Edible Wild ‐ Plantlist Summer of Soil 2013: Natural Forestry and Edible Forest Gardens , August 5‐9

Annual (A), biennial (B) and perennial (P) plants Latin name Swedish name English name Edible use Medicinal use Aegopodium podagraria (P) Kirskål Ground Elder, - raw or cooked. Great substitute for a long history of medicinal use and was cultivated Bishopsweed spinach and leafy greens. The leaves are best as a food crop and medicinal herb in the Middle harvested before the comes into , Ages. The plant was used mainly as a food that they can be used in salads, soups, or cooked could counteract gout, one of the effects of the rich as a vegetable. foods eaten by monks, bishops etc at this time. The plant is little used in modern herbalism.

Allium ursinum (BULB) Ramslök Wild Onion Leaves - raw or cooked. Usually available from late January. One report says that they have an overpowering garlic odour that dissipates on cooking, though our experience is that they are considerably milder than garlic. The leaves make a very nice addition to salads, and are especially welcome as a vital and fresh green in the middle of winter. - raw or cooked. These are somewhat stronger than the leaves, in small quantities they make a decorative and very tasty addition to salads.

Angelica archangelica (B) Kvanne (Garden) Angelica Leaves - raw or cooked. A liquorice-like Angelica has a long folk-history of use as a flavour, they can be used as a flavouring in medicinal herb, in particular for the treatment of mixed salads. They are also used to sweeten digestive disorders and problems with blood tart fruits. Stalks and young shoots - cooked circulation. The root is the most active medicinally, or raw. The stalks should be peeled, they can it should be harvested in the autumn of its first be used like celery. They can also be used to year of growth, sliced longitudinally if necessary sweeten tart fruits and to make jam. They are and dried quickly. If well stored, the root retains its often crystallised in sugar and used as sweets medicinal virtues for many years. The leaves and and cake decorations. The stems are best seeds can also be used. The leaves are harvested harvested in the spring. and dried in late spring before the plant comes into flower

1 Arctium spp (B) Kardborre Burdock Root - raw or cooked. Very young roots can Burdock is one of the foremost detoxifying herbs in be eaten raw, but older roots are normally both Chinese and Western herbal medicine. The cooked. Young leaves - raw or cooked. Young dried root of one year old plants is the official herb, stalks and branches - raw or cooked but the leaves and fruits can also be used. It is used to treat conditions caused by an 'overload' of toxins, such as throat and other infections, boils, rashes and other skin problems.

Artemisia vulgaris (P) Gråbo Mugworth Leaves - raw or cooked. Aromatic and Mugwort has a long history of use in herbal somewhat bitter. Their addition to the diet aids medicine especially in matters connected to the the digestion and so they are often used in digestive system. It is slightly toxic. Large, small quantities as a flavouring. They are also prolonged dosage can damage the nervous used to give colour and flavour to glutinous- system. The leaves are also said to be appetizer. rice dumplings. The young shoots are used in They can be used internally or externally. spring. In Japan the young leaves are used as a potherb. The dried leaves and flowering tops are steeped into tea. They have also been used as a flavouring in beer, though fell into virtual disuse once hops came into favour.

Barbarea vulgaris (P) Sommargyllen Yellow Rocket Young leaves - raw or cooked like spinach. A The leaves are vulnerary and have been used as a hot cress-like flavour. Young leaves are poultice for treating wounds chopped up finely and added to salads, older leaves can be used as a potherb. Edible flowers. Campanula spp (P) Blåklockor Bellflowers Flowers and leaves are edible not known Capsella bursa-pastoris (A)Lomme Sheperd´s Purse Leaves - raw or cooked. The young leaves, not known used before the plant comes into flower, make a fine addition to salads[9]. The leaves are a cress and cabbage substitute, becoming peppery with age

