No 180 Mar 2011 1

www.sihg.org.uk

Clan Line at ‘Eastleigh 100’ event, Tonbridge, see page 11. Photo by Allan Wheeler.

Milestones a brief report by Jan Spencer Milestones, in Basingstoke’s Leisure Park, is off the western roundabout of the town’s ring road. Hampshire’s living history museum - an ‘open-air’ museum inside a massive modern building. Large replicas of industrial buildings display machines by Taskers, Thornycrofts and others. Domestic appliances from various eras are on show. There is a café and a shop with WWII memorabilia. Well worth a visit! Photo by Jan Spencer.

SIHG is a group of the Archaeological Society, Registered Charity No 272098 Castle Arch Surrey GU1 3SX Group Patron: David Shepherd OBE, Group President: Prof AG Crocker FSA

Published by the Surrey Industrial History Group and printed by YesPrint 3 Leafy Oak Workshops Cobbetts Lane Yateley GU17 9LW © SIHG 2011 ISSN1355-8188 Newsletter 180 March 2011 2

Contents 2 Notices 3 New Subscription Payment Arrangements 4 Venues, Times & Contacts 4 Diary: 20 March - 31 May 5 Sir George Cayley, the Wright Brothers and the Achievement of Controlled, Powered and Sustained Flight by Alan Thomas

7 Clan Line - a Merchant Navy Class Locomotive 60 Years On by Bob Gillett, report by Allan Wheeler

8 Castle Gardens, Dorking, Pumping Station by Michael Yates

8 Surrey Archaeological Research Framework (2006): Ideas for Investigations in Industrial History (part 3) extracted by Jan Spencer

9 Kings Cross Goods Yard - its History & Archaeology by Malcolm Tucker & Tim Smith, GLIAS report by Anne Lea 10 Industrial Archaeology Review No 156 Spring 2011 report by Gordon Knowles

Reports & Notices Details of meetings are reported in good faith, but information may become out of date. Please check details before attending.

SIHG Visits, Details & Updates at www.sihg.org.uk

SIHG Visit Weds 23 March 2011 British Museum Watch Collection David Thompson will show the actual watches mentioned in his talk. The demonstration, in the afternoon, will last about 2½ hours. We shall meet at the museum at 1300 for lunch; and meet David Thompson at the information desk at 1400 sharp. A few places may still be available, but advance booking is essential as numbers are strictly limited, contact Margaret Levett, 01306 889669, or Jan Spencer, 01372 454766.

Surrey Museums Month: A History of Surrey in 50 Objects This April’s Surrey Museums Month will focus on objects around the county that have played an important role in shaping Surrey’s fascinating history. Through these we hope to share key moments, discoveries, people, trades, arts and crafts that have influenced the people and places of Surrey, and many farther afield. , 130 Goldsworth Road, Woking, Surrey, GU21 6ND. 01483 518737, www.exploringsurreyspast.org.uk

David Evans The Committee has appointed David Evans an Honorary Member, in recognition of his long service on the Committee and in the offices of Newsletter Editor and Membership Secretary. David joined the Committee in 1982 and became one of its longest-serving members. He edited the Newsletter from Issue 52 in November 1989 to Issue 158 in July 2007, a remarkable record of 107 issues. David also acted as Membership Secretary until January 2011, when he was obliged to resign by reason of failing eyesight. The post of Membership Secretary has now been taken over by Mrs Pam Taylor. AHT Newsletter 180 March 2011 3 SIHG Newsletter No 180 March 2011 DIARY The 36th series of SIHG Industrial Archaeology Lectures will start on 4 October 2011 alternate Tuesdays, 1930 - 2130, (Lecture Theatre F) Enquiries to programme co-ordinator, Bob Bryson, [email protected]. Maps at www.sihg.org.uk Free parking is available in the evening on the main campus car park. Single lectures at £5, payable on the night, are open to all. New programme enclosed!

The Autumn 2011 Thursday Morning Lecture Series at Leatherhead will start on 22 September 2011. Enquiries to Ken Tythacott, [email protected], or Geoff Roles, [email protected]. As seating is strictly limited, enrolment is for the whole course only; casual attendance is not possible.

