SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL CHANGES IN PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES IN DRAKES ESTERO, A LOW-INFLOW ESTUARY

A/S A Thesis submitted to the faculty of San Francisco State University ZolB In partial fulfillment of CL the requirements for the Degree

Master of Science

In

Biology: Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology

by

Jessica Rose Wilson

San Francisco, California

August 2018 Copyright by Jessica Rose Wilson 2018 CERTIFICATION OF APPROVAL

I certify that I have read Spatial and Temporal Changes in Phytoplankton Communities in

Drakes Estero, a Low-Inflow Estuary by Jessica Rose Wilson, and that in my opinion this work meets the criteria for approving a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirement for the degree Master of Science in Biology: Ecology, Evolution, and

Conservation Biology at San Francisco State University.

{ l/Q u - ( Frances P. Wilkerson, Ph.D. EOS Center Research Professor

Professor SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL CHANGES IN PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES IN DRAKES ESTERO, A LOW-INFLOW ESTUARY

Jessica Rose Wilson San Francisco, California 2018

Before removal of oysters from Drakes Estero, CA there was no information on phytoplankton biomass or communities in the Estero. To determine spatial and temporal changes in phytoplankton communities, after removal, from June-December 2016 and May-November 2017 phytoplankton at five estero locations and a beach station in Drakes Bay were identified. Chlorophyll concentrations decreased from mouth to head. Spring and summer communities were similar, but phytoplankton were different in fall. Diatom abundance was associated with higher upwelling indices and nitrate concentrations, and cooler temperatures. Dinoflagellates and flagellates correlated with warmer temperatures. The dominant functional groups followed classic Margalef s Mandala. Increasing global temperatures may result in larger or increased frequency of blooms.

I certify that the abstract is a correct representation of the content of this thesis.

Chair, Thesis Committee

I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank my adviser, Dr. Frances Wilkerson for giving me the opportunity to perform this research, and my committee members, Dr. Karina Nielsen and Dr. Edward

Carpenter, for their guidance and feedback. My lab members for their assistance in field collection and lab work. My parents, friends, and EOS Center community for their moral support. In addition, 1 would like to thank California Sea Grant for funding to perform the study, as well as COAST and SFSU Biology IRA for travel funding to attend the 2018

Ocean Sciences Meeting in Portland, OR.

v TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Tables...... viii

List of Figures...... ix

List of Appendices...... x

Introduction...... 1

Methods...... 5

2.1 Study site...... 5

2.2 Sampling approach...... 6

2.3 Analytical methods...... 7

2.4 Statistical analysis...... 9

Results...... 10

3.1 Rainfall, upwelling index, temperature, salinity, nutrient concentrations 10

3.2 Temporal and spatial distribution of chlorophyll...... 11

3.3 Phytoplankton community composition...... 12

3.3.1 Functional groups (except flagellates) that occurred at different locations..12

3.3.2 Composition of blooms...... 15

3.4 NMDS analysis...... 16

Discussion...... 19

4.1 Overview...... 19

4.2 Communities comparison with previous observations of Drakes Estero 20

4.3 Seaward to landward patterns from Bay to Estero...... 222 4.4 Possible sources of Estero phytoplankton...... 23

4.5 HAB taxa observed...... 24

4.6 Conclusion...... 25

References...... 46

Appendices...... 54

vii LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1. Mean Environmental Conditions...... 27 2. Bloom Station Chlorophyll...... 28 3. NMDS Results...... 29 LIST OF FIGURES

Figures Page

1. Map of Study Site ...... 30 2. Time Series of Upwelling and Rainfall Data...... 31 3. Median Values of Environmental Conditions...... 32 4. Time Series and Median Values of Chlorophyll Concentrations...... 33 5. Percent Flagellates Observed vs. Total Number of Phytoplankton...... 34

6 . Time Series of Phytoplankton Cell Counts at DBY ...... 35 7. Time Series of Phytoplankton Cell Counts at DEM ...... 36

8 . Time Series of Phytoplankton Cell Counts at DEI 8 ...... 37 9. Time Series of Phytoplankton Cell Counts at DEI 3 ...... 38 10. Time Series of Phytoplankton Cell Counts at DE2...... 39 11. Time Series of Phytoplankton Cell Counts at DEI ...... 40 12. NMDS Analysis of Community Data Overlaid with Station...... 41 13. NMDS Analysis of Community Data Overlaid with Season...... 42 14. NMDS Analysis of Community Data with Diatom Abundance...... 43 15. NMDS Analysis of Community Data with Dinoflagellate Abundance...... 44 16. NMDS Analysis of Community data with Flagellate Abundance...... 45 LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix Page

1. Environmental and nutrient time series data...... 54 2. Unknown phytoplankton images...... 57 3. Cruise phytoplankton cell counts...... 60

x 1. Introduction

Worldwide shallow estuaries usually with small watersheds are common and ecologically important, but understudied relative to major estuaries. They are often referred to as Low- Inflow Estuaries (LIE) because they have seasonal and low freshwater inflow, and as a result do not display the classic low-salinity characteristics of larger estuaries with high freshwater flow (Largier, 2010). A subset of these LIE are located next to eastern boundary current systems where tidal exchange results in nutrient-rich upwelled water being the primary source of water (and nutrients) for the estuary (e.g. Dumbauld et al. 2009; Banas et al. 2004; Brown and Ozretich 2009). The ramifications of this for phytoplankton communities within such estuaries are not well understood or described (e.g. Newton and Homer 2003), although in many of these LIEs (e.g. Willapa Bay, WA; Yaquina Bay, OR; Humboldt and Tomales Bay, CA) commercial sustainable bivalve aquaculture (especially of the Pacific Oyster) is well established and relies on these pelagic primary producers (Dumbauld et al. 2009).

Drakes Estero is one such LIE that has been used for commercial oyster aquaculture since the 1930’s, most recently by Drakes Bay Oyster Company that supplied 40% of California’s oysters. In 1976 it was designated “Potential Wilderness,” and aquaculture operations ceased in 2014 when a decision was made by the Department of Fish and Game to restore the Estero to Natural Wilderness (NAS 2009; NAS 2012; National Park Service 1, 2). The oyster farm closed, and 5 million oysters were removed in 2015. While reviewing the oyster impact on the Estero before the restoration decision, the National Academy noted there was “no information on phytoplankton biomass or communities” (NAS 2009) or how they might change with oyster removal.

The phytoplankton assemblages of LIEs such as Drakes estero may be comprised primarily of oceanic taxa introduced together with nutrient-rich, upwelled waters or 2

primarily estuarine taxa supported by the introduction of upwelled nutrients. In Willapa Bay, WA, Newton and Homer (2003) used different phytoplankton taxa as indicators of oceanic and estuarine sources for phytoplankton blooms and showed the highest primary production to be associated with oceanic species, suggesting that intrusions of upwelled phytoplankton into Willapa Bay, rather than an influence of oceanic nutrient fertilization on endemic estuarine populations, were responsible for high production events. Whether this occurs in other LlEs along upwelling coasts, e.g. Drakes Estero, California, is unknown, nor how the presence of aquaculture farms influences the phytoplankton community structure in the LIE. That is the role of this study of phytoplankton functional groups in Drakes Estero.

Drakes Estero is a LIE located northwest of San Francisco, California, USA (Figure 1) in an eastern boundary upwelling system. It experiences a Mediterranean climate with dry summers and wet winters (Figure 2). Concurrent with times of low precipitation (low freshwater inflow), wind driven coastal upwelling occurs. Then this is a source of nutrients and phytoplankton for the Estero. Additionally, the Estero is adjacent to an upwelling shadow off Point Reyes, Drakes Bay (Figure 1) that allows for upwelled water to be retained at the surface south of the point near the Estero, before being pushed away from shore (Vander Woude et al. 2006). The retention allows for phytoplankton to accumulate and act as a seed stock for the Estero.

Consequently, prior to the oyster farm’s removal, Buck et al. (2014) measured phytoplankton biomass and primary productivity in 2010 and 2011 along with water quality and nutrient concentrations. They observed a spatial decline in chlorophyll from the mouth of the Estero to the most landward location at DEL Primary productivity was highest at the outer and mid Estero where the areas were influenced by tidal exchange and upwelled nitrate (NO 3) was used for growth, and lowest at the inner Estero where there was less tidal influence and more ammonium (NH 4) uptake. At DEI where 3

productivity was lowest, flagellates comprised the majority of cell counts. Over the year they identified three phytoplankton blooms when chlorophyll concentrations exceeded 10 }ig/L. During two summer blooms, typical coastal centric diatoms, including Chaetoceros spp. and Thalassiosira spp., made up the majority of cell counts at the outer and middle Estero, whereas in the fall bloom dinoflagellates, especially the mixotroph Prorocentrum micans, were dominant.

Some monitoring of the Estero for harmful algal bloom taxa and biotoxins was routinely carried out by the California Department of Health when the oyster farm was in place. They monitored for the pennate diatom Pseudo-nitzschia (and its toxin domoic acid) and the dinoflagellate Alexandrium (and its toxin saxitoxin), two potentially toxic genera that are known to cause shellfish closures in California. This monitoring ceased with the closure of the oyster farm. While Pseudo-nitzschia is considered an oceanic taxon and blooms would be flushed into the Estero with tides, Alexandrium is generally estuarine and like many dinoflagellates forms resting cysts that can be potential seed stock for blooms within the Estero (Mardones et al. 2016). There is a potential for Drakes Estero to experience blooms of either species, but it is unknown if there are other potentially toxic or harmful phytoplankton in Drakes Estero that may pose a risk to marine mammals and other animals that utilize the Estero (Goldstein et al. 2008; Scholin et al. 2000; Work et al. 1993).

Unknown is what phytoplankton communities now occur in Drakes Estero after the aquaculture closure and whether blooms still occur, if HABs taxa are common, or whether chain forming centric diatoms typical of upwelling productivity are abundant. The objectives of this study are to 1) identify the seasonal phytoplankton communities in Drakes Estero in both LIE conditions (when there is upwelling and low freshwater flow) and times of high precipitation; 2) examine spatial patterns of phytoplankton along the oceanic to landward extent and 3) see how communities change with different 4

environmental conditions. It may be that HAB taxa will be favored with warmer temperatures accompanying global climate change, so understanding if their occurrence in the Estero is linked to higher temperatures will be informative. The study will also address how removal of benthic bivalve (oyster) grazing may impact phytoplankton diversity and cell size, and influence bottom-up effects on the Estero food web, since the data can be compared with Buck et al. (2014) who identified functional groups during seasonal blooms.

I anticipated that: 1) During periods of upwelling during the LIE season, centric chain forming diatoms sourced from upwelled water in Drakes Bay will dominate in the outer to mid Estero (Buck et al. 2014; Lassiter et al. 2006) and their occurrence be associated with upwelling index and cold nitrate rich water; 2) During fall with reduced or no upwelling, warmer temperatures will favor dinoflagellates; 3) When there is rainfall, land-derived NH4 from increased freshwater flow will benefit dinoflagellates and other flagellates; 4) At the Estero mouth, there will be greater abundance of oceanic phytoplankton such as centric diatoms whereas flagellates will be more common at the inner Estero. 5

2. M ethods

2.1 Study Site

Drakes Estero is located in Point Reyes National Seashore, CA, adjacent to Drakes Bay and the Pacific Ocean. The main lagoon covers approximately 1300 acres at high tide and is about 2m deep at high tide with an 8m deep channel that extends from the mouth to the head of the Estero (Buck et al. 2014; NAS 2012). It has four branches off the main lagoon and a fifth that is the nearby Estero de Limantour (NAS 2012). Direct tidal influence from Drakes Bay reaches the middle of the Estero (DEO, Figure 2), although some influence of upwelled water can be detected into the Estero at DE2 (Buck et al. 2014). Due to the reduced tidal influence towards the head of the Estero, the water tends to be retained longer at the inner Estero. The longer retention times allow for more evaporation, resulting in higher temperatures and salinities during the summer.

To evaluate larger scale environmental conditions that may influence Drakes Estero, continuous daily upwelling data from a buoy southwest of Fort Bragg (NOAA buoy at 39N, 125W) was obtained from the DART Pacific Ocean Daily Coastal Upwelling Index from the Columbia Basin Research, School of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, University of Washington (http://www.cbr.washington.edu/dart/query/upwell daily, accessed March 2018). The website calculates daily upwelling indices for a given buoy and exports the data in .csv files. Flourly rainfall from Olema Valley was obtained from the MesoWest online database (https://mesowest.utah.edu) for Olema (station OVYC1 38.04, -122.79), compiled to cumulative daily values. This Olema location within Point Reyes National Seashore is the closest place with validated rainfall data to Drakes Estero. Monthly averages for Bakun upwelling indices and rainfall were calculated for all months between June 2016 and November 2017 and used to define LIE conditions and seasons with low/no precipitation concurrent with upwelling (Figure 2). 6

Average daily rainfall and upwelling indices were calculated for the seven days before each sampling day. Since phytoplankton do not respond immediately to introduced nutrients but need a few days of relaxed winds to see an influence (Wilkerson et al. 2006), the prior weekly average data were used to provide an increased resolution of environmental conditions that may have influenced the Estero. These prior week Bakun upwelling index and rainfall data were used for NMDS analyses to determine if these variables may have influenced phytoplankton communities.

2.2 Sampling approach

From May 2016 to December 2016, water was sampled in Drakes Estero at five stations and one station in neighboring Drakes Bay, monthly (with a second sampling in October) and then twice per month from March until November 2017. Within the Estero, sampling was carried out close to high tide from an 11 ft aluminum Klamath boat with small outboard motor that provided access to DEI 8 (38.05, -122.95), DEI 3 (38.06, -122.94), DE2 (38.07, -122.97), and DEI (38.06, -122.98). The most seaward site in the Estero (DEM; 38.03, -122.94) and the Drakes Bay ocean site (DBY; 38.02, -122.95) were sampled from land by hiking along the beach from Kenneth C. Patrick Visitor Center, Point Reyes, CA (Figure 1). No data was collected from DEM in October or November in 2016 due to the beach used to access the station was washed out, making access to the station dangerous.

At each station, a YS1 Pro DSS probe (for stations accessed by boat) or HACH HQ40d (for land accessed stations) was used to measure temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO, mg/L and %), salinity (psu or practical salinity scale), and conductivity. Water was collected with a nontoxic clean plastic bucket and subsampled into 1-L brown Nalgene bottles, stored on ice, and transported to the Estuary and Ocean Science Center, Tiburon, 7

CA for later analyses of nutrient concentrations, chlorophyll, and phytoplankton identification.

2.3 Analytical methods

Water to be analyzed for nutrients (nitrate, NO3; silicate, Si(OH)4; and phosphate, PO4) was filtered using GF/F filters and then frozen in 20-mL polycarbonate scintillation vials. These samples were later analyzed using a Bran and Luebbe Auto Analyzer II with a MT- 19 manifold chemistry module (Bran and Luebbe Inc, 1999a, 1999b, 1999c). Water for

NH4 analysis was filtered with a GF/F filter and 25-mL filtrate frozen in a 50-mL conical centrifuge tube until analysis using the technique of Solorzano (1969) with a HP Agilent/HP 8452/8453 spectrophotometer and 10-cm path-length cells. Water (50 to 100 mL) for chlorophyll analysis was filtered in the dark onto either a 25-mm Whatman GF/F filter or a GE PCTE 5-(jm pore-size filter to obtain concentrations of total (i.e. all cells > 0.7 ^irn diameter) or fractionated (i.e. in cells > 5 (im in diameter) chlorophyll. Filters were stored at -20°C in the dark until extraction with 90% acetone, re-frozen for 24 hours (Arar and Collins 1922), then fluorescence was measured using a Turner Model 10 fluorometer. Certified reference standards and QA/QC were used following Wilkerson et al. (2015).

For phytoplankton identification -200 mL of unfiltered sample was decanted into 250- mL amber glass bottles and preserved with ~2 mL (~1%) non-acidic Lugol’s solution. Phytoplankton taxa were enumerated at a subset of samples to obtain abundance data once a month, except when a phytoplankton bloom (chlorophyll >10 |ig/L) was detected, then samples from the two sampling times for that month were enumerated.

Phytoplankton were identified using the Utermohl inverted microscope method (Lund et al. 1958; Edler and Elbrachter 2010). Using chlorophyll concentration as a guide to 8

determine sample volumes to be settled and counted, 10 to 50 mL of Lugol’s-preserved samples were settled in either a 30- or 50-mL settling tower for samples with 6 to 10 Hg/L and <6 (ig/L chlorophyll respectively. For samples with >10 (ig/L, 10 mL was diluted with added artificial seawater and settled in 30-mL towers. Samples were settled for a minimum of 24 hours and observed using a Wild M40 inverted microscope.

Phytoplankton were identified to lowest taxonomic group, typically genus and sometimes species. Flagellate cells (< 20 (im in diameter) that were not dinoflagellates were grouped together as a “flagellate” group and approximately 200 cells were subsampled per slide because of their regularly high abundances. This included raphidophytes and cryptophytes (e.g. Heterosigma sp., Cryptomonas sp., Leucocryptos sp., Hemiselmis sp., Teleaulax sp.). A “small diatom” group was defined as all small benthic pennate diatoms (10-40 x 1-8 (am) that were rectangular-shaped with no discerning features or were obscured by sediment that prevented identification. These small diatoms were included in the benthic pennate diatom functional group.

Approximately 400 cells (not including flagellates) were counted to have enough power (90%) to detect a statistically significant difference:

Precision % = 2*100 (g^ler an(j Elbrachter, 2010) y/number o f cells counted

In cases where chlorophyll concentration was low (i.e. < 1 (ig/L), at least 200 cells were counted to provide an 85% power.

Estimated cells/liter for each group was calculated by the equation:

Cells LT1 = N * (Edler and Elbrachter, 2010) where V is the volume of the counting chamber, At is the total area of the counting chamber (mm2), and Ac is the counted area of the counting chamber (mm2). 9

Phytoplankton were sorted into the following functional groups for statistical analyses: centric diatoms, benthic pennate diatoms (that included the “small diatoms”), pelagic pennate diatoms, dinoflagellates, flagellates, and other organisms.

