FOREST TREES FOREST REGIONS Qfë%8 UNITED STATES

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATION NUMBER 217 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Miscellaneous Publication No, 217 Issued January 1936 Washington, D.C. Revised September 1936

FOREST TREES ANDFOREST REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES Forest By WILBUR R. MATTOON, extensionforester, Division of Private Forestry, Service

CONTENTS

Page Page Introduction Tropical forest legion 43 Natural groups of forest trees Tropical forest trees 43 Native trees in great variety Rocky Mountain forest region 43 Descriptive list of native forest trees Rocky Mountain forest trees 45 Pacific coast forest region 45 Forest trees of the United States Pacific coast forest trees 46 Eastern forest trees 46 Western fsrest trees 24 Forests of Alaska 33 Forests of Puerto Rico 49 Forest regions of the United States 49 Extent of forests 33 Forests of Hawaii Timber contents of forests 36 Hawaiian forest treen 51 37 Tree labels 51 Forest types or tree associations 52 Northern forest region 39 Publications on forest trees 39 State forest-tree guides 52 Northern forest trees -- 53 Central hardwosd forest region 40 Books on forest trees Central hardwssd forest trees 40 Federal publications 53 Southern forest region 41 Southern forest trees 43

INTRODUCTION Trees serve us in so many different waysthat we are naturally interested in knowing more about the trees of our countryand the tree communities, or forests, in which we live or which wevisit.More people than ever before are now getting out of doorsand visiting unfamiliar sections of the country.Increasing numbers are going into the forests in search of adventure, recreation,and health.The automobile, Scout, and 4-H Club movements, and theshorter hours for labor all encourage wider travel. Many States have published popular manualsgiving the names and brief descriptions of their more important or commonforest trees.In the preparation of many of these the ForestService has been a cooperator.'The purpose of this publication is to presentin simple form the names of all the tree species ofcontinental United States with their geographic ranges and a fewdistinguishing charac teristics of each, and to give brief descriptions of thevarious natural forest regions, together with the names of theprincipal trees which 'See list of names and addresses on pp. 52 and 53. 1 81211 38-----1 2 MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OFAGRICULTuIJ make up each region in the United States,Alaska, Puerto Rico, and Hawaii. This publication is intended to help peopleget better acquainted with trees and forests.It should lead to a broader appreciation of the value and importance of trees and resultin greater care ofour forests and their better protection against fire.This in turn should mean a larger measure of out-of-door pleasure and profitablerecreation. NATURAL GROUPS OF FOREST TREES The cone-bearing trees, suchas the pines, spruces, firs, cedars, and cypresses, are commonly grouped together and knownas conifers or from a lumber standpointas softwoods.The other group is known as hardwoods and consists of the broadleaf trees, suchas the oaks, elms, ashes, maples, and hickories.These two groups arenow widely recognized, and theyare generally true to name.In each group, however, the woods differ widely in hardnessas well as weight and strength, and some exceptionsoccurFor example, the longleaf pine among the conifersor softwoods has wood that is harder than that of willow and magnolia which belongto the hardwood group. In the group of hardwood treesoccur two subgroups or families, namely the palms and yuccas, whose wood andseed structure are very different from all the others.Still another strange family among the hardwoods is the cactus.Further reference to all of these natural groups from a botanical standpoint will befound under the next heading Another natural grouping separates theevergreen trees from the deciduous trees, or those that drop their leaves inthe fall.Most of the conifers, such as the pines, junipers, firs, andspruces, are evergreen in habit, that is, they hold their leaves over winter.The larches and southern cypress, however, drop their leavesin the fall and are thus deciduous, like most of the northern hardwoods.The holly, a southern hardwood which extends into the North, isevergreen.In the southern portion of the United Statesmany hardwood trees are evergreen and shed their leaves only after the first, second,or third yearsAmong these are live and laurel oaks, red bay,evergreen magnolia, laurel cherry, andmany small trees of the subtropical and tropical portions of Florida and Texas andparts of New Mexico, Arizona, and California. NATIVE TREES IN GREAT VARIETY The forests of the United Statesare composed of a large number of different kinds or species of trees,many of which are of high usefulness and value.Probably no other land of equal area lying within the Temperate Zones has so many different tree specieswith so great a variety of woods as this country. The botanical classification of trees is at the bestsomewhat com- plicated.An attempt is here made to show ina simple way the botanical grouping of our native forest trees.2 The forests of continental United Statesare composed of a total of 810 different kinds or species of native trees,3grouped under 199 Only native trees will be considered in this publication.This excludes all foreign or exotic trees, many of which are commonly present and often included in populardescriptions. 3There are many recognized varieties and hybrids, but theyare not generally included th this publication.Only a few varieties of unusual importance are mentioned, together with sentatives of the species. a few that are the sole repre- Mi8c. Pub. 217. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE I

A WESTERN FOREST. The forests of the Rocky Mountain and Pacific Coast forest regions consist largely of pines, spruces,and firs, with varying amounts of cedars, junipers, hemlocks, larches. and redwoods. Manyof the western forests extend to high altitudes. View in Lob National Forest, Mont. A, Americanelm,atreeofgracefulbeauty andstatelyproportions.B,iledgum,orsweetofthe Muc Pub.217,U.S.Dept.ofAgTiculture oak, ahardy,long-livedtreeyieldingvery usefultimber. Black walnut,thecountry'spremiertree forhigh-gradecabinetwoodandvaluablenutcrops. South growstolargesizeandyieldsmottled reddishwoodextensivelyusedformanypurposes. SOME FAVORITEEASTERNHARDWOODTREES. F-236136. F-2O939,F-298998,F-298999 PLATE 2 1), White C, a' FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE U. S. 3 genera that make up 69 families, which in turnbelong to 2 broad classes of plants.Two of the families of trees, namely, those which include the conifers (pines, spruces, firs, and others) and the yews, belong to one of these classes known as gymnosperms,4 and the other 67 families, consisting of the palms, yuccas, and hardwoods, belong to the other class known as angiosperms.5 The northern white, shortleaf, longleaf, and western white pines are examples of species of the genus Pinus of thefamily Pinaceae and of the class Gymnospermae.Popularly they belong to the conifers or softwoods.The white, northern red, scarlet, and black oaks, for example, are species of the genus Quercus of the family Fagaceae and of the class Angiospermae.Popularly they belong to the broadleaf or hardwood group. In our forests are found 13 different groups or genera of true conifers, 2 of yews and tumions, 7 of palms, 1 of yucca, and 176 of hardwoods, or a total of 199 genera.The conifers include 35 kinds or species of pines, 7 spruces, 10 firs, 4 hemlocks, 3 larches, 12 junipers, and 19 others, mostly cedars and cypresses, or a total of 90 species.There are 4 species of yews and tumions, and 21 species of palms and yuccas. The hardwoods or broadleaf trees as a group are composed of 61 native species of oaks, 18 hickories, 19 ashes, 14 cherries, 11 plums, 10 apples, 17 maples and boxelders, 7 birches, 6 elms, 15 cottonwoods or poplars, 22 willows, 178 hawthorns, 5 gums, 6 hackberries, 9 magnolias, and 297 species of other genera to which, for example, belong beech, persimmon, dogwood, mulberries, locusts, holly, and walnuts, and many others, making a total of 695 species of hardwoods. Altogether, the above makes a grand total of 810 species of native trees in the United States. Many kinds of trees attain heights of 100 feet, and a few heihts of 300 to 350 feet.Many are small in size.Under varying conditions of climate and soil, some occur both as trees and shrubs.If a woody- stemmed plant has one well-defined trunk and grows to be at least 2 inches in diameter and 8 feet in height, it is classed as a tree species. The natural home or range of trees varies greatly.Some are found widely over a vast area, such as beech, American elm, black willow, white and black oaks, shortleaf pine, and eastern red cedar. A few, including white spruce, dwarf juniper, aspen, balsam poplar, paper birch, peachleaf and (Bebbs) willows, coralbean and buttonbush, range practically across the continent in the United States,while a few others, like the black spruce and tamarack, extend across the continent, partly in the United States and partly in Canada.The wild plum, honey mesquite, hoptree, boxelder, leucaena, and nannyberry occur in both the eastern and western divisions of forest regions.The Torrey pine is confined to an area of about 40 acres in the extreme southern part of California.Southward, the number of native tree species increases.From a maximum of 60 to 80 species occurring in any one northern State along the Canadian border, the number increases to some 200 in the Middle Atlantic region (for example in North Carolina), and in Florida reaches a maximum of about 350, of which more than 100 are tropical and occur exclusively in that State. 4 Gymnosperms are plants whose seeds are borne openly on a naked seals or bract. Angiosperms are plants with seeds enclosed in an ovary and bearing the more common kinds of flowers, There are two divisions. The yuccas and palms as a group are known as monocotyledons (having one cotyledon in the seed embryo, parallel-veined leaves, and other characteristics), and the broadleaf or hardwood trees as dicotyledons (with two cotyledons in the seed embryo, netted veins, and annual rings of growth in the stem or trunk). 4 MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Information concerning the nativetreesof the eastern and western divisions of the United States will be found respectivelyon pages 5 and 24. A view in the western forest division is shown in plate 1, and in plate 2 are shown some importanteastern forest trees. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF NATIVE FOREST TREES A summary of the names of all the native tree species of continental United States with brief notes on theirranges and characteristics follows.6It constitutes one of the major features of this publication. The trees are listed under two groups in order tosegregate those growing in the eastern and western portions of the United States. A few species range across the continent. A few speciesappear without a common name, chiefly because they have not beencommonly recognized iii the sections where they grow.In the Forest Service both the common and scientific names of treesare passed upon by a special conmiittee named by the chief forester, to whom itsrecom- mendations are referred for approval.7 The list does not generally include thenames of varietal forms or of hybrids, of which there are a few hundred recognized forms (see footnote 3), more largely among the oaks and buckeyes thanany other groups.For example, the species white oak (Quercus alba) is given, but not the varietal form Q. alba latiloba or the hybridQ. fernowii. No introduced, or exotic, trees are included although thereare many, and some have found a congenial home here and become naturalized, such as the silverleaf poplar, chinaberry, paper and white mulberries, ailanthus, paulownia, Norway spruce, and Scotch pine.The more important or abundant species or kinds of treesgrowmg in each broad forest region will be found listed under the descriptions of the several forest regions, pages 39 to 46. FOREST TREES OF THE UNITED STATES The names of all the native tree species in the United States 8are here given.Also the distribution of each is given in broad terms, and the descriptive notes include some of the leading characteristics. The trees are grouped under two divisions, namely Eastern Forest Trees and Western Forest Trees. Unless otherwise stated the leaf arrangementon the stern is alternate.The order of hsting the different trees is according toa natural sequence widely recognized and used by botanists.In general, it begins with the simplest or earliest group of trees and ends with the most highly developed group.For additional information concerning the range and characteristics, reference should be made to tree 6 Except the hawthorns or haws (Ctalaegus) of the eastern part of the United States. 7 In the preparations of this publication, particujarly the following portion on forest trees, the author claims little originality in subject matter. On the other hand, the publication represents an attempt to present in a useful form Information for handy reference that has been largely obtained by others. The basis for the names and ranges of the trees is the following, with subsequent approved amendments: Sun- won, 0. B. CHECK LIST OF THE FoREsT TREES OF TEE UNITED STATES. THEIR NAMES AND RANGES. U. S. Dept. Agr. Misc. Circ. 92, 295 pp.1927.For much of the information about the less common trees sum marized under the heads of Where the Tree Grows and Descriptive Notes, credit is due to various sources, including the following: SARGENT, c. S. MANUAL OF TME TREES OF NORTH AMERICA (EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO) Ed. 2,910 pp., illus. Boston and New York.1922. cORER, W. C., and TOTTEN, H. It.TREES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES, INCLUDING VIRGINIA, NORTH CAROLINA, SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA, AND NORTHERN FLORIDA.390 pp., illus.Chapel Hifi, N. c.1934. JEPSON, W. L. THE SILVA OF CALIFORNIA.480 pp., illus.Berkeley, Calif.1910.(Calif. Univ. Mem. V.2.) 8 Except the hawthorns or haws (Crataegus) of the eastern half of the United States. FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE u. s. 5 books or popular tree guides. A list showing the Stateswhich have published tree manuals will be found on pages 52and 53.