SIHG AGM & Conservation Award 2011 Saturday 9 July Surrey Heath Archaeology and Heritage Trust. Bagshot Archaeology Centre, 4-10 London Road, Bagshot GU19 5HN. Details will be confirmed in the May Newsletter.

SIHG Membership Renewal - form enclosed New payment procedure The SIHG membership database is being merged with the recently established Surrey Archaeological Society database. To avoid teething troubles and to ensure continuity, we request that you renew membership as soon as possible. Please could you fill in the form with extra care so that we have your correct details. Cheques payable to ‘Surrey Archaeological Society’ please, to Castle Arch, Guildford GU1 3SX

SERIAC 2011 - 16 April at Sussex University South East Regional Industrial Archaeology Conference Leaflet enclosed or see www.sihg.org.uk/seriac.htm

Diary March

23 Wed SIHG Visit: British Museum Watch Collection, see below.

Diary April

1 Fri - 30 Sat Surrey Museums Month: A History of Surrey in 50 Objects, see page 15. 16 Sat SERIAC 2011 - see January Newsletter enclosure. Chichester Lecture Theatre, University of Sussex, Brighton 0915-1700. P Holtham, SIAS, 12 St Helen’s Cres, Hove BN3 8EP, 01273 413790, www.sihg.org.uk/seriac.htm

Venues, Times & Contacts are on page 4.

The deadline for submitting copy for the next Newsletter is 10 May 2011. Submissions are accepted in typescript, on a disc, or by email to [email protected]. Anything related to IA will be considered. Priority will be given to Surrey-based or topical articles. Contributions will be published as soon as space is available. Readers are advised that the views of contributors are not necessarily the views of SIHG. Website: www.sihg.org.uk Newsletter 180 March 2011 4