2 Chenopodium album (A) Svinmålla Lambs quarters Leaves, shoots, seeds, flowers. Saponins in the seeds are potentially toxic and should not be consumed in excess. Lamb’s quarters contain some oxalic acid therefore when eating this raw, small quantities are recommended. Cooking removes this acid. Lamb’s quarter can be eaten in salads or added to smoothies and juices. Steaming this edible weed is one method of cooking, or can be added to soups, sautés and much more. Drying this wild edible is one way to add this nutritious plant to your meals throughout the winter or you can blanch and freeze the leaves Chenopodium Fiskmålla All seed Leaves - cooked and used like spinach. The polyspermum (A) raw leaves should only be eaten in small quantities, see the notes above on toxicity. Seed - ground into a powder and added to wheat flour or other cereals in making bread etc. It is best to soak the seed overnight and rinse it thoroughly before use. Small and quite fiddly to use. Cicerbita alpina (P) Tolta/Torta Blue Sow Thistle Young shoots and stems - raw. The skin is first removed, but the shoots are still rather bitter and unpalatable. Older stems can also be peeled and eaten raw. but have a bitter taste[2]. Dryopteris filix-mas (P) Träjon Male Fern Young fiddleheads - cooked. But with caution. T The root contains an oleoresin that paralyses tapeworms and other internal parasites and has been used as a worm expellent.The root is toxic and the dosage is critical. Elytrigia repens (P) Kvickrot Couch Grass Roots - cooked. They can be dried and Couch grass is of considerable value as a herbal ground into a powder, then used with wheat medicine, the roots being very useful in the when making bread. Although thin and stringy, treatment of a wide range of kidney, liver and the roots contain starch and enzymes and are urinary disorders. They have a gentle remedial quite sweet. Young leaves and shoots - eaten effect which is well-tolerated by the body and has raw in spring salads. A slightly sweet flavour, no side-effects. This plant is also a favourite though quickly becoming very fibrous. The medicine of domestic cats and dogs, who will often juice from these shoots is sometimes used as eat quite large quantities of the leaves. Harvested a spring tonic in spring.

3 Epilobium angustifolium ( Rallarros/mjölkört Willow herb Edible Parts: Flowers; Leaves; Root; Stem. P) Leaves and young shoot tips - raw or cooked. They can be used in salads or cooked as a vegetable. When boiled they make a wholesome vegetable and are a good source of vitamins A and C. Only use the leaves when they are young. Although they are said to be edible, another report says that an infusion of them can stupefy. Young shoots - cooked. They make a good asparagus substitute. Root - raw, cooked or dried and ground into a powder. Used in spring, it has a sweet taste. Flower stalks - raw or cooked. Added to salads, they are used when the flowers are in bud. The pith of young or older stems - raw or cooked. Slightly sweet, tender and pleasing to eat, though there is not much of it. The stems are said to be a good laxative, but are best not eaten on an empty stomach. A tea is made from the dried leaves, it is sweet and pleasant. Called 'kaporie' tea in Russia, it contains 10% tannin. The leaves are also used as an adulterant of China tea. Equisetum arvense (P) Åkerfräken Field Horsetail Strobil (the fertile shoots in spring) - cooked rich in silica, contain several alkaloids (including and used as an asparagus substitute. nicotine) and various minerals[238]. Horsetail is very astringent and makes an excellent clotting agent, staunching wounds, stopping nosebleeds. It helps speed the repair of damaged connective tissue, improving its strength and elasticity

Galium spp Måror galium edible Galium aparine Snärjmåra Goosegrass The tender young shoot tips - raw or cooked A valuable diuretic, it is often taken to treat skin as a pot-herb. A rather bitter flavour that some problems such as seborrhoea, eczema and people find unpalatable, they are best used in psoriasis, and as a general detoxifying agent in the spring. They make a useful addition to serious illnesses such as cancer. Detoxing. vegetable soups. It is said that using this plant as a vegetable has a slimming effect on the body.

4 Hypericum perforatum (P) Johannesört St Johns worth The herb and the fruit are sometimes used as An extremely valuable remedy for nervous a tea substitute problems]. In clinical trials about 67% of patients with mild to moderate depression improved when taking this plant. The flowers and leaves are analgesic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, aromatic, astringent, cholagogue, digestive, diuretic, expectorant, nervine, resolvent, sedative, stimulant, vermifuge and vulnerary.