EASTERN FOREST TREES The eastern division of forests of the United States,including the northern, central hardwood, southern, and tropicalforest regions (fig. 7), has a total of 600 native tree species,representing 171 different genera, 67 families, and the 2broad classes which embrace all trees." Popularly the different species are distributed as follows: 30conifers, 2 yews (turnion), 11 palms, 4 yuccas, 1 cactus, 175hawthorns, and 377 species of willows, birches, oaks, hickories, elms,maples, gums, ashes, basswoods, and other hardwoods or broadleaf trees.Seven- teen of these species are found growing also inthe western forest division of trees (pp. 24 to 32), as follows: White spruce,dwarf juniper, aspen, balsampoplar, peaehleaf and Bebb's willows, paper birch, wild plum, leucaena, pin cherry, honey mesquite,coralbean, hoptree, boxelder, red or green ash, buttonbush, andnannyberry. An asterisk (4) after a common name indicates that it isin common use, but is not officiallyapproved by the Forest Service.

Name of tree Where the tree grows Descriptive notes

Northern white pine (PinusNortheastern and Lake States,Leaves S in cluster, 3 to 5 inches long. strebus). Appalachian Mountains. Cone cylindrical, 4 to 8 inches long Extensively planted. (fig. 1, H). Important timber tree. Red pine,or Norway pineNortheastern and Lake States.Leaves 2 in cluster, 5 to 6 inches long. (Pinus resinosa). Extensively planted. Cone 2 inches long, without prlckles (fig. 1, F).Important timber tree. Loblofly pine (Pinsss taeda) SoutheasternStates,coastalLeaves 3 in cluster, 6 to 9 inches long. plain Delaware to Texas. Cone 2 to 3 inches long, with stiff sharp prickles (fIg. 2, IE).Important timber tree. Pitch pine (Pinuo rigida) Northeastern and Middle At-Leaves 3 in cluster, 3 to 7 inches long, lanticStates. Uplands stout, twisted. Cones short, broad, mostly.(A variety, pond 2 to 3 inches long, with small prickles pine (Pinscs rigido sercaisia) (fig. 1, H). (fig. 2, 0) in the coastal plain from Delaware to Florida.) Virginiapine(scrubpine) * Uplands, New JerseyandLeaves 2 in bundle, twisted, 2 to 3 (Pinus virginiana). Pennsylvania southwest to inches long.Cone 2 to 3 inches long; Alabama. very prickly. Sand pine (Pinus clausa) Florida and southern AlabamaMuch like Virginia pine. Mountain pine (Pious pun gens).Scattered in mountains, Penn-Leaves twisted, blue-green, 2 in bundle. sylvania to northern Geor- Cons 3 inches long with stout cura.sd gia. spines. Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) -Middle Atlantic and South-Leaves 2 or 3 in clusters, 3 to 5 inches ernStates,New Jersey long. Cone small, about 2 inches to Missouri, Louisiana, and long; fine prickle (fig. 2, F).Impor- Texas.Uplands. tant timber tree. Spruce pine (Pinus glabra) Coast region South CarolinaLeaves 2 in cluster, soft, slender, 2 to to Louisiana, along streams. 3 inches long.Cones 1 to 2 inches long, with tiny prickles (fig. 2, A). Jack pine (Pinoss banks jana) - - - -Northern States, from MaineLeaves 2 in cluster, up to 134 inches to Minnesota. Common on long.Csne 1 to 2 inches long, in- sandy soil. curved, irregular in shape. Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) Coastal Plain, North CarolinaLeaves 3 in cluster, 8 to 18 inches long.Cone prickly, 6 to 10 inches to Texas. long (fig. 2, D). Important tree for timber and naval stores. Slash pine (Pinus cart baea) Coastal Plain, South CarolinaLeaves 2 or 3 in cluster, 8 to 14 inches south and west to Louisiana. long.Cone shiny, 3 to 5 inches long fIg. 2, G).Important for timber and naval stores.Extensively planted. Leaves 1 inch long, in clusters, falling Tamarack (larch) * (Larix tori- Northeastern United States, 3/ cina). northern Rocky Mountains. in winter. Cone inch long (fig Black spruce (Picea cnarianna).Northeastern and Lake States.Leeves blue-green, somewhat blunt Crosses continent in Canada. pointed.Cone on incurved stalk, persistent for years; cone scales with rough edges.Twigs finely hairy. Important for pulpwood. i The common and scientific names used conform to those in Miscellaneous Circular 02,10 with subseqnanl amendments. '°SUDWORTH, G. B. Seefootnote7. 11 Gymnosperons and angiosperms. 6 MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Name of tree Where the tree grows Descriptive notes

Red spruce (Picea rubra) Northeastern States, high Ap-Leaves dark yellow-green. Cone fall- palachian Mountains to ing soon after ripening (fig.1, C). North Oarolina. Important for pulpwood. White spruce (Picea glauca) Northeastern and Lake States,Leaves 4-sided, 4 to 3j inch long, pale northern Rocky Mountains blue-green, very sharp, twisting up- (including Black Hills). Ex- ward. Cone scales rounded (fig.1, tends across the continent in B).Important for pulpwood. Canada. (See p. 26.) Eastern hemlock (Tsuga celia-Northeasternand LakeLeaves 3inch long, apparently in flat States south to Ohio River, arrangement on stem, shiny green, southinAppalachian lighter below.Conej Inch long Mountains. (fig.1, A). Timber tree; bark for tanning leather. Caroilna hemlock (Tsuga care-Blue Ridge Mountains, Vir- Resembles above tree.Cone scales liniana). ginia to Georgia. longer than broad. Planted for ornament. Southernbalsamfir (AbiesHigh Appalachian Mountains,Resembles balsam fir, except cone is fraseri). Virginia southto North covered with protruding bracts (scale- Carolina. covered). Balsam fir (Abies ba/samea) Northeastern States south toLeaves not sharp-pointed, flexible, flat- Virginia.Great Lakes tened, 1 inch long. Cone scales fall- States.Crosses continent ing when ripe (fig. 1, G). Pulpwood in Canada. tree. Southerncypress(Taxediscm Atlantic Coastal Plain Dela-Leaves 3% inch long, feather arrange- dlstkhscm). ware to Texas, central Mis- ment, falling in autumn. Coneround, sissippi Basin. of hard scales (fig. 2, B). Timber tree. Pond cypress (Taxodium ad-Southeastern Virginia to west-In shallow ponds or stagnant swamps. scendens). ern Florida and southern Resembles above, except needlelike Alabama. leaves, few knees. Northern white cedar (ThujaNortheastern and Lake States,Leaves scalelike, crowded, resinous, occidentatie). south in Appalachian Moun- aromatic.Cone resembling an open- tains.Canada. ing scaly bud. Southern white cedar (Cliamae-Coast, Maine to Florida andLeaves scalelike,variable,opposite cijparis thyoides). Mississippi.Irregularly in pairs. Cone persistent, maturing scattered. in 1 season (fig. 2, C). Dwarf Juniper (Juniperus corn-Northeastern quarterofLeaves sharp, 3 inch long.Sweet mun,8). United States, across the aromatic berrylike fruit, ripening in continent to California. 3 years. (Seep. 26.) Drooping juniper (JuniperusSouthwestern Texas Leaves opposite, long-pointed, spread- flaccida). ing at tips.Fruit reddish brown, maturing in 1 season. Red-berry juniper (JuniperusNorthwestern Texas, centralBerries red,ripening in 1 season. pinchetii) and southern Arizona. Leaves opposite or in threes. Mountaincedar(JuniperusSouthern and western Texas,Fruit 1-seeded, blue or nearly black. mexicana). southwestern Oklahoma. Branchlets and leaves small, leaves rough. Eastern red cedar (JuniperusEastern half of United States Leaves scalelike, on young shoots awl- vsrginiana). like.Berries bluish, ripening in 1 season (fig. 4, B). Aromatic durable wood. Southern red cedar (JuniperusGulf coast region, Georgia toLeaves tiny, usually opposite.Berries lueayana). Texas. Io inch diameter, blue, ripening in 1 season. Drooping branchlets. Stinking cedar (Tumion taxi- Southwestern Georgia, west-Leaves 13i inches long, dull green, folium). ern Florida (rare and local). shiny, pointed.Purple berry.All parts of tree ill-smelling. Florida yew (Taxus floridana) - -Western Florida, very locaL Leavesi inch long, falling after 5 to 12 years.Fruit nearly surrounded by thick cup. Thatch palm (Thrinaxfloridana)Southern Florida Leaves fan-shaped, 2 to 3 feet in diameter, yellow-green, shiny above. Fruit (berry) white. Silvertop palmetto (Thrinax mi-Southern Florida (tropical) - - -Leaves 1 to 2 feet across, fan-shaped, crocarpa). palegreen,shinyabove.Fruit (berry) white. Thatch palm ( Thrinax keyensis) - do Leaves 3 to 4 feet in diameter, fan- shaped. Thatch palm (Thrinax wend- do Leaves 2 to 3 feet across, fan-shaped, Iandina). pale green. Thatch palm (Coccothrinax ju- do Fruit berrylike, black.Leaves fan- cunda). shaped nearly round, 1to 2 feet in diameter. Cabbage palmetto (Sabat pal-Coast from North Carolina toTrees up to 60 feet high and 2 feet in met2o). western Florida. diameter.Leaves 5 to 6 feet long, 7 to 8 feet broad, shiny, fan-shaped. Leafbuds often eaten as food. Texas palmetto (Sabal texana) Southern Texas Generally like the above. (Saw cabbage) * palm (Acoelor-Southwestern Florida (tropi-Leaves thin, light green,in curved teeth. raphe wrightii). cal). Tree often with many stems forming thickets. (Saw cabbage)* palm (Acoelor-Southwestern Florida Leaves 2 feet in diameter, yellow-green, raphe arborescens). with slight teeth.Trunks often lying on ground. FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE U. S. 7

Fioua iCones and leaves of conifers which characterize the northern forest region: A, eastern hemlock (p. 6); B, white spruce (p. 6); C, red spruce (p. 6); D, pitch pine (p. 5); F, tamarack (p. 5); F, red (Nor- way) pine (p. 5); C, balsam fir (p. 6); H, northern white pine (p. 5); (See also p. 39).