Other IA Organisations

Amberley Museum & Heritage Centre: next to Amberley railway station, West Sussex, www,amberleymuseum.co.uk. Anne of Cleves House (Wealden Ironwork Gallery): 52 Southover High Street, Lewes, East Sussex, BN7 1JA; 01273 474610; [email protected] Association for Industrial Archaeology: www.industrial-archaeology.org. Basingstoke Canal Authority: 01252 370073. Brighton Circle (London, Brighton & South Coast Railway): www.lbscr.demon.co.uk. Chatham Historic Dockyard: Kent ME4 4TZ; www.chdt.org.uk. Cobham Bus Museum: London Bus Preservation Trust, Redhill Road, Cobham, Surrey KT11 1EF; www.lbpt.org. Airport Visitor Centre: Aiport House, Purley Way Croydon CR0 0XZ; www.croydon-airport.org.uk. Croydon Natural History & Scientific Society: meetings: Small Hall, United Reformed Church Hall, Addiscombe Grove, E Croydon. Cuffley Industrial Heritage Society: Northaw Village Hall, 5 Northaw Road West, Northaw EN6 4NW; www.cihs.org.uk. Didcot Railway Centre: Access via Didcot Parkway Station; www.didcotrailwaycentre.org.uk. Docklands History Group: Museum in Docklands, No 1 Warehouse, West India Quay, Hertsmere Road, London, E14 4AL; www.docklandshistorygroup.org.uk. East London History Society : Latimer Church Hall, Ernest Street, E1; www.eastlondonhistory.org.uk. Enfield Society: Jubilee Hall, 2 Parsonage Lane, Enfield, EN2 0AJ; www.enfieldsociety.org.uk. Fetcham U3A: http://fetchamu3a.org.uk/home.htm. Greenwich Industrial History Society: Old Bakehouse, Age Exchange Centre, 11 Blackheath Village, SE3 (opposite Blackheath Station). Great Dorset Steam Fair: South Down, Tarrant Hinton, nr Blandford, Dorset DT11 8HX; www.gdfs.co.uk. Industrial Archaeology Society: Willoughby Theatre Charterhouse Square. Access via small gate north of Charterhouse Square. The lecture theatre is then diagonally across the lawn; 020 8692 8512, 1830. Guildford Museum: Castle Arch, Guildford, Surrey GU1 3SX; [email protected]. Guildhall Art Gallery, Guildhall Yard (off Gresham Street), London EC2V 5AE. Hampshire Archaeology Society (HIAS): Underhill Centre, St. John's Road, Hedge End, SO30 4AF. Hampshire Mills Group: www.hampshiremills.org. Heritage Open Days: 1 Waterehouse Square, 138-142 Holborn, London EC1N 2ST; www.heritageopendays.org.uk. Honeywood Museum: by Carshalton Ponds, Honeywood Walk, Carshalton, Surrey SM5 3NX; www.friendsofhoneywood.co.uk. Kempton Great Engines: Feltham Hill Road, Hanworth, Middx TW13 6XH (off elevated section of A316); www.kemptonsteam.org. Kew Bridge Steam Museum: Green Dragon Lane, Brentford, Middlesex TW8 0EN; www.kbsm.org. Lewisham Local History Society: Lewisham Methodist Church SE13 6BT. London Canal Museum: 12/13 New Wharf Road, N1 9RT; www.canalmuseum.org.uk. London Transport Museum, Acton Depot: 2 Museum Way, 118 - 120 Gunnersbury Lane, London, W3 9BQ; 020 7565 7298. London Underground Railway Society; Upper Room, All Souls Clubhouse, 141 Cleveland Street, London W1T 6QG; www.lurs.org.uk Lowfield Heath Windmill: Russ Hill, Charlwood, RH6 0EL (TQ 234 407). Newcomen Society London: Fellows’ Room, Science Museum, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2DD. Newcomen Society Portsmouth: Room 0.27, Portland Building, University of Portsmouth, St James Street off Queen Street, Portsea. Open City London (Open House London): www.open-city.org.uk. Portsmouth Historic Dockyard: www.historicdockyard.co.uk. Railway & Canal Historical Society: The Rugby Tavern, Rugby Street, London WC1; www.rchs.org.uk Rotherhithe & Bermondsey Local History Group: Time & Talents Centre, Old Mortuary, St Mary Church Street, Rotherhithe Village, SE16; www.kingstairs.com/rotherhithe. Royal Gunpowder Mills: Waltham Abbey; www.royalgunpowdermills.com. Rural Life Centre, Old Kiln Museum, Reeds Road, Tilford, , Surrey GU10 2DL. Shalford Mill (National Trust), Shalford Guildford Surrey GU4 8BX. , & Local History Society: Shere Village Hall, Gomshall Lane, Shere GU5 9HE; www.sherehistorysociety.co.uk. Southwark and Lambeth Archaeological Society: Housing Co-op Hall, 106 The Cut SE1 8LN (almost opposite the Old Vic). Shirley Windmill: Postmill Close, Shirley, Croydon CR0 5DY; [email protected]. STEAM - Museum of the Great Western Railway: Kemble Drive, Swindon, SN2 2TA; www.steam-museum.org.uk Surrey & Hampshire Canal Society (The Basingstoke Canal): Parish Pavilion, Station Road, Chobham; ww.basingstoke-canal.org.uk. Surrey History Centre: 130 Goldsworth Road, Woking, Surrey, GU21 6ND, 01483 518737, [email protected]. Sussex Industrial Archaeology Society (SIAS): www.sussexias.co.uk. Sussex Mills Group: www.sussexmillsgroup.org.uk. Twyford Waterworks:Hazeley Road, Twyford, Hampshire SO21 1QA; www.twyfordwaterworks.co.uk/. Wanborough Great Barn: Wanborough, N of Hog’s Back, Guildford GU3 2JR; 01483 444751, [email protected], www.guildfordmuseum.co.uk. Watercress Line (Mid-Hants Railway): Alresford Station, Alresford, Hants SO24 9JG or Alton Station, Alton, Hants GU34 2PZ; www.watercressline.co.uk. Wealden Iron Research Group: Nutley Memorial Hall, Sussex, (North end of village, West side of A22). Westcott Local History Group: Westcott Reading Room, Westcott near Dorking, Surrey RH4 3NP; [email protected]. Wey & Arun Canal Trust: The Granary, Flitchfold Farm, Loxwood Billingshurst, West Sussex RH14 ORH; www.weyandarun.co.uk. Wings & Wheels at Dunsfold Park: near Cranleigh, Surrey GU6 8TB; www.wingsandwheels.net.

