Identification of Parameters For Analysis and Typologies of

Greenspaces (Case Study:CharholiBudruk, Pune)

Ar. Chinmay Anil Pimplapure1, Professor. AparnaMhetras2

1D.Y. Patil School of Architecture, Charoli bk. via Lohegaon, Pune. 2Professor, Head of departmentM.Archat D.Y. Patil School of Architecture, Charoli bk. via Lohegaon, Pune. Abstract: Due to rapid industrialization in cities like Pune, the green cover surrounding the city has taken a major hit. Greenspace or open space reserve are protected areas of undeveloped landscape which in turn can be talked about as the green belt in land use planning. It is the umbrella term for all such areas whether they are publicly accessible or publicly managed. They are vital for the urban fabric giving tangible and intangible benefits. Thus, the study for such spaces in a city like Pune which is losing its valued greenspace, the natural environment needs to be started. To review the status of the Greenspaces in CharholiBudruk, To provide an analysis of the types of the spaces that engulf the greenspaces in the concerned area. To find out the parameters that come in segregating the greenspaces to understand the flora fauna that can impact the study and Greenspaces in particular.

Keywords: Greenspaces, parameters, sustainable development, typologies,

1.INTRODUCTION

A passageway of undeveloped land preserved for recreational use or environmental protection is thought as a greenbelt.The space or a reserve of that area for an undeveloped landscape is called as Greenspace. Thus, Green space is defined as land that consists predominantly of unsealed, permeable, ‘soft’ surfaces such as soil, grass, shrubs and trees.It is the umbrella term for all such areas whether they are publicly or easily accessible although publicly managed.It includes all areas of parks, play areas and other green spaces specifically intended for recreational use, as well as other green spaces with other origins.

Green spaces are one of the most important elements of any urban as well as rural ecosystem, both due to its ecosystem dynamics and its essential contribution in sustainability of mankind. However, it is ironic that despite of its immense significance, vegetation is undergoing destruction and degradation in these times due to rapid and

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haphazard urbanization in developing countries, making them more vulnerable to global environmental change impacts.

2. IMPORTANCE OF GREENSPACES AND ITS BENEFITS

Green areas exist during a nice kind of shapes, structures and types within the city or urban fabric.

The successful protection, creation, and development of the spaces is one of the key elements required to achieve sustainable urban development. Green Space in urban area performs multidimensional functions and provides enormous benefits to the citizens. Importance is still more due to its limited availability in urban area as a result of urbanization. It not only performs the regulatory but also environmental and social functions and provides various types of benefits as per its location and size at various spatial levels. Recent boom in development and urbanization is substantially responsible for over exploitation of natural resources. Pollution, degradation, Barren land formation leapfrogging of development land fragmentation and many such problems are faced due to urbanization. Continuous trend of urbanization permanently foreclosures more and more opportunities to conserve natural resources.

2.1 Tangible benefits – Ecological benefits

 Green spaces have been to absorb pollutants, moderate the impact of human activities for eg. Absorbing pollutantsand releasing oxygen.  They contribute to the healthy urban environment by providing clean air, water and soil.  They improve the urban climate and maintain the balance of the city’s natural urban environment.

Benefits at planning level

 A network of high quality green spaces linking residential areas with business, retail and leisure developments can help to improve the accessibility and attractiveness of local facilities and employment centers.  It encourages people travel safely by foot or by bicycle for recreation

2.2 Intangible Benefits Social benefits:

 Green spaces provide a refreshing contrast to the harsh shape, colour, and texture of buildings and stimulate the senses with their simple color, sound, smell and motions. 297 | P a g e

 Well managed and maintained green spaces contribute to social justice by creating opportunities for people of all age groups to interact.  Encourages volunteerism, Promotes stewardship, Promotes individuals with disabilities.

Health Benefits:

 Decrease obesity, Boosts immune system, Relieves stress, Life expectancy, Reduces depression.  Improves quality of life  Recreational activities are a medium in which participants can change their self-image and gain personalsatisfaction.  Green areas are a good profit to our surroundings.  They filter pollutants and mud from the air, they provide shade and lower temperatures in urban areas, and they even reduce erosion of soil into our waterways.These are simply some of the environmental advantages that inexperienced areas offer.

3. STUDY AREA

Pune City (Pune municipal corporation limit), lies between latitudes 18°25' N and 18°37' N and 73°44' E and 73° 57' E longitudes covering an area of 243.84 sq km. Situated on the Deccan plateau and lies on leeward side of theWestern Ghats and is at a height of 560m above the mean sea level.