Filipendula ulmaria (P) Älggräs/älgört Meadowsweet Root - cooked. Young leaves - cooked as a The plant is harvested in July when it is in flower flavouring in soups. Young leaves, flowers and can be dried for later use. The flower head and roots are brewed into a tea. The dried contains salicylic acid, from which the drug aspirin leaves are used as a flavouring, especially as can be synthesised. Unlike the extracted aspirin, a sweetener in herb teas. The flowers are which can cause gastric ulceration at high doses, used as a flavouring in various alcoholic the combination of constituents in meadowsweet beverages and in stewed fruits. Adding them act to protect the inner lining of the stomach and to wine or beer is said to make a very heady intestines whilst still providing the anti- brew. They are also made into a syrup which inflammatory benefits of aspirin. The herb is a can be used in cooling drinks and fruit salads. valuable medicine in the treatment of diarrhoea.

Filipendula vulgaris (P) Brudbröd Dropworrth Young leaves - raw or cooked. They can be It is used in the treatment of epilepsy, kidney and added to salads and soups. Root - raw or bladder stones, genital discharges and intestinal cooked. Rather bitter. Astringent. Best if worms roasted. A famine food, it is only used in times of scarcity. Matteuccia struthiopteris Strutbräken Ostrich Fern Fiddleheads raw or cooked. To high doses can be toxic. Persicaria lapathifolia Pilört Pale Persicaria The seeds are easy to gather and tasty. Phragmites australis Vass Reed Edible Parts: Leaves; Root; Seed; Stem. Sweetener. Root - raw or cooked like potatoes. It contains up to 5% sugar. The flavour and texture are best when the root is young and still growing. It can be dried, ground coarsely and used as a porridge. In Russia they are harvested and processed into starch. Young shoots - raw or cooked. They are best if used before the leaves form, when they are really delicious. They can be used like bamboo shoots.

5 Plantago lanceolata Svartkämpe Ribworth Plantain Young leaves - raw or cooked. They are Ribwort plantain is a safe and effective treatment rather bitter and very tedious to prepare, the for bleeding. The leaves contain mucilage, tannin fibrous strands are best removed prior to and silic acid. An extract of them has antibacterial eating. The very young leaves are somewhat properties. Internally, they are used in the better and are less fibrous. Seed - cooked. treatment of a wide range of complaints bronchitis, Used like sago. The seed can be ground into catarrh, sinusitis, asthma and hay fever. They are a powder and added to flours when baking. used externally in treating skin inflammations, cuts etc. Plantain seeds contain up to 30% mucilage which swells up in the gut, acting as a bulk laxative and soothing. A distilled water made from the plant makes an excellent eye lotion.

Plantago major (P) Groblad Plantain Young leaves - raw or cooked. Many people Common plantain is a safe and effective treatment blanch the leaves in boiling water before using for bleeding, it quickly staunches blood flow and them in salads in order to make them more encourages the repair of damaged tissue. tender. Seed - raw or cooked. The seed can Internally, they are used in the treatment of a wide be ground into a meal and mixed with flour. It range of complaints including diarrhoea, gastritis, is very rich in vitamin B1. The dried leaves peptic ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome, make an acceptable tea. Broadleaf plantain is haemorrhage, haemorrhoids, cystitis, bronchitis, highly nutritious wild edible, that is high in catarrh, sinusitis, asthma and hay fever. They are calcium and vitamins A, C, and K. used externally in treating skin inflammations, malignant ulcers, cuts, stings etc. The heated leaves are used as a wet dressing for wounds, swellings etc. Plantain seeds contain up to 30% mucilage which swells up in the gut, acting as a bulk laxative and soothing irritated membranes. A distilled water made from the plant makes an excellent eye lotion.

Polygonum aviculare Trampört Knotweed Edible Parts: Leaves; Seed. The whole plant is anthelmintic, astringent, Edible Uses: Tea. cardiotonic, cholagogue, diuretic, febrifuge, Young leaves and plants - raw or cooked. haemostatic, lithontripic and vulnerary. It was Used as a potherb, they are very rich in zinc. formerly widely used as an astringent both A nutritional analysis is available. Seed - raw internally and externally in the treatment of or cooked. Rather small and fiddly to utilize, wounds, bleeding, piles and diarrhoea. Its diuretic they can be used in all the ways that properties make it useful in removing stone. An buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) is used, alcohol-based preparation has been used with either whole or dried and ground into a success to treat varicose veins of recent origin. powder for use in pancakes etc.. The plant is harvested in the summer and early autumn and is dried for later use.