81211°-5S----2 S MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Name of tree Where the tree grows Descriptive notes

Royal palm (Roystonea reqia) Southern Florida (tropical) Leaves featherlike along the rhacis (or central leaf stem), 10 feet long, no teeth or spines.Fruit blue.Ex- tensively cultivated for its beauty. Hog cabbage palm (Pseudo- do Resembles above, leaves 5 to 6 feet long. phoenix vinifera). Fruit clusters bright scarlet. Spanish bayonet (Yucca slot-Coast from North Carolina toLeaves 1 to 2 feet long, 1 to 2 inches lotte). Florida and Louisiana (trop- wide, sharply toothed along edges. ical). (This and the next 2 trees belong to the lily family. They differ mostly in their flowers. Spanish dagger (Yucca gloriosa)South Atlantic coast Leaves thin, flat.Fruit mostly upright or spreading. Spanish bayonet (Yucca trecu-Coast and Rio Grande RiverLeaves rough below, concave, finely leana). in Texas. toothed, bluish-green, 3 feet long. Fruit on stem, fleshy. Spanish bayonet (Yucca faxoni-Southwestern Texas,desertLeaves 3 to 4 feet long, fiat, smooth- ana). region. Flowers forming narrow tube at base. Fruit shiny, orange colored. Butternut (white walnut) *Northeastern States andLeaves 15 to 30 inches long, of 11 to 17 (Jugians cinerea). southernAppalachian leaflets.Nut longer than thick Mountains. Velvety cushion above leafscar (fig. 5, F). Black walnut (Jugkzns nigra) - - -New York west to Iowa andLeaves 12 to 24 inches long, of 15 to 23 southward. leaflets. Nut round.Bark rich brown (fig. 4, F). High-grade cabinet wood. Pecan (Hicorja pecan) Mississippi Valley, Iowa toLeaves of 9 to 17 leaflets; bud scales Texas. few. Nut with thin brittle shell and sweet kernel. Many varieties grown on commercial scale throughout the South. Bitter pecan (Hicoria terana) Along rivers from Arkansas toLoaves of 7 to 13 leaflets. Nut flattened Texas. with bitter kernel. Bitternut hickory (HicoriaEasternUnitedStatestoLoaves of 7 to 9 long-pointed leaflets. cordiformi8). Great Plains. Nut broad, thin-husked, with bitter kernel. Nutmeg hickory (Hicoria my-Coastal Plain region, SouthLoaves of 7 to 9 leaflets, silvery and risticaefornsu). Carolina west to Texas. shiny below.Nut 4-ridged, 1 inches long. Water hickory (Hiceria aqua-SouthAtlanticandGulfNut flattened,4-ridged, thin husk, tica). coastal region.Mississippi bitter kernel. Leaves of 7 to 13 leaf- Valley. lets. Shagbark hickory (scaly barkEastern United States (exclu-Bark looseninginnarrowstrips. hlckory)* (Hicoria ovata). sive of southern coastal re- Leaves of S large leaflets. Nut thick- gion). shelled, with sweet kernel. SouthernshagbarkhickorySouthern Appalachsan regionLeaves small, mostly of S slender (Hicoria care/inca septentrio- largely on limestone soils. leaflets.Nut 4-angled, thin-shelled, na/is. with sweet kernel. Bigleaf shagbark hickory (shell-Eastern United States, exclu-Leaves large15 to 20 inches long, bark hickory)* (Hfcoria tacini- sive of New England. mostly of 7 leailets.Nut large, with ova). sweet kernel. Mockernut hickory (white orSoutheastern quarter ofWinier buds large.Leaves broad, of bigbud hickory)*(Hicoria. United States and a little 7 to 9 leaflets, strong-scented, hairy. a/ba). northward. Nut thick-shelled, small sweet kernel. (Swasnp)* pignut hickoryArkansas, Mississippi, Louis-Leaves of 7 long-pointed leaflets. Nut (Hicoria leiodermis). iana. smooth, shellthick,small sweet kernel. Hickory (Hieoria mollissima) - - -Mississippi,Louisiana, andLeaves like above but velvety or Texas. hairy. (Sand)° pignut hickory (Hico-Atlantic and Gull coastal re-Leaves of 7 narrow, finely toothed, na pal/ida). gion. fragrant, long-pointed leaflets. Nut white, with sweet kernel. Pignut hickory (Hicoria glabra) -Vermont to Michigan andNutsmooth,thick-shelled,sweet south in Appalachian Moun- kernel,roundedorpear-shaped. tains and foothills. Leaves of S pointed leaflets (fig. 5, E). (Hammock) * hickory (FlicoriaFlorida and adjacent coastalBranchlets bright red-brown, smooth. ashei). regions. Leaves variable, of 3 to 9 leaflets. Nut in tight, thin husk, with sweet kernel. (lted)* pignut hickory (Hi con/aPennsylvania west to lifinois,Branchlets stout, reddish. Loaves ova/is) south in mountains and foot- usually of 7 leaflets, with reddish hills.Common and widely lcafstalks. Nut small, thin-husked, distributed, along with pig- small sweet kernel. nut hickory. (Scrub)* hickory (HicoriaNorthern and central Florida Leaves small, usually of S leaflets. fionidana). Nut 3-1 inch diameter, pointed at base. (Black)* hickory (Hicenia buck-CentralStates,Indiana toLeaves 8 to 12 inches long, usually of leyi), Louisiana and eastern Texas. 7 shinyleaflets. Nut pointed, 4-angled, with sweet kernel. Pignut hickory (black hickory) *Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas,Resembling the above, but lower side (Hioorja villosa). Oklahoma. midrib often fuzzy and with longer hair clusters. FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE U. S. 9

PIrnJRE 2.Cones and leaves of most of the conifers of the southern forest region: A, Spruce pine (p. 5); B, southern cypress (p. 6); C, southern white cedar (p. 6); D, longleaf pine (p. 5); F, loblolly pine (p. 5); F, shortleaf pine (p.5); G, slash pine (p. 5); H, pond pine (seep. 5, pitch pine). 10 MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OFAGRICULTURE

Name of tree Where the tree grows Descriptive notes

Wax myrtle (Myrica cerifera)- Coastal region, New ersey toWax coated berries in clusters. Leaves Texas. broader at outer end, fragrant. Wax myrtle (Myrica inodera)...Florida to Louisiana Leaves not toothed; little odor. Corkwood (Leitneriafloridassa) - -Gulf coast region and lowerLightest of all native woods. Leaves Mississippi Valley. 4 to 6 inches long, shiny.Fruit 4 Aspen (popple)* (Popuina Ire- inch long, podlika. Northern United States; southLeaves broad, finely toothed;leaf- matesdes). in Rocky Mountains. Near- stalks flat and long. ly across Canada.(See also p. 28.) Largetoothaspen(PepulusMaine west to North Dakota,Leaves coarsely toothed, broad, with grandideatata). southinmountainsto flattened leafstalks. North Carolina. Swamp Cottonwood (Popeclss8Atlantic and Gulf coasts, Cen-Leaves broadly oval, 4 to 7 inches long, heteraphyllez). tral Mississippi. withroundedleafstalks, nely woolly when young. Buds resinous Balsam poplar (baim.ofGiIead)* (fig. 3, E). Across northern United StatesLeaves dull-toothed; leafstaiks rounded. (Popultss balsamljera). and Canada.(Seealsop. 28.) Winter buds )t inch long, shiny, resinous. Eastern cottonwood (CarolinaEastern half of United States_-Leaves triangular, coarsely toothed, poplar) * (PopuIu dc/bides). fragrant,withflattenedstems. Buds resinous. Cottonwood (Populuspalmeri)..Southwestern Texas Leaves finely toothed; leafstalks flattened. Cottonwood (Populsss teresa) - --Northwestern Texas(Pan-Leavescoarselytoothed;leafstalk handle). flattened. Black willow (FaSt nigra) Eastern half of United States,Leaves slender,long-pointed,finely alongstreams,notin toothed. Branchlets reddish. Lszg- swamps. eat of the willows. Harbinson willow (Sal ix Iuxrbisz- Coast, Virginia to Florida sonil). Leaves whitish below, on short stems. Peachisaf willow (Salix amygda-Northern United States, southLeaves long, pointed (peachleaf), pale Is/des). in Rocky Mountains.(See below. also p. 29). Wifiow (FaUx long/pea) North Carolina to Florida_ Leaves lance shape, leafstems hairy. Shinywillow (&2lLxlucida) Northeastern quarter UnitedLeaves shiny above, pale below, ovate. States. Sandbar willow (Felix long/fob/a)-Eastern and Rocky MountainLeaves 4 inches long, smooth. regions. Balsam willow (FaUx pgrifoUa)- Extreme northern New Eng-Leaves broad, plum shape. land. Missouri River willow(FelixCentralMississippiRiverBranchiets hairy. mssourien8o) Basin. Pussy willow (Felix di8cobo) Northeastern quarter ofLeaves broad, shiny, and silky below. United States. (Bebbs)* willow (So/it bebbiaaa)-Northern United States, southLeaves elliptical, silvery whIte below. in Rocky Mountains.(See also p. 29.) Blue beech(waterbeech) United States east of the GreatTrunk fluted with ridges, bluish gray. (Carp/ntis caroliniatia). Plains. Leafilke wing attached to seed. Hophornbeam(irosswood) * United States and CanadaThin brown scaly bark.Fruit resem- (Oat ra virgin/dna)-. east of the Great Plains. bling hops, each seed in bag. Leaves doubly toothod. Sweet birch(blackbirch)*Maine to Michigan, Appa-Young inner bark aromatic (source of (Beta/a len/a). lachian Mountains to Geor- wlntergreen flavoring).Fruit of all gia and Alabama. birches is of 2 kinds of catkln borne on same tree (fig. 5, E). Timber tree. Yellow birch (Be/ala Ia/ca) Maine to Minnesota, south inBark peeling in yellow-brown curls mountains to Georgia. Leaves rounded in outline. Timbet tree. River birch (red birch)* (Beta-Southern New England, westBark red-brown,peelingin tough Ia nigra). to Minnesota, south to Tex- layers.Leaves oval, 2 to 3 inches as.Along streams long, narrowedatbase,doubly toothed. Gray birch (Be/u/a poput ifs/ia) - -New England, New York,Trunks small, dull gray bark. Twigs Pennsylvania,andDela- drooping; leavestriangular, long. ware. pointed, shiny.Small, short-lived tree. Blueleaf birch (Beta/a coerulea) --Scattered in northern NewLeaves dull blue-green above, yellow- England. green below, oval, long-pointed. Paper birch (canoe birch)' (Be-Newlfngland across the north-Bark pure white to light gray, aepa /ts/is paprrlfera). ern States to Pacific, touth rating in thin sheets.Leaves thick In Appalachians.(See also rounded at base. p.29.) Seaside alder (Alnus merit/ma)...Delaware, Maryland, Okla- Flowers opening in fall. homa. Beech (Fagscs gran4 ifsi/a) Eastern half of United States.Leaves toothed, flat, thin, firm.Tri- A widely ranging tree. angular edible nuts (fig. 5, G). Chinquapin (Castanea pumila)_Pennsylvania to Florida andLeaves smaller than above, shallow Texas. teeth. Burs of all chinquapina have I nut each. Chinquapin (Castanca ashei).. Lower Atlantic and Gulf coastLeaves densely woolly beneath.Fruit regions. opines stout. Chinquapin (Catanea am/fe//alCoastal region North CarolinaLeaves rounded at end, narrowed at for/dana). to l..oujsiana. base. Bur with sparse spines. 1 An unusual case of a varietal name only. FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE U. S. 11

FIGURE 3.Leaves, fruit or flowers, and twigs of some hardwoods occurring chiefly in thesouthern forest region; A, water oak (p. 12); B, live oak (p. 14); C, winged elm (p. 14); B, sweet, or red gum(p. 16); B, swamp cottonwood (p. 10); F, swamp black gum (p. 22); C, tupelo gum (p. 22); II, overcupoak (p. 14). (Bee also p. 41.) 12 MISC. PUBLICATION 217. U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Name of tree Where the tree grows Descriptive notes

