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Thomas Jones Pierre-Simon Laplace Joseph Louis Lagrange Georg Friedrich Hildebrandt Franz August Wolf Nicolas Louis Vauquelin Johann Friedrich Gmelin Georg Christoph Lichtenberg Abraham Gotthelf Kastner John Hudson Simeon Denis Poisson Johann Salomo Schweigger Friedrich Stromeyer Heinrich Wilhelm Brandes Antoine Francois de Fourcroy Claude Louis Berthollet Abraham Gottlob Werner U. Cambridge Ecole Polytechnique U. Nuremburg U. Gottingen U. Gottingen 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac Carl Friedrich Christian Mohs Johann Afzelius 1801 U. Paris U. Freiburg 1801 1801 Nathaniel Bowditch Jons Jacob Berzelius Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Georg Joseph Beer Johan Peter Frank 1802 Uppsala U. 1802 1802 Karl Casar von Leonhard Philipp Franz von Walther Johann Friedrich August Gottling Georg von Vega 1803 U. Gottingen Ludwig-Maximilian U., Munich 1803 1803 Karl Wilhelm Gottlob Kastner Ignaz Lindner Jean-Baptiste Fourier U. Jena U. Vienna 1805 1805 1805 Claude-Louis Navier 1806 Ecole Polytechnique 1806 1807 Rene Just Hauy 1808 Christian Samuel Weiss Carl Friedrich Gauss 1809 U. Leipzig 1809 Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel John Dawson Karl von Langsdorf U. Gottingen 1810 1810 Adam Sedgwick Martin Ohm Joseph Franz von Jacquin 1811 U. Cambridge U. Erlangen-Nuremberg 1811 1811 Christian Gerling Leopold Gmelin 1812 U. Gottingen U. Gottingen 1812 1812 Giuseppe Doveri Jacques Etienne Berard 1813 U. Pisa U. Paris 1813 1813 Carl Friedrich Phillip von Martius Michel Chasles Robert Knox Eilhard Mitscherlich Jean-Baptiste Joseph Delambre Johannes Theodorus Rossijn 1814 U. Erlangen-Nuremberg Ecole Polytechnique U. Edinburgh U. Gottingen 1814 1814 1814 1814 Gerard Moll John Gough Jan Hendrik van Swinden U. Utrecht 1815 1815 George Peacock William Whewell Pieter Johannes Uylenbroek 1816 U. Cambridge U. Cambridge U. Amsterdam 1816 1816 1816 Andreas von Ettingshausen 1817 U. Vienna 1817 William McKenzie 1818 U. Vienna 1818 Richard Van Rees 1819 U. Utrecht 1819 1820 Heinrich Rose Karl Asmund Rudolphi 1821 U. Kiel 1821 Heinrich Georg Bronn Friedrich Wilhelm August Argelander Johannes Peter Muller August Kunzek 1822 U. Heidelberg U. Konigsberg U. Bonn U. Vienna 1822 1822 1822 1822 Justus Von Liebig George Biddell Airy Julius Plucker Friedrich Wohler William Sharpey Heinrich Ferdinand Scherk Wilhelm Traugott Krug Karl Brandan Mollweide 1823 U. Nuremburg U. Cambridge U. Marburg U. Heidelberg U. Edinburgh U. Berlin 1823 1823 1823 1823 1823 1823 Moritz Wilhelm Drobisch 1824 U. Leipzig 1824 Franz Ernst Neumann Johann Franz Encke U. Berlin U. Berlin 1825 1825 1825 Antoine-Jerome Balard Augustus De Morgan John Hymers Heinrich Wilhelm Dove 1826 Montpelier U. Cambridge U. Cambridge U. Berlin 1826 1826 1826 1826 Gustav Dirichlet Wilhelm Eduard Weber Heinrich Gustav Magnus Johann Arzberger 1827 U. Bonn U. Halle-Wittenberg U. Berlin 1827 1827 1827 Louis Agassiz Benjamin Peirce Ferdinand Jakob Redtenbacher Thomas Wharton Jones 1829 U. Erlangen-Nuremberg Harvard U. U. Vienna