diarrhea (0.987 for both), disorders [8–16]. In the present analysis, it ranged cough, increased lactation, and gastrointestinal from 0.286 to 0.760 (Table 3). The most quoted plant problems (0.983 each), fever (0.970), and species by the indigenous people are Artemisia anthelminthic remedy (0.964). The lowest FIC value scoparia (RFCs = 0.760), Berberis lyceum (0.742), was recorded for wound healing (0.947). Bromus japonicus (0.731), Avena sativa (0.721), Capsicum annum L. (0.720), and Cannabis sativa L. Discussion (0.711). The plants reported by the claimants were directed for all the local publics of the research area. Therapeutic plants have given humans a huge diversity Furthermore, medicinal plants with highest RFCs of strong medications to lessen or eliminate animal values needs to be phytochemically examined to diseases [1]. There have been several reports of investigate their active ingredients for drug innovation improvements made in synthetic drugs, but there is [5–9]. still a huge amount of animal illnesses or infections with no apparent drug of choice [4–13]. This have Fidelity level (FL%) given rise to a crucial requisite to make safer FL% is applied to identify the species that are most medicines (both for man and animals) for treating favored by the people for curing certain livestock various diseases, such as myiasis, pediculosis, disorders. In the present work, FL% ranges from septicemia, and tick infestation [1]. Based on new 23.214% to 76.320%, whereas the ethnomedicinal studies on medicinal plants and herbal remedies, there plant species with highest FL% were Artemisia have been countless progresses in the pharmacologic scoparia (FL% = 76.320%), Berberis lyceum Royle assessment of several plants used in local (FL% = 73.403%), Bromus japonicus (72.013%), ethnoveterinary systems [5, 6]. Subsequently, plants Avena sativa (71.024%), Cannabis sativa L. can be dubbed as main reservoirs of drugs, not only as (69.322%), Capsicum annum L (68.344%), Cedrus remote active values distributed in consistent amount, deodara (67.215%), and Chenopodium murale but also as crude remedies for the entire population [1]. (66.060%) for various disorders, whereas the lowest Current drugs and herbal remedies are complimentarily FL% among these medicinal plants were Tamarix applied in various rural areas for animal healthcare aphyla (L) Karst (26.313%), Cedrela serrata Royle management [1]. Because of good results from using (24.111%), and Zanthoxylum armatum Dc (23.214%) therapeutic plants, these species are rotated throughout (Table 3). the globe, and several herbal drugs were identified to be free from deleterious health and environmental Consensus index (CI%) effects [15, 16, 28–32]. CI of the taxa are mentioned in Table 3, which ranged In our present investigation, 41 plants were used from 21.741% to 83.109%. CI results revealed that against various animal diseases in the area, and it has most respondents’ percentage was for Artemisia been found that farmers prefer to collect the required scoparia (CI% = 83.109%), followed by Berberis plant directly from their surroundings, depending upon lyceum Royle (80.454%). High peak CI% for Berberis the season and availability of the plant. It has also been lyceum was also reported by Muhammad et al. [14–16]. noted that some ethnomedicinal species were very However, Bromus japonicus Thurd. ex Murr (79.862%) popular in particular areas, for example, plants with was followed by Avena sativa (72.341%), Cannabis most-use values were Artemisia scoparia (UVi = sativa L. (69.151%), and Capsicum annum L. 0.607), Berberis lyceum Royle (0.610), Bromus (68.012%). CI specifies agreement on the significance japonicus (0.491), Avena sativa (0.482), Cannabis of Artemisia scoparia as significantly well-recognized sativa L. (0.473), Capsicum annum L. (0.471), Cedrus medicinal plant used in cultural and folk medicine to deodara (0.462), and Chenopodium murale (0.453). treat numerous animal disorders in Shamozai Valley. On the basis of RFC values, the most quoted plant species by the indigenous people are Artemisia Informant consensus factor (FIC) scoparia having (RFCs = 0.760), Berberis lyceum FIC ranged from 0.947 to 1.000 (Table 4), and the (0.742), Bromus japonicus (0.731), Avena sativa plants’ usage reports ranged from 77 to 140. Different (0.721), and Cannabis sativa L. (0.711). The high diseases viz. appetite-causing agent, carminative frequency citation shows that these species are very disorders, eye disease, mouth ulcers, myiasis, famous among the farmers for treating their livestock pediculosis, septicemia, and tick infestation have [2, 3, 4, 8, 11, 14–18]. Similarly, RFCs values were maximum FIC value due to representation by only a cited by Muhammad et al. [1] for various livestock single medicinal plant taxa/species (Nt = 1). Other disorders. The high values of cited medicinal plant most frequently cited disease categories were species may be due to their widespread distribution Submit a manuscript: https://www.tmrjournals.com/tmr TMR | September 2020 | vol. 5 | no. 5 | 385 doi: 10.12032/TMR20200603186 ARTICLE and intense traditional awareness, which made these studies were found in the literature, which were in line botanical species as the first choice for livestock with our results in terms of the highest value of FIC disease treatment [1, 8]. CI results showed that most being for tick infestation and appetite-causing agent, interviewees % age was for Artemisia scoparia (CI% = similar to the studies by Akhtar et al. [19] and Iqbal et 83.109%), followed by Berberis lyceum Royle al. [6]. (80.454%). A different result was found by In ethnoveterinary medicine, various parts of the Muhammad et al. [1], who described that CI values plant are used, such as bark, roots, wood, leaves, stem, were highest for Berberis lyceum, whereas the flowers, fruit, buds, bulbs, and seeds [2–8, 14–20]. The ethnomedicinal plant species with the highest FL were socioeconomic classification of the research area was Artemisia scoparia (FL% = 76.320%), Berberis typically rural [1]. Livestock owners were relatively lyceum Royle (73.403%), Bromus japonicus rich in the knowledge of livestock health and (72.013%), Avena sativa (71.024%), Cannabis sativa production [2–14, 16–19]. Applying ethnoveterinary L. (69.322%), Capsicum annum L (68.344%), Cedrus for removing of ecto- and endoparasites has been deodara (67.215%), and Chenopodium murale reported earlier around the globe [1], but in Pakistan, (66.060%). Several researchers got maximum FL this type of studies are very rare [20]; hence, the values against certain diseases like tick infestation and present research work was the first of its class, in gastrointestinal disorders [2–8, 11–29]. FIC ranged which ethnoveterinary practices used for controlling from 0.947 to 1.000, and different ailments viz. animal diseases in the hilly areas of Shamozai, appetite-causing agent, carminative diseases, eye Pakistan was quantified. Further investigation is disease, fracture pain, inflammation of the kidneys, required on accurate standardization of doses and mouth ulcers, myiasis, pediculosis, and septicemia selection of methods to decrease drug toxicity hazards have the highest values. This study agrees with the to livestock [12–20, 25, 32]. The study area had a study of Muhammad et al. [1]. Various ethnoveterinary typically rural socioeconomic situation.