Chinquapin (Castaiseafioridana IGulf States region, AlabamaLeaves shiny beneath. marqareita). to Arkansas. (Ozark)* chinquapin (CastaneaNorthwestern Arkansas,Leaves S to 10 inches long, long-pointed, ozarkensis). southwestern Missouri, toothed.Bur largewith much- eastern Oklahoma. prized nut.Good-sized tree. Chinquapin(Castaneaalaba- Northwestern Alabama Leaves large, nearly smooth below. mensis). Spines fuzzy. Chestnut (Castanea dentatn) Northeastern States and Ap- Leaves long, coarsely toothed, pointed. palachian region to Florida. Spiny bur with edible nuts. Trees mostly killed back by blight disease. Northernred oak (QuercusNortheastern quarterof UnitedAcorn large, in flat shallow cup (fig. 0, borealis). States, south In Appalachian D).Leaves mostly with 7 to 11 Mountains and cool loca- uniform lobes, 6 to 9 Inches long, tions along streams.(Va- dull above, green below. High-grade riety.Maxima important timber tree.(Beginning the black insouthern Appalachian oak group which has pointed leaf region). lobes and requires 2 seasons to mature the acorns.) Pin oak (Quercus palustris) Eastern United States Leaves small, deeply (mostly 0) lobed, with hair clusters in sills of veins and midrib. Acorn small, In saucer- shaped cup.Branches numerous, drooping. Georgia oak (Quercus georgiana) Central northern Georgia Leaves 3- to S-lobed.Acorn 34 inch long, in fiat cup. Texas red oak (Quercus tezana)- -Central and western Texas. -Leaves 3 inches long, 0- or 7-lobed. Acorn 9% to 1 inch long In deep cup. Shumard red oak (Quercu8 shu- Southeastern quarter of UnitedLeaves deeply or shallowly lobed, mardli) States. lealstalks slender.Acorn In shallow cup. Graves oak (Quercsss gravesii)- -Southwestern Texas Similar to Texas red oak, but the leaves have sharp-pointed lobes and the acorns small cups. Jack oak ( Quercus ellipsoidal is) - -Michigan to Iowa and Minne-Leaves shiny, deeply and roundly sota. lobed, 3 to 5 inches long. Acorn top shaped, often striped. Scarlet oak (Quercns coccinea) - -Northeastern United States.Leaves with deep rounded sinuses, Maine to Missouri, moun- lobes pointed.Acorn large, often tains to Georgia. striped, in medium cup. Black oak (Quercus velutina)-- - -Eastern half of United States,Leaves mostly 7-lobed, the lower ones except Lake States region. rather full, others more deeply lobed. Acorn deeply enclosed In scaly cup. Inner bark orange. Smoothbark oak (Quercus leio-Missouri and northward. Leaves smaller, narrower and smoother dermis). than black oak. Turkey oak (Quercus catesbaei). Coastalplain,VirginiatoLeaves of few prominent curved lobes. Louisiana. Acorn, full rounded In flat cup. Bear oak, (scrub oak)* (Qw Northeastern United States,Leaves small, thick, silvery below. iliclfofia) (Qsoeus flafla)* south In Mountains. Small tree or shrub. Southern redoak(QuercasSoutheaetern United States.Leaves urn-shaped at base, with finger- rub-a). Abundant. like lobes or a 3-pointed outer end. Acorn 34 inch long in flat oup (fig. 4, E). Important timber tree. Nuttall oak (Red River oak)Mississippi Delta region, firstBark smooth and tight, light to dark (Quercoes nullaUhl) and second bottoms. grayish-brown.Leaves dullderk green, usually S to 7 lobes.Acorn oblong-ovoid, 34 to 134 lnohes long and usually striped. Blackjack oak (Quercus man- Eastern United States, exceptLeaves full, thick, dark green, shiny. landica). New England. Acorn small, in medium cup. Water oak (Querczis nigra) Southeastern United States..Leaves nearly evergreen, oblong with narrowing base, not toothed, but sometimes 3-lobed.Acorn small in shallow cup. (Arknnsas)* water oak (Quercu8Southwestern Arkansas Leaves resembling above, but broader arkansana). at outer end.Acorn 34 inch long. Water oak (Quercue obtuse) Southeastern United States Leaves not lobed or toothed, widest beyond the middle, end rounded, narrowed at base (fig. 3, A). Willow oak (Quercus phellos) - -Atlantic and Gulf coastal re-Leaves narrow, willowlike, smooth, 2 gion, New York to Texas. to5incheslong.Acorn small, striped lengthwise, in shallow cup. Laurel oak (Quercus launifolia).Coastal plain, North CarolinaLeaves glossy, dark green, elliptical, to Louisiana. 3 to 4 inches long, smooth on lower surface,everegreen. Barkdark, rather smooth (black oak group). Bln-aok oak (upland willowCoastalplain,VirginiatoSmall tree with blue-green leaves, oek) (Querctis cinerea). Texas. densely woolly below. Acorn small, striped, soft, hairy. Shingle oa( Quercuo imbnicania) -Central-eastern United States.Leaves without lobes, dark green, hairy below. Acorn in deep, thin cup. Myrtle oak (Quereus mynffolia) On coast and issands, SouthLeaves with broad rounded outer ends, Carolina to Mississippi. thick, leathery, shiny, evergreen. i An unusual case of a varietal name only. 2 PUTNAM, I. A, and Buu., HENRY. The Trees of the Bottomlands of the MississippiRiver Delta Re- gion. 207 pp.So. For. Expt. fits FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE U.S. 13

FIGUEE 4.Leaves, fruit or flowers, and twigs of a few trees which compose the central hardwood forest re gion: A, Post oak (p. 14); B, eastern red cedar (p. 6); C, silverbell (p. 22); 0, shorties! pine (p. 5); E southern red oak (p. 12); F, black walnut (p.S); 0, white oak (p.14); H, yellow or tulip poplar (p. 16); I, persimmon (p. 22).(See also p. 40.) 14 MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Name of tree Where the tree grows Descriptive notes

Live oak (Ouercus virginiana)_..SouthAtlanticandGulfLeavesoblong,edges smooth but coasts, Virginia to Texas. incurved, thick, pale, fuzzy below, evergreen (fig. 3, 11).Bark grayish. Acorn borne on long stem (peduncle). (Beginning the white oak group, whose leaf lobes are rounded and whose acorns mature in 1 season.) Shin oak ( Quercus vaseyana) Western Texas Leaves with small lobes, wavy margins. Shin oak ( Quercus molzrjana)__ WesternTexas and Oklahoma-Leavesnarrow,gray-green,thick. Acorn in deep cup. Shin oak ( Quercus lace yi) Western Texas Leaves wavy-edged or 3-lobed.Acorn in shallow cup. Shin oak ( Quercsa annul ala) Central and western Texas Leaves variable.Acorn in rounded cup. Durand white oak (QuercusSouthern Gulf region, GeorgiaLeaves widening toward apex where durandli). to Texas. slightly lobed.Acorn in flat cup. Chapman white oak (QuercusSoutheastern United States,Leaves oblong, wavy margin. Acorn cbopmanil). South Carolina to Florida. without stem (sessile). White oak (forked-leaf whiteEastern half of United States --Leaves deeply and wavy lobed. Acorn oak) *(Q_usrcoaaiba) inlowflat cup (fig. 4, G). Important timber tree. Post oak (Quercua stailala) Central and southern UnitedLeaveslikeMaltesecross,thick, States,Massachusettsto leathery, woolly below. Acorn close Texas. to branchiet, in deep cup (fig. 4, A). Bastard white oak (QuerceeSouthern United States, SouthLeaves S-lobed, shiny, smooth below. austrina). Carolina to Mississippi. Acorn in deep cup. Bur oak (Qesrcus nsacrocarpa) - - -Northeasrn and North Cen-Leaves deeply lobed and notched, tral United States. broadest toward apexAcorn enclosed in mossy or scaly cup. Overcup oak ( Quercus 1yrata) Atlantic and Gulf coasts, NewLeaves narrow with shallow lobes; Jersey toTexas. Near acorn nearly enclosed in frInged cup water. (fig. 3, H.) Swamp white oak (Quercus bi-Northeastern quarter of Unit-Leaves notched and lobed, whitish colar) - ed States.In low or cool below. Acorn large in heavy cup. ground. Swamp chestnut oak (basketCentral and southern UnitedLeaves large, coarsely notched, often oak), (cow oak)(Quercu8 States, New Jersey to Mis- silvery below. Acorn large, shiny. prinus). souri. Borders of streams or swamps. Chestnutoak (rockoak)*Northeasternand centralLeaves coarsely notched. Acorn large, (Qssercus montana). United States. shiny, in warty cup.Bark extensively used for tanning leather. Chinquapin oak (QuercusCentral part of eastern UnitedLeaves oblong, sharply notched, silvery muehlenbergd). States. on lower side.Acorn sweet, edible (if roasted). Dwarf chlnquapin oak (scrubCentral part of eastern UnitedLeaves smeller than the above, teeth oak) (Quercus prinoides). States. shorter. American elm(white elm) Eastern half of United StatesLeaves doubly and sharply toothed, ([limes americana) to the Great Plains smooth above.Wings of seed with tiny hairs (fig. 5, A). Large tree with drooping branches.Extensively planted. Rock elm ([limes racemosa) - - --Belt across northeastern StatesBranchlets often with oorky wings to Kansas. Leaves smooth above,soft haiiy below. Winged seeds hairy. Winged elm (wahoo)* (Ulmu8Southeastern quarter of Unit-Leaves small, variable in size.Seeds ajata). ed States. winged, hairy(fig.3,C).Young twigs often corky. Planted for shade and ornament in South. Slippery elm ([Ti mus Jules) Eastern United States Leaves rough, hairy above, soft downy below. Winged seeds, not hairy on edges.Inner bark musdilagenous. Cedar elm (Ulmus crassifotja) Mississippi, southern Arkan-Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, coarsely ass, across central and south- toothed, rough above.Flowers and ern Texas. fruit late. Red elm ([limes serotina) Kentucky south to GeorgiaFlowers in late summer. .Seeds ripen and west into Missouri, late fall, hairy. Tree upright in habit Arkansas, and Oklahoma of growth. Planer tree (water elm)* (Plan-Southern United States. Leavesresemblingthoseofelms. era aqualica). Fruit small nutlike. (Roughiesfed)" hackberry (Ccl-Most of northeastern UnitedLeaves oval, thin, broad near base, long us occidenialis). States. pointed.Seed in a purple berry. Sugarberry(southern hack- Southeastern quarter of UnitedLeaves long, narrow, smooth on edges. berry) (Ceids laevitiata). States. Fruit nutlike, red or orange. Palo blanco (Celtfs lindheimerd)Southern Texas Leaves smaller than those of sugarberry.Fruit red-brown. Hackberry (Ce his pumila georgi- Central part of southeasternLeaves 2 inches long, thin, rough above. ana). United States. Fruit red-purple with bloom. (Name?) Frema nseilis) - Southern Florida (tropical) Leaves in 2 rows, 3 to 4 inches long. Red mulberry (Mores rubro) - - -Eastern United States. Leaves thin, variably heart-ebaped, sharply toothed.Fruit red cr black. FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OFTHE TI. S. 15

FIGURE 5LeaveS, fruit, and twigs of hardwood trees characteristic ofthe northern forest region: A, American elm (p. 14);B, white ash (p. 23);C, sngar maple (p. 20);B, northern red oak (p. 12); E, pignnt hickory (p. 8); F, bntternnt (p. 8); C, beech (p. 10)II, sweet (or black) birch (p. 10); (see also p.30).