Rumex spp Syror Sorrel, dock All edible. But holds oxalic acids. Ex. Red Dock, Rumex acetocella -Sheep sorrel.

6 Polypodium vulgare Stensöta Polypody Root. Very sweet, it contains sugars, tannin A tea made from the roots is used in the treatment and oils. It is used as a liquorice adulterant. of pleurisy, hives, sore throats and stomach aches and as a mild laxative for children

Sedum telephium + spp Kärleksört + (Orpine)Stonecro Leaves cooked or raw The whole plant is astringent and cytostatic. It is a (P) sedumarter p popular remedy for diarrhoea, stimulates the kidneys and has a reputation in the treatment of cancer. A poultice of the crushed leaves has been used in the treatment of boils and carbuncles.

Stellaria Media (A) Våtarv/Nate Chickweed Young leaves - raw in salads or cooked as a Chickweed has a very long history of herbal use, potherb. They can be available all year round being particularly beneficial in the external if the winter is not too severe. Very nutritious. treatment of any kind of itching skin condition. An The leaves contain saponins so some extent. infusion of the fresh or dried herb can be added to Seed - ground into a powder and used in the bath water and its emollient property will help making bread or to thicken soups. But it would to reduce inflammation - in rheumatic joints for be very fiddly to harvest any quantity of this example - and encourage tissue repair seed since it is produced in small quantities.

Symphytum uplandicum Vallört Comfrey Young leaves - cooked or raw. Toxic in big Comfrey is especially useful in the external (P) amounts. treatment of cuts, bruises, sprains, sores, eczema, varicose veins, broken bones etc, internally it is used in the treatment of a wide range of pulmonary complaints, internal bleeding etc.

Taraxacum officinale (P) Maskros Dandelion Leaves - raw or cooked. When used in salads, The dandelion is a commonly used herbal remedy. they are rather bitter. Tender young leaves It is especially effective and valuable as a diuretic are considerably less bitter than older because it contains high levels of potassium salts leaves.bitter. Very nutritious food. Root - raw and therefore can replace the potassium that is or cooked. Bitter. Flowers - raw or cooked. lost from the body when diuretics are used. The Both the leaves and the roots are used to roots can be used fresh or dried and should be flavour herbal beers and soft drinks such as harvested in the autumn when 2 years old. The 'Dandelion and Burdock'. The roots of 2 year flowers are an ingredient of 'QR' herbal compost old plants are harvested in the autumn. A activator[32]. This is a dried and powdered mixture pleasant tea is made from the flowers. They of several herbs that can be added to a compost Thlapsi arvense + spp Pennycress Penningört + Leaves, seeds, flowers Backskärvsfrö

7 Tussilago farfara (P) Tussilago Coltsfoot Flower buds and young flowers - raw or An effective demulcent and expectorant herb, cooked. A pleasant aniseed flavour[K], they coltsfoot is one of the most popular European add a distinctive aromatic flavour to salads. remedies for the treatment of a wide range of Young leaves - raw or cooked. They can be chest complaints used in salads, added to soups, or cooked as a vegetable. The leaves have a bitter taste unless they are washed after being boiled. An aromatic tea is made from the fresh or dried leaves and flowers.

Typha Latifolia (P) Kaveldun Cattail Flowers; Leaves; Oil; Pollen; Root; Seed; The leaves are diuretic. It is used internally in the Stem. Roots - raw or cooked. They can be treatment of kidney stones, haemorrhage, painful boiled and eaten like potatoes or macerated menstruation, abnormal uterine bleeding, post- and then boiled to yield a sweet syrup. The partum pains, abscesses and cancer of the roots can also be dried and ground into a lymphatic system powder, this powder is rich in protein and can be mixed with wheat flour and then used for making bread, biscuits, muffins etc. One hectare of this plant can produce 8 tonnes of flour from the rootstock. The plant is best harvested from late autumn to early spring since it is richest in starch at this time

