Direct Adhered Ceramic Tile, Stone, Masonry Veneer, and Thin Brick Facades – Technical Manual ® Facades Technical Design Manual
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Direct Adhered Ceramic Tile, Stone, Masonry Veneer, and Thin Brick Facades – Technical Manual ® Facades Technical Design Manual Facades Technical Corporate Headquarters: LATICRETE International, Inc. One LATICRETE Park North Bethany, CT 06524-3423 USA 1.800.243.4788 +1.203.393.0010 www.laticrete.com Asia Pacific: +852.2526.6660 Australia: +61.3.9933.6111 China: +86.21.5789.3300 Europe: +34.96.649.1908 Services Department Technical LATICRETE India: +91.40.3041.3100 Latin America: +1.203.393.0010 Middle East: +971.7.244.6396 South East Asia: +65.6515.3028 U.S. $19.99 DS-002.0-0911 ©2011 LATICRETE International, Inc. All trademarks shown are the intellectual properties of their respective owners. 9 Cover Photo: Project – LATICRETE International World Headquarters, Bethany, CT, 2008 Description: 23 x 27 x 1" (585 x 685 x 25 mm) Blue Pearl Granite and White Granite utilizing two installation methods. Spot bonding with LATAPOXY® 310 Stone Adhesive to concrete masonry units, and direct bond to LATICRETE® Hydro Ban® over concrete masonry units using LATICRETE 254 Platinum. Architect: Pustola & Associates, Naugatuck, CT, USA © 1998, 2011 LATICRETE International, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication (except for previously published articles and industry references) may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, without the written permission of LATICRETE International, Inc. The information and recommendations contained herein are based on the experience of the author and LATICRETE International, Inc. While we believe the information presented in these documents to be correct, LATICRETE International and its employees assume no responsibility for its accuracy or for the opinions expressed herein. The information contained in this publication should not be used or relied upon for any specific application or project without competent examination by qualified professionals and verification of its accuracy, suitability, and applicability. Users of information from this publication assume all liability arising from such use. Direct Adhered Ceramic Tile, Stone, Masonry Veneer, and Thin Brick Facades – Technical Manual ©2011 LATICRETE International, Inc. DIRECT ADHERED CERAMIC TILE, STONE, MASONRY VENEER, AND THIN BRICK FACADES TECHNICAL DESIGN MANUAL Richard P. Goldberg, Architect AIA, CSI Direct Adhered Ceramic Tile, Stone, Masonry Veneer, and Thin Brick Facades – Technical Design Manual 1 2 Direct Adhered Ceramic Tile, Stone, Masonry Veneer, and Thin Brick Facades – Technical Design Manual Table of Contents SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................9 1.1 Preface 1.2 Why Use The Direct Adhered Method? 1.3 Brief History of Ceramic tile, stone, masonry veneer, and thin brick Facades 1.4 Summary – Content of Manual 1.5 Historical Case Study SECTION 2 EXTERIOR WALL CONCEPTS ....................................................................15 2.1 Function of Exterior Walls 2.2 Types of Exterior Wall Structures Bearing Wall Non-bearing Wall Curtain Wall 2.3 Types of Exterior Wall Construction Barrier Wall Cavity Wall Pressure-equalized Rain Screen Wall Future Technology – Dynamic Buffer Zone 2.4 References SECTION 3 TYPES OF DIRECT ADHERED WALL CONSTRUCTION..............................21 3.0 On Site (In-situ) Construction 3.1 Concrete Masonry Unit Substrate Barrier Wall Cavity and Pressure-Equalized Wall Inner Cavity Concrete Masonry Inner Cavity Light Gauge Steel Framing 3.2 Clay Masonry Unit Substrate 3.3 Light Gauge Steel Framing Cement Backer Unit Substrate Lath and Cement Plaster Substrate Corrugated Steel Substrate 3.4 Reinforced Cast-in-place Concrete Substrate 3.5 Pre-cast Concrete Panels – Positive and Negative Cast Methods Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete (GFRC) Panels 3.6 Architectural Details Direct Adhered Ceramic Tile, Stone, Masonry Veneer, and Thin Brick Facades – Technical Design Manual 3 Table of Contents 3.7 Case Study – Saskatoon City Hospital – Pre-cast Concrete and Ceramic Tile.............................65 3.8 References SECTION 4 STRUCTURAL AND ARCHITECTURAL CONSIDERATIONS......................79 4.1 Structural Considerations – Types of Structural Movement Live and Dead Loads Thermal Movement Moisture Expansion Drying Shrinkage Elastic Deformation Creep Differential Settlement 4.2 Architectural Considerations – Components of the Exterior Wall Assembly Windows and Window Maintenance Systems Thermal Control – Insulation Moisture Control – Waterproofing, Flashing and Drainage Planes Movement Joints Fire Resistance and Containment Acoustical Control Roofing and Parapet Walls 4.3 References SECTION 5 SUBSTRATES..............................................................................................97 