2.4 Statistical analyses

Community data typically do not have normal distribution (Clarke 1993; Clarke and Warwick 2001) therefore non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (NMDS) was used to analyze the data using R (version 3.3.4) with R-studio (version 1.1.442) and the package Vegan. Wisconsin transformation that standardizes the total number of a taxon in one sample by the maximum of the column (species) and the total of the row (total cells counted in the sample) on the square root of the number of a taxon in each sample was used with Bray Curtis dissimilarities for the NMDS ordination using the vegan package in R. Vegan NMDS ordination results were used to relate community composition with environmental variables hypothesized a priori using vectors showing the direction of the greatest rate of increasing values for each environmental condition, as well as for different phytoplankton functional groups. The length of the vector is representative of the r2 value, which is the percent of variability of the community distributions that are explained by the variable. Kruskal-Wallis and Nemenyi post-hoc tests were used to determine significant differences between stations for nutrients and environmental data (temperature, DO, pH, and salinity) collected at all stations, because most of the data were not normally distributed, as determined by Shapiro-WiIk tests. 10

3. Results

3.1 Rainfall, upwelling index, temperature, salinity and nutrient concentrations

Monthly rainfall averages identify the low inflow conditions in Drakes Estero (when there is no precipitation) as June to October 2016 and April to October 2017 (Figure 2a). Maximal rainfall occurred in January 2017 (monthly mean of 1.4 cm). Positive average monthly Bakun upwelling indices coincided with times with low rainfall and downwelling or reduced upwelling conditions occurred from October 2016 to April 2017 (Figure 2a).

Water temperatures averaged over the entire data set (including LIE conditions and non- LIE) increased from Drakes Bay and the mouth of Drakes Estero at DEM (13.7°C) towards the head at DEI (16.9°C) (Table 1; Fig 3a). There were no statistical differences between stations except for warmer DEI when compared to other stations (p < 0.001). Mean values of salinity were similar (32.8 to 33 psu; Table 1, Figure 3b) and there was no statistical difference between stations (p = 0.097). There was more variation in the salinity at the most landward stations (DE2 and DEI; Figure 3b), especially DEI that showed the most variability ranging between 28.4 and 37.2 psu, with a mean of 34.1 psu. The highest values occurred during the dry LIE season (Appendix 1).

There were higher median NO 3 concentrations in Drakes Bay and at the mouth of the

Estero (DEM), decreasing landward (Table 1; Figure 3c) with maximum NO 3 of 30 pM at DBY. Values were statistically significant different between stations (p < 0.001). DBY and DEM had the most variability in NO 3 , and DEI the least. NH 4 concentrations showed no trend going from bay to DEI (Figure 3d) and ranged between 2.0 to 3.0 pM (Table 1). Concentrations at DEI were lower than DE2 (p = 0.016), but neither station was statistically different from the other stations. Median silicate concentrations were relatively similar (24.5 to 30.7 |iM, Table 1) throughout the Estero (Figure 3e), and there were no statistical differences between stations (p = 0.48). DBY, DEM, and DEI had more variability than DEI8, DEI3, and DE2 (Table 1; Figure 3e). Phosphate concentrations were not statistically different between DBY, DEM, DEI 8, DEI3, and DE2, though DEI was statistically higher than the other stations (p < 0.001) except from DEM (p = 0.08) and DE2 (p = 0.11). DEI had the widest range of concentrations between 0.74 ^M and 7.49 |aM with a mean of 3.7 (±2.1) |aM (Table 1; Figure 3f).

3.2 Temporal and spatial distributions of chlorophyll

Chlorophyll concentrations measured over time in Drakes Bay and the Estero (Figure 4a) showed four occasions with values exceeding 10 |ng/L that can be considered blooms. However, no blooms occurred at DEI. The blooms were observed on 14 October 2016 in the bay and throughout the Estero at stations DBY, DEI 8, DE13, and DE2; on 23 May 2017 and 22 June 2017 just in the bay and outer Estero at DBY and DEM; and on 6 September 2017 in the bay and throughout the Estero at DBY, DEM, DE18, DE13, and DE2 (Table 2, Figure 4a).

The highest chlorophyll concentrations that were observed during the blooms were at DEI 8 (35.0 |ig/L) and DBY (20.6 |ig/L) during the October 2016 bloom, at DBY (24.2 (ig/L and 19.2 ng/L) and DEM (10.8 ng/L and 16.3 f_ig/L) during the May and June 2017 blooms and at all stations except DEI (e.g. DBY (66.6 ng/L), DE2 (19.4 ng/L) in September 2017 bloom (Table 2). In March and April of 2013, DEI had slightly elevated chlorophyll concentrations (6.4 |ag/L, 6.7 fig/L, and 5.3 |ig/L) from the mean (2.7 |ig/L) (Figure 4, Table 2)).

Chlorophyll concentrations averaged over the entire time series were generally higher at the outer stations (DBY and DEM) and lower into the Estero (Table 2; Figures 4 b, c). 12

The box plots in Figure 4b show that the bloom concentrations make up the outliers and that maximum chlorophyll values for blooms reduced with distance from Drakes Bay, to the Estero mouth to the most landward station. For non-bloom conditions (Figure 4c), chlorophyll concentrations at DBY and DEM were statistically different (and higher) than DEI3, DE2, and DEI. Without blooms mean chlorophyll in the bay (DBY) was 8.9pg/L and 6.1 (ag/L at the Estero mouth (DEM), for the mid Estero the mean chlorophyll was 5.1pg/L at DE18 and 3.5pg/L at DE13, and for the inner Estero 3.7 pg/L (DE2) and 2.9 pg/L (DEI).

3.3 Phytoplankton community composition

Flagellates were common throughout the Estero for all stations, making up 10% to almost 100% of the cell counts depending on the station and season (Figure 5). Of the 127 samples identified, only 18 samples (i.e. 14%) had cell counts where flagellates were less than 60% of the cell counts (Figure 5). The contribution of flagellates tended to be lower in Drakes Bay and DEM compared to DEI and DE2. To observe the contribution of functional groups other than flagellates, the other phytoplankton functional groups (the “large cell” group) were plotted over time for each station (Figures 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11) without flagellate abundance. Instead the relative abundance of flagellates is shown as their percentage to the total community.

3.3.1 Functional groups at different locations

Phytoplankton abundance in Drakes Bay (DBY) was generally lower in 2016 than in 2017 (Figure 6). Looking at larger cells by removing flagellates from the counts (Figure 6), the 2016 samples were predominantly benthic pennate diatoms, while the spring and summer of 2017 were predominantly centric diatoms (especially Skeletonema spp., Chaetoceros spp., and solitary Thalassiosira spp.). During the May and June 2017 13

blooms, these were accompanied by the pelagic pennate diatom Asterionellopsis glacialis that made up 13% of the total cell count (Figure 6). The fall of both 2016 and 2017 were dominated by dinoflagellates and were predominantly Prorocentrum gracile. The fall 2016 bloom also contained the dinoflagellates Akashiwo sanguined and Alexandrium spp. In September 2017, the flagellates making up 96% of the community abundance in September 2017 were dominated by the raphidophyte Heterosigma sp. that accounted for 68% of the total cell count.

At the mouth of the Estero (DEM), like DBY, abundance of phytoplankton in 2016 was less than in 2017 with 2016 summer samples predominantly benthic diatoms and spring and summer 2017 samples with the same centric diatoms taxa (Figure 7). There was also Heterosigma contributing (36% of total cells) to the flagellate numbers in September 2017. Unlike DEM, centric diatoms made up slightly more of the fall 2017 cell counts than dinoflagellates, although P. gracile was still the most common dinoflagellate.

In the mid Estero, DEI 8 (Figure 8) had fewer cells than DBY or DEM at most sampling times with a mixture of dinoflagellates, centric diatoms, and benthic diatoms throughout 2016 sampling. In August 2016, there was a large contribution to the total “large cell” abundance of small thread-like Pseudo-nitzschia sp. <40 |im long and <1 |im thick that were in chains of 2 to 4 cells and difficult to identify. These were not seen in the DBY or DEM samples. As in Drakes Bay, the October 2016 bloom contained the dinoflagellates A. sanguinea and Alexandrium sp. as well as P. gracile. The samples from 2017 had a larger contribution of benthic pennate diatoms than at DBY and DEM. The summer 2017 samples, like DBY and DEM had abundant centric and pennate diatoms (especially Skeletonema spp. and Asterionellopsis glacialis). Dinoflagellates were found in all samples but were dominant in November 2016 (with A. sanguineum), September 2017 bloom and in November 2017 that had abundant P. gracile. As in the bay and outer 14

Estero, Heterosigma contributed to the flagellate numbers in September 2017 (37% of total algal cells).

At DEI3 (Figure 9), as at DEI 8 small Pseudo-nitzschia-Uke chains were observed.in August 2016. In 2017 as in most of the previous described locations, the community was a mixture of centric and pennate diatoms, with similar taxa to those observed at the other bay and Estero locations; i.e. Skeletonema spp., Chaetoceros spp., and solitary Thalassiosira spp. In the May and June 2017 bloom samples, as at all of the other locations seaward, in fall (September and October 2016; September and November 2017) communities were dominated by dinoflagellates, especially P. gracile, and Heterosigma sp. was observed making up 28% of the total algal count in the September 2017 bloom.

At the inner Estero, at DE2 (Figure 10), unlike at most other stations, dinoflagellates composed most of the communities in 2016 and in May and September of 2017. There was a bloom of the small dinoflagellate Heterocapsa rotundata in April of 2017 that was not seen at the mid (DEI8, DEI3, Figures 8,9), outer (DEM) or bay (DBY) stations. In August and September of 2017 there were higher counts of centric diatoms (mostly solitary Thalasiosira sp.) in addition to dinoflagellates. All communities contained benthic pennate diatoms and few centric diatoms. In September 2017 there were still abundant Heterosigma contributing to the flagellate community (25% of total).

Noticeable at the most landward station, DEI (Figure 11) was the lack of centric and pelagic pennate diatoms except in June 2017. Communities were dominated by flagellates (average 89% of total cell counts) and there were no blooms, although chlorophyll was slightly elevated (Figure 4a) in April 2017 and, as at DE2, the community was dominated by the small dinoflagellate Heterocapsa rotundata, and then Heterocapsa triquetra. The “larger cell” communities in 2016 and 2017 (Figure 11) 15

contained mostly dinoflagellates and benthic pennate diatoms. Very few Heterosigma cells were observed at DEI.

3.3.2. Composition o f blooms

There were different functional groups that dominated the fall (October 2016 and September 2017) and summer (May and June 2017) blooms. Dinoflagellates dominated the “larger cell” communities in the 14 October 2016 and 6 September 2017 blooms. They were mostly Prorocentrum gracile at all stations except DEI, and by the small Heterocapsa rotundata at the landward stations DEI and DE2. The 6 September 2017 bloom (that had chlorophyll concentrations of 66 and 26 fj.g/L at DBY and DEM, Table 2) samples (except DEI) all contained the raphidophyte Heterosigma sp. that dominated the flagellate group. This taxon made up large percentages of the total phytoplankton cell counts; 67% at DBY, 36% at DEM, 37% at DEI 8, 27% at DEI3, and 25% at DE2, and very few cells at DEI. Interestingly, in August 2016 small pennate Pseudo-nitzschia were abundant at the two mid Estero locations (DEI 8 and DEI3) but were not observed at the other locations.

The summer blooms (23 May and 22 June 2017) in the bay and outer Estero (DEM) had abundant pelagic diatoms predominantly Skeletonema sp., Chaetoceros spp., and Thalassiosira spp. and the pelagic pennate Asterionellopsis glacialis. Although chlorophyll in the mid Estero at DEI 8 and DEI3 did not reach bloom concentrations (i.e. > 10 (ng/L) then, the communities that occurred were very similar those at DBY and DEM.

The most common dinoflagellates in the Estero were Heterocapsa rotundata and Prorocentrum gracile and the most common centric diatoms were Skeletonema sp., Chaetoceros spp., and Thalassiosira spp. Asterionellopsis glacialis was the most 16

common pelagic pennate. Small, non-descript benthic pennate diatoms were generally the most frequently noted benthic pennate diatoms, although Navicula spp. were common. Scrippsiella sp., Akashiwo sanguined, Alexandrium spp., Dinophysis spp., Prorocentrum micans, and Pseudo-nitzschia spp. were all identified within the Estero.

3.4 NMDS analysis

The ordination in Vegan applied Wisconsin square roots to community data and used Bray-Curtis dissimilarities to determine the best three-dimensional NMDS ordination. This was found after 22 tries, resulting in a stress of 0.196. An NMDS ordination stress values equal to or below 0.2 are considered good, <0.1 is great. NMDS ordination stress values generally increase with larger sample sizes, which makes the results more difficult to interpret, but the plots provide a useful illustration of the communities and their relation to environmental parameters (Clarke 1993, McCune and Grace 2002). There is no distinct clustering in the data, but general trends can be observed from overlaying cluster analyses ellipses on the data. Vegan determined the best fit ellipses based on standard deviation of the data clustering.

When overlaying stations on the NMDS ordination (Figure 12) DEI is the most different of the stations. The bay (DBY) and outer to mid Estero stations (DEM, DEI 8, and DEI 3) all overlap, where DBY and DEM are most similar in orientation (pointing downwards) and DEI 8 and DEI 3 have ellipse overlays that are also similar to each other. In contrast, DE2 stretches between the outer and mid Estero stations and with DEI, suggesting that the DE2 communities are influenced by both DE 1 (most landward station) and the outer and mid Estero.

Overlaying seasonality onto the community data (Figure 13) shows that the placement of communities along MDS1 is loosely correlated with season. Fall samples are generally 17

towards the left (negative MDS1) while the spring and summer samples are mixed and towards the right (positive MDS1). The six samples from the December 2016 sampling event are the only data collected from the winter and therefore we cannot make any conclusions on the communities for this season.

Environmental vectors that are associated with the spring and summer (upwelling, NO 3, and temperature) and for fall (NH4, temperature, and rainfall) can be overlaid onto the seasonal NMDS plot (Figure 13). Cooler water temperatures and higher NO3 resulting from upwelling are expected in summer, while in the fall warmer temperatures should occur due to reduced upwelling, and higher NH4 and rainfall (October 2016 and November 2017, Figure 2). Additionally, vectors for different phytoplankton functional groups; all diatoms (i.e. centric, pelagic pennates and benthic pennates), dinoflagellates and flagellates were included to evaluate what factors drive the presence/dominance of different functional groups (Figure 13).

Nitrate determined 47% of the variation of the community data, while temperature determined about 39% (Table 3). Upwelling, that influences both NO 3 and temperature, explained about 18% of the variability. Upwelling was most correlated (positively) with MDS1 (0.95, r2 = 0.18, p-value: 0.001), while rainfall was correlated with both MDS1 (negative correlation) and MDS2 (positive correlation) (-0.76 and 0.53 respectively, r2 =

0.08, p-value: 0.019). NH 4 was most correlated (negatively) with MDS1 and MDS2 (-

0.69 and -0.61 respectively, r2 = 0.12, p-value: 0.002) and NO 3 was correlated most with MDS2 and MDS3 (-0.88 and 0.47 respectively, r2 = 0.47, p-value: 0.001). Temperature was positively correlated with MDS2 and negatively with MDS3 (0.71 and -0.63 respectively, r2 = 0.39, p-value = 0.001).

For functional groups, flagellates were most correlated with MDS2 and MDS3 (0.73 and 0.61 respectively, r2= 0.23, p-value: 0.001). Diatoms were most correlated with MDS3 18

(0.87, r2 = 0.18, p-value: 0.001). And dinoflagellates were most correlated with MDS2 (0.99, r = 0.08, p-value: 0.009)

When the abundance of either diatoms (Figure 14), dinoflagellates (Figure 15) and flagellates (Figure 16) are included as size of the symbol in the NMDS plot for community data and season as color of symbol, it can be seen that different functional groups are abundant in different seasons; diatoms (Figure 14) in spring (green symbols) and summer (aqua symbols), dinoflagellates (Figure 15) in fall (red symbols) and spring (green symbols) that represents the observations of Heterocapsa. In fall Prorocentrum and Heterocapsa in April 2017 (Figures 6 to 11), and flagellates in summer (aqua symbols) and fall (Figure 16), the latter representing the bloom of Heterosigma that occurred in Fall 2017. Diatoms are correlated with upwelling conditions, including higher upwelling index, elevated NO 3 concentrations, and colder temperatures (negatively correlated with temperature) (Table 3, Figure 14). Dinoflagellates are most positively correlated with warmer temperatures and rainfall, while negatively correlated with ammonium (NH 4 ) (Table 3, Figure 15). Flagellates are most positively correlated with warmer temperatures and rainfall, and negatively correlated with NH 4 (Table 3, Figure 16). 19

4. Discussion

4.1 Overview

In this Californian low inflow estuary that receives upwelled water for part of the year, there were different seasonal phytoplankton communities in Drakes Bay and Drakes Estero. As anticipated from Buck et al. (2015), during the LIE conditions (no rainfall) accompanied by coastal upwelling (i.e. April to October) there were occasional blooms with chlorophyll exceeding 10 (Jg/L, except at the most landward location DEI. The blooms in summer were dominated by diatoms-centric (especially Skeletonema sp. and Chaetoceros spp. and pennate (.Asterionellopsis glacialis) and those in fall were dominated by dinoflagellates (usually Prorocentrum gracile). Additionally, large abundances of the small-celled raphidophyte Heterosigma were observed in September 2017 throughout the Estero, of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. in the mid Estero (DE18 and DE13) in August 2016 and the small dinoflagellate Heterocapsa at the inner Estero (DE2 and DEI) in April 2017.

In contrast during the non-LIE times that were sampled when there was more freshwater inflow and reduced or no upwelling, there were typically low phytoplankton abundances made up of a mixture of benthic pennate diatoms, dinoflagellates, and centric diatoms. One functional group did not show much seasonality - flagellates were common throughout the whole year in the Estero and Bay, especially during September 2017 in Drakes Bay.

There was a distinct spatial pattern in communities going landward with Drakes Bay and the outer Estero (DEM) communities being similar, the mid Estero (DEI 8 and DEI 3) showing overlapping communities that sometimes included DE2 and DEI being very 20

different, DEI had the lowest abundance of cells and had almost no centric diatoms and the community was mostly small flagellates, benthic pennates, and some dinoflagellates.

This matched our predictions; centric diatoms typical of upwelling ecosystems were observed during times with higher upwelling index and were statistically associated with higher upwelling index and colder water with higher nitrate concentrations. Dinoflagellates were more dominant during fall when upwelling was less intense, and they were shown to be associated with warmer temperatures and not upwelling. Although flagellates and dinoflagellates were hypothesized to benefit from non-LIE conditions when there was more freshwater flow and land-derived run-off, NMDS analyses showed an association with rainfall (Figures 15 and 16) but not ammonium. This may have been because there was very little variability in ammonium throughout the Estero during the different seasons and when dinoflagellates bloomed they lowered the ammonium concentrations. The predictions of phytoplankton functional groups in the bay and Estero were based upon (and agreed with) a modification of Margalef s Mandela (Margalef 1978a) as described in Figuerias and Rios (1993), Kudela et al. (2005), and Glibert (2016). This proposes diatoms will dominate during strong upwelling conditions with high turbulence and supply of new nitrogen as nitrate compared to the reduced or non- upwelling conditions with less turbulence and often recycled nitrogen (ammonium) supply that promotes dinoflagellates.