U. Edinburgh 1829 1829 1829 1829 William Hopkins Isaac Todhunter Robert Wilhelm Bunsen 1830 U. Cambridge U. Cambridge U. Gottingen 1830 1830 1830 Ernst Kummer 1831 MLU Halle-Wittenberg 1831 Christoph Gudermann 1832 U. Berlin 1832 Joseph Lovering 1833 Harvard U. 1833 Josef Redtenbacher John Pond 1834 U. Vienna 1834 Frederik Kaiser James Glaisher Louis Jacques Thenard U. Leiden 1835 1835 1835 Joseph Liouville Pieter Leonard Rijke 1836 U. Paris U. Leiden 1836 1836 Heinrich Will Wilhelm Gottlieb Hankel 1839 U. Giessen U. Wittenberg 1839 1839 1840 George Gabriel Stokes August Wilhelm von Hofmann James Joseph Sylvester Eugene-Charles Catalan Ludwig A. Colding 1841 U. Cambridge Ludwig-Maximilian U., Munich U. Dublin U. Paris U. Copenhagen 1841 1841 1841 1841 1841 Adolph Strecker Hermann von Helmholtz 1842 U. Giessen U. Berlin 1842 1842 A. W. Hermann Kolbe Franz Brunnow Gustav Karsten 1843 U. Marburg U. Berlin U. Berlin 1843 1843 1843 Christophorus Buys Ballot Heinrich Wilhelm Heintz 1844 U. Utrecht U. Berlin 1844 1844 Carl Ernst Heinrich Schmidt Leopold Kronecker Thomas Henry Huxley 1845 U. Gottingen U. Berlin Sydenham College 1845 1845 1845 Heinrich Alexander Pagenstecher Enrico Betti Georg Andreas Carl Stadeler 1846 U. Berlin U. Pisa U. Gottingen 1846 1846 1846 Gustav Heinrich Wiedemann 1847 U. Berlin 1847 John Strong Newberry Rudolf Julius Clausius Benjamin Apthorp Gould Josiah Parsons Cooke 1848 Cleveland Medical School U. Wittenberg U. Gottingen Harvard U. 1848 1848 1848 1848 Alexander Winchell William H. Besant Emil Erlenmeyer Hubert Newton Heinrich Franz Peter Limpricht 1850 Wesleyan U. U. Cambridge U. Giessen Yale U. U. Gottingen 1850 1850 1850 1850 1850 Bernhard Riemann 1851 U. Gottingen 1851 Petre Guthrie Tait Jean Abraham Chretien Oudemans Friedrich August Kekule Ogden Rood 1852 U. Cambridge U. Leiden U. Giessen Princeton U. 1852 1852 1852 1852 Peter Waage Charles Young Rudolf Lipschitz Gustav Anton Zeuner 1853 U. Christiania Dartmouth U. U. Berlin U. Leipzig 1853 1853 1853 1853 James Clerk Maxwell Pierre Eugene Marcelin Berthelot Rudolf F. A. Clebsch Franz Reuleaux Wilhelm Forster Karl Weierstrass 1854 U. Cambridge U. France U. Konigsberg Karlsruhe U. Bonn U. Konigsberg 1854 1854 1854 1854 1854 1854 Johann Georg Anton Geuther 1855 U. Gottingen 1855 Charles Frederick Chandler Carl Christian Bruhns Ferdinand von Richthofen Eduard Suess Wilhelm Max Wundt 1856 U. Gottingen U. Berlin Humboldt-U. zu Berlin U. Vienna U. Heidelberg 1856 1856 1856 1856 1856 Edward John Routh James Craig Watson Francesco Rossetti 1857 U. Cambridge U. Michigan U. Vienna 1857 1857 1857 Cornelius Hubertus Carolus Grinwis Henrik Mohn Edmund Rose Karoly Than Simon Newcomb Adolf von Baeyer Georg Hermann Quincke Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig Viktor von Lang Josef Stefan 1858 U. Utrecht U. Christiania U. Berlin U. Vienna Harvard U. U. Berlin U. Berlin U. Gottingen U. Vienna U. Vienna 1858 1858 1858 1858 1858 1858 1858 1858 1858 1858 Georg Gerland Cato Maximilian Guldberg Hans Julius Hubner Micheal Foster 1859 U. Marburg U. Christiania U. Gottingen U. London 