Table 4 FIC for each group of various diseases Number of taxa Disease categories Use reports (Nur) FIC (Nt) used Anthelmintic 6 140 0.964 Appetite-causing agent 1 120 1.000 Carminative diseases 1 132 1.000 Constipation 2 133 0.992 Cough 3 122 0.983 Eye disease 1 111 1.000 Fever 4 102 0.970 Anti-flatulence 2 103 0.990 Increased lactation 3 122 0.983 Fracture pain 2 122 0.991 Gastro intestinal problem 3 124 0.983 Infertility 2 125 0.991 Inflammation of the kidneys 2 109 0.990 Mouth ulcers 1 108 1.000 Myiasis 1 105 1.000 Pediculosis 1 98 1.000 Septicemia 1 99 1.000 Stomachache 2 96 0.989 Tick infestation 1 92 1.000 Vermifuge and diarrhea 2 80 0.987 Wound healing 5 77 0.947 FIC, informant consensus factor. TMR | September 2020 | vol. 5 | no. 5 | 386 Submit a manuscript: https://www.tmrjournals.com/tmr ARTICLE doi: 10.12032/TMR20200603186 Ethnoveterinary science is of countless significance from these therapeutic plants; thus, this motivating for the assistance that it provides regarding proper ethnomedicinal detail can be research-provoking. knowledge of the interrelations among qualities, Ethnoveterinary knowledge is under a severe risk due materials, knowledge, and culture of a society in its to urbanization, expanding agricultural demands, and entirety. Ethnoveterinary studies and other research acculturating trend of village residents. Due to investigations that focus on recording customary and urbanization, the ethnoveterinary knowledge may be ethnic information offer an entrance for imminent lost in future; hence, it is a dire need to collect and pharmacologic discoveries and drug studies [3]. systematically document this precious and empirical Although, much of the customary information about indigenous information and pay due attention to the applications of plants in traditional ethnoveterinary protect and conserve wild medicinal plants. In this medicine and health maintenance is susceptible due to study, 41 plants were presented, and these therapeutic vanishing ethnic and local cultures throughout the plants were applied generally as ethnomedicinal world [19]. This knowledge can play a role in treatment of various livestock illnesses. The most maintaining and recording this precious information important medicinal plants with the highest UVi were [1]. Moreover, acknowledgment is being given for the Artemisia scoparia (0.607), Berberis lyceum Royle incorporation of ethnoveterinary information in (0.610), Bromus japonicus (0.491), Avena sativa biodiversity conservation and sustainable supervision (0.482), Cannabis sativa L. (0.473), Capsicum annum of natural wealth [15–24]. The livestock holders of the L. (0.471), Cedrus deodara (0.462), and Chenopodium country are not only reliant on plants to acquire fodder murale (0.453). Based on RFC values, the most quoted for their cattle, but also on applying diverse medicinal plant species by the indigenous people are Artemisia plants to cure several livestock ailments [5, 6, 14]. The scoparia (0.760), Berberis lyceum (0.742), Bromus consumption of particular plant parts indicates that japonicus (0.731), Avena sativa (0.721), and Cannabis these parts have robust medicinal characteristics, but it sativa L. (0.711). CI results showed that most requires biological investigation and pharmacologic interviewees % age was for Artemisia scoparia screening to validate this indigenous information (83.109%), followed by Berberis lyceum Royle [7–13]. (80.454%), whereas the ethnomedicinal plant species More effort is required for decreasing the stress on with highest FL values were Artemisia scoparia the plants in the area through monitoring animal (76.320%), Berberis lyceum Royle (73.403%), Bromus consumption and avoiding overcollection by the local japonicus (72.013%), Avena sativa (71.024%), residents. Researches have exposed that protection Cannabis sativa L. (69.322%), Capsicum annum L. against grazing and other human influences in northern (68.344), Cedrus deodara (67.215), and Chenopodium Pakistan has improved species richness and vegetation murale (66.060) for various disorders. FIC ranged cover [8, 9, 26–32]. from 0.947 to 1.000. 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