4.2 Communities comparison with previous observations o f Drakes Estero

The diatoms Chaetoceros, Thalassiosira, Skeletonema, and Asterionellopsis were some of the most abundant of larger cells from Drakes Bay and the Estero. These taxa were also observed by Buck et al. (2014) in Drakes Estero during 2010-11 and they were reported to be associated with the upwelling center off Bodega Bay, just north of Drakes Bay (and Point Reyes, Figure 1) by Lassiter et al. (2006) in 2000-2002. Chaetoceros, and Thalassiosira, are the most often noted diatoms in the literature as being dominant in 21

upwelling regions (Margalef 1978a, b; Estrada and Blaseo 1985; Chavez et al. 1991; Kobayashi and Takahashi 2002).

Many chains of Pseudo-nitzschia were observed in August 2016 at the mid Estero locations DEI 8 and DE13, but were not seen at DBY or DEM. These pennate diatoms are common in neighboring Drakes Bay and were noted as being present in August 2016 near Point Reyes by the California Department of Health (www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CEH/DRSEM/CDPH%20Document%20Library/EMB/Shel lfish/1608_monthly.pdf).

The dinoflagellate Prorocentrum gracile was observed to dominate during all fall blooms in this study and was also observed in Drakes Estero in 2010 by Buck et al. (2014). It was also noted in low abundance in the upwelling center to the north by Lassiter et al. (2006).

The most striking difference from earlier observations was the predominance of flagellates at all stations throughout the year. Buck et al. (2014) only recorded phytoplankton functional groups during blooms of elevated chlorophyll at three Estero locations and reported flagellates to make up 3-28% of the total cell counts from DEM and DEI3, and 73-94% at DEI. In contrast during bloom events in this study made in 2016, flagellates made up 75-97% of the total cell counts at DEM and DEI 3 whereas at DEI the contribution was similar (79-93%). To ensure that flagellates were being identified the same in the two studies, some samples from Buck et al. (2014) were available and were recounted here. Two outer (DEM) and two inner (DEI) Estero samples were recounted and had similar abundances and percentages of flagellates as recorded by Buck et al. (2014). In the Estero the increased flagellates may be linked to the lack of oysters, since oysters have been demonstrated to selectively graze on smaller particles (Bougrier et al. 1997). Other environmental factors could have influenced the 22

abundance of flagellates as well. The previous study (Buck et al. 2014) only examined 9 samples so there may be insufficient data for comparison.

4.3 Seaward to landward patterns from Bay to Estero

Spatial patterns of temperature and salinity were consistent with those observed in other low inflow estuaries and matched the observations made by Buck et al. (2014). Temperatures and salinities were higher at the inner Estero (DE2 and DEI) where there is reduced tidal influence and longer retention times during the dry season (Buck et al. 2014). In the fall when there was some rain and cooler temperatures, the inner Estero stations experienced lower temperatures and salinities (reflected as the lower percentiles on Figure 3). The outer (DEM) and middle (DEI 8 and DEI3) Estero experience regular tidal exchange, so the variability at those stations were more similar to the oceanic conditions in Drakes Bay (DBY).

NO 3 concentrations were consistent with upwelling conditions in Drakes Bay, where the oceanic end member (DBY) had the largest variability due to upwelling and non- upwelling conditions, and then concentrations reduced with distance into the Estero due to reduced mixing, dilution, and uptake. Interestingly, there were no distinct patterns in the NFI4 concentrations with season or location, whereas Buck et al (2014) sampling when the oysters were present in the Estero observed the highest concentrations (reaching 8 [iM) at the inner Estero (DE2 and DEI). Silicate concentrations were higher at the outer Estero and decreased going landward (Figure 3) except at DEI, where silicate from land runoff during rain events may contribute to the median values. There was higher phosphate at DEI as also observed by Buck et al. (2014). 23

4.4 Possible sources o f Estero phytoplankton

The spatial distribution of pelagic phytoplankton (centric diatoms, pennate diatoms, and dinoflagellates) suggests that they are primarily advected into Drake Estero from Drakes Bay, as can be seen from the reduction in phytoplankton abundances (especially centric diatoms and pelagic pennate diatoms) as distance increases into the Estero (Figures 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11). This was also observed by Newton and Homer (2003) in Willapa Bay, WA. This can also be seen in the chlorophyll data, where it showed similar trends to Buck et al. (2014) with higher concentrations tending to occur in Drakes Bay and the Estero mouth (DEM) and lowest levels at DEI, except during April 2017 (Figure 4a). These trends suggest that the chlorophyll and phytoplankton cells likely are advected in from the ocean by tidal exchange, although at DE2 and DEI there may have some chlorophyll and phytoplankton that originate from within the Estero, as likely occurred with the small Heterocapsa dinoflagellate bloom that was observed only at those locations in April 2017 (Figures 10 and 11).

Tracking the location and abundances of the Heterosigma bloom confirms a coastal source for the bloom in September 2017, as the percentages of Heterosigma a making up the populations started at 67% at Drakes Bay and then decreased sequentially down to 25% by DE2. The import of chlorophyll a and oceanic phytoplankton taxa has been observed in other estuaries along the west coast of the USA (Newton and Homer 2003; Banas et al. 2007; Roegner and Shanks 2001).

The associations of different functional groups with different environmental parameters as explained by NMDS analysis also indicates the importance of the neighboring upwelling waters for the supply of diatoms to the Estero. Centric diatom abundance was associated with upwelling index, cold temperatures and high nitrate as would be expected 24

in these waters. The dinoflagellates did not show such a relationship but were more associated with warmer temperatures that might suggest a non-upwelling source.

4.5 HAB taxa observed

A number of harmful algal bloom taxa were observed in Drakes Bay and Estero as might have been expected since some have been observed there in past years. Historically Drakes Bay (at Chimney Rock) and Drakes Estero have been monitored by the California Department of Health for Pseudo-nitzschia and Alexandrium catenella, and the presence of both has been documented. Very occasionally saxitoxin levels in mussels collected by the oyster farmers in the Estero were measured above threshold levels by CDPH. There is currently no monitoring of the Estero. Both of these taxa were observed in this study.

Other harmful or nuisance dinoflagellates observed in this study were Akashiwo sanguine a that has been linked to bird deaths due to its production of a surfactant that can impact the oils on the feathers of birds (Jessup et al. 2009), Dinophysis spp. that can produce okadaic acid and cause diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (Cembella 1989), and Prorocentrum spp. that is a mixotrophic taxon (Jeong 2011) in which some species produce okadaic acid (e.g. Zhou and Fritz 1994). Gonyaulax spp, that can produce yessotxins were also noted in some samples. Most of these dinoflagellates produce cysts that can provide a seed stock in the estuary sediment, and cysts (likely dinoflagellate) were observed in some samples in this study. In a study by Laabir et al. (2007), the authors found that when Alexandrium cells formed temporary cysts when filtered by oysters >75% of A. catenella cysts were able to germinate, and they were able to reproduce at nearly the same rate as non-filtered cells. It could be likely that the commercial oyster aquaculture could have aided the retention of Alexandrium spp. in the Estero. 25

The largest bloom observed in the study contained abundant cells of the raphidophyte Heterosigma that can produce brevetoxins (O'Halloran et al 2006). It is mixotrophic (Jeong 201 1) and is known for causing fish deaths, especially in Japan and Puget Sound, Washington (Hershberger et al. 1997; Homer et al. 1997; Khan et al. 1997; Rensel et al. 2010). This has not been previously described as occurring in Drakes Bay or Estero. Towards the end of a bloom, Heterosigma cells generally shrink in size and eventually form cysts that are retained in sediment. This could occur in Drakes Bay or the Estero and be a potential source for blooms (Jeong 2011).

Usually the HAB taxa observed in this study were not in great enough abundances to be problematic (with the exception of the Heterosigma bloom), but they could be potential seed stocks for blooms with favorable conditions. Considering that dinoflagellate and flagellate abundances in Drakes Estero were correlated with warmer temperatures, with climate change and higher temperatures or longer periods of elevated temperature, there could be either increased frequency of blooms or larger blooms of potentially toxic dinoflagellates (Moore et al. 2007; Peperzak 2003).

4.6 Conclusion

This study was only a snapshot of what can occur in this low inflow estuary. The winter of 2016-2017 was a very wet year, which may have influenced the phytoplankton community in Drakes Estero, even though this was not apparent in the NMDS analysis. Additionally, sampling of Drakes Estero in this study occurred while the oyster rack infrastructures pertaining to the oyster farm were being removed and may have disturbed the sediment and impacted cyst germination or water quality in some way. It is difficult to say if what was identified would be considered “normal” for all West Coast low inflow estuaries, although there were similarities with the communities and functional groups identified by Buck et al (2014) and Newton and Horner (2003). Ideally the Estero should 26

continue to be monitored. Also, to determine whether blooms are advected in or develop from endogenous seedstock from within the Estero that grows using advected upwelled nutrients, it would be ideal to monitor with a series of instrumented moorings including fluorometers to track chlorophyll.

Finally, one concern about LIEs like Drakes Estero is whether they may be favorable for HABs species that could either be sourced from cysts in the Estero or imported with upwelled water, and in Drakes Estero an extra threat is whether recent removal of benthic grazers might promote these taxa. This study shows that seed populations of a variety of HAB taxa did occur in the Estero and reached elevated levels for the raphidophyte Heterosigma and the dinoflagellates Prorocentrum, Akashiwo sanguinea, and Heterocapsa. The dinoflagellate communities showed a strong relationship with warm temperatures which suggest that with increasingly warm conditions and prolonged warm events (Edwards et al. 2006; Peperzak 2003, Van Dolah 2000) these dinoflagellate HABs will be favored. However, the study also shows that LIEs situated next to an upwelling region can provide diatoms (linked to the upwelled water) that can fuel pelagic food webs in the Estero. Understanding the interplay of the different phytoplankton functional groups and their possible drivers is useful for future management of Drakes Estero as it undergoes restoration, and for other LIEs that harbor bivalve aquaculture facilities. 27

Table 1: Surface temperature, salinity, and nutrient concentrations (mean ± s.d.) measured in Drakes Estero from 8 June 2016 to 16 November 2017.

T emperature Salinity n o 3 n h 4 Si(OH)4 P 0 4

Station (°C) (psu) (jiM) (HM) (HM) (HM) DBY 13.7± 1.9 33.0 ± 1.2 14.3 ±9.7 2.6 ±2.2 28.1 ± 10.8 1.6 ±0.6 DEM 13.7 ± 1.7 32.8 ± 1.4 14.1 ±8.7 2.0 ± 1.7 30.5 ± 11.1 1.7 ±0.6 DEI 8 13.8 ±2.0 33.2 ± 1.1 7.8 ±5.2 2.2 ± 1.5 24.5 ±6.5 1.6 ±0.5 DE13 13.9 ± 1.6 33.2 ± 1.0 8.1 ±4.5 2.8 ± 1.7 25.4 ±6.4 1.6 ±0.5 DE2 15.1 ±2.1 33.4 ± 1.2 3.9 ±3.3 3.0 ± 1.8 25.0 ±5.6 1.9 ± 0.7 DEI 16.9 ± 2.8 34.1 ±2.3 1.0 ± 1.4 2.0 ±2.2 30.7 ± 14.4 3.7 ± 2.1 28

Table 2: Chlorophyll concentrations (ng/L) measured during phytoplankton blooms observed in Drakes Estero (n.d.-no data as DEM not sampled) and mean (± s.d.) chlorophyll concentrations for each location for the entire study period including bloom and non-bloom situations.

Mean Chi ± Chlorophyll (|ig/L) s.d. Station 14 Oct 2016 23 May 2017 22 June 2017 6 Sept 2017 2016-2017 DBY 20.6 24.2 19.2 66.6 8.9 ± 14.8 DEM n.d. 10.8 16.3 26.0 6.1 ±6.3 DEI 8 35.0 4.4 5.3 20.4 5.0 ±7.8 DE13 15.4 3.1 5.5 15.6 3.5 ± 4.1 DE2 14.6 2.5 3.2 19.4 3.7 ±4.4 DEI 3.5 2.5 1.9 1.0 2.7 ± 1.6 29

Table 3: Three-dimensional NMDS result for environmental vectors that has a stress of 0.196. NMDS 1, 2 and 3 are correlations between the ordination and environmental and phytoplankton functional group variables. The r2 value is the squared correlation coefficient and (Pr(>r)) are P-values for the permutation where if R2 values for random permutated data are as good or better that the permutation, the values are insignificant.

Environment NMDS1 NMDS2 NMDS3 r2 Pr (>r) N 03 -0.04496 -0.87935 0.47405 0.47 0.001 *** Temperature 0.301113 0.71302 -0.63318 0.39 0.001 *** Upwelling 0.94524 -0.22486 -0.23655 0.18 0.001 *** NH4 -0.69326 -0.61276 -0.37936 0.12 0.002 ** Rainfall -0.76251 0.36882 0.53115 0.08 0.019 * Functional Group All Diatoms 0.41663 -0.23248 0.87885 0.18 0.001 *** Dinoflagellates -0.05794 0.99375 -0.09536 0.08 0.009 ** Flagellates 0.31177 0.73115 0.60681 0.23 0.001 *** 30

Figure 1 a) Map of study site Drakes Estero (white box), located adjacent to Drakes Bay and Point Reyes in northern California; b) Stations sampled in Drakes Estero and Bay: Drakes Bay (DBY, red diamond). Drakes Estero Mouth (DEM, purple diamond), middle Estero (DEI 8, blue circle and DEI3, green circle), inner Estero (DE2, blue square and DEI (tan square). The yellow star is Kenneth C. Patrick Visitor Center. 31

Upwelling Index - Rainfall

Eioo

0.4 O C z

2 o

May 2016 Jul 2016 Sep 2016 Nov 2016 Jan 2017 Mar 2017 May 2017 Jut 2017 Sep 2017 Nov 2017

Upwelling Index - Rainfall

E E § 2 0 0 u 0.8 =

£ 150

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Oct 2016 Jan 2017 A pr 2017

Figure 2: Average upwelling and rainfall from daily value data a) averaged for each month, b) for the week prior to sampling. Primary axis shows average upwelling index (m3 s'1 (100m coastline)"1) plotted in blue bars for each month (a) or prior week (b) between June 2016 and November 2017. Average monthly rainfall (orange markers and lines) plotted on secondary axis. Data from (b) was used for NMDS analyses. 32

oav OEM OE18 DE13 065 061 OSY OEM 0618 D€!3 OE7 0E1

■ *

08Y OEM 0E18 0£13 0E2 DEI D3V OEM DEIS DEO DE2 OEI

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Figure 3: Median values of a) Temperature (°C), b) salinity (psu), and concentrations (|iM) of c) nitrate (|iM), d) ammonium, e) phosphate and 0 silicate measured along a transect from seaward (Drakes Bay, DBY) to landward in Drakes Estero (DEI) from June 2016 to November 2017. The upper and lower lines of each box are the upper (75th) and lower (25th) quartiles and the upper whisker extends to the largest value that is no further than 1,5*inter-quartile range, or the distance between the first and third quartiles. The lower whisker extends to the smallest value at most 1.5*inter-quartile range. 33

35 |ig/L 66 pg/L

-D EI DE2 -DE13 -DE18 ■ DEM DBY

Figure 4: a) Time series of total chlorophyll collected in Drakes Estero and Drakes Bay. b) Box and whisker plots of a) all chlorophyll samples collected and c) chlorophyll with concentrations measured during non-bloom events (bloom events removed). Without blooms, DBY and DEM are statistically different from the other stations (p=0.03). The center lines on the box and whisker plots are the median values for each station, while the upper and lower lines are the upper and lower quartiles (75th and 25th percentiles respectively). The upper whisker extends to the largest value that is no further than 1.5*inter-quartile range, or the distance between the first and third quartiles. The lower whisker extends to the smallest value at most 1,5*inter-quartile range. cell number of the sample (xlO5 cells/L). (xlO5 sample the of number cell Figure 5: Percent flagellates in each total phytoplankton cell count plotted versus the total total the versus plotted count cell phytoplankton total each in flagellates Percent 5: Figure Percent Flagellates 100 25% 50% 75% % & : ¥ - ’• ° ° °8 ® © • 0 200 100 0 Total Cells (10A5 cells/L) (10A5 Cells Total 300 Station DE18 • DEM ® DE1 • DE2 ® DE13 ® DBY a 34

■ Percent Flagellates Other Dinoflagellates Pelagic Pennates Benthlc Pennates Centric Diatoms

Figure 6: Phytoplankton cell number (x 105 cells/L) and percent flagellates at Drakes Bay (DBY) from June 2016 to November 2017. The stacked boxplots are phytoplankton functional group cell counts omitting flagellates, the line is the percentage of flagellates in the total cell count. ■ Percent Flagellates Other Dinoflagellates Pelagic Pennates Benthic Pennates Centric Diatoms

Figure 7: Phytoplankton cell number (x lO3 cells/L) and percent flagellates at Drakes Estero Mouth (DEM) from June 2016 to November 2017. The stacked boxplots are phytoplankton functional group cell counts omitting flagellates, the line is the percentage of flagellates in the total cell count.

ON 12 100% ■ Percent Flagellates Other Dinoflagellates Pelagic Pennates 10 Benthic Pennates 80% Centric Diatoms

01 60% _KJ

20%

L i III I 0% Jul 2016 Oct 2016 Jan 2017 Apr 2017 *kll 2017 Oct 2017 Date Figure 8: Phytoplankton cell number (x 105 cells/L) and percent flagellates at mid Estero (DEI 8) from June 2016 to November 2017. The stacked boxplots are phytoplankton functional group cell counts omitting flagellates, the line is the percentage of flagellates in the total cell count.

u> 'j 100% Percent Flagellates ■ Other ■ Dinoflagellates ■ Pelagic Pennates 80% ■ Benthic Pennates ■ Centric Diatoms

60% in

40%

Jul 2016 Oct 2016 Jan 2017 Apr 2017 Jul 2017 Oct 2017 Date Figure 9: Phytoplankton cell number (x 105 cells/L) and percent flagellates at mid Estero (DEI 3) from June 2016 to November 2017. The stacked boxplots are phytoplankton functional group cell counts omitting flagellates, the line is the percentage of flagellates in the total cell count.

