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(Brans and Meal) As Food for Artemia Franciscana (Kellogg, 1906) and Effects on Performance and Biochemical Compositions

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(Brans and Meal) As Food for Artemia Franciscana (Kellogg, 1906) and Effects on Performance and Biochemical Compositions Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences 7(3) 23-40 2021 Use of agriculture by-products (brans and meal) as food for Artemia franciscana (Kellogg, 1906) and effects on performance and biochemical compositions Vahdat S.1*; Oroujlou M.2 Received: August 2020 Accepted: February 2021 Abstract Aquaculture needs to provide live food such as Artemia and one of the most important issues in A. franciscana rearing, is a food supply. The instar I nauplii were fed in seven treatments including Wheat bran, Rice bran, Soy-meal and algae (Dunaliella salina). For each treatment calculated growth rate, survival percentage, and body composition. At the reproductive period, 35 pairs were individually isolated from each treatment and transferred to 50 mL Falcon tubes in which the reproduction of females were monitored until their deaths. The result showed that in Artemia fed by the agricultural by-product, rice bran (10.71±0.80) and wheat bran (10.82±0.32) obtained the highest growth after control group (12.93±0.16), and the highest survival observed in control (56.00±1.76). Most of the offspring were observed in control (896.83±50.27) and wheat bran (880.37±43.88), but there was no statistical difference between them. Although A. franciscana was fed with rice bran similar to the control group in terms of body protein, Artemia was fed with wheat bran, significantly increased in body protein. According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that using wheat -and rice bran could be replaced about 90 percent of algae and kept the quality of culturing A. franciscana at best. Keywords: Artemia franciscana, Brans, Reproductive, Carotenoids, Growth Downloaded from sifisheriessciences.com at 21:14 +0330 on Wednesday October 6th 2021 [ DOI: 10.18331/SFS2021.7.3.3 ] 1-Department of Biology and Aquaculture, Artemia and Aquaculture Institute, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran, Urmia. 2-Faculty of Animal Sciences and Fisheries, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University (SANRU), Sari, Iran. *Corresponding author's Email: [email protected] 24 Vahdat and Oroujlou, Use of agriculture by-products (brans and meal) as food for Artemia franciscana … Introduction environment and produce natural food Artemia is a valuable live food for such as bacteria, yeast and algae for larval rearing of marine fish and Artemia (Ronsivalli and Simpson, 1987; shellfish, that both napulii and adults Brands et al., 1995; Baert et al., 1997; with precious materials play a role in Teresita et al., 2003; Zmora and meeting the needs of fish food Shpigel, 2006). Various factors effects (Sorgeloos 1980; Léger et al., 1986; on feed behavior Artemia such as food Sorgeloos et al., 1998; Sorgeloos et al., filtration rate, the rate of digestion and 2001). Freshly hatched Artemia napulii, absorption of food, which they’re in comparison young and adult Artemia included quality and quantity of food due to being high in protein and intake, stage of life and culturing essential fatty acids, have higher conditions (Coutteau and Sorgeloos, nutritional value (Bengtson et al., 1991; 1989). Although Artemia rearing has Naessens et al., 1997; Dhont and been successfully conducted by using a Lavens, 1996; Lim et al., 2001). Adult wide range of types of microalgae Artemia also has a hormonal substance (Vanhaecke and Sorgeloos, 1989), that will improve reproductive cultivation and preparation of capabilities penaeidae shrimp microalgae require high costs, culturing broodstock (Naessens et al., 1997). Artemia with using mirage is not In rearing Artemia, food supply is one economically affordable (Sorgeloos, of the most critical issues. Artemia is a 1982). In the meantime, use of non-selective filter feeder, can feed agricultural by-products can be used as food particles between 1 and 50 an alternative feed the availability in the microns. Fernandez (2001) revealed entire world and also keeps them that the size of food should be between convenient (Dobbeleir et al., 1980; 6.8 to 27.5 microns for Artemia and Zmora and Shpigel, 2006). Research on optimal size is about 16 microns. Artemia carried out with agricultural Extensive cultivation and populations by-products and its impact on growth of natural habitats depend on natural and survival of A. urmiana and microalgae, while in small-scale, semi- parthenogenetic Artemia (Ownagh et intensive and intensive cultivation, used al., 2015). Wheat and rice bran to by-products of agricultural and food possessing fiber can be substituted industry products, including organic adequate food in the diet of Artemia Downloaded from sifisheriessciences.com at 21:14 +0330 on Wednesday October 6th 2021 [ DOI: 10.18331/SFS2021.7.3.3 ] fertilizers, rice bran, corn bran, whey, (Sorgeloos et al., 1980; Piccioni, 1965; etc. (Wear and Haslett, 1987; Fuller, 