Trifolium Medium (P) Skogsklöver Meadow clover As Red clover, but less nutritious. Trifolium Pratense (P) Rödklöver Red Clover commonly used to treat skin conditions. It is a folk The seed can be sprouted and used in remedy for cancer of the breast, a concentrated salads. A crisp texture and more robust decoction being applied to the site of the tumour in flavour than alfalfa. Leaves - raw or cooked as order to encourage it to grow outwards and clear a potherb. The young leaves are harvested the body. before the plant comes into flower and are used in salads, soups etc. They can also be used as a vegetable, cooked like spinach. The leaves are best cooked. Flowers and seed pods are dried, ground into powder and used as a flour or sprinkled on cooked foods such as boiled rice[183]. Very wholesome and nutritious. The young flowers can also be used in salads. Root - cooked.

8 Trifolium Repens (P) Vitklöver White Clover Edible Parts: Flowers; Leaves; Root. An infusion has been used in the treatment of Condiment; Tea. coughs, colds, fevers and leucorrhoea. A tincture Leaves - raw or cooked as a potherb. The of the leaves is applied as an ointment to gout. An young leaves are harvested before the plant infusion of the flowers has been used as an comes into flower and are used in salads, eyewash soups etc. They can also be used as a vegetable, cooked like spinach. The leaves are best cooked. Flowers and seed pods are dried, ground into powder and used as a flour or sprinkled on cooked foods such as boiled rice[183]. Very wholesome and nutritious. The young flowers can also be used in salads. Root - cooked. The dried leaves impart a vanilla flavour to cakes etc. Dried flowering heads are a tea substitute Urtica dioica (P) Brännässla Stinging Nettle Young leaves - cooked as a potherb and A tea made from the leaves has traditionally been added to soups etc, or dried for winter use. used as a cleansing tonic and blood purifier so the Valuable addition to the diet, they are a very plant is often used in the treatment of hay fever, nutritious food that is easily digested and is arthritis, anaemia etc. The whole plant is high in minerals (especially iron) and vitamins antiasthmatic, antidandruff, astringent, depurative, (especially A and C). Only use young leaves diuretic, galactogogue, haemostatic, (see the notes above on toxicity) and wear hypoglycaemic and a stimulating tonic. it is also stout gloves when harvesting them to prevent used to treat anaemia, excessive menstruation, being stung. Cooking the leaves, or haemorrhoids, arthritis, rheumatism and skin thoroughly drying them, neutralizes the sting, complaints, especially eczema. The root has been rendering the leaf safe to eat[4, 244]. The shown to have a beneficial effect upon enlarged young shoots, harvested in the spring when prostate glands. The seeds are used as food and 15 - 20cm long complete with the nutrient supplements. underground stem are very nice[85]. Old leaves can be laxative[5]. The plants are harvested commercially for extraction of the chlorophyll, which is used as a green colouring agent (E140) in foods and medicines[238]. A tea is made from the dried leaves, it is warming on a winters day

9 Valeriana officinalis (P) Vänderot Valerian Seed. No further details are given but the Effect as a tranquilliser and nervine, particularly for seeds of other members of this genus are those people suffering from nervous overstrain. parched and then eaten. An essential oil from Valerian has been shown to encourage sleep, the leaves and root is used as a flavouring in improve sleep quality and reduce blood pressure. ice cream, baked goods, condiments etc[183]. It is also used internally in the treatment of painful It is especially important in apple flavours. The menstruation, cramps, hypertension, irritable bowel leaves can also be used as a condiment[61]. syndrome etc The plant is used in moderation as a herbal tea. Verbascum spp. B + P Kungsljus Mullein An aromatic, slightly bitter tea can be made by It acts by reducing the formation of mucus and infusing the dried leaves in boiling water for 5 - stimulating the coughing up of phlegm, and is a 10 minutes[183]. A sweeter tea can be made specific treatment for tracheitis and bronchitis. The by infusing the fresh or dried flowers leaves and the flowers are anodyne, anti- inflammatory, antiseptic, antispasmodic, astringent, demulcent, diuretic, emollient, expectorant and vulnerary. Externally, a poultice of the leaves is a good healer of wounds and is also applied to ulcers, tumours.