UJ oo 18 100% ■ Percent Flagellates Other Dinoflagellates 16 Pelagic Pennates Benthic Pennates 80% Centric Diatoms 14

ri2 01U) fID i 600/o = '10 CJ! JS LL. 4-* c 8 c Z3 s O 40% £ u CL

20%

I I 1 I l l I i J 0% Jul 2016 Oct 2016 Jan 2017 Apr 2017 Oct 2017 Date Figure 10: Phytoplankton cell number (x 105 cells/L) and percent flagellates at inner Estero (DE2) from June 2016 to November 2017. The stacked boxplots are phytoplankton functional group cell counts omitting flagellates, the line is the percentage of flagellates in the total cell count. Percent Flagellates ■ Other ■ Dinoflagellates ■ Pelagic Pennates ■ Benthic Pennates • Centric Diatoms

Figure 11: Phytoplankton cell number (x 105 cells/L) and percent flagellates at inner Estero (DEI) from June 2016 to November 2017. The stacked boxplots are phytoplankton functional group cell counts omitting flagellates, the line is the percentage of flagellates in the total cell count. -0.5 0.0 0.5 -0 .5 0.0 0.5 MDS1 MDS3

Figure 12: NMDS plot (stress = 0.196) for community data station overlays as point color and standard deviation ellipses; Drakes Bay (DBY), outer (DEM), middle (DEI 8 and DEI3) and inner (DE2 and DEI) Drakes Estero. 1.0

Temperature Dinoflagellates Flagellates 0.5

Season CM CO 9 0.0 -Summer Upwelling Winter Lll Diatoms

-0.5

-0.5 0.0 0.5 MDS1 MDS3

Figure 13: NMDS plot (stress=0.196) for community data with point color and standard deviation ellipse overlays colored for season (spring = March-May; summer = June-August); fall = September-November; winter = December-February). Arrows are environmental vectors showing the direction of the greatest rate of increasing values for each environmental condition as well as functional groups of phytoplankton. The length of the vector is representative of the r2 value, which is the percent of variability of the community distributions that are explained by the variable. Figure 14: NMDS with point and ellipse colors representing seasons, and size of the points the total number of diatoms. of number total the points the of size and seasons, representing colors ellipse and point with 14:NMDS Figure MDS2 D1 MDS3 MDS1 4^. dinoflagellates (cells/L). dinoflagellates Figure 15: NMDS with point and ellipse colors representing seasons, and size of the points the abundance of of abundance the points the of size and seasons, representing colors ellipse and point with 15:NMDS Figure MDS2 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 05 . 05 05 . 0.5 0.0 -0.5 0.5 0.0 -0.5 Dinoflagellate D1 MDS3 MDS1 Season Winter - er m -Sum Spring - ll a -F • Dinoflagellates • 1500000 • • • 500000 • 2000000 1000000

1.0 Temperature 1.0

Temperature Flagellates 0.5

Flagellates • 1e+07 • 2e+07 CM • 3e+07 CO # 9 0.0 Season — Fall — Spring ~ Summer — Winter -0.5

-0.5 0.0 0.5 -0.5 0.0 0.5 MDS1 MDS3 Figure 16: NMDS with point and ellipse colors representing seasons, and size of the points the abundance of flagellates (cells/L). 46

References

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Appendix 1: Environmental and Nutrient Time Series Data

Temperature

-♦-D B Y -•-D EM -♦-D E18 251 -*-DE13 -*-D E 2 -•-DEI

S 15 0) Cl E

Jui 2016 Sep 2016 Nov 2016 Jan 2017 Mar 2017 May 2017 Jul 2017 Sep 2017 Nov 2017

Salinity

-♦-D B Y DEM DE18 36 DE13 DE2 DEI

34

£• 32

30

28

Jul 2016 Sep 2016 Nov 2016 Jan 2017 Mar 2017 May 2017 Jul 2017 Sep 2017 Nov 2017 55

N 0 3

-♦-D B Y - ♦ DEM DE18 -♦-D E13 -*-D E2 -•-DEI

n h 4

-♦-D B Y *•♦ DEM DE18 DE13 DE2 -•-DEI

c o E

Jui 2016 Sep 2016 Nov 2016 Jan 2017 Mar 2017 May 2017 Jul 2017 Sep 2017 Nov 2017 r0

>0

;o

\o to

:o

.0

Jul 2016 Sep 2016 Nov 2016 Jan 2017 Mar 2017 May 2017 Jul 2017 Sep 2017 Nov 2017 t

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0 : Ju! 2016 Sep 2016 Nov 2016 Jan 2017 Mar 2017 May 2017 Jul 2017 Sep 2017 Nov 2017 57

Appendix 2: Unknown Phytoplankton Images 58

Unknown H

f

Unknown 1 Unknown J

Unknown L

Unknown K 59

Unknown M 60

Appendix 3: Cruise cell counts for all identified taxa and total cell counts for functional groups. All counts in cells/L.

DRE16-1 (6/8/2016)

Taxa DBY DEM DE18 DE13 DE2 DEI Alexandrium 6763 34056 12406 6843 24519 21130 Amphora 0 1032 2091 0 402 325 Bacillaria 0 0 1079 326 804 2926 Campylodiscus 0 0 0 0 0 325 Ceratulina pelagica 0 0 0 978 0 0 Chaetoceros 16103 4128 4315 25089 0 0 Ciliates 2576 13416 5933 6191 10049 6826 Circle within circle (Ruptured cell) 0 101136 0 0 0 0 Coccolithophore 644 2064 0 652 0 325 Cocconeis 10950 1032 9709 326 804 2275 Cylindrotheca 0 9288 1618 0 0 650 Detonula pumila 0 2064 0 0 0 0 Dictyocha 0 3096 1079 652 0 0 Dinophysis 0 4128 0 0 0 0 Dinophysis acuminata 1288 0 539 978 402 0 Entomonies 644 0 1079 0 0 325 Euglenids 966 0 1618 326 3216 3251 Gonyaulax 0 0 0 978 0 0 Guinardia delicatula 0 3096 0 0 0 0 Gyrodinium estuarilae 0 0 1079 2933 402 325 Gyrodinium lachryma 322 0 0 326 0 0 Gyrodinium sp 0 15480 0 0 0 0 Gyrodinium spirale 322 0 0 1629 0 0 Heterocapsa rotundata 4509 0 8630 0 8441 8127 Heterocapsa triqueta 0 5160 539 652 1608 975 Heterosigma 4187 89784 41534 9775 15676 0 Katodinium glaucum 644 1032 3776 1955 0 0 Licomorpha 0 1032 539 978 13666 3251 Mesodinium rubrum 0 0 539 326 804 975 Minuscula bipes 0 0 1079 326 0 0 Navicula 1610 5160 5394 1304 2814 1625 Nitzschia lorenziana 0 0 0 0 0 650 Oxyphysis oxytoxoides 644 1032 0 0 402 0 Paralia sulcata 0 0 1079 0 2814 1625 Pheopolykrikos hartmannii 0 0 1079 0 0 0 Pinnularia 0 0 1079 0 0 0 61

Pleurosigma 0 0 539 0 0 0 Polykrikos kofoidii 644 2064 3776 3258 804 0 Polykrikos schwartzi 322 0 0 978 0 0 Polykrikos 0 1032 0 0 0 0 Prorocentrum minimum 17069 0 11327 11404 8441 13653 Prorocentrum sp. 1288 0 0 0 3216 12028 Protoperidinium leonis 0 0 0 326 0 0 Protoperidinium steinii 0 1032 1618 2933 0 0 Protoperidinum sp 322 4128 0 0 0 650 Pseudo-nitzschia (Long) 0 2064 0 0 402 325 Pseudo-nitzschia (Small) 0 5160 0 652 0 0 Pyrophacus 0 10320 0 978 1608 652 Rhizosolenia 0 0 1079 0 0 0 Rhoicosphenia 0 1032 1079 326 1206 0 Scrippsiella 8695 0 7552 4562 8843 1300 Skeletonema 11916 252840 8630 37145 8843 0 Small Centrics 1932 0 539 2281 0 975 Small Diatoms 15781 1032 25049 3910 17284 11703 Small Flagellates 699898 717240 597026 520379 512663 540214 Stephanopyxis 0 0 0 0 402 0 Thalassiosira 3221 1032 2697 3910 0 0 Tintinnid 0 3096 0 0 0 0 Unknown F 3221 0 5933 3258 1206 0 Unknown G 0 0 2158 0 0 0 Unknown I 644 0 0 0 0 325 Unknown L 3865 0 5933 3258 0 0 Unknown Armored Dinoflagellates 0 1032 0 0 0 0 Unknown Naked Dinoflagellate 0 9288 2158 2281 0 0 Unknown Dinoflagellate Cyst 0 0 0 1629 0 0 Unknown Spikey Ball 0 0 0 0 0 325

DRE16-1 Total Cell Counts Functional Group DBY DEM DE18 DEO DE2 DEI Centric Diatoms 3.30E+04 2.60E+05 1.90E+04 6.90E+04 1.20E+04 2.60E+03 Benthic Pennate Diatoms 2.90E+04 2.00E+04 5.00E+04 7.20E+03 3.70E+04 2.40E+04 Pelagic Pennate Diatoms 0.00E+00 7.20E+03 0.00E+00 6.50E+02 4.00E+02 3.30E+02 Dinoflagellates 5.10E+04 9.00E+04 6.70E+04 5.10E+04 6.00E+04 5.90E+04 Flagellates 7.10E+05 8.10E+05 6.40E+05 5.30E+05 5.30E+05 5.40E+05 Other 3.20E+03 1.20E+05 6.50E+03 7.20E+03 1.10E+04 8.50E+03 Total Cells/L 8.20E+05 1.30E+06 7.80E+05 6.70E+05 6.50E+05 6.40E+05 62

DRE16-2 (7/13/2016)

Taxa DBY DEM DEI 8 DE13 DE2 DEI Alexandrium 545 3776 18063 10346 54368 55975 Amphora 2181 56637 968 0 403 971 Asterionellopsis glacialis 0 2158 0 0 0 0 Bacillaria 1636 2158 0 0 0 0 Biddulphia altemans 0 0 0 323 0 0 Chaetoceros 5452 6473 5483 2910 3222 0 Ciliates 545 3236 49028 27158 18928 13266 Coccolithophore 545 0 645 0 9263 0 Cocconeis 14175 2158 3548 2263 2819 7442 Cyclotella 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cylindrotheca 0 539 645 647 4833 1294 Entomonies 8723 1079 645 0 0 0 Euglenids 545 539 6451 5819 9665 10354 Gonyaulax 0 0 0 323 0 0 Gyrodinium estuarilae 0 539 0 323 0 647 Heterocapsa rotundata 2181 1079 2258 1940 0 0 Leptocylindrus danicus 0 3776 0 0 0 0 Licomorpha 0 112406 323 0 805 1941 Melosira 14720 8630 323 0 0 2912 Mesodinium rubrum 0 539 6128 2263 4027 1294 Minuscula bipes 0 0 0 0 0 0 Navicula 14720 5394 646 1294 0 324 Nitzschia lorenziana 0 0 0 0 0 971 Noctiluca 0 0 0 0 0 0 Odontella 545 539 0 323 0 0 Paralia sulcata 0 0 7419 0 0 0 Pleurosigma 0 0 645 0 0 0 Prorocentrum minimum 545 0 0 0 1611 0 Prorocentrum sp. 0 0 0 0 4833 0 Pseudo-nitzschia (Long) 0 1079 0 0 1208 0 Pseudo-nitzschia (Small) 0 3236 645 0 0 0 Rhaphoneis 8723 0 0 0 0 0 Rhizosolenia 0 539 0 0 0 0 Rhoicosphenia 0 539 0 323 0 0 Scrippsiella 545 1618 323 0 403 647 Skeletonema 3816 2158 1935 1940 0 0 Small Centrics 18536 13485 4516 2586 6041 971 Small Diatoms 37073 82528 2580 4203 24566 7765 Small Flagellates 342993 413212 223481 165410 516929 180220 63

Stephanopyxis 0 0 0 0 805 0 Striatella unipunctata 0 0 0 0 403 0 Thalassiosira 5997 0 4193 1940 3222 0 Unknown F 0 539 323 0 0 0 Unknown G 0 0 0 323 0 0 Unknown L 0 0 0 323 0 0 Unknown Naked Dinoflagellate 545 539 968 0 0 0 Unknown Spikey Ball 0 0 323 323 0 0

DRE16-2 Total Cell counts Functional Group DBY DEM DE18 DE13 DE2 DEI Centric Diatoms 4.90E+04 3.50E+04 2.40E+04 1.00E+04 1.30E+04 3.90E+03 Benthic Pennate Diatoms 8.70E+04 2.60E+05 1.00E+04 8.70E+03 3.30E+04 2.10E+04 Pelagic Pennate Diatoms 0.00E+00 6.50E+03 6.50E+02 0.00E+00 1.60E+03 0.00E+00 Dinoflagellates 4.40E+03 8.10E+03 2.20E+04 1.30E+04 6.10E+04 5.70E+04 Flagellates 3.40E+05 4.10E+05 2.30E+05 1.70E+05 5.30E+05 1.90E+05 Other 1.10E+03 3.80E+03 5.60E+04 3.00E+04 3.20E+04 1.50E+04 Total Cells/L 4.90E+05 7.30E+05 3.40E+05 2.30E+05 6.70E+05 2.90E+05 64

DRE16-3 (8/16/2016)

Taxa DBY DEM DEI 8 DEI 3 DE2 DEI Actinoptychus 0 0 0 404 0 0 Alexandrium 1082 809 6985 3632 3223 61273 Amphora 0 16672 2687 404 0 0 Asterionellopsis glacialis 0 0 0 0 537 0 Asteromphalus heptactis 0 0 0 1211 0 0 Bacillaria 1082 324 19343 7263 0 24589 Biddulphia alternans 0 0 0 0 537 0 Ceratium furca 0 0 0 807 0 0 Ceratulina pelagica 0 23309 0 404 0 0 Chaetoceros 1082 1457 3761 1614 0 5644 Ciliates 1623 324 1075 808 15041 5240 Coccolithophore 7573 1133 46746 11298 0 0 Cocconeis 10819 0 3761 12912 1074 0 Cylindrotheca 2705 0 2687 1211 2149 403 Dictyocha 0 0 0 0 537 0 Ditylum brightwellii 0 0 537 0 0 0 Entomonies 0 486 3224 1614 537 0 Eucampia zodiacus 0 0 0 1211 0 0 Euglenids 0 0 0 404 2686 27412 Gymnodinium sp 1082 162 0 0 537 0 Gyrodinium estuarilae 0 0 1612 0 537 0 Gyrodinium lachryma 0 0 537 0 0 0 Heterocapsa rotundata 0 0 7522 2018 0 0 Katodinium glaucum 541 0 2687 0 0 0 Leptocylindrus danicus 0 0 1612 6456 537 0 Licomorpha 1623 5180 27940 7263 1074 3225 Melosira 541 971 0 0 0 0 Mesodinium rubrum 0 0 5910 8474 2686 2016 Minuscula bipes 0 0 1075 0 0 0 Navicula 4328 9712 4836 2422 1073 1612 Nitzschia 0 0 0 0 0 403 Nitzschia lorenziana 541 0 0 0 0 7256 Odontella 541 162 0 404 0 0 Pinnularia 0 647 0 0 0 0 Pleurosigma 0 0 0 404 0 0 Prorocentrum minimum 0 0 10209 4842 0 0 Prorocentrum sp. 2705 0 0 0 537 806 Protoperidinium depressum 0 0 0 404 0 0 Protoperidinium steinii 0 0 0 0 0 403 65

Protoperidinum sp 0 0 0 404 0 0 Pseudo-nitzschia (Long) 0 1133 0 10088 537 0 Pseudo-nitzschia (Small) 26506 5342 222622 210619 3223 0 Rhaphoneis 0 324 0 0 0 0 Rhizosolenia 0 0 537 404 537 403 Scrippsiella 541 486 3224 3632 1074 2016 Skeletonema 2705 9550 0 0 0 0 Small Gentries 4868 0 14508 12105 4735 0 Small Diatoms 69781 3076 30089 10491 12655 4837 Small Flagellates 108188 77922 666264 310302 145573 589387 Thalassionema 0 0 0 0 537 0 Thalassiosira 1623 647 8060 3632 42974 22977 Tropidoneis 0 0 0 404 0 0 Unknown F 0 0 3224 0 0 0 Unknown L 0 0 2149 404 0 806 Unknown M 0 0 0 0 0 403

DRE16-3 Total Cell counts Functional Group DBY DEM DE18 DE13 DE2 DEI Centric Diatoms 1.10E+04 3.60E+04 2.80E+04 2.80E+04 4.90E+04 2.90E+04 Benthic Pennate Diatoms 9.10E+04 3.70E+04 9.50E+04 4.40E+04 1.90E+04 4.30E+04 Pelagic Pennate Diatoms 2.70E+04 6.50E+03 2.20E+05 2.20E+05 4.30E+03 0.00E+00 Dinoflagellates 6.00E+03 1.50E+03 3.90E+04 1.60E+04 5.90E+03 6.50E+04 Flagellates 1.10E+05 7.80E+04 6.70E+05 3.10E+05 1.50E+05 6.20E+05 Other 9.20E+03 1.50E+03 5.40E+04 2.10E+04 1.80E+04 7.70E+03 Total Cells/L 2.50E+05 1.60E+05 1.10E+06 6.40E+05 2.50E+05 7.60E+05 66

DRJE16-4 (9/15/2016)

Taxa DBY DEM DEI 8 DEI 3 DE2 DEI Actinoptychus 0 0 1075 0 0 0 Amphora 0 405 0 0 815 0 Amylax triacantha 0 405 0 0 0 0 Asterionellopsis glacialis 0 1214 0 0 0 0 Asteromphalus heptactis 0 0 537 0 0 0 Asteromphalus sarcophagus 0 0 1075 404 0 0 Bacillaria 0 2428 0 0 1630 0 Ceratium divaricatum 0 405 0 0 0 0 Ceratium furca 0 0 1075 1212 7334 524 Ceratium lineatum 0 0 0 0 815 0 Ceratulina pelagica 0 0 0 2423 3260 0 Chaetoceros 1083 809 1612 0 3260 37364 Ciliates 541 4047 18806 6059 10594 14621 Coccolithophore 1624 0 1075 1212 815 812 Cocconeis 1624 809 1075 2019 3260 4874 Cyclotella 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cylindrotheca 2165 5666 1612 2423 3260 271 Dinophysis acuminata 0 0 1612 808 815 0 Dinophysis rotundata 0 405 537 0 0 0 Ditylum brightwellii 541 2023 2687 5655 11409 0 Entomonies 0 809 0 808 0 0 Eucampia zodiacus 0 0 7522 4443 4075 542 Euglenids 5955 10522 1074 4847 6519 10831 Gonyaulax 0 1619 0 0 0 0 Guinardia striata 0 809 0 0 2445 0 Gymnodinium sp 541 10117 11284 2827 19558 542 Gyrodinium estuarilae 0 0 29552 20599 28522 1895 Gyrodinium spirale 0 0 2687 0 0 0 Heterocapsa rotundata 3790 8903 0 7674 24447 7040 Heterosigma 541 2023 5373 0 10594 3520 Katodinium glaucum 0 0 11821 0 8149 0 Lauderia 0 0 0 808 0 0 Leptocylindrus danicus 3248 4451 13433 5251 11409 0 Licomorpha 2165 8094 4836 6058 8149 2978 Mesodinium rubrum 0 0 26865 19791 30151 2708 Navicula 7579 9712 1612 2019 1630 542 Nitzschia lorenziana 0 405 0 0 815 4603 Odontella 1083 0 537 0 0 0 Oxyphysis oxytoxoides 0 405 1612 0 815 0 67