81211°-38 3 16 MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Name of tree Where the tree grows Descriptive notes

Osage-orange(bojs d'arc) *( Toxy-Arkansas, Oklahoma, Texas. Leaves smooth, shiny, 3 to 5 inches Ion pomiferum). Widely spread by planting. long, deep green.Fruit a multiple orange with milky fleshTwigs thorny. Wood verydurable ground. in Golden fig (Ficsss aurea) Southern Florida (tropical)- - -Leaves oblong,leathery, Fruit rounded. evergreen. Wild fig (.Ficus brevifolia) do Leaves broader than above, thin. Whitewooci (&Iioepftachriso- do Leaves elliptical, 1 to 3 inches long. pliylloides). Fruit small, with stone seed. Tallowwooct (limenia ameri- do Leaves oblong, shiny.Fruit round, cana). yellow. Seagrape (Ceccolobis uvifera) do Leaves round, 4 to flinches in diameter. Pigeon-plum (Cocco1obilauri- do folio). Leaves oval, thick.Fruit clustered. BicIly (Terrubia longifolia) do Leaves small.Fruit bright red, clus. tered. Evergreen magnolia (MagnoliaSouth Atlantic and Gulf coastsLeaves thick, glossy, S to 8 inches long, grandifiera). (widely planted for orna- evergreen.Fruit,heed of many ment). bright redseeds.Flowers white. large, Sweet bay (Zifagnolia virginiana)-Coastal region, Massachusetts Leaves oblong, pale green, whitish to Florida and Texas. below. Seeds scarlet. Flowers white, sweet. Cucumber magnolia (MagnoliaCentral and Southern States, acumino2a). Leaves oblong, wavy edges. Read of Ohio to Georgia and Ar- scarletseeds.Flowersgreenish. kansas. Large timber tree. Yellow-flowered magnolia(Mag-North Carolina, Georgia, Ala- nolia cordala). Flowers bright canary yellow.Leaves bama. Bare, mostly in cul- broad, rounded,thick; tivation. hairy. branchlets Bigleafmagnolia(MagnoliaSouthern end of Appalachian macropliylla). Leaves 20 to 30 inches long, heart- Mountains, Gulf States. shapedatbase.Flowerslarge, (Florida) white, fragrant. magnolia (MagnoliaWestern Florida Resembles big leaf magnolia, but with ashei). smaller flowers, fruit, and twigs. Umbrella magnolia (umbrella-Southeastern quarter of Unit- tree)* (Magnolia Iripelala). Leaves 14 to 22 inches long, crowded at ed States. endsofbranches.Flowersill- scented. Mountain magnolia (MagnoliaSouthern Appalachian Moun-Leaves eared at base, 10 to 12 inches fraseri). tains, Virginia to Alabama. long, crowded. Flowers pale yellow. Mountain magnolia (MagnoliaGull coast region of Georgia,Leaves very narrow and eared at base, pyramidala). Florida, Alabama. 5 to 8 inches long. Yellow poplar (tulip poplar),*Southern New England to Flowers white. (tuliptree)* (Liriodendron Leaves squared, with lobe on sides. MichiganandSouthern Flowers greenish-yellow,tulip lulipifera). States. shaped.Fruit a cone of winged seed (fig.4, H). Important timber tree. Papaw (Asimina Iriloba) - Eastern United States, except northern portion. Leaves narrowed toward base, S to 10 Pond-apple (Anona glabra) inches long.Fruit pulpy, edible. Southern Florida (tropical)- -. Leaves leathery.Fruit pear-shaped, fleshy. Red bay (Persea bor bonia) South Atlantic and Gulf coastsLeaves evergreen, oblong, thick, bright to Texas. green, orange-colored midrib.Fruit fleshy, nearly black. Swamp bay (Persea pubescens)- Coast of Southern States Leaves elliptical, 5 inches long, evergreen. Lancewood (Ocelea calesbyana)- Southern Florida (tropical)- - Leaves narrowed at both ends, leathery, shiny, evergreen.Fruit dark Sassafras (Sassafras variifslisem) blue, round. Eastern United States Leaves variable inshape.Leaves, twigs, and especially inner bark on rootsaromatic.Close relativeof camphor-tree of Asia. (Name?) (.Misanleca lriondra)- Southern Florida (tropical)- - -Leaveselliptical,evergreen. Fruit olive-shaped. Caper tree (C'apparis jamaicen- do 5i5). Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, rounded at ends, leathery, shiny.Fruit, long pod. (Caper tree)(Capparis cyno- do phallophora). Leaves scaly.Fruit pulpy. Witch hazel (Hamamelis vir- Eastern United States Leaves deeply veined, with wavy mar- giniana). gin. (Southern) * witch hazel (Hama-Gulf coast region (Georgia to Flowering in fall. melis macrophd1a). Texas), Oklahoma. Leaves rounded, wavy-edged, hairy. Sweet gum* or red gum (Liqui- Flowers, December to February. Southeastern quarter ofLeaves star-shaped, aromatic.Fruit damliar slyraciflua). United States. a spiny ball of many capsules with seeds (fig. 3, D). Large tree.Im- Sycamore(Plalanusocciden- portant timber tree. talis). Eastern half of United States.Bark gray, flaking off.Leaves large, Moist or cool locations. broad, lobed.Bans single, hanging by slender stem over winter. Largest of all hardwood treesup to 10 feet in diameter and 170 feet in height. FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE U.S. 17

Name of tree Where the tree grows Descriptive notes

Narrowleaf crab apple (MaiusSoutheastern United States,Leaves oblong, bluntly toothed, firm. except in mountains. Fruit round, yellow-green,fleshy. angustifeiia). (Most of the crab apples have sharp spines on branchlets.) Crab apple (Mains glaucescens) -Appalachian Mountains andLeavestoothed,coarselynotched, Plateau. whitish below.Fruit pale yellow; Crab apple (Mains giabrata) - ... -Western North Carolina Leavestriangular,sharplylobed, toothed. Sweet crab apple (Mains core-Central eastern United StatesLeavesoval,finely toothed.Fruit naria). yellow-green. Crab apple (Mains bracteata) - - Kentucky to Missouri, south-Leaves oval, pointed, toothed.Fruit ward. round. Central Appalachian region...Leaves rounded ovate, finely toothed. Crab apple (Mains piatycarpa).. Fruit flattened. Lanceleaf crab apple (MaiusCentral eastern United States.Leaves broadly lance-shaped, thin. iancifoiia). Crab apple (Maius ioensis) Central Mississippi Basin Leaves fuzzy beneath, notched and toothed. Soulard crab apple (Mains sou-MinnesotatoTexas(notLeaves oval, or elliptical, hairy on abundant). lower surface.Fruit 2 inches in lardii). diameter. amer-Northeastern United States.Leaves of 13 to 17 leaflets, sharply Mountain-ash(Sorbus cluster,bright icana). Widely planted for orna- toothed.Fruitin ment. orange-reç. Serviceberry (sbadbush)*Eastern half of United States..Flowers white, appearing before the (Asneianclsier canadensis). leaves.Leavesthin,oval,finely toothed. Serviceberry (Ameianchier las-Maine to Wisconsin, seuth- Flowers appearing after the leaves. ward. Berries pulpy, sweet. Hawthorn,Via). haw, thorn, thornEastern United States, withSmall trees, mostly with stiff crooked apple, apple, or thorn (Craiae- 175 species (most num8rous branohlets, armed with sharp spines. gus species) (178 different spe- in Southern States); 3 species Leaves mostly rounded,broader cies recognized in the United in western United States. toward apex, sharply toothedor slightly lobed.Flowers in showy States). clusters, mostly white with some ross shading.Fruit rounded apple, scarlet, orange, red, yellow, blue, or nearly black. Canada plum (Prunus 'fig Ta) - New England, west throughLeaves broadly ovate, doubly toothed. nortnern tier of States to Fruit red.(All species of Prunus North Dakota. have bitter taste or smell, flowers in clusters, and stone in fruit.) Wild plum (hog or red plum)*Eastern United States andLeaves sharply toothed, wedge-shape Rocky Mountain region to at base, oval, 3 to 4 inches long. (Prunus americana). Utah and New Mexico. Fruit 1 inch diameter, bright red. (See also p. 30.) Wild plum (Prunus ianata) North andSouthCentralLeaves oval, hairy below. Plum with States. whitish bloom. Wild goose plum (Prunus her-Central States Leaves shiny, pointed.Fruit red or tulana). yellow. Wild goose plum (Prunus mun- Central Mississippi Valley,Leaves long elliptical or lance-shape, ssnja). Oklahoma, and Texas. thin, shiny.Fruit red, good quality. Mexican plum (Prunus mcxi-KansastoLouisianaandFruit purplish red; ripens late summer. cana). Texas. Cbickasaw plum (Prunus au-Native probably in OklahomaLeaves broadly lance-shaped,thin, gustifsiia). andTexas. Now found shiny, finely toothed.Fruit red or widely distributed through yellow, much used for food. South. Allegheny sloe (Prunus ails-Connecticut south (in moun-Leaves long, pointed, finely toothed. ghaniensis). tains) to North Carolina. Fruit purple, with bloom. Black sloe (prunus umteUata)..Southern States Leaves broadly ovate.Fruit, various colors. (Texas sloe)*(Prunus ienui-Cherokee County, Tex Leaves thin.Fruit oblong, with flat feiia). stone. Pin cherry (bird or wild redAcross northern United States,Leaves long, pointed, finely toothed. cherry) *(Prunuspennsyi- south in Appalachian Moun- Flowers in flatclusters (umbels). tains.(See also p. 30.) Cherry red, each on long stem. vanica). Spreads rapidly on burned-over forest lands. Choke cherry (Prunus Virginia-Northeastern quarter ofLeaves broadly oval, sharp pointed, na). United States, south in Ap- shiny.Flowers in long clusters (ra- palachian Mountains, west cemes).Cherry dark red. to northern Rockies. (Georgia wild)* cherry (PrunusGeorgia, range not well knownLeaves smooth,firm,twigs hairy. cuihbertii). Fruit red. Black cherry (Prunus serstina).Eastern half of United StatesLeaves shiny, long pointed.Flowers to the Great Plains. in long clusters (racelnes).Cherry black, pleasant flavor. Timber tree. Alabama cherry (Prunus aiaba- Low mountains of central Ala-Leaves broadly oval, thick, firm, up to bama. 5 inches long.Fruit red or dark mensis). purple. Cherry (Pruflus australis) - Conecuh County, SouthernLeaves broadest near middle.Fruit Alabama. purple. 18 MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Name of tree Where the tree grows Descriptive notes