5.1 Criteria for Selection of Substrates 5.2 Types of Substrates 5.3 Substrate Preparation – Design and Construction Requirements 5.4 Substrate Preparation – Cleaning Equipment and Procedures 5.5 References SECTION 6 SELECTION OF EXTERNAL CLADDING MATERIAL ................................113 6.1 Criteria for Selection of Ceramic Tile, Stone, Masonry Veneer and Thin Brick 6.2 Ceramic Tile 6.3 Stone and Agglomerates 6.4 Adhered Manufactured Masonry Veneer 6.5 Thin Brick Masonry 6.6 Cladding Selection – Moisture Sensitivity, Color, Temperature 6.7 References 4 Direct Adhered Ceramic Tile, Stone, Masonry Veneer, and Thin Brick Facades – Technical Design Manual Table of Contents SECTION 7 INSTALLATION MATERIALS AND METHODS – ADHESION GROUTING OF CERAMIC TILE, STONE, MASONRY VENEER, AND THIN BRICK ...................129 7.1 Adhesive Performance and Selection Criteria 7.2 Types of Adhesives 7.3 Methods of Adhesive – Cladding Installation 7.4 Cladding Installation Equipment and Procedures 7.5 Grout and Sealant Joint Materials and Methods of Installation 7.6 Post-installation Cleaning 7.7 References SECTION 8 INDUSTRY STANDARDS, BUILDING REGULATIONS AND SPECIFICATIONS...................153 8.1 Background 8.2 Building Codes and Regulations 8.3 Industry Standards 8.4 Guideline Specifications 8.5 References Index SECTION 9 QUALITY ASSURANCE, TESTING, INSPECTION MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES ............... 201 9.1 Quality Assurance Procedures 9.2 Preventative and Corrective Maintenance 9.3 Protection and Sealing 9.4 Non-destructive Testing Visual Inspection Computer Modeling (Finite Element Analysis FEA) Tap (Acoustic Impact) Testing Infrared Imaging (Thermographic Scanning) Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity and Echo Testing Moisture Content Testing Salt Contamination Testing 9.5 Destructive Testing Tensile Pull Strength Testing Core Drilling Shear Bond Testing 9.6 Types, Causes and Remediation of Defects Staining and Weathering Fluid Migration Direct Adhered Ceramic Tile, Stone, Masonry Veneer, and Thin Brick Facades – Technical Design Manual 5 Table of Contents Efflorescence Cracking Delamination and Adhesive Bond Failure Movement Joint and Grout Failure 9.7 Technical Articles The Importance of Shear Bond Strength Characteristics of Polymer-modified Adhesives Finite Element Analysis article 9.8 References SECTION 1O TILE AND STONE FAÇADE CASE STUDY AND TROUBLESHOOTING .............................. 241 10.1 Case Study – Brooklyn Children’s Museum, Brooklyn, NY 10.2 Troubleshooting Pictorial SECTION 1O APPENDIX ................................................................................................................ 269 11.1 Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) 11.2 Glossary 11.3 Resource Guide – Trade Organizations, Technical References Index 6 Direct Adhered Ceramic Tile, Stone, Masonry Veneer, and Thin Brick Facades – Technical Design Manual Preface LATICRETE International, Inc., a manufacturer of ceramic tile, stone and brick masonry installation systems, has long recognized the need for a technical manual to provide guidelines and recommendations for the design, specification, and installation of direct adhered ceramic tile, stone, and thin brick cladding for exterior facades. Technical advances in materials, manufacturing, and construction methods have expanded the role of this type of application ever since the development of adhesive mortars in the 1950’s. In keeping with their position as an industry leader, LATICRETE International is publishing this second edition of the Direct Adhered Ceramic Tile, Stone and Thin Brick Facades Technical Design Manual to make state-of-the-art information and technology available to architects, engineers, construction professionals, and manufacturers in the ceramic tile, stone and thin brick industries. It is also the goal of this publication to encourage new ideas, research, and building regulations for the purpose of improving the future of this construction technology and the ceramic tile, stone and brick industries. Direct Adhered Ceramic Tile, Stone, Masonry Veneer, and Thin Brick Facades – Technical Design Manual 7 8 Direct Adhered Ceramic Tile, Stone, Masonry Veneer, and Thin Brick Facades – Technical Design Manual Section 1: Introduction Photo: Covelli Enterprises Building – Warren, OH 2007 Architect: Phillips/Sekanick Architecture, Warren, OH and Tile Contractor: Barron Tile Co., Youngstown, OH. Description: Porcelain tile over concrete masonry and light gauge steel framing. Direct Adhered Ceramic Tile, Stone, Masonry Veneer, and Thin Brick Facades – Technical Design Manual 9 Section 1: Introduction SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION has opened up an entire new world of aesthetic and technical 1.1 PREFACE possibilities for cladding of facades. The direct adhered method LATICRETE