Pleurosigma 1083 405 3224 404 0 0 Prorocentrum gracile 1083 9712 2687 2827 6519 1625 Prorocentrum inicans 0 2023 537 2827 815 0 Prorocentrum minimum 0 0 2687 0 2445 1895 Protoperidinium conicum 0 405 0 0 0 0 Protoperidinium depressum 0 0 537 404 0 0 Protoperidinium leonis 0 0 537 404 0 0 Protoperidinium steinii 0 0 1075 404 0 0 Protoperidinum sp 0 405 0 404 0 0 Pseudo-nitzschia (Long) 0 0 0 0 0 1083 Pseudo-nitzschia (Small) 0 0 0 0 815 0 Rhaphoneis 1624 809 0 0 0 0 Rhizosolenia 0 0 0 0 0 1083 Scrippsiella 0 809 537 808 2445 0 Skeletonema 1083 0 0 0 0 0 Small Armored Dinoflagellate 5414 30351 17731 16560 26892 16787 Small Centrics 4872 3642 6448 2423 12224 271 Small Diatoms 88242 35612 11284 7270 13853 5957 Small Flagellates 496495 2076331 607870 42553 474746 1216291 Thalassionema 1083 0 1075 0 0 0 Thalassiosira 5955 8499 13433 4847 9779 271 Unknown F 0 0 4298 5251 4075 0 Unknown J 0 0 1075 0 0 0 Unknown Dinoflagellate Cyst 0 809 0 0 0 0

DREI6-4 Total Cell counts Functional Group DBY DEM DE18 DEO DE2 DEI Centric Diatoms 1.90E+04 2.00E+04 4.90E+04 2.60E+04 5.80E+04 3.80E+04 Benthic Pennate Diatoms 1.00E+05 6.50E+04 2.40E+04 2.10E+04 3.30E+04 2.00E+04 Pelagic Pennate Diatoms 0.00E+00 1.20E+03 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 8.20E+02 1.10E+03 Dinoflagellates 1.10E+04 6.70E+04 9.20E+04 6.30E+04 1.30E+05 3.00E+04 Flagellates 5.00E+05 2.10E+06 6.10E+05 4.70E+04 4.90E+05 1.20E+06 Other 2.20E+03 4.00E+03 4.70E+04 2.70E+04 4.20E+04 1.80E+04 Total Cells/L 6.40E+05 2.20E+06 8.30E+05 1.80E+05 7.60E+05 1.30E+06 68

DRE16-5 (10/14/2016, DEM not sampled)

Taxa DBY DEI 8 DEI 3 DE2 DEI Actinoptychus 901 548 0 0 0 Akashiwo sanguinea 13520 35067 34655 25163 8929 Alexandrium 9014 39997 22144 24352 30034 Amphora 1803 1096 0 812 0 Asterionellopsis glacialis 0 0 0 0 1323 Asteromphalus sarcophagus 0 2192 540 0 0 Bacillaria 0 1096 0 0 1323 Campylodiscus 0 0 0 0 541 Ceratium furca 3605 4383 8101 5276 0 Chaetoceros 6309 1644 1080 1623 0 Ciliates 11717 5479 4321 8117 46268 Coccolithophore 1803 0 0 0 0 Cocconeis 19829 0 7021 812 7306 Cylindrotheca 8112 9315 4861 6900 812 Detonula pumila 0 0 0 4464 0 Dictyocha 1803 0 1080 406 0 Dinophysis acuminata 3605 2192 4321 1218 0 Ditylum brightwellii 901 0 540 0 0 Entomonies 0 0 2700 0 0 Euglenids 0 5480 6481 406 41398 Gonyaulax 0 0 6341 0 0 Gymnodinium abbreviatum 0 0 0 406 0 Gymnodinium sp 5408 1093 0 4870 0 Gyrodinium estuarilae 0 3835 1620 0 21105 Gyrodinium lachryma 2704 0 540 0 0 Gyrodinium sp 0 548 0 3653 0 Gyrodinium spirale 901 0 0 0 0 Heterocapsa rotundata 32448 0 0 0 0 Heterocapsa triqueta 5408 0 540 0 0 Heterosigma 33349 0 0 0 0 Katodinium glaucum 7211 3835 2160 2841 6494 Leptocylindrus danicus 0 548 0 0 0 Licomorpha 4507 2740 9722 7305 3247 Mesodinium rubrum 8112 0 0 0 0 Minuscula bipes 2704 548 540 2435 0 Navicula 5408 5479 7561 10552 13527 Oxyphysis oxytoxoides 2704 1096 1620 406 0 Paralia sulcata 0 2192 0 0 0 Pinnularia 901 0 0 0 0 69

Pleurosigma 901 1096 0 812 1623 Polykrikos kofoidii 0 1096 3241 0 0 Prorocentrum gracile 16224 38902 23224 23134 2435 Prorocentrum micans 1803 13150 16203 7711 1623 Prorocentrum minimum 9915 0 0 0 0 Protoperidinium oceanicum 0 548 540 0 0 Protoperidinium steinii 1803 0 0 2435 0 Protoperidinum sp 1803 2192 0 0 0 Protoperidnium pallidum 0 1096 0 0 0 Protoperidnium pentagonia 0 548 0 0 0 Pseudo-nitzschia (Long) 1803 6027 2160 2030 10552 Pseudo-nitzschia (Small) 0 1644 2700 0 4059 Pyrophacus 0 12602 17283 9741 5682 Radiolarian 0 0 0 406 0 Rhaphoneis 0 0 540 0 0 Rhoicosphenia 0 0 540 0 0 Scrippsiella 9013 28492 18903 11364 39775 Skeletonema 7211 0 0 0 0 Small Armored Dinoflagellate 14421 0 0 0 7030 Small Centrics 16224 0 0 0 0 Small Diatoms 24237 2740 9182 5276 46268 Small Flagellates 3448889 12735102 8178188 2873264 919987 Thalassionema 1803 0 0 0 0 Thalassiosira 14421 4931 1620 0 0 Tintinnid 0 548 2160 1218 0 Unknown A 9915 2192 2700 2435 1623 Unknown B 0 0 0 0 0 Unknown C 0 0 0 0 1082 Unknown F 2704 0 0 0 0 Unknown Dinoflagellate Cyst 3605 0 0 0 0 Unknown Naked Dinoflagellate 0 0 0 812 0

DRE16-5 Total Cell counts Functional Group DBY DE18 DE13 DE2 DEI Centric Diatoms 4.80E+04 1.20E+04 3.80E+03 6.10E+03 0.00E+00 Benthic Pennate Diatoms 6.60E+04 2.40E+04 4.20E+04 3.20E+04 7.50E+04 Pelagic Pennate Diatoms 1.80E+03 7.70E+03 4.90E+03 2.00E+03 1.60E+04 Dinoflagellates 1.60E+05 1.90E+05 1.60E+05 1.30E+05 1.30E+05 Flagellates 3.50E+06 1.30E+07 8.20E+06 2.90E+06 9.60E+05 Other 2.20E+04 6.00E+03 6.50E+03 9.70E+03 4.60E+04 Total Cells/L 3.80E+06 1.30E+07 8.40E+06 3.10E+06 1.20E+06 70

DRE16-6 (10/26/2016)

Taxa DBY DEI 8 D EO DE2 DEI Actinoptychus 0 0 324 0 0 Akashiwo sanguinea 1997 7063 4209 325 0 Alexandrium 666 5458 648 1624 961 Bacillaria 666 1605 324 0 0 Campylodiscus 0 0 0 325 0 Ceratium divaricatum 333 0 0 0 0 Ceratium furca 999 963 324 0 0 Chaetoceros 1664 1926 971 1624 641 Ciliates 1331 8990 5829 7146 7367 Cocconeis 666 0 1943 2599 0 Cyclotella 0 642 324 0 0 Cylindrotheca 1664 5779 4533 3898 3524 Dictyocha 0 642 0 0 0 Dinophysis 0 321 0 0 0 Dinophysis acuminata 0 1605 648 650 0 Dinophysis fortii 333 0 0 0 0 Dinophysis rotundata 0 321 324 0 0 Dinophyssis odiosa 0 0 0 0 0 Entomonies 0 321 0 0 0 Euglenids 2330 1284 971 6821 5766 Gyrodinium estuarilae 2330 1284 1295 4547 10571 Gyrodinium lachryma 666 0 0 325 320 Gyrodinium spirale 333 1605 0 325 0 Heterocapsa triqueta 0 642 971 0 0 Heterosigma 4660 9632 4857 4547 0 Katodinium glaucum 2996 4816 4209 2599 2563 Licomorpha 0 0 2914 6821 3844 Melosira 0 0 648 0 0 Minuscula bipes 333 321 0 0 0 Navicula 5992 2890 2590 4547 4805 Odontella 1331 0 0 0 0 Paralia sulcata 1997 0 0 0 2563 Pinnularia 0 0 0 325 0 Pleurosigma 333 0 0 0 2883 Prorocentrum gracile 333 4816 3238 1299 0 Prorocentrum micans 5326 6100 2914 4872 0 Protoperidinium steinii 0 0 0 325 0 Protoperidinum sp 0 963 0 0 0 Pseudo-nitzschia (Long) 0 0 324 4547 1922 71

Pseudo-nitzschia (Small) 0 1605 324 650 2883 Rhizosolenia 0 321 0 0 0 Rhoicosphenia 0 0 0 0 0 Scrippsiella 0 321 971 1299 0 Skeletonema 0 642 0 0 0 Small Centrics 12649 10595 8095 6496 1281 Small Diatoms 9986 40454 41771 47423 76236 Small Flagellates 732084 1303857 619854 1086621 1104888 Thalassiosira 4660 9953 3561 325 0 Unknown Dinoflagellate Cyst 0 0 1943 0 0

DRE16-6 Total Cell counts Functional Group DBY DE18 DE13 DE2 DEI Centric Diatoms 2.20E+04 2.40E+04 1.40E+04 8.40E+03 4.50E+03 Benthic Pennate Diatoms 1.90E+04 5.10E+04 5.40E+04 6.60E+04 9 .10E+04 Pelagic Pennate Diatoms 0.00E+00 1.60E+03 6.50E+02 5.20E+03 4.80E+03 Dinoflagellates 1.70E+04 3.70E+04 2.20E+04 1.90E+04 1.40E+04 Flagellates 7.40E+05 1.30E+06 6.30E+05 1.10E+06 1.10E+06 Other 1.30E+03 9.00E+03 5.80E+03 7.10E+03 7.40E+03 Total Cells/L 8.00E+05 1.40E+06 7.20E+05 1.20E+06 1.20E+06 72

DRE16-7 (11/18/2016)

Taxa DBY DEI 8 DE13 DE2 DEI Akashiwo sanguinea 326 994 995 1647 0 Alexandrium 0 0 0 329 0 Amphora 0 0 332 0 0 Bacillaria 1305 1656 332 329 0 Chaetoceros 4242 11595 4642 6918 2650 Ciliates 1305 663 663 0 9607 Coccolithophore 653 2650 4310 3294 0 Cocconeis 326 7619 4310 0 5963 Cyclotella 2611 0 0 988 0 Cylindrotheca 8485 11595 7294 4283 5300 Dinophysis acuminata 0 0 332 0 0 Dinophysis rotundata 0 331 0 0 0 Ditylum brightwellii 326 0 0 0 0 Euglenids 1305 0 663 1647 9607 Guinardia striata 0 331 0 0 0 Gymnodinium abbreviatum 0 331 0 0 0 Gyrodinium estuarilae 653 0 1326 1647 331 Hemiaulus hauckii 0 663 0 0 0 Heterocapsa rotundata 0 0 0 329 0 Katodinium glaucum 0 0 332 1318 1325 Leptocylindrus danicus 0 2650 2652 1647 0 Leptocylindrus minimus 0 12920 5305 2636 663 Licomorpha 0 2650 0 0 0 Minuscula bipes 326 0 0 0 0 Navicula 326 2981 8620 2635 0 Odontella 1958 0 1326 329 0 Pleurosigma 0 0 332 329 663 Prorocentrum gracile 0 331 0 0 0 Prorocentrum micans 979 1988 1989 3624 1988 Protoceratium reticulatum 0 331 0 0 0 Protoperidinium depressum 0 0 332 0 0 Pseudo-nitzschia (Long) 1958 994 0 0 994 Pseudo-nitzschia (Small) 0 1325 663 2306 331 Pyrophacus 326 0 0 0 0 Radiolarian 0 331 0 0 0 Rhizosolenia 0 663 0 0 0 Scrippsiella 0 663 0 0 0 Skeletonema 326 0 0 329 0 Small Diatoms 26760 4046 48405 34886 41078 73

Small Flagellates 435634 531730 411535 317960 1460706 Thalassiosira 16317 16233 9615 7248 0 Unknown Dinoflagellate Cyst 0 0 332 0 0

DRE16-7 Total Cell counts Functional Group DBY DE18 DE13 DE2 DEI Centric Diatoms 2.60E+04 4.40E+04 2.40E+04 2.00E+04 3.30E+03 Benthic Pennate Diatoms 3.70E+04 3.10E+04 7.00E+04 4.20E+04 5.30E+04 Pelagic Pennate Diatoms 2.00E+03 2.30E+03 6.60E+02 2.30E+03 1.30E+03 Dinoflagellates 2.60E+03 5.00E+03 5.60E+03 8.90E+03 3.60E+03 Flagellates 4.40E+05 5.30E+05 4.10E+05 3.20E+05 1.50E+06 Other 2.00E+03 3.60E+03 5.00E+03 3.30E+03 9.60E+03 Total Cells/L 5.10E+05 6.20E+05 5.20E+05 4.00E+05 1.50E+06 74

DRE16-8 (12/13/2016)

Taxa DBY DEM DEI 8 DEI 3 DE2 DEI Akashiwo sanguinea 1315 409 1619 968 646 651 Alexandrium 3615 9817 11981 14849 20352 5531 Asterionellopsis glacialis 1315 0 0 0 0 0 Bacillaria 1643 1227 1295 646 323 976 Ceratium furca 0 2863 2267 1614 0 0 Chaetoceros 30237 31906 23638 14526 8722 2277 Ciliates 19720 26179 13600 13235 10984 14974 Coccolithophore 2629 1227 6152 3551 646 0 Cocconeis 0 0 0 0 969 651 Cyclotella 657 0 2267 0 323 0 Cylindrotheca 3287 7772 51811 5810 9045 5205 Dictyocha 329 0 0 0 323 0 Dinophysis acuminata 0 0 324 323 0 0 Dinophysis acuta 329 0 0 0 0 0 Dinophysis rotundata 0 0 0 0 969 0 Dinophyssis odiosa 329 0 0 0 0 0 Ditylum brightwellii 0 0 324 0 0 0 Euglenids 14133 13090 11657 10007 12599 1627 Gonyaulax 329 0 324 646 0 0 Guinardia delicatula 0 818 0 0 0 0 Gymnodinium sp 0 0 0 0 323 0 Gyrodinium estuarilae 986 2863 3238 2260 3554 325 Gyrodinium lachryma 0 1636 648 0 0 0 Gyrodinium spirale 657 0 0 323 646 0 Heterocapsa triqueta 657 0 13924 1937 1292 0 Heterosigma 0 0 13924 9361 7107 976 Katodinium glaucum 3944 4091 0 1614 2907 0 Leptocylindrus danicus 0 0 324 646 0 325 Licomorpha 0 409 1943 2582 323 0 Melosira 4273 0 0 0 0 0 Minuscula bipes 0 1227 648 323 323 0 Navicula 0 1636 2267 2905 0 650 Odontella 329 0 0 0 323 0 Pheopolykrikos hartmannii 0 0 648 0 0 0 Pinnularia 0 0 0 0 323 0 Pleurosigma 0 0 0 323 9045 13989 Polykrikos 1643 818 648 1291 969 0 Prorocentrum gracile 4273 3272 5181 2582 6138 325 Prorocentrum micans 2301 0 1295 0 0 0 75

Protoperidinium brevipes 0 0 0 0 323 0 Protoperidinium conicum 329 0 0 0 0 0 Protoperidinium depressum 329 0 0 0 0 0 Protoperidinium excentricum 0 409 0 323 646 0 Protoperidinium pellucidum 1643 818 648 1291 969 0 Protoperidinium steinii 2629 1227 1619 1614 646 0 Protoperidinum sp 0 409 0 0 0 0 Pseudo-nitzschia (Long) 3944 5727 4533 4842 3553 651 Pseudo-nitzschia (Small) 2301 4500 3238 1614 1292 2603 Pyrophacus 0 409 0 323 0 0 Radiolarian 0 0 324 0 0 0 Scrippsiella 657 1227 648 3228 1292 325 Skeletonema 3944 8590 1619 2260 0 2928 Small Centrics 0 3681 324 0 0 1301 Small Diatoms 34181 18407 21695 43578 26828 15290 Small Flagellates 1949579 1225128 1524236 1187807 1756185 470869 Thalassiosira 5259 3272 4209 2583 1292 976 Unknown Armored Dinoflagellates 0 409 0 0 0 0

DRE16-8 Total Cell counts Functional Group DBY DEM DE18 DE13 DE2 DEI Centric Diatoms 4.50E+04 4.80E+04 3.30E+04 2.00E+04 1.10E+04 7.80E+03 Benthic Pennate Diatoms 3.90E+04 2.90E+04 7.90E+04 5.60E+04 4.70E+04 3.70E+04 Pelagic Pennate Diatoms 7.60E+03 1.00E+04 7.80E+03 6.50E+03 4.80E+03 3.30E+03 Dinoflagellates 2.40E+04 3.10E+04 4.50E+04 3.40E+04 4.10E+04 7.20E+03 Flagellates 2.00E+06 1.20E+06 1.50E+06 1.20E+06 1.80E+06 4.70E+05 Other 2.20E+04 2.70E+04 2.00E+04 1.70E+04 1.20E+04 1.50E+04 Total Cells/L 2.10E+06 1.40E+06 1.70E+06 1.30E+06 1.90E+06 5.40E+05 76