Surrey Industrial History Group Officers Chairman & SIHG Lectures Organiser: Robert Bryson, [email protected] Secretary: Alan Thomas, [email protected] Treasurer: Anne Lea, [email protected] Membership Secretary: Pam Taylor, [email protected] Newsletter Editor: Jan Spencer, [email protected] Newsletter 180 March 2011 5 SIHG Lecture 22 February 2011 Sir George Cayley, the Wright Brothers and the Achievement of Controlled, Powered and Sustained Flight by Alan Thomas

Wright 1902 Glider

Priority in the invention of the aeroplane is commonly inherently stable flight, and that the flight path could be related to whoever achieved the first hop off the ground altered by adjustment of the vertical tail surface. As under power. The Wright Brother’s first flight on 17 there was no pilot, full controllability was not possible. December 1903 was such a flight, and its priority over Cayley wrote up this work in two articles in 1809 and others is often disputed. But a hop of that kind is not a 1810. Although difficult to follow, because no standard demonstration of a practical, fully-controllable aerodynamic terminology had been defined, they aeroplane, nor of a flight which is both sustained and out establish his priority in this field of theory. He went on of ground effect, that is not partially supported by the working intermittently for decades in trying to design cushion of air between the wings and the ground. suitable engines and improved types of airframe, but he Both Sir George Cayley and the brothers began by published very little and then only in obscure journals. seeking to achieve stable flight with manually-launched Much was written up only in his notebooks, which were gliders, leaving the question of powered flight to later, in stored away and not discovered until the 20th century. It contrast to many experimenters who adopted a ‘power is likely that later workers were only aware of the 1809 first, control later’ philosophy. Cayley started his and 1810 papers. experiments in about 1799 and produced a sketch, on a The Wright Brothers, bicycle makers and repairers, were small silver disc, of his concept of a powered aeroplane looking for some new challenge, and began work in to carry a pilot, who would operate ‘flappers’ for aviation in 1899 by asking the Smithsonian Institution propulsion and vertical and horizontal control surfaces. for a list of publications in that field. We know that this He conducted experiments to measure the lift and list included Cayley’s early papers, but probably not of aerodynamic drag of plane surfaces at various angles to those of the 1850s, and certainly nothing from his the airflow, from which calculations could be made of notebooks. This request indicates the brothers’ intention the wing area needed. The work was also based on to follow correct scientific method and build on earlier observation and measurement of birds and their flight. In work. 1804 (the year before Trafalgar) Cayley constructed a Their intention was to create firstly a controllable flying small glider, with all the control surfaces of a practical machine, initially using kites and then gliders. Only aeroplane, which he launched manually to demonstrate (Continued on page 6)

Cayley’s 1804 Glider Newsletter 180 March 2011 6

(Continued from page 5) flight. A bigger airframe was constructed for the 1903 following the successful achievement of controlled flight trial season, and as they could not buy a suitable would they turn to the addition of an engine and engine, they designed and built their own. They also propellors. They also decided that the machine should had to design the propellors, for which no design not have inherent stability (as in the case of Cayley’s principles or procedures had previously been worked glider), that is capable of flight without control-surface out. movements by the pilot, but that the pilot should be in It is likely that the fourth flight on 17 December 1903 control at all times. This was perhaps based on their was sufficiently long to demonstrate powered, background as bicycle mechanics, where the bicycle is controlled flight, but as the maximum height was only such an unstable machine, as is the human body or, for about 10 feet it would not have been outside ground example, a unicycle. This would make for greater effect. manoeuvrability at the expense of a greater burden on A new aeroplane was constructed in 1904 and in that the pilot. year and in 1905 was used to improve the controls, This meant that they would have to devise a means of particularly their sensitivity, and by the end of 1905 it control in all axes. A means of control in roll may was possible to declare that a practical flying machine perhaps already have been invented, by varying the had now been constructed. The brothers then sought to incidence of the wing-tips so that one wing had more lift sell their invention to governments, but as they were than the other, but the brothers devised a structure which unwilling to demonstrate it in advance of contract (for would enable this to be done with a biplane wing by fear of piracy of their ideas), no one was interested. twisting it, one way or the other, to provide the rolling They were finally forced in 1908 to give public moment. A forward elevator plane gave control in pitch, demonstrations in France and near Washington, as but initially they did not provide for control in yaw. This other nations were catching up, and these caused a arrangement was shown to work in gliders in 1900 and sensation. The brothers did little further development - 1901, but the lift proved to be much less than that Wilbur died in 1912 - and the lead passed to Europe, calculated from existing data from earlier experimenters. and was not reclaimed by the US until the 1920s. Furthermore, on attempting to change course with the The Wright Brothers, without formal engineering roll control, it was found that after an initial turn, the qualifications, over a period of about six years glider would automatically swing back to its original achieved what others had failed to do (including the course. Smithsonian Institution), namely the construction of a The brothers, after some thought, did two things. They practical flying machine. In this time they had studied made their own wind-tunnel to enable them to determine the previous work of others, acted as aerodynamicists, aerodynamic coefficients themselves, and they added the structural and mechanical engineers, control system third element necessary for three-axis control, a fin and designers and test pilots, arguably the widest range of rudder. Their glider for trial in 1902 incorporated wings technologies ever covered by such a small team in the designed with the new data and with the rudder control history of engineering design. ¤ linked to the roll control. It successfully demonstrated controlled flight on September 20th 1902, and this date should be given honour equal to that of the first powered