1859 1859 1859 1859 Karl Alfred von Zittel Wilhelm von Bezold Johannes Wislicenus Cleveland Abbe 1860 U. Heidelberg U. Gottingen U. Zurich City College NY 1860 1860 1860 1860 Karl Theodor Reye 1861 U. Gottingen 1861 Nathaniel Shaler Andrea Naccari 1862 Harvard U. U. Padua 1862 1862 J. Willard Gibbs Friedrich Emil Prym Friedrich Wilhelm Georg Kohlrausch 1863 Yale U. U. Berlin U. Gottingen 1863 1863 1863 Carl Paul Gottfried von Linde August Kundt Hermann Amandus Schwarz 1864 U. Zurich U. Berlin U. Berlin 1864 1864 1864 1865 Thomas C. Chamberlin Gaston Darboux Nikolai Bugaev Ludwig Boltzmann 1866 Beloit College Ecole Normale Superieure Moscow State U. U. Vienna 1866 1866 1866 1866 Rudolf Adriaan Mees Emil Gabriel Warburg 1867 U. Utrecht U. Berlin 1867 1867 Theobald Fischer Friedrich Ratzel John William Strutt (Lord Rayleigh) Wilhelm Roentgen Christian Felix Klein 1868 U. Bonn U. Heidelberg U. Cambridge U. Zurich U. Bonn 1868 1868 1868 1868 1868 Aurel Edmund Voss Otto Wallach 1869 U. Gottingen U. Gottingen 1869 1869 Henry Edward Armstrong Ira Remsen Henry Augustus Rowland 1870 U. Leipzig U. Gottingen Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 1870 1870 1870 Moritz Schroter Franz-Serafn Exner Heinrich Bruns 1871 ETH Zurich U. Vienna U. Berlin 1871 1871 1871 Franklin Hiram King Horace Lamb Paul Vidal de la Blache Willem Kapteyn Eilhard Wiedemann Hugo Hans von Seeliger 1872 Whitewater State U. Cambridge U. Sorbonne U. Utrecht U. Leipzig U. Leipzig 1872 1872 1872 1872 1872 1872 John Trowbridge Carl Louis Lindemann Frank Hagar Bigelow Walther M. Hempel Charles Hermite 1873 Harvard U. U. Erlangen-Nuremberg Harvard U. U. Heidelberg 1873 1873 1873 1873 Richard Anschutz Jules Tannery Woldemar Voigt John Newport Langley 1874 U. Heidelberg U. Paris U. Konigsberg U. Cambridge 1874 1874 1874 1874 Hendrik Antoon Lorentz Harmon Northrop Morse 1875 U. Leiden U. Gottingen 1875 1875 John Martin Schaeberle Adolf Friedrich Wichard Sprung Viktor Kirpichov 1876 U. Michigan U. Leipzig St. Petersburg Polytech. U. 1876 1876 1876 Otto Stoll Charles Picard Joachim Leonhard Weber William Napier Shaw 1877 U. Zurich U. Paris U. Kiel U. Cambridge 1877 1877 1877 1877 William Morris Davis Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald Albrecht Penck 1878 Harvard U. Tartu U. U. Munich 1878 1878 1878 Cargill Gilston Knott H. Kamerling Onnes 1879 U. Edinburgh U. Groningen 1879 1879 Hugh Frank Newall Heinrich Kiliani Paul Volkmann Carl David Tolme Runge Max Margules 1880 U. Cambridge U. Munich U. Konigsberg U. Berlin U. Vienna 1880 1880 1880 1880 1880 Alfred Hettner Rollin D. Salisbury Albert Abraham Michelson 1881 U. Strassburg Beloit College U. Berlin 1881 1881 1881 John Merle Coulter Vito Volterra William Henry Perkin, Jr. 1882 Indiana U. U. Pisa U. Wurzburg 1882 1882 1882 Joseph John Thomson 1883 U. Cambridge 1883 James Furman Kemp Antoine Nicholas Guntz Julius Bauschinger Angelo Battelli Otto R. Lummer 1884 Columbia U. U. France Ludwig-Maximilian U., Munich U. Turin U. Berlin 1884 1884 1884 1884 1884 Alexander G. McAdie E. H. Moore David Hilbert Arthur Berson