DOCSLIB.ORG

Morphological Change Study of Ghoramara Island, Eastern India Using Multi Temporal Satellite Data

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Morphological Change Study of Ghoramara Island, Eastern India Using Multi Temporal Satellite Data Research Journal of Recent Sciences _________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502 Vol. 1(10), 72-81, October (2012) Res.J.Recent Sci. Morphological Change Study of Ghoramara Island, Eastern India Using Multi Temporal Satellite Data Jana Adarsa, Sheena Shamina and Biswas Arkoprovo Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721302, West Bengal, INDIA Available online at: www.isca.in Received 29 th August 2012, revised 4th September 2012, accepted 10 th September 2012 Abstract Ghoramara island is situated at 18.36 nautical miles away from Haldia dock in Hooghly estuary, Eastern India. It is a rhombic shaped island covering an area of around 4.8 km² with a total shoreline length of 8.5 kms. This sparingly populated sensitive ecosystem is rapidly changing its morphology due to extensive coastal erosion on the northwestern coast and marginal accretion on the southeastern side. The degradation of the system due to natural and anthropogenic causes leads to the total areal reduction of the island. There is a major loss of agricultural land and fisheries. The two islands Lohachara and Supribhanga lying to the southwest of Ghoramara have already been submerged. The vulnerability and stability of the island is the major fear of the inhabitants. In the present study, multi-resolution and multi-temporal satellite images of Landsat have been utilized to understand the erosion accretion pattern of the island over past four decades (1972-2010). The rate of change in shoreline positions have been estimated using statistical linear regression, end-point rate and net shoreline movement method and cross-validated with regression coefficient (R²) method. Land use land cover map has been prepared for all these years to understand how the erosion-accretion affected the island. It has been shown that the island is constantly shrinking over time and lost almost 50% of its area. Keywords : Hooghly estuary, Ghoramara Island, shoreline change rate, regression coefficient (R²), land use land cover. Introduction The study area Ghoramara Island is located 18.36 nautical miles southeast of Haldia dock. This island is extended between The coastal zone refers to a broad geographical area where the 21°53'56"N to 21°55'37"N latitude and 88°06'59"E to terrestrial and marine factors are mixed to produce 88°08'35"E longitude (figure 1). The island covers an area of 1 dynamic/sensitive ecosystems . The shoreline, interface 4.8km². The major villages on this island include Khasimara, 2,3 between land and sea , is very dynamic feature of the coastal Hathkola, Baghpara, Raipara, Mandirtala, Chunpuri Lakshmi zone. It undergoes frequent changes, short term and long term, Narayanpur and Khasimara Char. Out of these the Kashimara caused by hydrodynamic changes (river cycles, sea level rise), Char, Lakshmi Narayanpur and Kashimara have already been geomorphological changes (e.g. barrier island formation, spit lost. The major occupation of the people is agriculture and development) and other factors (sudden and rapid seismic and fishing. Main plant cover includes coconut, bamboos and 4,5 storm events) . The rate of shoreline changes is one of the casuarinas. The area experiences a tropical warm and humid common measurements used by coastal scientists, engineers and climate. Rain occurs due to southwest monsoon from May to land planners to indicate the dynamics and the hazards of the September, and the northeast monsoon from November to 6-12 coast . December. Maximum rainfall and comparatively lower temperatures are encountered with the onset of the monsoon The Hooghly estuary is a funnel shaped coastal plain estuary period from June to September while the highest temperatures and is one of the largest estuary of the river Ganges. The and minimum rainfall occur during pre-monsoon season from morphometric setting of the estuary is the product of continuous February to May with little or no rainfall. Minimum temperature fluvial sedimentation by a series of para-deltaic lobe occurs from November to January. As the Hooghly estuary progradation systems developed on the western shelf margin experience semidiurnal tide with flood tide of short duration, 3 areas and eastern basinal troughs of the Bengal basin tectonic to 4 hours, and the ebb tide remains for 8 to 9 hours, so the frame, over the entire Holocene period. The quaternary island also experience the stronger flood tides for shorter sediments are underlain by the tertiary sediments indicating an duration. It is 6.5 m above mean sea level 14 . The rise in the sea accumulation in a subsiding tectonic trough 13 . Looking at the level is caused by natural as well as anthropogenic activities like geological setting, the estuary itself occupies the Eocene hinge global warming. In the