Wright Flyer at Fort Meyer 1908 Newsletter 180 March 2011 7

SIHG Lecture 11 January 2011 Clan Line – a Merchant Navy Class Locomotive 60 Years On by Bob Gillett, report by Allan Wheeler

Photo by Brian Morrison www.clan-line.org.uk

Bob Gillett is a member of the Merchant Navy Following its formation, the MNLPS raised £3,850 to Locomotive Preservation Society (MNLPS), which was purchase a Merchant Navy locomotive. Initially 35022 formed in 1965 with the dual aims of saving an example Holland-America Line was selected but as she was of the Merchant Navy class of Southern Railway (SR) condemned the second choice 35028 Clan Line was express passenger steam locomotives for posterity and purchased for £2,200 one month after her farewell run in maintaining it in running order. Bob’s talk was 1967. However, at the time of her purchase, British illustrated with numerous slides, many of which showed Railways had imposed a total ban on steam on its main how the locomotive is maintained and overhauled, lines. This ban lasted until 1972 when BR decided to together with a number of video clips of it in action. allow some steam specials. Clan Line was one of the first preserved locomotives to participate and in 1974 The Merchant Navy class was introduced in June 1941 she hauled her first revenue earning train in preservation and was designed by Oliver Bullied, the Chief from Basingstoke to Westbury. She thus commenced her Mechanical Engineer of the Southern Railway from 1937-1947. The 30 members of the class were named long and distinguished career in private ownership. after the shipping lines that used the docks that the Today Clan Line is run regularly on the main line and Southern Railway served. The engines were built with helps to keep maintenance skills alive. Many trips are air smoothed casing, resembling the less powerful mixed earmarked for her in 2011 with sixteen to the Surrey traffic West Country and Battle of Britain classes which Hills (London Victoria-Guildford-Redhill-Victoria), were introduced in 1945. These were designed to be four to Bristol and two to Oxford, hauling carriages lighter in weight than the Merchant Navies, permitting belonging to the Venice-Simplon-Orient-Express use almost anywhere on the SR system, whereas the (VSOE) company. ‘Navies’ were confined to the Waterloo-Bournemouth, The relevant Train Operating Company is responsible Waterloo-Exeter and Victoria-Dover main lines. On the for managing the safety case for main line operation and latter, a main duty was to haul the heavy Golden Arrow it provides the engine crew and inspector. It also carries and Night Ferry Continental trains. All three classes out a ‘Fitness to Run’ examination 24 hours before a were of three cylinder design using Bullied’s own chain trip. The MNLPS’s Vehicle Acceptance Body (VAB) driven valve gear instead of the more normal gear driven ensures that the maintenance procedures and mechanical valve gear, owing to space restrictions within the frames condition (particularly of the boiler) are satisfactory. The and wartime material shortages. The valve gear controls VAB also carries out an annual recertification for main the timing and length of time that steam at boiler line use and checks the gauging compliance to ensure no pressure is allowed into the cylinders. contact is made with any lineside object or other Clan Line was built in 1948 at the SR works at infrastructure. The recertification also covers the boiler, Eastleigh, the year that the Southern Railway became the Train Protection Warning System (TPWS) and the British Railways (Southern Region) on nationalisation. On-Train Monitoring and Recording (OTMR) device She therefore never carried the Southern Railway livery which is similar to a ‘black box’ flight recorder. There and markings. In 1959 she was rebuilt at Brighton, like are regular overhaul periods with a general heavy many of her classmates and sister class members. This overhaul every 10 years. The last overhaul was involved the removal of the air-smoothed casing and the completed in October 2006 and had taken 5½ years. A replacement of Bulleid’s valve gear by three sets of boiler ticket lasts for seven years and can be extended to Walschaerts valve gear. The main advantage of ten, though retubing is undertaken after five years. Walschaerts valve gear was that it was located Annual maintenance is undertaken mid-August to mid- completely outside the wheels and was therefore much October and heavier maintenance is undertaken as easier and cheaper to maintain. Other problems prior to required. ¤ rebuilding were oil leakage over the wheels causing To be continued in the next Newsletter > slipping, and high coal and water consumption. Newsletter 180 March 2011 8 Castle Gardens, Dorking, Pumping Station by Michael Yates