Bushes and trees Latin name Swedish name English name Edible use Medicinal use Acer platanoides Lönn Norway Maple Sap Alnus glutinosa Klibbal Alder None known. An important pioneer species in A decoction of the dried bark is used to bathe ecological succession. Nitrogen fixing with swellings and inflammations, especially of the the bacterium Frankia alni mouth and throat. The powdered bark and the leaves have been used as an internal astringent and tonic, whilst the bark has also been used as an internal and external haemostatic against haemorrhage. Alnus incana Gråal Grey alder This species fixes atmospheric nitrogen and is also tolerant of polluted soils, it can be used for land reclamation, especially on coal tips[200]. This is an excellent pioneer species for re-establishing woodlands on disused farmland, difficult sites etc.

10 Amalancier Häggmispel Saskatoon Edible fruit - raw or cooked. The fruit ripens in mid summer (early July in southern Britain), it is soft and juicy with a few small seeds in the centre. A very nice sweet flavour.

Betual Pubencens Glasbjörk White birch Like Betula Pendula Like Betula Pendula Betula Pendula Vårtbjörk Silverbirch Inner bark - cooked or dried and ground into a The leaves are anticholesterolemic and diuretic. (Hängbjörk) meal. It can be added as a thickener to soups They also contain phytosides, which are effective etc or can be mixed with flour for making germicides. An infusion of the leaves is used in the bread, biscuits etc. , Sap - raw or cooked. A treatment of gout, dropsy and rheumatism, and is sweet flavour. It is harvested in early spring, recommended as a reliable solvent of kidney Young leaves - raw or cooked. Young catkins. stones. The young leaves and leaf buds are No more details are given. A tea is made from harvested in the spring and dried for later use. the leaves and another tea is made from the essential oil in the inner bark.

Fraxinus Exelsior Ask Ash Immature seed - usually pickled by steeping in salt and vinegar, and then used as a condiment for other foods. The leaves are sometimes used as an adulterant for tea. A manna is obtained from the tree. No further details are given. An edible oil similar to sunflower (Helianthus annuus) oil is obtained from the seed. Hippophae Rhamnoides Havtorn Sea Bucktorn Nitrogen fixing. Fruit - raw or cooked. Very The fruit is astringent and used as a tonic. The rich in vitamin C (120mg per 100g) and freshly-pressed juice is used in the treatment of vitamin A, they are too acid when raw for most colds, febrile conditions, exhaustion etc. The fruit peoples tastes, though most children seem to is a very rich source of vitamins and minerals, relish them. Used for making fruit juice, it is especially in vitamins A, C and E, flavanoids and high in vitamins and has an attractive aroma other bio-active compounds. It is also a fairly good source of essential fatty acids, which is fairly unusual for a fruit. It is being investigated as a food that is capable of reducing the incidence of cancer and also as a means of halting or reversing the growth of cancers. Good for dry mucous.

Juniperus communis En Juniper Fruit - raw or cooked. It is usually dried. The Juniper fruits are commonly used in herbal fruit is often used as a flavouring in medicine, as a household remedy, and also in sauerkraut, stuffings, vegetable pates etc, and some commercial preparations. They are is an essential ingredient of gin. The aromatic especially useful in the treatment of digestive fruit is used as a pepper substitute according disorders plus kidney and bladder problems to one report. An essential oil is sometimes distilled from the fruit to be used as a flavouring.

11 Picea Abies Gran Norwegian Spruce Young male catkins - raw or cooked. Used as a flavouring. Immature female cones - cooked. The central portion, when roasted, is sweet and syrupy. Inner bark - dried, ground into a powder and used as a thickener in soups etc or added to cereals when making bread. A refreshing tea rich in vitamin C, can be made from the young shoot tips. As well as beer Prunus Padus Hägg Bird cherry Fruit - raw or cooked. The fruit usually has a An infusion is used in the treatment of colds, bitter taste and is used mainly for making jam feverish conditions etc. The bark is harvested and preserves. The fruit is about the size of a when the tree is in flower and can be dried for later pea and contains one large seed. Flowers - use. chewed. Young leaves - cooked. Used as a boiled vegetable in Korea[183]. Seed - raw or cooked. Do not eat the seed if it is too bitter.