region, local sea level rise have been zone. Sagar is the largest island of the Sundarban, positioned at estimated as 2.6 mm per year 15,16 . The population of the island the mouth of the Hooghly estuary and divides it into two till 2001 is 5000 17 but due to the submergence of the inhabited channels, the western channel is retained as Hooghly and Lohachara Island under water because of rising sea levels, the eastern is named as Muriganga. Ghoramara and Sagar were people from Ghoramara Island are relocated to other nearby joined and formed a single island till 1903, when Ghoramara got islands like Sagar. The inhabitants are forced to leave the island separated from Sagar and stabilized as a separate island. International Science Congress Association 72 Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______________________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502 Vol. 1(10), 72-81, October (2012) Res. J. Recent Sci. due to degradation of the natural habitat. The term Material and Methods environmental refugees have been used for the inhabitants of this island 18 . The area is under severe threat of erosion. Where it Data Sources: Multi-resolution satellite data over the study has already lost around 50% of its area in last four decades and area, such as landsat MSS, TM and ETM+ of different dates the two islands, Lohachara and Supribhanga, are already have been acquired, as the same resolution data is not available drowned under water. Thus the stability of the island is in over the chosen period (1972-2010). The archived Landsat question. Rapid and vast erosion is going on around the island. images are freely available to the users so these are used. The orthorectified Landsat data was downloaded from USGS global Remote sensing techniques integrated with the geographical visualization viewer. The area is covered by Survey of India 19, 20 information system (GIS) has been used for many studies . (SOI) Toposheet No. 79C/1 at 1:50, 000 scales. The integrated method has been used in the shoreline changes studies due to repetitive and synoptic coverage, high resolution, Landsat data is typically used for coastal zones because of the multi-spectral data base and its cost effectiveness. Multi- multi-spectral and multi-temporal capabilities of the data. temporal satellite images of Landsat have been used to However, only multi-temporal data has been utilized that allow understand erosion-accretion processes over past 38 years and to us to keep track of the various changes in characteristics of the demarcate the shoreline position during different periods. In the coastal zone. The details regarding satellites and their present study, an investigation has been carried out in acquisition dates are listed in table 1. Ghoramara Island to delineate the shoreline and land use land cover changes. Figure-1 Location map of Ghoramara Island Table-1 Characteristics of satellite data used with acquisition dates Satellite/sensor Date of acquisition No. of bands Spatial resolution (m) Path/Row Landsat -5, TM February 6,2010 7 30 139/45 Landsat -5, ETM+ November 17,2000 8 30 139/45 Landsat-4, TM January 19,1989 7 30 139/45 Landsat-3, MSS February 9,1979 4 79 149/45 Landsat-1, MSS December 12,1972 4 79 149/45 International Science Congress Association 73 Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______________________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502 Vol. 1(10), 72-81, October (2012) Res. J. Recent Sci. Shoreline Mapping: Shoreline is the line distinguishing land position. Each method used to calculate shoreline change rates from water body. The precise definition of the shoreline is given is based on measured differences between shoreline positions by 21 as the line contacting between the mean high water line and through time. The procedure involves the selection of a base the shore. Various methods of the shoreline extraction from the line in the general direction if a shoreline, establishing transects satellite imageries have been developed. Shoreline can be perpendicular to the base line and then finally calculating the identified and delineated from a single band image by using the distance between the shorelines along various transects. Several processed NIR bands of Landsat MSS, and TM, as the statistical methods are used to calculate the shoreline change reflectance of water is nearly zero in reflective infrared band, rates with the most commonly used been are end-point rate and reflectance of majority of land cover is greater than water. (EPR), linear-regression (LR) and net shoreline movement The processing of the NIR bands included ‘Histogram/gray (NSM) 23 . The end point rate calculations are done by dividing level thresholding’ 22 . Band 5 is best for distinguishing land from the distance of shoreline movement by the time gap between the Water because it exhibits a strong contrast between the two oldest and youngest shoreline in the data set 24 . The major where water shows high absorption in the middle infra-red advantage of this method is ease of computation and energy and vegetation strongly reflect the middle infra-red calculations can be done on minimum two shorelines only.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Migration and Climate Change