I read with great interest the article “Castle Gardens Pumping Station, Dorking” by Alan Crocker printed in SIHG Newsletter No 179 as it finally has given me the opportunity to identify a photograph I took many years ago. I first became interested in wind- and watermills in 1951 when I inherited from my grandfather a small collection of ephemera on this subject. By 1953 I was taking pictures of mills in Surrey, Kent and Sussex on a Kodak box camera. In 1955, I visited Castle Mill, Dorking and while I was in the area I saw the remains of a rusty waterwheel standing by the River Mole not far away from Castle Mill. I was able to see the wheel reasonably clearly from the field to the left of the south side of Deepdene Bridge and I was able to take a photograph of it despite the poor light conditions and the overhanging trees. This photograph has been in my collection since 1955 identified only as “Waterwheel at Dorking”. I could find no reference to it in either Hillier’s “Surrey Watermills” or Stidder and Smith’s “Watermills of Surrey” and I did not know of the brief mention of it in Peter Tarplee’s “Industrial History of the Mole Valley District”. When I checked the Natonal Grid Reference given by Alan Crocker, it tied in with where I remember taking my photograph and confirmed that I had actually taken one of the Castle Mill Pumping Station. I enclose a computer enhanced copy of this photograph in which the wheel and its brick supports can be seen just left of centre. ¤ (bottom) The wheel is shown enlarged

Surrey Archaeological Research Framework (2006) Ideas for Investigations in Industrial History (part 3) extracted by Jan Spencer This is a summary of the above document from 2006 in the hope of inspiring future work. If you have ideas, however vague or ambitious, please put them forward to excite and inspire us, (which means all of us!) to future action. (SIHG is organizing the SARF conference on 15 October 2011.)

Understanding the Workforce. A detailed study of the breweries of Surrey, extending the The importance of early industry in Surrey. published work on Guildford to the rest of the county and Investigation of an innovative water filtering installation at extending it to include more detailed surveys of surviving Old Woking. structures. Participation in conservation parties at the former An analysis of Surrey fire insurance policies. A detailed Chilworth Gunpowder Mills. study has already been carried out for Wandsworth. The history, activities and remains of the large Study of census enumerators’ returns for details of concentration of industrial and government and academic occupations and mobility of workers; already carried out research establishments in Surrey, e.g. Central Electricity, for the hosiery and knitwear industries. Paper Industries, Fighting Vehicles, and Satellite Oral history projects, encouraging people, who are able, to Technology. write about the industries of which they have first hand The brick and tile industry. The Sussex Industrial knowledge, e.g. the manufacture of Spitfire jettison fuel- Archaeology Society has published an impressive history tanks at Shalford, published in Surrey History in 1995. and gazetteer of this industry in their county. Publication of industrial archaeology guides to the south- Public utilities in Surrey. Brief references to these utilities west London Boroughs, in collaboration with the Greater (water, gas and electricity) have been presented in the London Industrial Archaeology Society (GLIAS). Croydon SIHG guides and discussed generally in the SIHG books will be the first. but deeper research is required. Recording of industrial buildings that may be threatened. The manufacture of machine tools and engines in Surrey. Current examples are Unwin's St Martha's Printing Works Examples are Drummond lathes and Mark Webber engines. at Old Woking and raw materials (charcoal and saltpetre) The Waterwheels of Surrey. buildings at the Chilworth Gunpowder Mills. A detailed study of iron processing sites in Surrey started at Assisting local societies to conserve historic structures, the time of the SIHG ‘Alexander Raby Ironmaster’ such the Lovelace Bridges at . ¤ conference at Cobham in 1998. To be continued in the next Newsletter > Newsletter 180 March 2011 9 SIHG Lecture 8 February 2011 Kings Cross Goods Yard - its History & Archaeology by Malcolm Tucker & Tim Smith, GLIAS report by Anne Lea