DRE17-2 (3/28/2017)

Taxa DBY DEM DEI 8 DE13 DE2 DEI Actinoptychus 7783 0 0 321 0 0 Akashiwo sanguinea 389 0 0 0 0 0 Alexandrium 1168 3262 647 2249 1616 5230 Amphora 778 544 324 0 0 0 Asterionellopsis glacialis 0 0 0 964 0 0 Bacillaria 1157 2718 971 643 1616 5230 Campylodiscus 0 0 324 0 202 0 Chaetoceros 5448 10328 1295 4177 2627 981 Ciliates 3503 2718 1941 643 3031 71908 Cocconeis 778 1087 6148 1285 404 327 Cyclotella 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cylindrotheca 2335 3805 9383 4820 3233 0 Cymbella 0 0 324 0 0 0 Dictyocha 389 544 324 643 202 0 Dinophysis 0 544 0 0 0 0 Ditylum brightwellii 1946 544 1618 1928 202 0 Entomonies 0 0 647 643 0 0 Euglenids 778 0 647 321 404 0 Guinardia delicatula 0 544 0 0 0 0 Gymnodinium sp 0 0 0 643 0 0 Gyrodinium estuarilae 1557 544 1618 964 1818 2942 Gyrodinium lachryma 389 0 0 321 202 0 Gyrodinium spirale 2335 0 324 0 0 0 Heterocapsa rotundata 0 0 0 321 3637 0 Heterocapsa triqueta 0 0 1294 643 404 0 Heterosigma 0 0 0 321 404 327 Katodinium glaucum 2724 2718 647 1285 202 0 Leptocylindrus danicus 3892 3805 0 1285 0 327 Leptocylindrus minimus 0 0 0 321 0 0 Licomorpha 0 544 11648 8354 2222 1307 Lohmanniella 0 0 0 0 0 0 Melosira 1946 6523 0 643 0 3269 Navicula 3892 40228 9060 3856 11718 6537 Odontella 778 544 971 321 202 0 Oxyphysis oxytoxoides 0 0 324 321 0 0 Paralia sulcata 1168 6523 647 0 0 1307 Pinnularia 0 544 3236 1285 0 0 Pleurosigma 0 0 1294 964 1212 0 Prorocentrum minimum 0 0 324 0 0 0 77

Protoperidinium steinii 778 0 324 964 0 0 Protoperidinum sp 0 544 324 0 0 0 Pseudo-nitzschia (Long) 389 0 1294 3534 0 654 Pseudo-nitzschia (Small) 0 544 0 0 0 1961 Pyrophacus 0 544 647 0 0 327 Radiolarian 389 0 0 0 0 0 Rhaphoneis 0 25550 6471 321 0 0 Rhoicosphenia 0 544 0 0 0 327 Scrippsiella 1168 544 1294 321 202 0 Skeletonema 0 5980 0 2892 0 0 Small Centrics 0 5980 0 5141 606 1307 Small Diatoms 12608 63060 41415 17993 16770 25495 Small Flagellates 233519 321556 1004828 480726 1415811 4124241 Thalassionema 778 0 971 0 0 0 Thalassiosira 101185 46208 12295 26026 5657 3595

DRE17-2 Total Cell counts Functional Group DBY DEM DE18 DEO DE2 DEI Centric Diatoms 1.20E+05 8.70E+04 1.80E+04 4.30E+04 9.30E+03 1.10E+04 Benthic Pennate Diatoms 2.20E+04 1.40E+05 9.10E+04 4.00E+04 3.70E+04 3.90E+04 Pelagic Pennate Diatoms 3.90E+02 5.40E+02 1.30E+03 4.50E+03 0.00E+00 2.60E+03 Dinoflagellates 1.10E+04 8.70E+03 7.80E+03 8.00E+03 8.30E+03 8.50E+03 Flagellates 2.30E+05 3.20E+05 1.00E+06 4.80E+05 1.40E+06 4.10E+06 Other 3.90E+03 2.70E+03 1.90E+03 6.40E+02 3.00E+03 7.20E+04 Total Cells/L 4.00E+05 5.60E+05 1.10E+06 5.80E+05 1.50E+06 4.30E+06 78

DRE17-3 (4/11/2016, DBY and DEM not sampled)

Taxa DE18 DEI 3 DE2 DEI Alexandrium 3996 2152 8689 41910 Amphora 0 2152 644 2687 Amylax triacantha 5595 0 0 0 Asterionellopsis glacialis 5595 6456 322 537 Bacillaria 4796 2152 2896 0 Ceratulina pelagica 0 1076 0 0 Chaetoceros 4796 9684 0 1075 Ciliates 10390 3766 27997 105850 Coccolithophore 0 0 322 0 Cocconeis 26376 5918 322 1075 Cyclotella 799 0 0 0 Cylindrotheca 10390 5918 5149 17731 Dictyocha 1599 538 0 0 Ditylum brightwellii 1599 1076 0 0 Entomonies 1599 1614 0 1075 Euglenids 1599 1076 322 0 Guinardia delicatula 1599 0 0 0 Gyrodinium estuarilae 3197 0 0 9134 Heterocapsa rotundata 0 0 1725148 2031293 Heterocapsa triqueta 22379 17754 1609 4836 Heterosigma 2398 1076 644 0 Katodinium glaucum 1599 538 0 0 Leptocylindrus danicus 2398 0 0 0 Licomorpha 19182 50572 2897 537 Melosira 0 538 0 2149 Mesodinium rubrum 0 228 644 0 Minuscula bipes 1599 1614 0 1075 Navicula 18383 16140 6758 6985 Odontella 0 538 0 0 Pleurosigma 799 1614 322 40836 Prorocentrum minimum 12788 0 4183 6985 Protoperidinium leonis 0 0 322 0 Pseudo-nitzschia (Long) 1599 0 322 0 Pseudo-nitzschia (Small) 0 1076 644 0 Scrippsiella 10390 4304 644 0 Skeletonema 9591 3766 0 1075 Small Centrics 0 0 7402 0 Small Diatoms 21580 33356 16412 46209 Small Flagellates 1245990 1112282 828669 1828363 79

Thalassiosira 99908 77473 11907 5373 Unknown Dinoflagellate Cyst 0 0 0 1075

DRE17-3 Total Cell counts Functional Group DE18 DE13 DE2 DEI Centric Diatoms 1.20E+05 9.40E+04 1.90E+04 9.70E+03 Benthic Pennate Diatoms 1.00E+05 1.20E+05 3.50E+04 1.20E+05 Pelagic Pennate Diatoms 7.20E+03 7.50E+03 1.30E+03 5.40E+02 Dinoflagellates 6.20E+04 2.60E+04 1.70E+06 2.10E+06 Flagellates 1.30E+06 1.10E+06 8.30E+05 1.80E+06 Other 1.00E+04 4.00E+03 2.90E+04 1.10E+05 Total Cells/L 1.60E+06 1.40E+06 2.70E+06 4.20E+06 80

DRE17-4 (4/25/2017)

Taxa DBY DEM DEI 8 DEI 3 DE2 DEI Actinoptychus 652 0 1285 232 0 0 Alexandrium 4239 2506 2570 1158 1289 7058 Amphora 0 0 321 0 0 0 Asterionellopsis glacialis 10761 12948 5141 7643 3223 543 Bacillaria 0 0 2249 1621 1289 1086 Chaetoceros 4565 10442 1607 4400 0 1629 Ciliates 3261 1253 321 1158 4834 10315 Coccolithophore 0 0 1285 463 2256 0 Cocconeis 3913 2088 8354 2084 3223 1629 Cyclotella 5217 0 0 0 0 0 Cylindrotheca 2609 6683 4177 2316 1934 3257 Dictyocha 0 0 0 232 0 0 Dinophysis acuminata 326 0 0 0 0 0 Ditylum brightwellii 652 418 321 0 0 0 Entomonies 0 418 321 232 0 0 Euglenids 0 0 964 695 1612 2715 Gonyaulax 0 0 0 0 0 543 Gyrodinium estuarilae 2283 418 321 463 645 5429 Gyrodinium lachryma 326 0 0 0 0 0 Heterocapsa triqueta 0 418 964 1158 0 117812 Heterosigma 0 0 0 232 21594 0 Katodinium glaucum 978 1253 964 463 0 0 Licomorpha 652 1671 9639 16443 1934 543 Lohmanniella 0 0 321 0 0 0 Melosira 652 0 0 0 0 0 Mesodinium rubrum 0 418 20564 15517 47378 48862 Minuscula bipes 0 0 0 695 322 0 Navicula 978 6265 3213 2316 4190 10858 Odontella 5544 3342 964 232 322 0 Oxyphysis oxytoxoides 0 418 0 0 0 0 Paralia sulcata 0 0 1285 0 0 0 Pinnularia 652 0 321 1158 967 0 Pleurosigma 326 418 964 232 322 0 Prorocentrum minimum 0 0 0 0 0 7601 Protoperidinium brevipes 0 0 0 0 0 15202 Protoperidinium leonis 326 0 0 0 0 0 Pseudo-nitzschia (Long) 0 418 0 0 0 0 Pseudo-nitzschia (Small) 0 0 0 232 0 1629 Pyrophacus 0 418 0 0 0 2172 81

Radiolarian 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rhaphoneis 0 2506 0 463 0 0 Scrippsiella 326 1253 1607 1158 322 1086 Skeletonema 3261 5847 4177 926 322 0 Small Centrics 31957 10024 11888 9496 2256 2172 Small Diatoms 13043 555550 11888 9032 109580 22259 Small Flagellates 340072 73510 464279 547746 1285719 1929106 Thalassiosira 0 22972 0 11348 3868 4343 Unknown Dinoflagellate Cyst 0 0 0 0 0 1629

DRE17-4 Total Cell counts Functional Group DBY DEM DE18 DE13 DE2 DEI Centric Diatoms 5.30E+04 5.30E+04 2.20E+04 2.70E+04 6.80E+03 8.10E+03 Benthic Pennate Diatoms 2.20E+04 5.80E+05 4.10E+04 3.60E+04 1.20E+05 4.00E+04 Pelagic Pennate Diatoms 1.10E+04 1.30E+04 5.10E+03 7.90E+03 3.20E+03 2.20E+03 Dinoflagellates 8.80E+03 6.70E+03 6.40E+03 5.10E+03 2.60E+03 1.60E+05 Flagellates 3.40E+05 7.40E+04 4.70E+05 5.50E+05 1.30E+06 1.90E+06 Other 3.30E+03 1.70E+03 2.20E+04 1.70E+04 5.40E+04 5.90E+04 Total Cells/L 4.40E+05 7.20E+05 5.60E+05 6.40E+05 1.50E+06 2.20E+06 82

DRE17-5 (5/9/2017)

Taxa DBY DEM DEI 8 DEI 3 DE2 DEI Alexandrium 0 1080 652 1616 40382 58705 Asterionellopsis glacialis 227769 202580 114595 93734 0 0 Bacillaria 0 3241 2933 2693 323 0 Chaetoceros 26935 18363 14337 14006 2907 0 Ciliates 3591 2160 1629 1077 22613 13870 Coccolithophore 0 0 0 1616 0 0 Cocconeis 0 2700 0 14545 969 1290 Cylindrotheca 0 17823 6517 0 1292 323 Dictyocha 0 0 326 0 0 0 Entomonies 0 0 326 0 0 0 Euglenids 4489 3841 1 2281 0 8399 3226 Gyrodinium estuarilae 0 0 0 0 969 2258 Gyrodinium lachryma 0 543 0 1077 0 0 Heterocapsa triqueta 0 0 0 0 1292 12257 Katodinium glaucum 898 0 0 0 1615 0 Leptocylindrus danicus 898 5401 326 0 0 0 Licomorpha 898 3780 1955 5926 1615 0 Mesodinium rubrum 0 0 0 0 323 0 Minuscula bipes 0 0 326 0 0 0 Navicula 3591 7531 2281 2155 0 645 Nitzschia 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nitzschia lorenziana 898 0 0 0 0 0 Odontella 0 1080 326 0 0 0 Pleurosigma 2693 0 0 539 323 0 Prorocentrum minimum 0 0 326 0 0 0 Protoperidinium brevipes 0 0 652 0 3231 0 Protoperidinium leonis 0 0 0 0 323 0 Protoperidinum sp 3591 2160 0 0 0 0 Pseudo-nitzschia (Long) 898 1080 652 0 0 0 Pseudo-nitzschia (Small) 10774 2700 2281 1077 0 0 Pyrophacus 0 0 0 0 0 645 Rhaphoneis 898 0 0 0 0 323 Scrippsiella 1796 0 1629 1616 1938 1613 Skeletonema 70929 118976 73867 84037 646 0 Small Diatoms 0 18903 14988 1077 11630 7096 Small Flagellates 970027 549815 705323 599702 4226613 17739280 Thalassiosira 739579 408916 143647 111511 8399 0 83

DRE17-5 Total Cell counts Functional Group DBY DEM DE18 DE13 DE2 DEI Centric Diatoms 8.40E+05 5.50E+05 2.30E+05 2.10E+05 1.20E+04 0.00E+00 Benthic Pennate Diatoms 9.00E+03 5.40E+04 2.90E+04 2.70E+04 1.60E+04 9.70E+03 Pelagic Pennate Diatoms 2.40E+05 2.10E+05 1.20E+05 9.50E+04 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 Dinoflagellates 6.30E+03 3.80E+03 3.60E+03 4.30E+03 5.00E+04 7.50E+04 Flagellates 9.70E+05 5.90E f05 7.10E+05 6.00E+05 4.20E+06 1.80E+07 Other 3.60E+03 2.20E+03 1.60E+03 2.70E+03 2.30E+04 1.40E+04 Total Cells/L 2 .10E+06 1.40E+06 1.10E+06 9.40E+05 4.30E+06 1.80E+07 84

DRE17-6 (5/23/2017)

Taxa DBY DEM DEI 8 DEI 3 DE2 DEI Alexandrium 0 0 2722 5627 8642 38938 Amphora 0 0 2722 0 1080 2704 Asterionellopsis glacialis 1503274 594879 126558 32156 2160 0 Bacillaria 32156 0 0 804 0 541 Chaetoceros 2467942 1028979 166022 179268 21063 0 Ciliates 16078 24117 17691 11254 25925 7030 Cocconeis 0 0 16330 110133 9722 1082 Cyclotella 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cylindrotheca 72350 48233 29938 17686 5941 31366 Dinophysis 0 0 0 0 540 0 Entomonies 0 0 0 0 0 1082 Eucampia zodiacus 0 0 0 4019 0 0 Euglenids 0 0 4083 11254 41047 6490 Gonyaulax 8039 0 0 0 0 0 Gymnodinium sp 16078 0 2722 2142 0 0 Gyrodinium estuarilae 0 0 1361 804 0 0 Gyrodinium sp 0 0 0 0 540 0 Heterocapsa triqueta 0 24117 12248 8039 540 0 Katodinium glaucum 0 0 1361 0 0 0 Leptocylindrus danicus 0 32156 0 2412 0 0 Licomorpha 0 0 4083 0 540 2163 Minuscula bipes 0 8039 1361 0 540 0 Navicula 24117 8039 4083 2412 2160 4326 Nitzschia lorenziana 0 0 0 0 0 7571 Pi nn ul aria 0 0 1361 0 540 0 Pleurosigma 0 8039 0 0 0 0 Protoperidinum sp 0 0 0 0 4861 0 Pseudo-nitzschia (Long) 32156 40195 2722 0 0 0 Pseudo-nitzschia (Small) 0 32156 19052 9647 4321 541 Pyrophacus 0 0 1361 0 2160 2704 Rhaphoneis 0 0 5443 0 0 0 Scrippsiella 0 8039 4083 0 0 541 Skeletonema 4027489 1889142 336126 160778 16203 1082 Small Centrics 16078 0 0 0 0 0 Small Diatoms 0 56272 42186 33763 24844 85987 Small Flagellates 3450296 17413719 6372412 1796178 3950481 5999978 Thalassiosira 112545 40195 0 2412 1080 541 Tintinnid 0 0 1361 0 0 0 Unknown A 0 0 0 2412 1080 0 85

Unknown B 0 0 1361 0 0 0 Unknown Naked Dinoflagellate 16078 0 0 0 0 0

DRE17-6 Total Cell counts Functional Group DBY DEM DE18 DEO DE2 DEI Centric Diatoms 6.60E+06 3.00E+06 5.00E+05 3.50E+05 3.80E+04 1.60E+03 Benthic Pennate Diatoms 1.30E+05 1.20E+05 1.10E+05 1.60E+05 4.50E+04 1.40E+05 Pelagic Pennate Diatoms 1.50E+06 6.70E+05 1.50E+05 4.20E+04 6.50E+03 5.40E+02 Dinoflagellates 4.00E+04 4.00E+04 2.90E+04 1.90E+04 1.90E+04 4.20E+04 Flagellates 3.50E+06 1.70E+07 6.40E+06 1.80E+06 4.00E+06 6.00E+06 Other 1.60E+04 2.40E+04 1.90E+04 I.10E+04 2.60E+04 7.00E+03 Total Cells/L 1.20E+07 2.10E+07 7.20E+06 2.40E+06 4.10E+06 6.20E+06 86

DRE17-7 (6/7/2017)

Taxa DBY DEM DEI 8 DEI 3 DE2 DEI Alexandrium 2258 1287 322 0 3880 16669 Amphora 0 0 322 0 0 321 Asterionellopsis glacialis 116209 99299 21512 7419 323 0 Bacillaria 968 322 643 0 323 641 Campylodiscus 0 0 0 0 0 641 Chaetoceros 198523 217817 139877 57414 4526 0 Ciliates 1613 1609 7697 8064 10669 6091 Coccolithophore 0 322 0 0 0 0 Cocconeis 0 965 12219 78703 2263 641 Cylindrotheca 10644 10941 7074 4193 16165 12823 Entomonies 0 322 0 0 323 962 Euglenids 323 322 1608 2903 35563 5129 Gyrodinium estuarilae 0 322 1286 0 647 1282 Gyrodinium uncantenum 645 644 0 0 0 0 Heterosigma 0 0 0 2258 0 0 Katodinium glaucum 968 0 1608 968 323 0 Leptocylindrus danicus 968 1931 322 0 0 0 Licomorpha 323 322 643 0 2586 8014 Melosira 323 0 0 0 0 0 Mesodinium rubrum 3226 322 643 1935 2263 0 Minuscula bipes 323 0 0 0 0 0 Navicula 968 2253 2572 3548 10669 2885 Nitzschia lorenziana 0 0 0 0 0 14425 Odontella 1291 1287 0 0 0 0 Paralia sulcata 0 644 3216 0 0 0 Pleurosigma 323 1609 0 0 323 0 Prorocentrum minimum 0 322 0 0 0 0 Protoperidinium leonis 645 0 0 0 0 0 Pseudo-nitzschia (Long) 0 322 0 0 0 0 Pseudo-nitzschia (Small) 2580 1931 1608 645 0 0 Rhizosolenia 0 644 0 0 0 0 Scrippsiella 645 0 322 323 323 0 Skeletonema 24514 18665 14148 5806 647 641 Small Centrics 0 0 7074 4193 5496 321 Small Diatoms 14515 9011 14148 19676 54638 39109 Small Flagellates 280838 245044 448324 345945 1610552 4194233 Thalassiosira 153331 156956 33120 12580 970 321 87