    Migration and Climate Change No. 31 The opinions expressed in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Organization for Migration (IOM). The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. _______________ IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants. _______________ Publisher: International Organization for Migration 17 route des Morillons 1211 Geneva 19 Switzerland Tel: +41.22.717 91 11 Fax: +41.22.798 61 50 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.iom.int Copy Editor: Ilse Pinto-Dobernig _______________ ISSN 1607-338X © 2008 International Organization for Migration (IOM) _______________ All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. 11_08 Migration and Climate Change1 Prepared for IOM by Oli Brown2 International Organization for Migration Geneva CONTENTS Abbreviations 5 Acknowledgements 7 Executive Summary 9 1. Introduction 11 A growing crisis 11 200 million climate migrants by 2050? 11 A complex, unpredictable relationship 12 Refugee or migrant? 1 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Trapped Or Resettled: Coastal Communities in the Sundarbans
    Climate crisis and local communities 15 FMR 64 June 2020 www.fmreview.org/issue64 Trapped or resettled: coastal communities in the Sundarbans Delta, India Shaberi Das and Sugata Hazra When local communities face the brunt of the impacts of climate change, how able are they to make choices in their response? And whose responsibility is it to provide support? Forced migration due to environmental limited capacity to adapt to and cope with stressors must be differentiated from adverse environmental changes. Electricity on voluntary migration. Blurred and the island is powered by solar panels which contradictory definitions abound, leading the government and NGOs have installed in to inadequate or an absence of regulations almost every household, and drinking water regarding the provision of support is obtained from tubewells. Infrastructure and compensation. Culpability – and investment remains low, however, because responsibility – can be established relatively of the high rate of coastal erosion; within the easily in instances of development-induced last 40 years, the island has been reduced to displacement. In cases of forced migration less than half of its original size, displacing triggered by climatic factors, however, thousands.3 The first storm shelter is currently no single party or parties (whether the under construction, while the school displaced individual, the government building serves as a makeshift refuge. or an international agency) can be held Respondents to semi-structured unquestionably accountable and therefore interviews revealed that health care and responsible for alleviating related education remain inadequate, with children hardship. The human costs are borne by often travelling to or boarding on the local communities in locations rendered mainland in order to attend high school.
    [Show full text]
  • Sea Level Rise and Submergence of Sundarban Islands : a Time Series Study of Estuarine Dynamics
    Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences ISSN: 0976-9900 & E-ISSN: 0976-9919, Volume 5, Issue 1, 2014, pp.-114-123. Available online at http://www.bioinfopublication.org/jouarchive.php?opt=&jouid=BPJ0000261 SEA LEVEL RISE AND SUBMERGENCE OF SUNDARBAN ISLANDS : A TIME SERIES STUDY OF ESTUARINE DYNAMICS RAHA A.K.1*, MISHRA A.2, BHATTACHARYA S.3, GHATAK S.4, PRAMANICK P.5, DEY S.2, SARKAR I.2 AND JHA C.6 1Department of Forest and Environment Science, Techno India University, Salt Lake, Kolkata- 700 091, WB, India. 2Department of Forests, GIS Cell, Government of West Bengal, Kolkata- 700 098, WB, India. 3Department of Forest, Government of West Bengal, Salt Lake, Kolkata- 700 091, WB, India. 4Department of Forest, Government of West Bengal, Wildlife Division, Jalpaiguri- 736 122, WB, India. 5Department of Oceanography, Techno India University, Salt Lake, Kolkata- 700 091, WB, India. 6Forestry and Ecology Group, National Remote Sensing Centre, Hyderabad- 500 037, AP, India. *Corresponding Author: Email- [email protected] Received: July 10, 2014; Accepted: July 30, 2014 Abstract- The Sundarban mangrove ecosystem in the deltaic complex of the Rivers Ganga, Brahmaputra and Meghna is shared between Bangladesh (62%) and India (38%) and is the world’s largest coastal wetland. Enormous load of sediments carried by the rivers used to con- tribute to its expansion and dynamics. The total area of Indian Sundarban region is about 9630 sq. km., out of which the Reserved Forest occupies nearly 4260 sq. km. At present, out of 102 islands of the Indian Sundarban region, 54 are inhabitated with a population of about 4.2 million (2011 census) and the rest of 48 islands are Reserved Forest with mangrove vegetation.