One of the first such depots in the world, Kings Cross By weight, the primary commodity was coal. The three- Goods Yard was opened in 1850 to serve the Great storey coal depots were constructed of cast iron posts and Northern Railway. Its position on the Regents Canal beams in order to support the weight. The coal arrived on provided an excellent opportunity for the trans-shipment the third storey (ground level) and was discharged of goods between rail and water services. At its centre through the base of the truck into a hopper on the level was a six-storey granary, now a listed building, flanked below. From there it travelled down a chute to be bagged by two 580 ft long goods sheds. Four spurs from the and removed by the London coal merchants. canal basin entered, two into the granary and one into A main office block was constructed in 1850, and coal each shed, lying alongside the railway platforms allowing and fish offices followed over the next six years. The direct transfer between rail to barge. A series of yard was one of the first to use hydraulic power including turntables, patented by CH Wild in 1847, allowed the hand-operated cranes produced by Armstrongs. engines and trucks to be turned, 90 degrees at a time, Hydraulic sack hoists were used in the granary. Three prior to their return onto the network, forming an early accumulator towers were built. An engine house with ‘one way system’. Horses were used initially for the five small boilers was sited alongside the canal basin movement of the wagons, and were housed in stables from which it drew water. In 1917, this was filled in and below the goods sheds, but in the late 19th century these a system of pipes brought water across the site from the were replaced with Tannett Walker capstans, each canal. In 1898 the goods depot was doubled in capacity, operated by a man and a boy. A shunting capstan was allowing a separate ‘incoming’ and ‘outgoing’ areas. At capable of moving 9 loaded or 18 empty wagons. the same time the accumulator towers were rebuilt as The granary was constructed with cast iron posts and double towers and four new Lancashire boilers replaced beams. These allowed large open internal areas to house the earlier ones. In 1927 these were replaced by the turntables. Cast iron beams on the top floor supported electricity. In 1958 the engines were removed and the vast water tanks as a defence against fire. The granary depot was connected to the London Hydraulic Power received corn from the east of England, particularly Company. This supplied high pressure water through six Lincolnshire and Yorkshire. The GNR rented sacks to the inch mains. farmers and had a centre at Boston where the sacks were In the 1850s a temporary passenger station operated checked and repaired before being reissued. Other within the goods depot until Kings Cross Station could be principal commodities coming into the goods sheds constructed. Queen Victoria travelled from there to included rhubarb from Yorkshire, potatoes from Balmoral in 1851, helping to popularise rail travel. The Lincolnshire and fish from Grimsby. One unusual item yard was fully operational until 1970 when it became a received there was a dead whale, on route to the Natural parcel shed/warehouse, before finally closing in 2000-1. History Museum. ¤

Guildford Treadwheel Crane is a Grade II* Listed Building and a Scheduled Ancient Monument. It is judged by some to be the most important industrial building in Surrey. The structure has recently emerged from under scaffolding with a fresh coat of paint. Photo by Jan Spencer. Newsletter 180 March 2011 10