Laurel cherry (mockorange)*South Atlantic and Gulf coast-Leaves evergreen, thick, shiny, 2 to (.Przinus carolinians). al region. inches long.Fruit black,shiny, holding over winter.Planted as or- namental tree. West Indian cherry (PrunusSouthern Florida (tropical) - --Leavespointed,firm,yellow-green myrtifolia). above, 2 to 4 inches long.Fruit orange-brown. Coco-plum(Chrysobalanus icaco) do Leaves broad, much rounded at end. Florida catciaw (Pithecolobium do Leaves of two pairs of leaflets, each UflQUjo-caf I). rounded, thin.Pod 2 to 4 inches long. Huajillo (Wa-hil-yo) (Pithecolo-Lower Rio Grande Valley ofLeaves doubly compound of many leaf- bium brevifotium). Texas. lets.Pods straight, 4 to 6 inches long. Texas ebony (Pit hecolobium flex- Gulf coast of Texas Leaves very small, twice compound, icaute). broad. Pod thick, 4 to 6 Inches long. Wild tamarind (Lysiloma baha-Southern Florida (tropical) - - -Leaves compound of many pairs of menojo). leaflets.Pod 1 inch broad, 4 to 5 inches long. Huisache (acacia) * (Acacia far-Western Texas Leaves doubly compound, very small, nesiana). brightgreen. Podscylindrical. Flowers in round heads.Widely planted for its fragrant flowers. Catclaw (Acacia tortuosa) Southwestern Texas Leaves tiny, compound. Pod slender, beadlike. Catclaw (Acacia wrightii) Western Texas Leaves compound, tiny, on long stems. Catclaw (Acacia emoriana) Southern Texas Leaflets tiny. Pod much narrowed at base. (Mimosa) * (Leucaena greqgii) - - -Western Texas Leaves doubly compound. Pods narrow. (Mimosa)* (Leueaena pulveru-Southern Texas (Gulf coast) - -Leaves doubly compound. Pods S lenin). inches long. (Mimosa) * (Leueeena retusa) Southern Texas and NewLeaves featherlike compound of many Mexico.(See also p. 31.) leaflets. Honey mesquite (Prosepis glan-KansastoCaliforniaandLeaves generally similar to above 9 dulosa). southward. (See also p. 31.) inches long, leaflets often 2 incises long. Redbud (Cercis canadensis) - - Eastern Ubited States (southLeaves heart-shaped, thin.Flowers and west of New York). bright purplish red, In clusters. Pods pink, 2 to 3 inches long. Texas redbud (Cercis reniformis).Eastern Texas Leaves kidney-shaped, firm, shiny. Cofleetree(Gymnoctadus dioicus)Central portion of EasternLeaves doubly compound, 2 to 3 feet United States. long, of rounded pointed leaflets. Pods 8 inches long. Honeylocust (Gteditoia triacan-Central portion of easternLeaves doubly compound of small ellip- thee). UnitedStates(extended tical leaflets.Pods 10 to 18 inches widely by planting). long,twisted,sweet pulp. Tree usually spiny. Texas honeylocust(Gleditsia CentralMississippi ValleyLeaves compound of very small leaflets. lexana). (Indiana to Texas). Pods small, flattened, thin, straight. Tree spiny. Waterlocust (Gledist eta aqua2ica)Coastalregion (South CarolinaLeaves single or doubly compound to Texas), Mississippi Val- Pods short, with 1 to 3 seeds. TreS ley. spiny. Border paloverde (CercidiumSouthern Texas (mouth of RioLeaves tiny, twice compound. Bark floridum). Grande) (small tree). bright green.Pods 2 Inches long, pointed, straight. Coralbean (Sophora affinis) Mississippi River to California.Leaves compound, 13 to 19 leaflets. (See also p. 31.) Pods beaded. Yellowwoocl (Cladrastt8 lutea) -- -Southern Appalachian Moun-Leaves of 7 to 11 rounded leaflets, 3 to tains west to Arkansas. 4 inches long. Pods small, pointed, in clusters. Wood, yellow. Black locust (yellow locust)*AppalachianMountainregion.Leaves compound of 7 to 17 rounded (Robinja pseudacacia). Widely cultivated and nat- leaflets. Flowerswhite,sweet uralized over United States. scented.Pods 3 inches long with tiny seeds. Wood very durable. Clammylocust (Robiniaviscosa) Southern Appalachian Moun-Leaves compound. Leafstalke sticky, tains. hairy (clammy). Jamaica dogwood (Ichthyomet hisSouthernFlorida(tropicalLeaves of 5 to 11 rounded leaflets, drop- piscipula). tree). ping early.Pods with 4 crmkly wings. Lignumvitae (Guajacum sanc-Southern Florida (tropical) Leaves of 6 to 8 leaflets.Pod tiny, tum). orange. (Soapbush)* (Porliera angusti- Southern Texas Leaves of 8 to 12 narrow leaflets.Flow fotsa). era purple, sweet scented. (Name?) (Byrsonima isocida) - - -.Southern Florida (tropical)..Leaves opposite, wedge-shape, evergreen. Hercules-club(pricklyash) *South Atlantic and Gulf coast-Leaves 5 to 8 inches long, of 6 to 18 (Xantkoxytum clavaherculis). al regions, Arkansas, Okla- pointed leaflets, on spiny stems. homa, Texas. Fruit small in terminal clusters. This is not the Devil's-walking stick. see p. 22; sometimes calledHer. cules club". FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE TI. S. 19

Name of tree Where the tree grows Descriptive notes

Wild lime tree (XanthoxylumTropical parts of Florida andLeaves 3 to 4 inches long, of 7 to 9 Texas. rounded leaflets.Bark bitter, pun- fagara). gent. Satinwood (Xanthoxylum fin-Southern Florida (tropical)....Leaves of 3 to S leaflets, evergreen. rum). Leaves small, leathery, compound, Hercules-club (Xanthoxylum do without terminal leaflet, evergreen. coriaccum). Fruit in dense terminal cluster. Texas (along the Rio GrandeL.Leaves opposite, small, mostly three- Baretta (Hetietta parrifolia) foliate. Hoptree (Ptelea trifoliata) Eastern United States. South-Leaves three-divided,alternate on ern Rocky Mountain region. stem. Seed enclosed in thin, papery, (See also p. 31.) circular wing. Torchwood (Amyrisetemifera) Southern Florida (tropical)-.-.Leaves usually opposite, of three leaflets.Fruit black. Balsam torchwood (Amyris bat- do Leaves compound of 3 to 5 leaflets. samifera). Fruit with small hard seed. Paradise tree (Simareuba glau- do Leaves of 12 rounded leaflets.Stone ca). fruit. Bitterbush (Picramnia pentan- do Bark bitter, medicinal.Fruit fleshy. dra). (Name?) (Alraradea amor- do Tree with bitter juice.Fruit three- phsides). winged. Bay cedar ('Suriana maritima) Coastof southernFloridaLeaves fleshy,long,wedge-shaped. (tropical). Flowers yellow. Gumbo limbo (Bursera sima- Southern Florida (tropical) .Largetree.Smoothbark.Leaves ruba). compound. Mahogany (Swietesoia maheganOSouthernFlorida(tropical)Tree producing true mahogany wood. (nearly exterminated). Leaves of6toS leaflets.Fruit hood-shaped. Guiana plum (Drypetes tateri-Southern Florida (tropical)....Leaves pointed and narrow.Fruit flora). red, in small clusters. Big Guiana plum(I)rypctes Florida Keys (tropical) Leaves hold for 2 years, broadly ellipti- direrslfotle). cal, thick.Fruit white, 1 inch long. Crabwood (Gymnanthes tucida) Southern Florida (tropical) Fruit scarce, small, nearly black. Manchineel (Hippomane oman- do Sap verypoisonous.Apple-shaped cinetla). fruit with a stone. do Leaves evergreen.Flowers green, of (Savia) * (Savia bahamensis) two kinds. American smoketree, (chittam-Kentucky to western Texas. Leaves rounded, scarlet or orange in wood)* (Cstinsss amcricanus). fall.Fruit on stalks with purple hairs. Poisonwood(Melepiumtori- Shores and hammocks of south-Bark exuding gum with caustic proper- ern Florida (tropical). ties.Leaves compound, bornein fcrum). terminal clusters. Staghorn sumac (Rhuo hlrta)..Northeastern United States,Leaves of 11 to 31 leaflets.Stems and south in mountains. branchlets velvety.Fruit red, dense head. Dwarf sumac (Rbus copaUina)...Eastern half of United Stateo -Leaves of 9 to 21 leaflets.Leaf stalks winged.Fruit in open head. Much of eastern United StateoLeaves of 7 to 13 leaflets with scarlet Poison sumac (Rhus vernix) midribs.Fruitwhite,inopen clusters in leaf axils. Texas pistache (Pistacia texana) Southwestern Texas Leavescompound.Flowerstiny, clustered. Swampironwood, (leather-Coast region, Virginia to TexasLeaves narrow, clustered near ends of wood)* (Cyritla racemiflora). and somewhat inland. branches.Fruitsmallin long slender clusters. Titi (Cliftonia monophtilta) Coast,SouthCarolinatoForming"titi"swamps. Leaves Louisiana. shiny.Fruit winged. Holly (11cr spaca) Southeastern United Stateo,Leaves evergreen, stiff, spiny,Flow- north along coast to Massa- ers of 2 kinds on ssparate trees. chusetts. Fruit (on female tree)red berry. Christmas evergreen. Dahoon (11cr cassine) Coast,SouthCarolinatoLeaves narrow,smooth onedges. Louisiana. Fruit small, red. Krugs holly* (11cr krugiana) Southern Florida (tropical). - Leaves oval, pointed.Fruit brownish purple. Yaupon (liar comitoria) Southeasterncoastregion, Leaves oblong-elliptical, coarsely Virginia to Texas. toothed, thick, shiny, used for tea. Berries red. Winterberry (Christmas berry) *Southeastern States, except in Leavesdroppingin fall.Berries (11cr decidua). mountains. showy, orange or scarlet. Mountain holly (flex montana) - -Tree size only in Great SmokyLeaves dropping infall, rounded at Mountains of North Caro- base,pointed,toothed, up to5 lina and Tennessee. inches long.Fruit, red berry. Eastern wahoo (burningbush) *Northeastern States westward,Leaves broad in middle, long pointed, (Euosoymus atrspurpureus). to Montana. south in central toothed. Fruit 4-lobed, fleshy, purple. Mississippi River Basin. False boxwood (Gyminda lati-Southern Florida (tropical) - - -Leaves opposite,rounded,thick, Jolla). finely toothed. (Name?) (Rhacoma crsssspcta- do Leaves alternate or opposite.Stone turn). fruit. 20 MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OFAGRICULTURE

Name of tree Where the tree grows Descriptive notes

Florida boxwood(&haefferiaSouthern Florida (tropical)_ fruie8cens). Leaves alternate, 2 inches long by I inch broad, narrow at base. Rounded fruit with stone. (Name?) (Maytenus phyllantho- do ides). Leaves leathery.Fruit, 4-angiad, red capsule. Bladdernut (&aphylea trifolia)- Great Lake States and southLeaves opposite, of 3 leaflets, 2 leaf to Georgia and Oklahoma. bracts at base of stem.Fruit pod Mountain maple (Acer spica- with bony seeds. turn). Northeastern United States,Leavesopposite,8-lobed,coarsely south in mountains. toothed, red leaf stems.Flowers (racemes) and keys (fruit) in long clusters. Striped maple (moosewood Northeastern United States,Leaves opposite, drooping, rounded, (Acer pennsylvanicurn). south in mountains. 3-lobed at apex. Bark striped, greenish, smooth. Sugar maple (Acer saccharum)- -Eastern United States to Kan-Leaves opposite,pale and smooth sas and Oklahoma. below,5-lobed,roundedsinuses. Keys ripen late (fig. 5, C). Tree yields sweet sap. Black maple (Acer nigrum) Centers in region from OhioLeaves opposite, dull green (black), to Iowa. yellow downy below, thick, drooping. Whitebark maple (Acer lessee-Lower Appalachian Moun- derme). Leaves opposite, small, 3-lobed, light tains to Arkansas and north- yellow-green, and densely downy ern Louisiana. beneath. Southern sugar maple (AcerSoutheastern Virginia to east. floridanum). Leaves opposite, with 3 rounded lobes, em Texas. dark green, pale or fuzzy below, strongly veined. Silver maple (white maple) *Eastern United States, espe-Leaves opposite, deeply lobed, toothed, (Acer saccharjnum), cially in central Mississippi silvery below. Flowers beforeleaves Basin. Red maple (soft maple) (Acer Keys fall early. rubrszm). Eastern United States Leaves opposite, small, 3- or 5-lobedon red stems.Flowers red, opening before the leaves. Boxelder (ashleafmaple)* (AcerEastern half of United States, Keys fall early. negundo). Leaves opposite, thin, mostlycom- northern Rocky Mountain. pound of 3, 5, or 7 leaflets. (See also p. 31). twigs. Greenish Ohio buckeye (Aesculus glabra)-Pennsylvania south and westLeaves of S leaflets, on slender Stems, to Missouri and Texas. opposite. Flowers yellow.Fruit Georgia with pricklee. buckeye(AesculusNorth Carolina to westernLeaves opposite, of 5 leaflets. neglecta lanceolata) 1 Florida. Flowers Red buckeye (Aesculus pavia) red or yellow. No prickles on fruit. Southeastern TJnibed States - -Leaves opposite. Flowers red.No Yellow buckeye (Aesculus eel- prickles on fruit. andra). Pennsylvania to Illinois, southLeaves opposite, 5 to 7 leaflets, sharply mostly in mountains. toothed.Flowersyellow(rarely Woolly buckeye (Aescu/us dis- red).Fruit without prickies, color). Georgia to Missouri and TexasLeaveswoollybeneath,opposite. Scarlet buckeye (Aesculus au,- Flowers rose and yellow. trina). Southern-central United State&Flowers scarlet.Loaves opposite. Wingleaf soapberry (SapindusSouthern Florida (tropical) Leaves of 4 to 9 leaflets rounded at ends, saponaria), brown leaf stem winged. round fruit. 1-seeded, Soapberry (Sapindus margina-Georgia, Florida lies). Leaflets, 7 to 13. No wingson leaf stem.Fruit yellow. Inkwood (Exothea paniculala) Southern Florida (tropical). Leaves of 4 leaflets, each 4 to 5 inches long, dark green.Fruit,1-sided, dark orange. White ironwood (Hypelale In- Florida Keys Jousts). 3 leaflets, 1 to 2 inches long, rounded at ends. Round fruit with round stone. (Name?) (Cupanies glabra) Southern Florida (tropical).. (Varnish Loaves of 6 to 12 toothed leaflets. leaf) (Dodenaea Long Pine Key, Fla. (tropical)- microcarpa). Leaves wedge-shape, sticky.Fruit a Bluewood (Cendalia ehovafa) -- capsule. Western Texas Branches spine-tipped.Leaves small. Red ironwood (Reynosia septen.Southern Florida (tropical)- - -Leaves opposite, thick, dark green, tnionalis). notched end. Dark, edible purple "plum." Black ironwood (Krugiodendren do ferreum). Leaves bright green, shiny, opposite, peristent, 1 inchacross.Fruit Yellow buckthorn (Rhasnnus round, black, 1 seed. carolinians). Southeastern United States,,,,Leaveselliptical,slightlytoothed, dark yellow-green, strongly veined. Round, black fruit. Soldierwood(Colubnjnarecli.Southern Florida (tropicaI).... nata). Leaves thin, smooth, yellow-green, 2 to 3 inches long.Fruit 3-lobed, red- orange. Nakedwood (Colubrjna cubensis) do Smooth trunk. Nakedwood (Colubrina arbores. do Leaves thick, dull green, densely fuzzy. cens). Leaves thick and leathery, reddish, (Smooth)* basswood (Titia gus- fuzzy beneath. Maine to Michigan and southLeaves coarsely toothed, smooth except bra). to Ohio River, west to Ne- tufts ofhairs on upper surface, braska. Flower stalks smooth. 'An unusual case of a varieta name only. FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OFTHE U. S. 21