    [Show full text]
  • Impacts of Invasive Alien Species on Island Ecosystems of India with Special Reference to Andaman Group of Islands - National Biodiversity Authority, Chennai
    Authors S. Sandilyan, B. Meenakumari, A. Biju Kumar & Karthikeyan Vasudevan Citation Sandilyan, S., Meenakumari, B., Biju Kumar, A. and Karthikeyan Vasude- van. 2018. Impacts of invasive alien species on island ecosystems of India with special reference to Andaman group of islands - National Biodiversity Authority, Chennai. Corresponding Author Sandilyan, S. <[email protected]> Copyright @ National Biodiversity Authority, Chennai. ISBN No.: 978-81-932753-5-1 Published by Centre for Biodiversity Policy and Law (CEBPOL) National Biodiversity Authority 5th Floor, TICEL Biopark, CSIR Road, Taramani Chennai 600 113, Tamil Nadu Website: www.nbaindia.org/cebpol Layout and Design: N.Singaram Information Technology Executive, CEBPOL Disclaimer: This publications is prepared as an initiative under CEBPOL programme. All the views expressed in this publication are based on established legal principles. Any error or lapse is purely unintended and inconsequential and shall not make either the NBA or the CEBPOL liable for the same. Some pictures and images included in this publication are sourced from public domain. This publications is purely for non-commercial purposes including awareness creation and capacity building. Contents I. Introduction ............................................................................................ 1 II. Introduction to Islands .......................................................................... 5 a. Biological Importance of Islands .................................................. 8 b. Indian Islands
    [Show full text]
  • Government of West Bengal Office of the District
    District Disaster Management Plan, South 24 Parganas 2015 Government of West Bengal Office of the District Magistrate, South 24 Parganas District Disaster Management Department New Treasury Building, (1 st Floor) Alipore, Kolkata-27 . An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Organisation : [email protected] , : 033-2439-9247 1 District Disaster Management Plan, South 24 Parganas 2015 Government of West Bengal Office of the District Magistrate, South 24-Parganas District Disaster Management Department Alipore, Kolkata- 700 027 An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Organisation : [email protected] , : 033-2439-9247 2 District Disaster Management Plan, South 24 Parganas 2015 3 District Disaster Management Plan, South 24 Parganas 2015 ~:CONTENTS:~ Chapter Particulars Page No. Preface~ 5 : Acknowledgement 6 Maps : Chapter-1 i) Administrative Map 8 ii) Climates & Water Bodies 9 Maps : iii) Roads & Railways 10 iv) Occupational Pattern 11 ~ v) Natural Hazard Map 12 District Disaster Management Committee 13 List of important phone nos. along with District Control 15 Room Number Contact number of Block Development Officer 16 Contact Details of Municipality, South 24 Parganas 17 Contact number of OC Disaster Management & 18 Chapter-2: SDDMO/BDMO Other important contact number 19 Contact details State Level Disaster Management Contact Number 26 Contact Details of Police, South 24 Parganas 29 Contact Details of PHE , PWD & I & W 35 Contact details of ADF (Marine), Diamond Harbour 37 List of Block wise GR Dealers with their contact details, 38 South 24 Parganas The Land & the River 43 Demography 49 Chapter-3: Multi Hazard Disaster Management Plan 57 District Profile History of Disaster, South 24 Parganas 59 Different types of Natural Calamities with Dos & don’ts 60 Disaster Management Plan of District Controller (F&S) 71 Chapter: 4 Disaster Disaster Management Plan of Health 74 Disaster Management Plan of WB Fire & Emergency Management Plan 81 of Various Services.