Industrial Archaeology Review No 156 Spring 2011 report by Gordon Knowles

The first Honorary President of the AIA, Professor from 39 countries and 240 papers were read in six Angus Buchanan of the University of Bath, has stood parallel sessions. (It sounds somewhat of a marathon to down after holding the post for nine years. He is me GK). In case you are baffled by all the initials, replaced by Professor Marilyn Palmer, who has been ICOHTEC is the International Committee for the Chairman of the Council for two spells and was joint History of Technology and essentially is a forum for editor of Industrial Archaeology Review for 12 years. scholars in technology. TICCIH is the International Until she retired she was Head of the Department of Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Archaeology and Ancient History at the University of Heritage, and has among its members, historians, Leicester. She currently holds a Leverhulme Emeritus conservators, archaeologists, curators, researchers, Fellowship and is investigating the social and landscape students, academics and others. (I was one of the consequences of technical innovation on country house ‘others’ for several years, but found that I could not get estates from the 18th to the 20th centuries. to the many international events, mainly on the grounds of distance and costs GK). WORKLAB is the There was a joint AIA and Newcomen Society visit to International Association of Labour Museums, with a Egypt in October last, which is reported by Richard strong Scandinavian membership. Robert Carr reports Hartree. In spite of having to overcome the inevitable that TICCIH GB met during the congress where UK bureaucracy several excellent visits were made. These World Heritage Sites were discussed, including the list included the modern Bibiloteca Alexandrina containing of 38 proposed new sites prepared by the Department for millions of books, 2,000 desktop access points, research Culture Media and Sport, of which ten have some centres, permanent exhibitions - and more. The tram industrial element. These include the Forth Rail Bridge, workshops in Alexandria were visited, where 90 trams The Great Western, Liverpool and Manchester, Stockton are maintained. They came second hand from Denmark and Darlington and Tanfield Railways. Risks to the in the 1960s, though originally German built. All the Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World group’s coach trips had an armed plain clothes Heritage Site were also discussed; an example is the policeman on board and they were accompanied by a developments at Hayle harbour to allow for the police car escort. Plans to visit the Alexandria docks anticipated rise in sea level. were somewhat thwarted on security grounds, they had to be seen from the coach, though a rather outdated Amber Patrick, the new AIA Endangered Sites Officer, museum was visited. appeals for assistance from members in various parts of the country to come forward to assist with reports of Ismailia was visited including the house where De endangered sites in their area. She quotes recent work on Lesseps stayed, when the French engineer was building saving Ditherington Flax Mill of 1797, noting its the Suez Canal. A visit to the Canal Authority was the importance as the first iron framed textile mill in the highlight of the trip. This included a brief cruise on Lake world. It is now listed Grade I partly due to the Timsah which joins the canal. A high spot was seeing a recommendations of the AIA. The site has been unused new simulator demonstrated. It is used in the training of since 1987, when it had been latterly used for some both pilots and ship’s captains. A visit to the National years as a maltings by Allied Breweries. Railways engineering base in Cairo was marred by the difficulty in negotiating the narrow streets and also Mike Bone comments on a successful working because ‘the man who had the gate keys’ was not partnership between the AIA, English Heritage and the expecting the group. Eventually all was well, modern Brewery History Society following the threat of closure diesel locomotives by GM of Canada and GE of the US to Young’s Brewery in Wandsworth. He suggests that it were seen, as was an 1852 locomotive by Robert is a model for future co-operation between different Stephenson of Newcastle. bodies with the same interests. Other south east items mentioned in ‘Regional News’ are a grant of £2.65 Also in Cairo, an 1800 arsenal and gun foundry was million from the Heritage Lottery Fund to the River Lea visited as was a large cotton ginning mill built in 1890 Tidal Mill Trust towards the restoration of the 1776 and still in use up to 1990. There were Babcock boilers Grade I tide mill. It is thought to be the largest existing and an extraordinary triple expansion cross compound tide mill in the world and last closed in 1941 following engine by Sulzer which also housed the rotor of an AC bomb damage. Also noted is the restoration by Reigate generator by Oerlikon. No one had seen anything quite and Banstead Borough Council of the 1756 windmill on like it before. The last visit was downstream on the Nile Reigate Heath. The roundhouse was converted into a to visit two 19th century barrages, now no longer used, consecrated church in 1880 and is thought to be the only having been replaced by the Aswan high dam in 1971. such mill in the country. It last worked by wind in 1862. This was the last such trip organised by Paul Saulter of Heritage of Industry which he founded. Bill Barksfield The 2011 AIA Conference is advertised. It will be held is taking over. in Cork, Ireland between 25 August and 2 September. Finally, the new editor of AIA News, Chris Barney, There is a report by Mark Watson on the international introduces himself and notes the work by the retiring meeting in Tampere, Finland during August last editor, Peter Stanier, over 61 editions. ¤ between three interlinked conferences, ICOHTEC, TICCIH and WORKLAB. There were 370 delegates