Name of tree 1Vhere the tree grows Descriptive notes

Weotern Florida Leaves fuozy below, oblique at base. Basswood (Tilia porracea) Arkansas andLeaves coarsely toothed, not hairy (White-fruited) basswood (TiliaAlabama to Flower stalk densely hairy. teucocarpa). Texas. tufted. Basswood (Tilia venulosa) Southwestern North Carolina.- Branchiets bright red and stout. Southeastern Georgia Leaves finely toothed.Branchlets Basswood (Tilia lift oral ie) slender. Basswood (Tilia crenoserrata) - - -SouthwesternGeorgiaandLeaves roundedly toothed, smooth on Florida. lower surface. Basswood (This austratis) Northeastern Alabama Leaves smooth below, thin. (Southern)*basswood(TiliaNorth Carolina south and westLeaves thin, coarsely toothed. Sum floridana). to Oklahoma and Texas. mer twigs not pubescent. Southwestern Louisiana Leaves blue-green, shiny below in Basswood (Tilia cociceii) early summer. (Hsiry)* basswood (Tiliane- New England south, in moun-Leaves with short fine hairs on lower glecta). talus to Mississippi, west to surface. Missouri. (Carolina)*basswood(TitiaNorth Carolina, Georgia, andLeaves square at base, sparsely hairy west to Texas. below, smooth above.Branchiets carolinians). smooth. (Texas)* basswood (Tilia Tex-Southeastern Texas Leaves, heart-shaped base.Branch- ans). lets smooth. South-central Texas Loaves rounded, deeply heart-shaped Basswood (Titia phanera) at base. Basswood (Titia eburnea) Western North Carolina toLeaves obliquely squaredatbase. Florida. Branchleto hairy. Northwestern Alabama Leaves oval, long-pointed, heart-shape Basswood (Titia fats) at base.Branchiets reddish. White basswood (Tills hetero-Pennsylvania to Missouri andLeaves densely woolly below, squared south into Gulf States, or heart-shape at base. Branchlets phylla). slender. White basswood (Titia monti-Appalachian M o nut a i nsLeaves white, woolly below, squared at cola). (meeting of Virginta, North base.Branoblets stout. Carolina, and Tennessee) - (Georgia)* basswood (Tiliageor-South Carolina to Florida.Lesves pale, woolly below. Branch- giana). Arkansas. lets fine, hairy.Winter buds hairy. Loblolly-bay (Gordonia lasian-South Atlantic and Gulf coas-Leaves thick, shiny, smooth, 4 to 5 tal region. inches long, narrow at base, persist- thus). ent on branch.Related to the tea plant of Asia. Franklinia(Frankliniaalta-Altamaha River, Ga. (orig-Leaves 5 inches long, oblong, narrowed maha). inally),but now known only atbase,, shiny.Flowersshowy in cultivation, white, 3 inches across.Planted for ornament. Cinnamon bark (Canetla winter-Southern Florida (tropical)...... Leaves elliptical,rounded atends, ana). thick, shiny.Inner bark, the cinnamon of commerce. Papaya (Clarica papaya) Eaetern coast of southern Flor-Leaves very large, much lobed; 3 to 5 ida (tropical). inches long, edible.Cultivated for fruit. Tree cactus*(CephalocereusSouthern Florida (tropical) No leaves. Branches usually tO-ribbed, deeringii). spiny. Flowers inconspicuous, dark red. Mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) Coast of lower Florida penin-Leaves opposite, thick, evergreen, ellip- sub(tropical). tical, 4 inches long.Fruit, a barry germinating on the tree. Gurgeon stopper (Eugenia burl-Southern Florida (tropical) - - -Leaves opposite, rounded at end, thick, foils). 1 inch long.Flower clusters (race- moo) in leaf axil. White stopper (Engenia axil-East coast of Florida (tropi- Leaves opposite, 2 inches long, narrow, fans). cal). blunt pointed. Red stopper (Engenia rhombea) -Florida Keys (tropical) Leaves opposite.Flowers in bunches (fascicles). Red stopper (Eugenia con/usa)....Southern Florida (tropical) - - Loaves opposite, long pointed.Flow- ers as above. Naked stopper (Eosgenia di- do Leaves opposite.Flowers 3-flowered, crana). open clusters. Stopper (Eugessia simpsonii) do Leaves larger than above.Doubly 3-flowered. Stopper (Eugenia Ion gipes) do Leaves opposite, evergreen.Flowers white, fragrant. Stopper (Eugenia bahamensis)..... do Leaves rounded.Fruit black.Flow- ers sweet. White spicewood(calyptran- do Leaves opposite, long pointed, 2 to 3 dies pallens). inches long.Flowers minute, in compound clusters (panicles). Spicewood (Calyptrantheo zuzy- do Leaves opposite, elliptical, rounded; gium) branchlets smooth.Flowers small, in sparse clusters (cymes). (Name 3) (Tetrazygia bicolsr) do Leavesopposite. Flowersshowy, white. Black olive tree (Bucida buceras) do Leaves in whorls, 2 to 3 inches long, rounded at ends. Flowers in spikes. Buttonwood (Cosiocar pus erecta) do Flowers in heads.Fruit in cones. 22 MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. 0FAGRICULTURE

Name of tree Where the tree grows Descriptive notes

White buttonwood (Laguncu-Southern Florida (tropical) - Leaves oppoeite, shorts, rounded, thick, lana racem080). leathery.Flowers minute, borne on hairy clusters (spikes). Devil's walking stick (HerculesMost of eastern half of UnitedSpiny, aromatic tree or shrub. Leaves club)* (Aralia spinosa). States. doubly compound, 3 to 4 feet long at end of branches. Black gum (sour gum)* (Nyosa do Leaves oblong, broadest above the sylValica). middle, thick.Fruit email, stone slightly marked (ribbed). Swamp black gum (Nyssa hi- Coastal acid swamps, Mary- Leaves narrower than those of black flora). land to Texas. gum (1 inch wide).Fruit small, stone prominently marked (ribbed) (fig. 3, F). Sour tupelo gum (Nyssa ogeche)Coastal region South Caro-Fruit red (plum), large (1 inch long), lina to Florida (not abun- single.Leaves 4 to 6 inches long. dant). Tupelo guns (Ny880 aquatico)__ -Coastal fresh water or "deep"Fruit large (1 inch), purple (plum), swamps, Virginia to Texas, single on long stem. Leaves broadly up Missiseippi River. Not elliptical, 5 to 7 inches long (fig. 3, G) found in stagnant swampe. Dogwood (flowering dogwood) Eastern half of United States Leaves opposite, oval, pointed. Flow- (Cornu.s florida). ers small, in dense head with showy White bracts.Fruit red. Blue dogwood (Cernus allerni- Northeastern States and Ap-Leaves alternate (otherwise similar to folia). palachian Mountains. Connus florida). Flowers small, without showy scales. Roughleaf dogwood(CornusEastern United States Leaves opposite.Flowers in loose asperifolia). heads, not showy.Fruit white. (Name ?) (Elliottia racemosa) - Southeastern Georgia Flowers with 4 petals, in long clusters. Groat rhodendron (Rhododess-New England, Ohio, south inLeaves -thick, evergreen, 4 to 12 Inches dron maximum). the Appalachian Mountains. long, clustered at ends of branches Flowers showy in large clusters. Catawba rhododendron (Rhodo-Appalachian Mountains, Vir-Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, broad, thick. dendron catawbiense). ginia south to Georgia and Calx lobes of flowers sharp pointed. Alabama. Mountain-laurel (Kaimia lati- folio). New England to Indiana andLeaves elliptical, thick, evergreen. 3 south to Gulf. incheslong.. Flowers inclusters (corymbs), showy. Sourwood (Oxydendrum arbor-Appalachian Mountains, westLeaves elliptical, finely toothed. Flow- eum). to Louisiana. ers bell-shaped in long compound clusters (panicles). (Name?) (Lyonia ferrugisiea)_ South Atlantic coast Flower clusters in leaf axils. Tree hucicleberry (VacciniumCoast, arboreum). VirginiatoTexas,Leaves elliptical, thin, 2 inches long. northward inMississippi Flowers in open clusters (racemes). River Basin. Marlberry (Icacorea poniculata)Southern Florida (tropical) Leaves thick with numerous resin dots. (Name?) (Rapaneo yuionen.sis) Blackberries in clusters. Joewood (Joquinia keyensis) Leaves oblong.Fruit round. do Leaves sometimes opposite.Flower terminal. SatIriloaf (Chrysophyflum olin- do forme). Leaves soft, hairy below, 2 to 3 inches Mastic long.Fruit oval, fleshy, purple. (Sideroxylon foelidissi- do Leaves elliptical, thin.Flowers mi- mum). nute. Bustic (Dipholis salicifolia) do Leaves narrow, shiny.Flowers nil- Tough flute. buckthorn(BumeliaSouth Atlantic coast, south-Leaves thin, oblong, silky below. Fruit tenax). western Georgia. round, sweet, edible. Gum elastic (Bumelia lanugi-Coastalregion nosa). GeorgiatoLeaves with soft brown hairs curved Texas, Mississippi Basin. backward. Fruit oblong, inI e a Buckthorn (Bumeijo monhicolo) axils. -Southern and western Texas-Leaves thick, shiny.Branchlets often ending in stout spines. Buckthorn (Bum.elio lycoides)- Southeastern States Leaves thin, oblong.Fruit oblong, Saffron plum (Bumelia ongu.sti- fleshy. folio). Southern Florida (tropical)- - -Leaves leathery, 1 inch long, evergreen. Wild dilly (Mimusops porvi- Fruit small with sweet flesh. folio). Florida Keys (tropical) Leavesclusteredatbranchends, Persimmon (Diospyros virgin- notched. lana). Eastern United States, exceptLeaves oval (widest below middle), northern portion. fIrm.Fruitfleshy,edible,stone seed (fig.4,I).Close relative of Black persimmon (Diospyres }Thony tree of the Tropics. lexona). Southern and southwesternLeaves rounded at end, narrow at base, Texas. 1 inch long.Fruit black. Sweetloal (Symplocos linctonia)--Delaware to Florida, west toLeaves pointed, good for browse. Fruit Arkansas and Texas. small, in close clusters. Silverbell, (Lily-of-the-veIley tree)* (I-iolesia carolina). Southern Appalachian Moun-Flowers about 4 inch long, in small tain region. clusters (fascicles).Fruit 4-winged. Mountainsilverbell(Holesia Leaves elliptical (fig. 4, 0). monticola). Southern Appalachian Moun-Frmt as above. Flowers 2 inches long tains, west to Oklahoma. in fascicles.Leaves 8 to 11 inches long. Little silverbefl (tJalesia parvi-Southern flora). Georgia, northernFruit club-shaped, 1 inch long.Flow- Florida, Alabama. ers minute, in fascicles.Leaves 3 inches long. 23 FOREST TREES AND FORESTREGIONS OF TUE U. s.