Rosa rugosa Vresros Ramanas Rose Fruit - raw or cooked. sweet and pleasant to The leaves are used in the treatment of fevers. eat. The fruit is a fairly large size for a rose. The flowers act on the spleen and liver, promoting The fruit is rich in vitamin C, containing up to blood circulation. They are used internally in the dry weight. Flowers - raw or cooked. Young treatment of poor appetite and digestion, and shoots - cooked and used as a potherb. menstrual complaints arising from constrained liver Harvested as they come through the ground energy. The root is used in the treatment of in spring and are still tender. The seed is a coughs. The fruit of many members of this genus good source of vitamin E, it can be ground is a very rich source of vitamins and minerals, into a powder and mixed with flour or added to especially in vitamins A, C and E, flavanoids and other foods as a supplement. A pleasant other bio-active compounds. It is also a fairly good tasting fruity-flavoured tea is made from the source of essential fatty acids, which is fairly fruit. A tea is also made from the leaves. unusual for a fruit.

Rubus idaeus Hallon Raspberries Fruits and leaf (for tea) Tea on leafs are relieving for stomach pain, especially during menstruation or pregnancy. Salix alba Vitpil White willow Edible Parts: Inner bark; Leaves. Justly famous as the original source of salicylic Edible Uses: Tea. acid (the precursor of aspirin), white willow and Inner bark - raw or cooked. It can be dried, several closely related species have been used for ground into a bitter powder and added in flour. thousands of years to relieve joint pain and Leaves and young shoots - raw or cooked. manage fevers, headaces. The bark is used. The Not very palatable. They are used only in bark is harvested in the spring or early autumn times of scarcity. The leaves can be used as a from 3 - 6 year old branches and is dried for later tea substitute. use.

12 Salix caprea Sälg Goat willow Edible Parts: Inner bark; Leaves; Inner bark - raw or cooked. It can be dried, ground into a powder and then added to cereal flour for use in making bread etc. A very bitter flavour, it is a famine food that is only used when all else fails. Young shoots - raw or cooked. They are not very palatable.

Sambucus Nigra Fläder Elder Fruit - raw or cooked. The flavour of the raw The plant has been called 'the medicine chest of fruit is not acceptable to many tastes, though country people. The flowers can be preserved with when cooked it makes delicious jams, salt to make them available for distillation later in preserves, pies and so forth. It can be used the season. The bark is used medicinal tea. fresh or dried, the dried fruit being less bitter. Flowers for tea and food.. Sorbus aucuparia Rönn Mountain Ash Fruit - raw or cooked. The fruit is very acid The bark is astringent, it is used in the treatment of and large quantities of the raw fruit can cause diarrhoea and as a vaginal injection for stomach upsets. It can be used to make leucorrhoea etc delicious, if slightly acidulous, jams and preserves[7], the fruit can also be dried and used as a flour mixed with cereals[2, 66]. The fruit is about 7.5mm in diameter[200] and is produced in quite large bunches making harvest easy[K]. The leaves and flowers are used as a tea substitute

Sorbus intermedia Oxel Swedish Fruit - raw or cooked. A mild, though slightly whitebeam bitter flavour with a mealy texture. The fruit is up to 13mm across[200] and is produced in quite large clusters, making harvesting easier[K]. Tilia Cordata Lind Lime Young leaves - raw. They make an excellent Lime flowers are a remedy for a number of salad or sandwich filling, they are mild tasting ailments, especially in treatment of colds and other and somewhat mucilaginous. A very ailments where sweating is desirable. A tea made acceptable chocolate substitute can be made from the fresh or dried flowers. from a paste of the ground-up flowers and immature fruit. A popular herb tea is made from the flowers. Sap - harvested in the spring.

13 Ulmus glabra Alm Elm Leaves - raw or cooked,They make a nice The inner bark is astringent, demulcent and mildly addition to a mixed salad. Immature fruits, diuretic. It is used both internally and externally in used just after they are formed, can be eaten the treatment of diarrhoea, rheumatism, wounds, raw. piles etc and is also used as a mouthwash in the treatment of ulcers. The inner bark is harvested from branches 3 - 4 years old and is dried for later use. The plant is used in Bach flower remedies

Contact: [email protected], [email protected] Reference in english: Plants for a Future: www.pfaf.org

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