Harry Fielding Reid Mathias Lerch 1885 Harvard U. Yale U. U. Konigsberg Humboldt-U. zu Berlin Johns Hopkins U. U. Berlin 1885 1885 1885 1885 1885 1885 Hugh Longbourne Callendar August Otto Foppl Alfred Philippson Philip Lenard W. W. Campbell Louis M. Dennis 1886 U. Cambridge U. Leipzig U. Leipzig U. Heidelberg U. Michigan U. Michigan 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 1886 George B. Mathews Paul Karl Ludwig Drude Walther Hermann Nernst Max August Siegfried Eduard Bruckner 1887 U. Cambridge U. Gottingen U. Wurzburg U. Leipzig U. Munich 1887 1887 1887 1887 1887 Wallace Clement Sabine Theodore William Richards 1888 Harvard U. Harvard U. 1888 1888 Emil Wiechert 1889 U. Konigsberg 1889 Charles Henry Smyth, Jr Arthur Amos Noyes Arthur Gordon Webster 1890 Columbia College School of Mines U. Leipzig U. Berlin 1890 1890 1890 Ellen Churchill Semple Ralph Stockman Tarr Maxime Bocher Arnold Sommerfeld Robert Williams Wood 1891 Vassar Harvard U. U. Gottingen U. Konigsberg Harvard U. 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 Hantaro Nagaoka Charles Thomson Rees Wilson Jacques Salomon Hadamard Georg Rost William Hultz Walker Harry Clary Jones Edward Bradford Titchener Elmer P.
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  • Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress on the History of Oceanography

    Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress on the History of Oceanography

    EVOLUTION OF THE TECTOGENE CONCEPT, 1930-1965 ALlIN O. ALLWARDT SANTA CRUZ, CALIFORNIA Prepared for the Proceedings of the Fifth International congress on the History of oceanography (SCripps Institution of OCeanography, July 7-14, 1993) EVOLUTION OF THE TECTOGENR CONCEPT, 1930-1965 ABSTRACT The tectogene, or crustal downbuckle, was proposed in the early 19305 by F. A. Vening Meinesz to explain the unexpected belts of negative gravity anomalies in island arcs. He attributed the isostatic imbalance to a deep sialic root resulting from the action of subcrustal convection currents. Vening Heinesz's model was initially corroborated experimentally by P. H. Kuenen, but additional experiments by D. T. Griggs and geological analysis by H. H. Hess in the late 19305 led to substantial revision in detail. As modified, the tectogene provided a plausible model for the evolution of island arcs into alpine mountain belts for another two decades. Additional revisions became necessary in the early 19505 to accommodate the unexpected absence of sialic crust in the Caribbean and the marginal seas of the western Pacific. By 1960 the cherished analogy between island arcs and alpine mountain belts had collapsed under the weight of the detailed field investigations by Hess and his students in the Caribbean region. Hess then incorporated a highly modified form of the tectogene into his sea-floor spreading hypothesis. Ironically, this final incarnation of the concept preserved some of the weaker aspects of the 19305 original, such as the ad hoc explanation for the regular geometry of island arcs. EVOLUTION OF THE TECTOGENE CONCEPT, 1930-1965 ALAN O.