    [Show full text]
  • Decadal Changes in Shoreline Patterns in Sundarbans, India Nilovna Chatterjee1, Ranadhir Mukhopadhyay2*, Debashish Mitra3
    JOURNAL OF COASTAL SCIENCES JOURNAL OF COASTAL SCIENCES Journal homepage: www.jcsonline.co.nr ISSN: 2348 – 6740 Volume 2 Issue No. 2 - 2015 Pages 54-64 Decadal Changes in Shoreline Patterns in Sundarbans, India Nilovna Chatterjee1, Ranadhir Mukhopadhyay2*, Debashish Mitra3 1 Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632 014, India 2CSIR- National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, 403 004, Goa, India 3 Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Dehra Dun, 248 001, Uttarakhand, India ABST RACT A RTICLE INFO Sundarbans is one of the most populated and largest deltas in the world and is located at the mouth of three major Received rivers- Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna that empty into the Bay of Bengal along the east coast of India. The 15 July 2015 landforms of Sundarbans are changing shape rapidly following impact of several forcing parameters, both natural Accepted (atmospheric, physical, chemical and geological) and anthropogenic (pollution, tourism, deforestation). We submit 21 September 2015 here an assessment of changes in shoreline pattern of 14 islands in Indian Sundarbans (ISD) since 1979. Using multi Available online temporal satellite images of LANDSAT, we found that as many as four islands within ISD have lost area in excess of 17 October 2015 30%. While the area loss for another three islands has been between 10 and 30%, five islands show minor loss of area (<10%). The shoreline variations in two other islands, however, are of extreme nature. While the Lohachar Island on Keywords the river Hoogly was completely submerged2 by the end of the last century, the neighboring Nayachar Island on the same river has gained more than 30 km of land area.
    [Show full text]
  • Coverstory A. BIJU KUMAR 8
    Cover Story The mesmerising Maldivian island Climate change has hit islands hard with some in danger of disappearing completely as sea levels rise. Being the most vulnerable ecosystems with regard to climate change, there is a need to frame effective adaptive and A. BIJU KUMAR management policies specifically for the islands. Global warming and sea level rise, if Kiribati. The people of low-lying continued unabated, would affect the islands in Vanuatu, also in the Pacific, very existence of the nation and have been evacuated as a precaution, therefore the nation’s government is though the island still remains above HE world’s first underwater developing a plan to evacuate the entire the sea. The impacts of climate change cabinet meeting organised by country to new homes in Sri Lanka, are more pronounced in some low- the Maldivian president on 17 India or Australia in case of need! lying Pacific island nations as they are October 2009 was a symbolic The alarm bell is ticking not just slowly being submerged by the rising Tcry for help over rising sea levels that for the Maldives but also for many water levels of the Pacific Ocean.As the threaten the tropical archipelago’s islands across the globe. The New seas continue to swell, they will existence. This island archipelago Moore Island of India in the Sunderbans swallow whole island nations, from the nation off the tip of India, best known has been consumed recently by the Maldives to the Marshall Islands, rising sea—even as Bangladesh was for its mesmerising beauty and inundate vast areas of countries from also claiming its right over it! The New sparkling beaches, represented by Bangladesh to Egypt, and submerge Moore is not the first island to be 1,200 atolls, 80% of which are no more parts of a large number of coastal cities.