2004). On the other hand, soy- Wurtsbaugh and Gliwicz, 2001; Zmora meal is a rich source of protein that has et al., 2002). These diets have a better balance of amino acids and contributed to the growth and crude fiber content less than 3 percent reproduction of Artemia and also (McDonald et al., 2002). decomposed in water, can be fertile Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences 7(3) 2021 25 This study studied investigations on the salina used as algae. The following effects of agricultural by-products such treatments considered as an as wheat bran, rice bran and soy-meal experimental condition: treatment 1 (and mixed them) on Artemia (Wheat bran 90%+10% Algae), reproductive parameters, body treatment 2 (Rice bran 90%+10% composition, and levels of carotenoids. Algae), treatment 3 (Soy-meal In this survey, were studied the effects 90%+Algae 10%), treatment 4 (Wheat of agricultural by-products to the bran 45%+Soy-meal 45%+Algae 10%), factors mentioned in A. franciscana that treatment 5 (Wheat bran 45%+Rice it is considered an important bran 45%+Algae 10%), treatment 6 commercial species in the world. (Soy-meal 45%+Rice bran 45%+Algae 10%), treatment 7 (100% Algae). Materials and methods Hatching cysts and rearing nauplii to The first phase of the experiment maturity stage Total length of Artemia of different A. franciscana cysts were hatched treatments was calculated on days of under optimal conditions include: water eighth, fourteenth, and twentieth. The temperature (28°C), salinity (33 ppt), nauplii survival rate in different pH (8-8.1) and severe aeration during treatments was calculated by hatching (Sorgeloos et al., 1980). After calculating the average of the first hatching, 250 nauplii instar I directly number of nauplii and adults made in was transferred into flasks of 500 cc early adulthood (Abatzopoulos et al., (total of 21 containers, each with seven 2003). treatments and three repetitions) with 100 ppt salinity. Nauplii density in the The second phase of the experiment first eight days of training was one The effect of different diets on nauplii per two mL that after of the reproductive performance and longevity eighth-day density is dropped to 1 of A. franciscana during the maturity Meta-nauplii per 4 mL of water period until death. (Coutteau et al., 1990). Gentle aeration For surveying reproductive was conducted during the period of performance and longevity of female in rearing in flasks. Some of the water different treatments, 36 pairs A. quality parameters, during the period of franciscana (in each treatment) were Downloaded from sifisheriessciences.com at 21:14 +0330 on Wednesday October 6th 2021 [ DOI: 10.18331/SFS2021.7.3.3 ] investigation, were set out as follows: removed from the flasks and placed Water temperature: 26±10°C, dissolved individually in 50-mL cylindroconical oxygen: 7.1-7 ppm and pH 8.3-8. falcon tubes (36×7=252, number of For all treatments were used total individual falcon tubes). At this photoperiod of 14:10 hours (light/dark). stage, the production of offspring (cysts A. franciscana was fed following by and nauplii) was monitored daily in Coutteau et al. (1990). Dunaliella each of the flasks and process continued 26 Vahdat and Oroujlou, Use of agriculture by-products (brans and meal) as food for Artemia franciscana … until the death of A. franciscana female minced for analysis according to AOAC (Abatzopoulos et al., 2003). The (2005). Moisture was determined by recorded reproductive and life span oven drying at 105°C for 24 h. Crude parameters were as follows: total protein (N×6.25) was determined by the number of offspring, number of nauplii, Kjeldahl method after acid digestion percentage of encysted embryos, using an auto- Kjeldahl System. Crude number of broods, days between lipid was determined by the ether- broods, offspring per brood, offspring extraction method using Soxhelet per reproductive female in day, pre- System. Ash content was determined reproductive period, reproductive using a muffle furnace at 550 °C for six period, post-reproductive period, hours (AOAC, 2005). average maximum and minimum To calculate of total carotenoids, number of offspring per day, survival adult A. franciscana (45 mg freeze-dry percentage prior to adult stage, days weight) taken from each treatment and without producing offspring in adult separately were placed in darkness into female and total life span falcon tube with foil, contain 1.5 mL of (Abatzopoulos et al., 2003). pure ethanol (24 hours and at 5°C). Total carotenoids were determined The Bacteria analysis using a spectrophotometer at maximum Bacterial load was measured on the absorption for each treatment based on eighth, fourteenth, and twentieth the following formula (Moeller et al., Simultaneous with morphometric 2005). measurements. First, 1 mL of the Total carotenoid (µg mg-1)=1×104 culture media were taken from each (OD450 / 2,620) × (V / W) flask and was prepared dilution solution OD450 = optical density at 450 nm (1- (5 times) and were used the last dilution cm cuvette) to cultivate with methods of pour plate V = extract volume (mL) in the plate count agar.
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