DRE17-7 Total Cell counts Functional Group DBY DEM DE18 DE13 DE2 DEI Centric Diatoms 3.80E+05 4.00E+05 2.00E+05 8.10E+04 1.20E+04 1.30E+03 Benthic Pennate Diatoms 2.80E+04 2.60E+04 3.80E+04 1.10E+05 8.70E+04 8.00E+04 Pelagic Pennate Diatoms 1.20E+05 1.00E+05 2.30E+04 8 .10E+03 3.20E+02 0.00E+00 Dinoflagellates 5.50E+03 2.60E+03 3.50E+03 1.30E+03 5.20E+03 1.80E+04 Flagellates 2.80E+05 2.50E+05 4.50E+05 3.50E+05 1.60E+06 4.20E+06 Other 4.80E+03 2.30E+03 8.30E+03 1.00E+04 1.30E+04 6.10E+03 Total Cells/L 8.20E+05 7.80E+05 7.20E+05 5.60E+05 1.80E+06 4.30E+06 DREI7-8 (6/22/2017)

Taxa DBY DEM DEI 8 DEI 3 DE2 DEI Alexandrium 24117 48233 6431 17172 8039 8868 Amphora 24117 0 1608 0 0 4031 Asterionellopsis glacialis 948590 594879 85212 25758 8843 806 Bacillaria 16078 0 0 2862 0 0 Ceratulina pelagica 0 16078 0 2862 0 0 Chaetoceros 1069174 1374652 286185 281903 47430 2822 Ciliates 24117 40195 25724 14310 25724 4434 Coccolithophore 16078 16078 0 0 0 0 Cocconeis 8039 0 22509 163132 3216 1209 Cyclotella 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cylindrotheca 104506 257245 38587 32913 27332 12496 Dactyliosolen fragilissimus 0 0 0 1431 0 0 Dictyocha 128622 168817 24117 15741 0 0 Dinophysis acuminata 8039 0 0 0 0 0 Entomonies 8039 0 0 0 0 0 Eucampia zodiacus 48233 0 0 0 0 0 Euglenids 0 16078 32156 14310 46626 2822 Gonyaulax 0 0 4823 0 0 0 Gymnodinium sp 0 0 0 1431 0 403 Gyrodinium estuarilae 0 0 3216 0 20901 18140 Gyrodinium lachryma 0 0 3216 0 0 0 Gyrodinium sp 0 0 0 0 804 0 Heterocapsa rotundata 0 0 1608 1431 0 0 Heterocapsa triqueta 16078 8039 0 4293 0 0 Katodinium glaucum 16078 16078 0 1431 0 0 Leptocylindrus danicus 0 24117 0 0 0 0 Melosira 0 0 3216 0 0 0 Minuscula bipes 8039 0 0 1431 0 0 Navicula 56272 16078 6431 1431 4823 2822 Nitzschia 0 0 1608 0 0 0 Nitzschia lorenziana 0 0 0 0 0 403 Noctiluca 0 0 0 0 804 0 Odontella 0 0 0 0 0 403 Oxyphysis oxytoxoides 0 8039 0 0 0 0 Pinnularia 0 0 0 0 804 0 Pleurosigma 24117 16078 3216 2862 0 403 Protoperidinium brevipes 0 0 0 0 0 3225 Protoperidinium conicum 0 8039 0 0 0 0 89

Protoperidinium excentricum 0 0 6431 0 0 0 Protoperidinum sp 0 8039 0 0 3216 0 Pseudo-nitzschia (Long) 0 32156 0 14310 2412 23381 Pseudo-nitzschia (Small) 112545 152739 6431 12879 1608 2822 Pyrophacus 0 8039 0 2862 0 0 Radiolarian 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rhaphoneis 0 8039 0 0 0 403 Scrippsiella 80389 72350 30548 17172 0 0 Skeletonema 2484020 1455041 334418 184596 96467 17737 Small Diatoms 160778 112545 64311 15741 61096 33458 Small Flagellates 32524633 19606207 5707335 5919042 1747681 4143330 Stephanopyxis 0 0 0 0 0 403 Thalassionema 0 0 0 0 0 8062 Thalassiosira 225089 241167 56272 18603 7235 403 Tintinnid 0 0 0 2862 0 0 Unknown D 32156 56272 3216 0 2412 403 Unknown E 0 0 0 0 0 403 Unknown Armored Dinoflagellates 0 0 0 1431 804 0 Unknown Naked Dinoflagellate 0 8039 1608 1431 0 7256

DRE17-8 Total Cell counts Functional Group DBY DEM DE18 DE13 DE2 DEI Centric Diatoms 3.80E+06 3.10E+06 6.80E+05 4.90E+05 1.50K+05 3.00E+04 Benthic Pennate Diatoms 4.30E+05 4.70E+05 1.40E+05 2.20E+05 1.00E+05 5.60E+04 Pelagic Pennate Diatoms 1.10E+06 7.80E+05 9.20E+04 5.30E+04 I.30E+04 2.70E+04 Dinoflagellates 1.50E+05 1.80E+05 5.80E+04 5.00E+04 3.50E+04 3.80E+04 Flagellates 3.30E+07 2.00E+07 5.80E+06 5.90E+06 1.80E+06 4.10E+06 Other 4.00E+04 5.60E+04 2.60E+04 1.70E+04 2.60E+04 4.80E+03 Total Cells/L 3.80E+07 2.40E+07 6.80E+06 6.80E+06 2.10E+06 4.30E+06 90

DRE17-9 (7/6/2017)

Taxa DBY DEM DEI 8 DEO DE2 DEI Alexandrium 0 4938 2638 0 968 0 Amphora 1083 1646 330 2166 0 0 Asterionellopsis glacialis 18953 16459 2308 0 646 0 Bacillaria 0 823 2638 1625 0 0 Chaetoceros 12996 37856 12529 7040 323 0 Ciliates 2708 2469 11869 9206 0 3534 Circle within circle (Ruptured cell) 542 0 0 0 0 0 Cocconeis 1625 13167 13188 123462 0 1285 Cyclotella 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cylindrotheca 35739 35387 11210 7581 5810 321 Dictyocha 0 823 0 0 0 0 Dissodinium 0 823 0 0 0 0 Entomonies 0 0 0 0 0 1285 Euglenids 5415 823 24728 15162 3551 643 Gymnodinium sp 1083 0 0 0 0 0 Gyrodinium estuarilae 3791 1646 12529 3249 3874 28596 Gyrodinium sp 1083 0 330 0 0 0 Heterocapsa triqueta 0 1646 659 0 0 0 Katodinium glaucum 0 4938 330 0 0 0 Leptocylindrus danicus 0 2469 0 0 0 0 Licomorpha 0 1646 330 0 968 0 Navicula 11372 27158 3968 2166 646 0 Nitzschia lorenziana 0 823 0 0 0 0 Odontella 1628 823 330 0 0 0 Oxyphysis oxytoxoides 0 0 659 542 0 0 Pinnularia 542 0 0 0 0 0 Pleurosigma 2708 823 0 0 0 0 Protoperidinium conicum 0 0 330 0 0 0 Protoperidinium steinii 2708 0 0 0 0 0 Protoperidinum sp 0 0 330 0 323 964 Pseudo-nitzschia (Long) 37905 88056 5935 1083 0 321 Pseudo-nitzschia (Small) 0 4115 659 542 968 0 Pyrophacus 542 0 0 0 0 0 Rhoicosphenia 0 4938 0 1083 323 0 Scrippsiella 2166 0 3297 4874 0 2249 Skeletonema 20577 20574 11869 542 2582 0 Small Diatoms 17870 55961 21761 24368 134484 60406 Small Flagellates 1795790 1096384 1167058 2340928 2111819 5968615 91

Thalassiosira 20577 7407 4946 1083 0 0 Unknown B 542 0 330 0 0 0 Unknown C 0 0 0 0 0 0 Unknown F 0 823 0 0 0 0 Unknown G 0 4115 1649 0 0 0 Unknown H 0 0 0 542 0 0 Unknown Armored Dinoflagellates 0 823 0 0 0 0 Unknown Dinoflagellate Cyst 0 0 330 0 0 0 Unknown Naked Dinoflagellate 0 0 2638 0 0 0

DRE17-9 Total Cell counts Functional Group DBY DEM DE18 DE13 DE2 DEI Centric Diatoms 5.60E+04 7.30E+04 3.10E+04 9.70E+03 2.90E+03 0.00E+00 Benthic Pennate Diatoms 7.10E+04 1.40E+05 5.30E+04 1.60E+05 1.40E+05 6.30E+04 Pelagic Pennate Diatoms 5.70E+04 1.10E+05 8.90E+03 1.60E+03 1.60E+03 3.20E+02 Dinoflagellates 1.20E+04 1.60E+04 2.40E+04 9.20E+03 5.20E+03 3.20E+04 Flagellates 1.80E+06 1.10E+06 1.20E+06 2.40E+06 2.10E+06 6.00E+06 Other 3.30E+03 2.50E+03 1.20E+04 9.70E+03 0.00E+00 3.50E+03 Total Cells/L 2.00K+06 1.40E+06 1.30E+06 2.50E+06 2.30E+06 6.10E+06 92

DRE17-10 (7/20/2017)

Taxa DBY DEM DEI 8 DEO DE2 DEI Alexandrium 0 0 960 0 0 970 Amphora 0 0 320 643 644 0 Asterionellopsis glacialis 38706 11276 960 1608 322 0 Bacillaria 0 3222 0 965 322 0 Chaetoceros 27417 41078 1920 2251 322 0 Ciliates 3226 6444 10562 4180 9662 4850 Coccolithophore 0 0 0 322 0 0 Cocconeis 19353 28996 28487 27654 5797 323 Cyclotella 0 3222 0 0 0 0 Cylindrotheca 22579 10471 4801 8682 10950 18752 Dictyocha 0 0 0 0 322 0 Entomonies 1613 805 320 965 644 0 Euglenids 0 0 3521 1286 644 647 Gonyaulax 0 0 0 322 0 0 Guinardia delicatula 0 0 320 0 0 0 Gyrodinium estuarilae 9677 4027 25286 11898 28019 32330 Gyrodinium lachryma 0 805 0 0 0 0 Heterocapsa rotundata 45157 17720 6401 13827 10950 0 Katodinium glaucum 4838 5638 1600 1608 966 0 Licomorpha 0 5637 0 0 6119 323 Mesodinium rubrum 1613 2416 9602 3216 4187 647 Minuscula bipes 0 0 0 0 0 0 Navicula 8064 53964 7042 1286 11594 1617 Nitzschia 0 0 320 0 0 0 Odontella 8064 3222 0 0 0 0 Paralia sulcata 0 0 320 0 0 0 Pinnularia 0 2416 960 322 0 0 Pleurosigma 0 0 320 0 1932 323 Protoperidinium steinii 0 0 0 322 0 0 Pseudo-nitzschia (Long) 9677 1611 0 0 0 0 Pseudo-nitzschia (Small) 0 805 640 0 0 0 Rhaphoneis 0 3222 0 0 0 0 Rhoicosphenia 0 4027 960 322 966 0 Scrippsiella 0 1611 0 643 2254 0 Skeletonema 61285 18525 1920 6431 322 323 Small Centrics 1613 4833 0 0 0 0 Small Diatoms 80638 117595 35208 28618 132520 70157 Small Flagellates 465975 457260 513057 445133 308694 5601455 Striatella unipunctata 0 0 0 1286 322 0 93

Thalassiosira 175791 26579 5441 8361 3543 970 Unknown G 0 0 640 322 322 0

DRE17-10 Total Cell counts Functional Group DBY DEM DE18 DE13 DE2 DEI Centric Diatoms 2.70E+05 9.70E+04 1.10E+04 1.70E+04 4.50E+03 1.30E+03 Benthic Pennate Diatoms 1.30E+05 2.30E+05 7.90E+04 6.90E+04 1.70E+05 9.10E+04 Pelagic Pennate Diatoms 4.80E+04 1.40E+04 1.60E+03 2.90E+03 6.40E+02 0.00E+00 Dinoflagellates 6.00E+04 3.00E+04 3.40E+04 2.90E+04 4.20E+04 3.30E+04 Flagellates 4.70E+05 4.60E+05 5.20E+05 4.50E+05 3.10E+05 5.60E+06 Other 4.80E+03 8.90E+03 2.00E+04 7.70E+03 1.40E+04 5.50E+03 Total Cells/L 9.90E+05 8.40E+05 6.60E+05 5.70E+05 5.40E+05 5.70E+06 94

DRE17-12 (8/24/2017)

Taxa DBY DEM DEI 8 DEI 3 DE2 DEI Actinoptychus 3916 2380 1075 0 801 0 Akashiwo sanguinea 1958 0 0 0 1602 321 Alexandrium 979 6345 1612 538 4004 962 Amphora 0 3173 0 0 0 0 Asterionellopsis glacialis 0 793 0 538 1602 0 Bacillaria 5873 793 5910 1076 2404 0 Biddulphia altemans 979 0 0 0 0 0 Chaetoceros 35240 108664 68776 52724 175375 2566 Ciliates 2937 5552 4298 1076 4004 4805 Coccolithophore 0 4759 7522 4304 12012 4171 Cocconeis 979 6345 4836 3228 801 1925 Cyclotella 0 0 2149 0 0 0 Cylindrotheca 7831 6345 2687 2690 2402 642 Dactyliosolen fragilissimus 0 0 0 1076 0 0 Dictyocha 2937 2380 537 538 1602 0 Dinophysis 0 0 0 538 1602 0 Dinophysis acuminata 0 1586 0 0 0 0 Entomonies 7831 0 537 538 0 0 Eucampia zodiacus 2937 2380 537 1614 6406 0 Euglenids 8810 5552 2687 5380 4004 6095 Gonyaulax 0 0 0 0 801 0 Guinardia delicatula 979 0 0 0 801 0 Gymnodinium sp 0 0 0 1076 0 0 Gyrodinium estuarilae 0 793 3761 1614 5606 6095 Gyrodinium lachryma 979 793 537 0 0 0 Gyrodinium sp 2937 0 0 0 0 0 Hemiaulus hauckii 0 0 0 0 0 0 Heterocapsa rotundata 7831 5552 8060 5918 8809 7700 Heterocapsa triqueta 8810 4759 1612 1614 6406 1925 Heterosigma 3916 31727 3761 7532 28829 4812 Karenia 979 0 0 0 0 0 Katodinium glaucum 0 0 2687 0 0 0 Leptocylindrus danicus 0 8725 3761 4842 9601 0 Leptocylindrus minimus 0 0 0 0 3203 0 Licomorpha 0 793 1612 2152 2402 642 Lohmanniella 0 0 0 0 0 0 Melosira 979 1586 1075 0 0 0 Mesodinium rubrum 0 0 537 0 0 0 Minuscula bipes 0 793 537 0 0 0 95

Navicula 21535 21416 13433 18292 9610 2887 Nitzschia 0 0 0 0 801 0 Nitzschia lorenziana 0 0 537 0 0 0 Odontella 2937 0 0 0 0 0 Oxyphysis oxytoxoides 0 793 0 0 801 0 Paralia sulcata 0 0 3224 0 0 0 Pinnularia 979 793 0 538 801 0 Pleurosigma 1958 793 537 538 0 0 Prorocentrum gracile 3916 4759 537 2152 2402 2246 Prorocentrum micans 0 0 537 0 0 0 Prorocentrum minimum 8810 0 537 0 801 0 Protoperidinium excentricum 0 0 537 0 0 0 Protoperidinium leonis 1958 0 0 0 0 0 Protoperidinium oceanicum 0 1586 0 538 0 0 Protoperidinium steinii 1958 0 2149 1076 801 0 Protoperidinum sp 979 0 0 0 0 0 Pseudo-nitzschia (Long) 4894 4760 2149 0 801 0 Pyrophacus 1958 793 0 0 0 0 Radiolarian 979 0 0 538 0 0 Rhaphoneis 979 0 2687 0 0 0 Rhizosolenia 0 1586 0 0 0 0 Scrippsiella 12725 5552 1075 2690 2402 1283 Skeletonema 8810 0 0 2690 1602 0 Small Centrics 18599 7932 2686 0 2402 321 Small Diatoms 46007 40452 38149 90385 63263 25986 Small Flagellates 1522495 772910 640317 344619 695093 559152 Thalassionema 3916 0 0 0 0 0 Thalassiosira 45029 21415 12895 10760 9610 642 Tintinnid 0 2380 1612 2152 1602 0 Unknown B 0 793 537 538 0 0 Unknown D 0 1586 537 0 0 0 Unknown F 0 0 0 6456 12012 321 Unknown G 0 0 537 0 0 0 Unknown I 0 2380 3224 1076 3203 0 Unknown Armored Dinoflagellates 0 0 537 0 801 0 Unknown Dinoflagellate Cyst 0 793 0 0 0 0 Unknown Naked Dinoflagellate 3916 8725 2687 3228 4004 962 96

DRE17-12 Total Cell counts Functional Group DBY DEM DE18 DEO DE2 DEI Centric Diatoms 1.20E+05 1.50E+05 9.70E+04 7.40E+04 2.10E+05 3.50E+03 Benthic Pennate Diatoms 9.40E+04 8.40E+04 7.10E+04 1.20E+05 8.20E+04 3.20E+04 Pelagic Pennate Diatoms 4.90E+03 5.60E+03 2.10E+03 5.40E+02 2.40E+03 0.00E+00 Dinoflagellates 6.10E+04 4.70E+04 3.10E+04 2.90E+04 5.70E+04 2.20E+04 Flagellates 1.50E+06 8 .10E+05 6.50E+05 3.60E+05 7.30E+05 5.70E+05 Other 3.90E+03 1.30E+04 1.40E+04 8.10E+03 1.80E+04 9.00E+03 Total Cells/L 1.80E+06 1.10E+06 8.60E+05 5.90E+05 1.10E+06 6.40E+05 97