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Figure 1: Demographic Trend of Pune City (Source: Census of India, 1951-2011)

Total area of Pune city has increased from 145.92 sq km to 243.84 sq km with addition of 23 villages to the old municipal limit in year 1999 (See table 2) (CDP, 2006). As per provisional census data for 2011, demographically Pune city is the 9th largest city in India with a population of 3,115,431 (Census, 2011)

Green spaces are an integral part of any city landscape, providing city and its residents with numerous benefits both tangible and in-tangible (Gaodiet al., 2010), ecosystem services like pollutant sequestration and ambient temperature regulation etc. (Nowak et al, 2006) (Jim and Chen, 2008), social services and health (Grahn and Stigsdotter, 2003), and economic services like tourism, increased property prices etc. (Chaudhry and Tewari, 2010) (Luttik, 2000). CharoliBudhruk is an ancient village near Alandiin Pune District, Maharashtra, India.Chahroli lies on the southern bank of Indrayani river.The place was in reign of Mughals (Nizam) till 16th century, later in 1636 it was conquered by Maratha Maharaja ShahjiRaje Bhosale. In 1653, finally it was developed as individual village under Peshwas.Geographically the village is on a deep plain land surrounded by a number of hills.(refer figure 2)

 Total Polpulation: 15,600Nos.  Distance from Pune: 23 Kms  Main Occupation: Farming

4. VEGETATION TYPOLOGIES

In 1968, Champion and Seth categorized the Indian forests into five major categories (i) Tropical (ii) Montane subtropical (iii) Montane temperate (iv) Sub-alpine and (v) Alpine. Due to differences in annual temperature, rainfall and dry periods among the forests; the forests types are futher divided into sub-types or groups . (Champion and Seth 2005).

5.FORESTS AND GRASSLANDS

It is very difficult to define ‘Forest’ due to variation in purpose of forest use and their scale. All around the world roughly 800 definitions to define the forests and wooded areas are in use (Lund 2012).

Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) defined forest as land area of more than 0.5 ha with trees higher than 5 m height and more than 10 percent tree cover, or trees capable to attain 5 m height under in situ condition, nevertheless it does not include the lands under agricultural or urban practices (FAO 2010). India first time defined forest during the Kyoto Protocol by adopting the definition of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).

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Accordingly; forest is a land area having at least 0.05 ha land area and 15% tree cover with at least 2 m tree height. As per UNFCCC this definition includes the closed as well as open forests. These two forests differ in their tree cover. The tree cover between 10 to 40% is considered for open forest while more than 40% reflects closed forest. United Nations Environment Programmed follows 40% criteria of tree cover to define the forest (UNEP 2011).

Similar to forests, it is tough to define grassland, however it may be defined as natural vegetation dominated by native or natural and perennial grasses and other forbs species (Allen et al. 2011) suitable for forage production, there may or may not be trees, if trees are, then it should not be beyond more than three trees per hectare or 10% tree cover (FAO 2010). Natural grasslands are formed in areas having erratic and low annual precipitation just suitable for the growth of grasses. Such low precipitation and occurrence of fire do not support the tree growth. The annual precipitation between 250 and 800 mm in temperate zone and upto 1500 mm in tropical zone support the luxuriant growth of grasslands (Mishra 1989). Further, the thin soil and dry condition of grasslandrestrict the tree survival (Rao et al 2012).

According to Dabadghao and Shankarnarayan, the area falls under tropical deciduous forest. These forests are situated on eastern slopes of the Western Ghats where the mean annual rainfall ranges from 50-150 cm and mean annual temperature from 26" C to 27.3 "C. The forests of the districts of Kolhapur, Sangli. Satara, Pune, Ahmednagar, Nasik. Dhule, Jalgoan. Aurangabad, .lalna. Parbhani. Nanded, Yavatmal, Buldhana. Akola, Amravati, Wardha, Nagpur, Chandrapur. Bhandara and Gadchiroli are fully and partially covered by this type of vegetation.

Acacia chundra, A. ferruginea, Albizialebbeck, Azadirachtaindica, Dalbergialatifolia, Euphorbia ligularia, Ficusamplissima, Mangiferaindica, and Tectonagrandis, etc.

Champion and Seth describes the vegetation styles coming under tropical deciduous forest region to be semi arid. Semi-arid is a region with a rainfall varying from 400 to 1000 mm and it is dominated by grass and shrub species.

The semi-arid region shows high craniate numbers, especially gramivorous species such as finches, munias, larks, doves and pigeons.It has dry deciduous forest, but extensive tracts of grasslands are seen in the Deccan plateau in central India, the Malwa plateau in western India, and in the Saurashtraregion and Kutch in Gujarat.

The semi-arid region merges with the arid on the western facet and with the Gangetic plains within the north.

Thse grasslands have a specific type i.e. Schima-Dichanthium Type of grasslands generally grows on black soils. The major localities for its occurrence are western Hydrabad, Bombay, Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal, Southern-Eastern Uttar Pradesh, western Andhra Pradesh, Mysore, and Chennai. Dichanthiumannulatum, Chrysopogonfulvus, Themedatriandra and Sehimiasps. are the dominant species.