    [Show full text]
  • Political Economy of Planned Relocation: a Model of Action and Inaction in Government Responses
    ORE Open Research Exeter TITLE Political economy of planned relocation: A model of action and inaction in government responses AUTHORS Mortreux, C; Safra de Campos, R; Adger, WN; et al. JOURNAL Global Environmental Change DEPOSITED IN ORE 26 April 2019 This version available at http://hdl.handle.net/10871/36910 COPYRIGHT AND REUSE Open Research Exeter makes this work available in accordance with publisher policies. A NOTE ON VERSIONS The version presented here may differ from the published version. If citing, you are advised to consult the published version for pagination, volume/issue and date of publication Published as Mortreux C, Safra de Campos R, Adger WN, Ghosh T, Das S, Adams H, Hazra S (2018). Political economy of planned relocation: a model of action and inaction in government responses. Global Environmental Change, 50, 123-132 Political economy of planned relocation: a model of action and inaction in government responses Colette Mortreux1, Ricardo Safra de Campos1, W. Neil Adger1, Tuhin Ghosh2, Shouvik Das2, Helen Adams3 and Sugata Hazra2. 1 Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter UK 2 School of Oceanographic Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India 3 Department of Geography, Kings College London Abstract Planned relocation has been shown to have significant impacts on the livelihoods and wellbeing of people and communities, whether the resettlement process is inclusive or coercive. For states, planned relocation represents risks to those communities but also to government investments and political legitimacy. Evaluations of relocations commonly focus on the risks and benefits of government interventions while overlooking the consequences of not intervening.
    [Show full text]
  • Surviving in the Sundarbans: Threats and Responses
    SURVIVING IN THE SUNDARBANS: THREATS AND RESPONSES focuses on the conduct of different groups and various agencies, and attempts to understand this conduct in the context of deteriorating ecosystem integrity, and heightened vulnerability of human society, where natural processes are averse to human presence, and where the development process is weak. The study explores the socio-political and physical complexities within which sustainable development strategies need to be developed. The emphasis is not so much on how to develop these strategies but on understanding the contrasting forces, competing interests, and contradictions in operation. DANDA In this study the concept of collective or self-organised action is used as an analytical tool to help unravel the complex interactions that take place at different levels and to shed light on conditions associated with better management of the various contradictions at play in the eco-region. Surviving in the Sundarbans: It is argued that the unique eco-region of the Sundarbans requires special policy measures to address ecological sustainability and distributional equity, to overcome the ills that undermine human well-being, and to ensure that Threats and Responses people of this eco-region have the choices to live the way they like and value what they have reason to value. S u r v i v i n g i n t h e S u n d a r b a n s : T h r e a t s a n d R e s p o n s e s 2007 SURVIVING IN THE SUNDARBANS: THREATS AND RESPONSES An analytical description of life in an Indian riparian commons DISSERTATION to obtain the doctor´s degree at the University of Twente, on the authority of the rector magnificus, prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Project Concept for Enhancing Livelihoods in Sagar Island, Sundarbans
    Project Concept for Enhancing Livelihoods in Sagar Island, Sundarbans June 2008 Sundarbans Development Board Sundarbans Affairs Department Government of West Bengal Project Concept for Enhancing Livelihoods in Sagar Island Project Concept for Enhancing Livelihoods in Sagar Island Revised Draft PROJECT CONCEPT For Enhancing Livelihoods in Sagar Island, Sundarbans Project Concept for Enhancing Livelihoods in Sagar Island Contents Introduction 3 Sundarbans 3 Sagar Island 6 Rationale 7 Livelihoods Concept 8 Livelihoods in Sagar 9 Livelihoods of the Poor in Sagar 12 Project Concept 13 Way Forward for the Project Concept 13 Budget 18 Conclusion 20 Annexure I: Sagar Island: a profile at a glance 21 Annexure I: Livelihoods Framework 22 Annexure III: Betel Vine Value Chain 28 Annexure IV: Sagar Island in LF Perspective 29 Project Concept for Enhancing Livelihoods in Sagar Island INTRODUCTION Indian has a coastline of about 8000 km. Nearly 250 million people are living within 50km of the coast. About 20 per cent of them are poor and the most marginalized. Being on the coast, places them at the mercy of the nature. Their life and livelihoods carry great risk. Until now management of India’s coastal zone was more regulatory in nature as per the Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 1991. This approach provided little room for promotion of conservation and economic activities in the coasts. Therefore in 2004, the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) constituted an expert committee headed by M.S. Swaminathan, to review the Notification. The committee recommended many reforms towards conservation of ecosystems, promotion of economic activity and poverty reduction in coastal areas in a more strategic, decentralized and scientific way.