DRE17-13 (9/6/2017)

Taxa DBYDEM DEI 8 DEO DE2 DEI Akashiwo sanguinea 4012 0 0 0 0 0 Alexandrium 76222 42874 37660 39540 56056 0 Asterionellopsis glacialis 0 18757 2690 5380 5339 0 Bacillaria 0 0 0 0 0 323 Ceratium divaricatum 0 5359 0 0 0 0 Ceratium furca 4012 0 5380 0 0 0 Ceratulina pelagica 32094 5359 5380 0 10677 0 Chaetoceros 0 0 0 18830 10677 5815 Ciliates 60176 21437 26900 8070 13347 2907 Coccolithophore 0 0 0 0 0 2261 Cocconeis 0 0 2690 5380 0 3231 Cyclotella 40117 99146 80701 24210 13347 0 Cylindrotheca 56164 21437 21520 18830 24024 1292 Dictyocha 0 5359 2690 2690 0 0 Dinophysis acuminata 0 5359 5380 0 2669 323 Entomonies 0 0 0 0 0 646 Eucampia zodiacus 8023 0 18830 0 0 0 Euglenids 8023 2680 16140 2690 2669 2584 Gonyaulax 0 5359 0 2690 0 0 Guinardia delicatula 32094 10719 0 0 0 0 Guinardia striata 12035 5359 0 13450 2669 0 Gymnodinium sp 0 0 0 0 2669 0 Gyrodinium estuarilae 0 10719 13450 26900 34701 12922 Gyrodinium sp 0 0 0 2690 0 0 Heterocapsa rotundata 88258 155419 190991 182921 144144 0 Heterocapsa triqueta 8023 8039 0 0 0 0 Heterosigma 17739280 4298342 3539528 2830534 2201361 323 Katodinium glaucum 8023 0 2690 5380 2669 0 Leptocylindrus danicus 80234 24117 2690 8070 0 0 Leptocylindrus minimus 0 13398 8070 8070 24024 969 Licomorpha 12035 2680 2690 0 0 0 Melosira 0 0 0 2690 0 0 Minuscula bipes 4012 10719 13450 8070 0 0 Navicula 28082 26796 8070 0 8008 4523 Noctiluca 0 0 0 2690 0 0 Oxyphysis oxytoxoides 4012 2682 8070 8070 5339 0 Pleurosigma 0 0 0 0 0 646 Prorocentrum gracile 641873 259924 212512 174851 138805 1938 Protoperidinium conicum 0 2680 0 0 0 0 98

Protoperidinium steinii 0 5359 8070 0 0 0 Protoperidinum sp 20059 5359 10760 8070 10677 0 Pseudo-nitzschia (Long) 28082 10718 10760 0 0 0 Pseudo-nitzschia (Small) 4012 0 0 0 10677 0 Pyrophacus 0 10719 2690 2690 0 0 Radiolarian 0 5359 0 2690 0 0 Rhaphoneis 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rhizosolenia 20059 10719 0 2690 10677 1615 Rhoicosphenia 0 0 0 0 2669 323 Scrippsiella 48140 91108 129121 56490 61395 1615 Skeletonema 72211 171497 48420 10760 13347 2584 Small Diatoms 104304 29476 51110 118361 96096 63318 Small Flagellates 7045399 5910540 4816095 6536747 5533515 559964 Stephanopyxis 0 0 0 0 0 1292 Thalassionema 44129 24117 13450 0 10677 0 Thalassiosira 23094 490373 153331 169471 285618 3877

DRE17-13 Total Cell counts Functional Group DBY DEM DE18 DEO DE2 DEI Centric Diatoms 3.40E+05 8.40E+05 3.30E+05 2.60E+05 3.70E+05 1.50E+04 Benthic Pennate Diatoms 2.20E+05 9.10E+04 8.60E+04 1.50E+05 1.40E+05 7.60E+04 Pelagic Pennate Diatoms 3.20E+04 2.90E+04 1.30E+04 5.40E+03 1.60E+04 0.00E+00 Dinoflagellates 9.10E+05 6.20E+05 6.40E+05 5.20E+05 4.60E+05 1.70E+04 Flagellates 2.50E+07 1.00E+07 8.40E+06 9.40E+06 7.70E+06 5.60E+05 Other 6.00E+04 2.70E+04 2.70E+04 1.10E+04 1.30E+04 5.20E+03 Total Cells/L 2.60E+07 1.20E+07 9.50E+06 1.00E+07 8.70E+06 6.80E+05 99

DRE17-14 (9/22/2017)

Taxa DBYDEM DEI 8 DEI 3 DE2 DEI Actinoptychus 0 0 0 534 0 0 Akashiwo sanguinea 0 0 0 0 0 322 Alexandrium 2889 1204 969 2135 1586 0 Amphora 642 2002 0 534 0 0 Asterionellopsis glacialis 963 0 2907 3203 317 965 Baciilaria 1284 400 1292 2135 0 0 Biddulphia alternans 321 0 0 0 0 0 Chaetoceros 2890 4404 1615 534 1903 8360 Ciliates 963 2002 1615 1068 951 965 Coccolithophore 2890 8809 4846 9076 2855 322 Cocconeis 1284 0 2907 14948 6027 965 Cyclotella 0 0 0 534 0 0 Cylindrotheca 1284 6006 2261 8008 3806 0 Dictyocha 0 400 0 0 0 0 Dinophysis 0 0 0 534 0 0 Ditylum brightwellii 0 0 0 0 317 0 Entomonies 642 400 323 1068 951 644 Euglenids 321 1201 646 0 3806 19615 Gonyaulax 321 0 0 0 0 0 Gymnodinium abbreviatum 963 0 323 534 0 0 Gymnodinium sp 321 0 323 0 0 0 Gyrodinium estuarilae 963 0 323 2669 317 0 Gyrodinium lachryma 0 400 0 0 317 0 Heterocapsa rotundata 5458 5606 6138 3203 0 0 Heterocapsa triqueta 0 801 0 0 0 0 Heterosigma 16053 13213 10338 14414 7930 1608 Katodinium glaucum 2890 2402 2907 3737 317 0 Leptocylindrus danicus 0 1201 0 0 0 0 Leptocylindrus minimus 0 0 0 0 0 0 Licomorpha 1605 400 8076 28295 7613 643 Meringosphaera 0 400 0 0 0 0 Mesodinium rubrum 963 0 0 0 634 0 Minuscula bipes 0 0 0 0 0 0 Navicula 1605 801 9368 8008 3489 3537 Nitzschia 0 801 0 0 0 0 Nitzschia lorenziana 321 0 323 534 0 0 Noctiluca 0 0 0 0 0 0 Odontella 321 0 0 534 317 0 Oxyphysis oxytoxoides 321 0 0 0 0 0 100

Paralia sulcata 0 0 3231 0 1269 643 Protoperidinium leonis 0 400 0 0 0 0 Protoperidinium steinii 0 0 0 0 317 0 Pseudo-nitzschia (Long) 321 801 0 534 0 322 Pseudo-nitzschia (Small) 642 0 0 1068 0 0 Pyrophacus 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rhizosolenia 0 2402 0 1602 634 12862 Rhoicosphenia 0 0 323 0 0 0 Scrippsiella 1284 1201 969 1602 1586 4180 Skeletonema 3532 400 1938 4271 4758 0 Small Centrics 18943 24825 11307 12813 19983 965 Small Diatoms 33069 33233 26167 82215 34257 21866 Small Flagellates 187027 422846 366574 365164 296756 932129 Thalassiosira 8348 26026 17122 12279 11419 322 Unknown F 1284 2402 3231 534 317 0 Unknown G 0 0 0 534 0 0 Unknown I 0 0 646 0 0 0 Unknown J 0 0 0 0 317 0 Unknown Naked Dinoflagellate 963 0 323 1068 634 965 Unknown Spikey Ball 642 400 0 0 317 0

DRE17-14 Total Cell counts Functional Group DBY DEM DE18 DE13 DE2 DEI Centric Diatoms 3.40E+04 5.70E+04 3.50E+04 3.20E+04 4.00E+04 1.00E+04 Benthic Pennate Diatoms 4.20E+04 4.60E+04 5.10E+04 1.50E+05 5.70E+04 4.10E+04 Pelagic Pennate Diatoms 1.90E+03 8.00E+02 2.90E+03 4.80E+03 3.20E+02 1.30E+03 Dinoflagellates 1.80E+04 1.40E+04 1.60E+04 1.60E+04 5.70E+03 5.50E+03 Flagellates 2.00E+05 4.40E+05 3.80E+05 3.80E+05 3.10E+05 9.50E+05 Other 5.50E+03 1.20E+04 6.50E+03 1.00E+04 4.80E+03 1.30E+03 Total Cells/L 3.00E+05 5.70E+05 4.90E+05 5.90E+05 4.20E+05 1.00E+06 101

DRE17-16 (10/19/2017)

Taxa DBY DEM DEI 8 DEI 3 DE2 DEI Actinoptychus 1600 1623 5933 3621 3707 0 Akashiwo sanguinea 0 0 539 402 0 0 Alexandrium 3199 0 1618 0 1236 3266 Amphora 0 0 0 402 824 0 Asterionellopsis glacialis 4265 1623 1618 805 0 327 Asteromphalus sarcophagus 1066 0 1618 805 824 0 Bacillaria 1600 0 2697 1207 0 0 Ceratium furca 533 0 1618 0 0 0 Ceratulina pelagica 0 1623 9709 805 7002 0 Chaetoceros 11730 7306 4315 8047 3707 10125 Ciliates 5865 6494 5394 2816 2059 14371 Coccolithophore 3732 1623 2158 4426 2059 327 Cocconeis 0 0 1079 1207 0 1306 Cylindrotheca 533 12988 14024 17300 9061 327 Dactyliosolen fragilissimus 1066 0 0 0 0 0 Dictyocha 1066 0 2158 0 0 0 Dinophysis acuminata 533 812 2697 2816 0 0 Ditylum brightwellii 533 0 1079 0 412 0 Entomonies 0 812 0 0 0 0 Eucampia zodiacus 16529 23540 11867 2816 2471 0 Euglenids 2666 812 1079 402 2471 7185 Gonyaulax 1066 812 0 0 0 327 Guinardia delicatula 0 4059 0 0 0 0 Gymnodinium sp 1066 0 0 0 1648 0 Gyrodinium estuarilae 1600 812 1618 2414 1236 2613 Gyrodinium lachryma 0 0 539 0 824 0 Gyrodinium sp 0 812 0 0 0 0 Gyrodinium spirale 533 0 1618 0 0 0 Heterocapsa rotundata 0 12988 11327 10863 15652 8165 Heterosigma 16529 8929 11327 6840 7826 980 Karenia 0 0 0 0 0 0 Katodinium glaucum 533 812 2158 0 0 0 Lauderia 0 0 0 0 824 0 Leptocylindrus danicus 0 1623 1618 2414 412 0 Leptocylindrus minimus 0 33281 23194 8449 9061 0 Licomorpha 0 8118 14564 12070 21418 980 Meringosphaera 0 3247 0 0 2059 0 Mesodinium rubrum 0 0 2158 1609 0 4246 Minuscula bipes 533 3247 0 0 0 0 102

Navicula 4265 12988 8631 4425 11533 654 Nitzschia 0 0 0 0 412 0 Nitzschia lorenziana 0 0 0 0 1236 0 Noctiluca 0 0 539 0 0 0 Odontella 533 0 0 0 0 0 Pinnularia 533 0 539 402 0 327 Pleurosigma 533 0 539 402 4112 0 Polykrikos kofoidii 0 0 0 0 412 0 Prorocentrum gracile 2133 0 1618 0 412 327 Prorocentrum micans 1600 0 0 0 0 0 Prorocentrum minimum 533 0 1618 0 2471 653 Protoperidinium steinii 0 812 539 402 412 0 Pseudo-nitzschia (Long) 0 4870 0 1207 0 0 Pseudo-nitzschia (Small) 0 0 1079 0 1236 0 Rhizosolenia 0 0 0 0 0 2939 Scrippsiella 1066 2435 3776 805 2059 5879 Small Centrics 16529 4059 6473 6437 3295 0 Small Diatoms 36256 61691 26970 32991 31715 8165 Small Flagellates 1995452 1435185 1155725 1189994 822832 1361611 Thalassiosira 41588 39775 23733 6840 10297 1633 Unknown D 0 812 4855 402 0 0 Unknown F 2666 4059 4315 5633 1648 0 Unknown I 2666 812 1079 402 2883 653 Unknown K 2666 812 2697 402 1236 327 Unknown L 0 0 4855 9254 4119 0 Unknown Dinoflagellate Cyst 0 0 539 0 0 0 Unknown Naked Dinoflagellate 2133 0 1618 805 1236 327 Unknown Spikey Ball 0 0 0 0 412 0

DRE17-16 Total Cell counts Functional Group DBY DEM DE18 DE13 DE2 DEI Centric Diatoms 9.20E+04 1.20E+05 9.00E+04 4.00E+04 4.20E+04 1.20E+04 Benthic Pennate Diatoms 4.40E+04 9.70E+04 7.40E+04 7.10E+04 8.10E+04 1.50E+04 Pelagic Pennate Diatoms 4.30E+03 6.50E+03 2.70E+03 2.00E+03 1.20E+03 3.30E+02 Dinoflagellates 2.20E+04 2.80E+04 4.50E+04 3.40E+04 3.60E+04 2.20E+04 Flagellates 2.00E+06 1.40E+06 1.20E+06 1.20E+06 8.30E+05 1.40E+06 Other 1.20E+04 1.20E+04 1.20E+04 9.30E+03 7.80E+03 1.90E+04 Total Cells/L 2.20E+06 1.70E+06 1.40E+06 1.40E+06 1.00E+06 1.40E+06 103

DRE17-17 (11/16/2017)

Taxa DBYDEM DEI 8 DEI 3 DE2 DEI Akashiwo sanguinea 2715 14384 13591 10760 2426 656 Alexandrium 905 6293 9966 5380 1213 1312 Asterionellopsis glacialis 28955 16182 3624 7398 1617 1312 Asteromphalus sarcophagus 905 0 0 0 0 0 Bacillaria 11763 17081 4530 4035 404 328 Ceratium furca 1810 899 1812 10088 0 0 Ceratium fusus 0 0 906 0 0 0 Chaetoceros 9049 4495 1812 3363 809 1967 Ciliates 1 1763 10788 22651 3363 5256 4918 Coccolithophore 6334 1798 1812 0 404 328 Cocconeis 0 0 906 673 809 1312 Cyclotella 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cylindrotheca 28051 30566 33523 0 6064 2951 Detonula pumila 0 0 906 0 0 0 Dinophysis acuminata 1810 899 906 3690 0 0 Ditylum brightwellii 0 1798 0 673 0 0 Entomonies 0 0 906 0 0 328 Euglenids 0 899 906 2018 4447 12788 Gonyaulax 0 0 906 0 0 0 Guinardia delicatula 0 899 0 0 0 0 Gymnodinium sp 0 0 906 0 0 0 Gyrodinium estuarilae 6334 899 5436 673 1617 1312 Gyrodinium lachryma 0 0 906 0 0 0 Gyrodinium spirale 905 2697 0 673 0 0 Heterocapsa rotundata 33480 33263 37148 16813 13341 12788 Heterocapsa triqueta 0 0 0 6725 1213 328 Heterosigma 905 28768 4530 3363 809 328 Karenia 0 0 0 0 0 0 Katodinium glaucum 905 899 1812 0 0 656 Leptocylindrus danicus 1810 0 1812 0 0 0 Leptocylindrus minimus 1810 1798 0 0 0 0 Licomorpha 0 0 0 7398 135362 3279 Mesodinium rubrum 905 0 1812 673 0 2951 Minuscula bipes 0 1798 0 0 0 0 Navicula 9954 8091 1812 8070 44876 7541 Nitzschia 905 0 6342 0 0 0 Odontella 0 1798 906 0 0 0 Oxyphysis oxytoxoides 2715 1798 0 673 0 0 Paralia sulcata 0 0 0 0 0 0 104

Pleurosigma 0 0 0 0 0 1312 Prorocentrum gracile 28051 41354 46208 25555 23044 0 Prorocentrum micans 10858 32354 35335 24883 3234 2951 Prorocentrum minimum 0 899 906 0 0 0 Protoperidinium depressum 0 0 0 673 0 0 Protoperidinium excentricum 0 899 0 0 0 0 Protoperidinium pellucidum 0 899 0 0 0 0 Protoperidinium steinii 0 2697 0 0 0 0 Pseudo-nitzschia (Long) 905 6293 9060 673 0 0 Pseudo-nitzschia (Small) 2715 2697 0 0 0 0 Pyrophacus 0 0 906 0 0 0 Radiolarian 0 899 0 0 0 0 Scrippsiella 905 0 906 5380 1617 3935 Skeletonema 0 0 906 1345 1617 6558 Small Centrics 13573 17081 9060 6725 2830 328 Small Diatoms 28051 12586 28087 34970 4851 46232 Small Flagellates 1608632 1766710 1356581 1097093 934917 1604297 Thalassiosira 65150 51243 48926 12105 1213 3279 Tintinnid 0 0 2718 2018 404 0 Unknown C 14478 25172 24463 26900 2830 656 Unknown F 6334 3596 1812 2018 1213 0 Unknown 1 1810 5394 2718 4032 404 0 Unknown J 0 0 0 0 0 984 Unknown K 905 899 0 0 0 0 Unknown L 1810 1798 11778 7398 0 328 Unknown Dinoflagellate Cyst 0 0 0 0 0 328 Unknown Naked Dinoflagellate 0 0 0 2018 809 328 Unknown Spikey Ball 905 0 0 0 0 0

DRE17-17 Total Cell counts Functional Group DBY DEM DE18 DE13 DE2 DEI Centric Diatoms 9.20E+04 7.90E+04 6.40E+04 2.50E+04 6.50E+03 1.20E+04 Benthic Pennate Diatoms 7.90E+04 6.80E+04 7.80E+04 5.50E+04 1.90E+05 6.30E+04 Pelagic Pennate Diatoms 3.30E+04 2.50E+04 1.30E+04 8.10E+03 1.60E+03 1.30E+03 Dinoflagellates 1.20E+05 1.80E+05 2.00E+05 1.50E+05 5.30E+04 2.70E+04 Flagellates 1.60E+06 1.80E+06 1.40E+06 1.10E+06 9.40E+05 1.60E+06 Other 2.10E+04 1.40E+04 2.90E+04 6.10E+03 6.10E+03 8.20E+03 Total Cells/L 1.90E+06 2.20E+06 1.70E+06 1.40E+06 1.20E+06 1.70E+06