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5.MAPPING OF GREENSPACES

The greenspaces were mapped on the CharholiBudruk area through G.I.S. and manual demarcation. The spaces thus formed are liable to change depending upon the area formation and other possibilities. Various built up forms were considered and used as the base for the study.

Based on the study the area of CharholiBudruk was differentiated on account of different types of grasslands thus identified as well as woodlands near the river bamk and so on.

Other base case for water as well as built up and open spaces were marked on the map and rastered for the study.

The Area was divided into 5 x 5units and each was given importance on account of the parameters identified.

Charholi Boundary on Contour Map(Source:PCMC)

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Mapping of Greenspaces for CharholiBudruk

6. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Table 1: Ecological Analysis

PARAMETERS ECOLOGICAL

WATER SOIL CUMULATIVE

GREENSPACE RIPARIAN WOODLAND 5 5 5

WOODLAND 4 4 4

GRASSLAND(NATURAL) 3 3 3

GRASSLAND (MAN-MADE) WASTELAND OR 2 1 1.5 SCRUBLAND

FARMLAND 4 4 4

OPEN SPACES(G,PG) 2 1 1.5

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Table 2: Resource Utility

PARAMETERS RESOURCE UTILITY

FUEL OR INDUSTRIAL FOREST PRODUCTS CUMULATIVE WOOD

GREENSPACE GREENSPACE RIPARIAN WOODLAND 4 3 3.5

WOODLAND 4 3 3.5

GRASSLAND(NATURAL) 1 5 3

GRASSLAND (MAN-MADE) WASTELAND OR 1 2 1.5 SCRUBLAND

FARMLAND 1 2 1.5

OPEN SPACES(G,PG) 1 1 1

POINTS PERCENTAGE% WEIGHTAGE

1 0-20 1

2 20-40 2

3 40-60 3

4 60-80 4

5 80-100 5

Table 3: Social Analysis

PARAMETERS SOCIAL

ECOTOURISM RECREATION CUMULATIVE

GREENSPACE RIPARIAN WOODLAND 4 3 3.5

WOODLAND 3 3 3

GRASSLAND(NATURAL) 2 1 1.5

GRASSLAND (MAN-MADE) 3 3 3 WASTELAND OR SCRUBLAND

FARMLAND 4 2 3

OPEN SPACES(G,PG) 2 5 3.5

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Table 4: Biospheric Analysis

PARAMETERS BIOSPHERIC

BIODIVERSITY CLIMATE CUMULATIVE REGULATION

GREENSPACE GREENSPACE RIPARIAN WOODLAND 4 4 4

WOODLAND 4 3 3.5

GRASSLAND(NATURAL) 4 2 3

GRASSLAND (MAN-MADE) 2 1 1.5

WASTELAND OR SCRUBLAND

FARMLAND 3 3 3

OPEN SPACES(G,PG) 3 2 2.5

POINTS PERCENTAGE% WEIGHTAGE

1 0-20 1

2 20-40 2

3 40-60 3

4 60-80 4

5 80-100 5

]

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Table 5: FinalData Point Conclusion

PARAMETERS TOTAL % AVAILIABILITY FINAL WEIGHTAGE POINT

GREENSPACE RIPARIAN WOODLAND 20 80 ANNUAL 5

WOODLAND 18 72 SEASONAL 4

GRASSLAND(NATURAL) 13.5 54 SEASONAL 3

GRASSLAND (MAN-MADE) 9.5 38 SEASONAL 2

WASTELAND OR SCRUBLAND

FARMLAND 12.5 50 ANNUAL 3

OPEN SPACES(G,PG) 10.5 42 ANNUAL 2

7. CONCLUSION

 The parameters inferred were studied with the various typologies identified and a rating was given according to the factors with respect to the study  Riparian woodland gathered the maximum points on the indicator meter and hence can be termed of primary importance of the greenspaces related to the study.  Parameters identified were of primal as well as secondary importance for the study of the area.  Greenspaces can change depending upon on weather conditions and infrastructural development which will grow gradually. Hence the data given is for that time period only.  Lastly it can be concluded from this study that, urbanization and urban sprawl is one of the most important and urgent issue which all developing countries like India are facing, which is making the green cover decrease to a minimal amount of character  Thus it needs to tackled holistically involving all stakeholders like general public, corporate sector and NGO’s, not just the decision makers of any urban ecosystem.

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Identification and Analysis of the Parameters

8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to give my sincere regards and thanks to all those who have directly or indirectly helped me in my research, studies and completion of my thesis.

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I express my sincere gratitude to my guide Vice Principle, Department of Architecture, Prof. Aparna Mhetras, HOD Environmental Architecture for her valuable help and co-ordination as a thesis guide.

I also wish to acknowledge the contributions of Prof. ShubhadaChapekar. Principle, Department of Architecture.

Also, I would like to thank my friends for their support and help in completion of this thesis.

Very special thanks to my parents, and my family members for their love, encouragement and constant support throughout the project and life without which this project would not have completed.

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