    [Show full text]
  • Significance of Embankments Breaching in Southern Blocks of South 24 Parganas District, West Bengal
    © 2018 JETIR August 2018, Volume 5, Issue 8 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) SIGNIFICANCE OF EMBANKMENTS BREACHING IN SOUTHERN BLOCKS OF SOUTH 24 PARGANAS DISTRICT, WEST BENGAL Hirak Sarkar Research Scholar Department of Geography The University of Burdwan, East Badhaman, India Abstract: The embankments in Southern Blocks of South 24 Parganas District, West Bengal protect the ecological as well as cultural resources from the tidal inundation have been breached frequently caused by physical, climatic, biotic and several other factors. Such breaching of the embankments severely damaged the bases of subsistence of human life and the species-rich unique estuarine ecosystem of the Sundarbans. The human settlement in the Bengal delta has been only possible due to the reclamation of the premature land by embankment construction and deforestation. But the cultural landscape of the region has been threatened by the breaching of those man-made impediments due to tidal ingression and other hydro- meteorological hazards like cyclones and storm surges. The human settlements and the economic bases of subsistence such as cultivable land, fisheries and sources of drinking water have been severely affected due to the ingression of saline water during breaching which leads to loss of human life and property; displacement of poor rural folks from their native places, destined to move elsewhere in destitute condition without any economic wealth and security. The natural and cultural ecosystem of the Southern Blocks of the District namely Sagar, Kultali, Basanti, Patharpratima, Gosaba and Namkhana have experienced the devastating impact of embankment breaching. The study, therefore, aims at coming across the solutions of the problems of embankment breaching in the area and formulation of better planning and mitigation strategies so that the ecology as well as the economy of the concerned area have become protected from the tidal erosion and inundation.
    [Show full text]
  • West-Bengal-Postal-C
    NOTIFICATION FOR THE POSTS OF GRAMIN DAK SEVAKS IN THE CIRCLE West Bengal Circle RECTT./R-100/ONLINE/GDS/VOL-VI DATED 05.04.2018 Applications are invited by the respective appointing authorities as shown in the annexure ‘B’ against each post, from eligible candidates for the selection and engagement to the posts of Gramin Dak Sevaks under ……………….West Bengal……………… Circle……….……………………………….. as listed in the Annexure. Eligibility: A. AGE:- The minimum and maximum age for the purpose of engagement to Gramin Dak Sevaks posts shall be between 18 and 40 years as on 05.04.2018. The maximum age shall be relaxable by 03 (three) years to those belonging to OBC categories and 05 (five) years in case of candidates belonging to SC/ST. [10 years for PH above the respective category] B. EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION:- The candidate should pass 10th standard from approved state boards by the respective State Govt. / Central Govt. No weightage will be given for possessing any qualification(s) higher than the mandatory educational qualification. The Candidate passed Xth class examination in first attempt will be treated as meritorious against those passed compartmentally. C. COMPUTER KNOWLEDGE:- The candidate should have computer knowledge and will be required to furnish basic computer training certificate for at least 60 days from a recognized Computer Training Institute. Certificates from Central Government/ State Government/ University/ Boards etc., will also be acceptable for this purpose. This requirement of basic computer knowledge certificate shall be relaxable in cases where a candidate has studied computer as a subject in Class X or Class XII or higher educational qualification provided the candidate submits a certificate of Class X or Class XII or higher educational qualification in which he/she has studied computer as a subject.
    [Show full text]