Descriptive notes Name of tree Where the tree grows

Coastal plain of Georgia westFruit 2-winged.Flowers in clusters Two-wingsilverbeil(Iialesia (racemes). Leaves 3 to 5 incheS long. diplera). to eastern Texas Leaves broadly oval, 2 to 5 Inches long. Snowbell (St lirax grandiJelia)_-South Atlantic and Gulf coast Flowers white, in terminal clusters region. (racemes). Michigan to Iowa, south toBranchlets square; leaves opposite, o f5 Blue ash (Fraxiniss qisadrantiU- to 11 leaflets on short stems.Flowers late). Tennessee and Oklahoma. without calyx, perfect. Leaves opposite, of 7 to ii leaflets with- Black ash (Fraxinus srigra) Northeastern United States. (sessile).Branchiets (Coldswamps, a 1 o n g out stems c alyx, streams and lakes). round.Flowers without polygamous. South Atlantic and Gulf coastLeaves opposite, leaflets S or 7on stems. Water ash (Fraxifliis carolinians) Deep swamps and Flowers with calyx, 2 kinds on sepa- region. rate trees.Fruit often 3-winged. river bottoms. Leaves opposite, leaflets 3 or 5, more (FraxiflUsSouthernGeorgia,Florida. Flowers like (Gulf)* water ash Deep swamps and river bot- pointed than above. paucifiora). above.Fruit 2-winged. toms. Leaves opposite, of 5 to s leaflets each, White ash (Fraxinsss americana)Eastern half of United States - broadly oval, usually smooth and whitish below (fig. 5, B).Flowers of 2 kinds on separate trees.Impor- tant timber tree. of easternLeaves and branchlets fuzzy, 7 to P Biltmore whits ash (FraxiflUsCentralportion leaflets, whitish below.Leaves op- biltmsreana) - United States. posite. Wing of fruit mostly terminal. Leaves opposite, mostly of 5 rounded Texas, except southern portiOn Texas ash (Fraxins.La texensis)-.-- leaflets. Leaves opposite, of 3 or 5 long, narrow Mexican ash (Fraxinus berlandi- Western Texas leaflets. Wing extending halfway on eriana). fruit body. Leaves opposite, of 7 or 9 tapering, Red ash (Fraxinus penns ylra-Most of the eastern United lang-stemmed leaflets, slightly furry nice). Stales.(See variety below.) branchlets),greenbelow. Wing(also extending part way up the fruit body. Flowers (2 kinds) on separatetrees.Important timber tree. inSame as above except smooth leaflets Green ash (fraxinus pennslitta- Eastern United States;west and branchiets.Very difficult to nice lanceotata). the RockyMountains. (Im- distinguish from red ash. A very portant variety of the above common ash.Important timber species.)(See also p. 32.) Leavestree. large, opposite, of mostly 7 (Fraxinsss prs-Scattered, mostly east of the Pumpkin ash Mississippi River. leaflets, soft fuzzy below and on stem. Junda). Central portion of eastern halfLeaves opposite, elliptical, 2 to 4 inches Swamp privet (Foresticra acu- long.Flowers without petals, small. minate). of United States. Leaves opposite, thick, smooth, oblong. Fringetree (Chisnaathus sir gini-Pennsylvania south to Florida Flowers of 4 drooping white petals. ca) and west to Texas. Resembling fringetree, except flowers Devilwood (Osmanthus amen- South Atlantic and Gulf coasts- small, tube shaped, and leaves ever- caflscs). green. Differs from Osmanthus americaflUs in (Florida) * devilwoOd (Osman-Southern Florida hairyflowerclusters andlarger thus fiori4afla). yellow-green fruit. Flowers orange Southern Florida (tropical)----Leaves 5 inches long. Geiger-tree (Condia sebestcsia)___ color. Leaves oval.Flowers white.Fruit StronghaCk (Beurreria ovata)-. do orange-red. Flowers Southern and western Texas -Leavesoblong, downy below. Anaqua (Ehretia etliptica) tiny. Leaves opposite, 3 to 4 inches long, FiddlewoOd (Cit harexylssifrUiti- Southern Florida (tropical) narrow. Flowers in long cluster. cssum). Leaves opposite, leathery, evergreen, BlackwoOd (Avicennia nitida) - Gulf coast to Louisiana 6 inches long. Leaves rank smelling, oval,5 to 7 Potato tree (Solanum nerbaoci-Southern Florida (tropical) inches long. Small flowers.Yellow folium). berries. Central portion of SouthernLeaves opposite, broadly heart-shape, Common catalpa (Catalpa big- 4to6inches long.Flowers in nsnioides). States. crowdedclusters.Podsslender, thin-walled. Leaves opposite, longer pointedthan CentralMississippiRiver Hardy catalpa (Catalpa spcci- Basin. Widely planted for those of common catalpa.Flowers ssa). few-floweredclusters.Pods its straight trunk. thick-walled,in relatively large in diameter. shiny. Southern Florida (tropical)- -Leaves 6 to 8 inches long, thick, Black calabash-tree (Enallagma Fruit fleshy. cucssrbitina). Leaves opposite.Fruit 2-celled cap- Fever trse (Pinck'rietja pubena) South Atlantic coast (rare) - - sule. hand Southern Florida (tropical)- Flowers long, tubular. Heavy, E'rincewoOd (Exostema caubae- some wood. urn). 81211-3S------4 24 MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S.DEPT. OF AGRICULTUItE

Name of tree Where the tree grows Descriptive notes

Buttonbush (Cephalanjhus oc-Eastern United States, across Cidentaligi. Broadly elliptical leaves, opposite,on southern New Mexico and stout stems.Flowers in round heads Arizona to California.(See or balls. also p. 82.) Seven-year apple (Genipa clsesii- folia). Southern Florida (tropical) Leaves bunched near ends of branches. (Name?) (Hameija patens) do Flowers small, white, clustered. Velvetseed (Guettarda elliptica) do Dry pulpy. Leaves opposite. Rough1eafve1vetsd (Guettarda do Leaves opposite, broadly oval, thin. scabra). Leaves opposite, leathery, stiff, hairy Balsamo (Psychotria nervosa) and harsh to touch. (Name?) (Psychotria undata) Northeastern Florida Leaves opposite, oval to lance-shape. Southern Florida (tropical)- - Leaves opposite, thin, elliptical. Fruit bright red. Florida elder (Sambucus simp-Eastern Florida 8sflij). Leaves opposite, of 5 leaflets.Shiny Nannyberry (Viburnum lent- black berries in clusters (cymes). ago). Northeastern United StatesLeaves opposite, on winged leafstems. west into northern Rocky Winter buds long pointed. Mountains.(Seealsop. 32.) Blackhaw (Viburnum prunifol-Connecticut to Georgia, nar- ium). rowing belt to Kansas Leaves opposite, smooth leaf stems, flowers on Short stalks.Winter buds Rusty blackhaw (Viburnum ru- blunt pointed. Virginia to Florida west toLeaves opposite. fidulum). Kansas, Oklahomaand Winter buds and Texas. stems of early leaves reddish, fuzay. (Name?) (Viburnum Obevaium) Groundsel tree (Baccharjs bali-Central Atlantic States Leaves thick, shiny.Flowers white. mifoija). Atlantic and Gulf coasts (saltyLeaves broadly wedge-shape, resinous. flats and marshes). Flowers on female (pistillate) tree (Groundseltree) *(BaccharjsCoast region. North Caro- showy white. glomEruliflora). Flowers and fruit in much crowded lina to Florida. clusters.Leaves not resinous.

WESTERN FOREST TREES The western division of trees of the United States, includingthe Rocky Mountain and Pacificcoast forest regions (fig 7), hasa total of 227 native tree species,representing 76 genera, 33 families, broad classes which embrace and the 2 all trees.12Popularly the differentspe- cies are distributedas follows: 62 conifers, 2 yews (tumion), 5 yuccas, 4 cacti, 3 hawthorns, 1 palm, iind 150 species of willows,alders, poplars or cottonwoods, oaks,legumes (mesquites, beans,locusts, etc.), myrtles, and other hardwoodsor broadleaf trees. Seventeen of the above 227tree species grow also in theeastern division of trees and, therefore,are described under both regions. These include the whitespruce, dwarf juniper, aspen, balsam poplar (Balm-of-Qilead), peachleaf andBebbs willows, paper birch,coralbean, and buttonbush, whichextend across the United States,and the wild plum, pin cherry, honeymesquite, hoptree, leucaena, red or green ash, and nannyberry boxelder, Rocky Mountains. which extend westward intothe An asterisk (*) after a common name indicates that it isused, but is not officially approvedby the Forest Service.

Name of tree Where the tree grows Descriptive notes Western white pine Washington, Oregon, Idaho, west-Leaves 5 in cluster, blue-green, 2 to (Pinus monficola). em Montana, south in Sierra Ne- 4 vada Mountains in California. inches long. Cone slender, S to11 inches long (fig.6,C). Important Sugar pine (Finns lamber- timber tree. tiana). Western Oregon, in mountains ofLeaves S in cluster, 3 to 4 inches long. California nearly to Mexico. Cone 10 to 20 inches long (fig. 6, E). Important timber tree. Limber pine (Pinus flezi-RockyMountains,Canadato Ifs). Mexico.Sierra Nevada Moun-Leaves S in Cluster, 2 to 3 inches long. tains of California. Cone stout, from 3 to 9 inches long. 12 Gymnosperms and angiosperms. FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OFTHE U. S. 25

FIGTRE 6Cones and leaves of important timber trees of the westernpart of the United States: A, Pon- derosa pine (p. 26); B, Englemann spruce (p. 26); C, western whitepine (p. 24); D, western red cedar (p. 27); E, sugar pine (p. 24); F, Douglas fir (p. 27); C, coastredwood (p. 27) H, western hemlock (p. 27). (See also pp. 43 and 45.) 26 MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OFAGRICULTURE

Name of tree Where the tree grows Descriptive notes

Whitebark pine (PinusNorthern Rocky Mountains, east-Bark usually thin. Leaves Sin cluster at bicauljs). ern Washington to California. 1 to 3 inches long, persisting for S to 8 years.Small tree. Mexican white pine (Pi-Western Texas to southeastern Ari- flue strobifermjs). Leaves 5 in cluster, slender, 4 to 6 zona. inches long.Cone scales turning backward. Parry pinon (Pinue parry-Southern California ana). Leaves usually 4 in cluster.Cone small, irregular.Small tree. Mexican pinon(PinesCentralandsouthernArizona, cembroides). Leaves 2 or 3 in cluster, 1 to 2 inches western Texas. long.Cone much like above. Small Pinon (nut pine) * (Pines tree. Dry foothills of southern RockyLeaves mostly 2 in cluster, 1 to 2 inches edulis). Mountain region, Utah to Cali- long. Cone 1 to 2 inches long. Seeds fornia. large, edible. Singleleaf pinon (FinnsUtah, northern Arizona, central andLeaves occurring singly (occasionally monophylla). southern California. 2), Ito 2 inches long. Cone irregular. Seeds edible.Sprawling tree. Foxtail pine (Finns bat-High mountains of northern andLeaves in fives, thick, stiff, dark green, fouriana). central California. 1 inch long. Cone with thick scales. Bristlecone pine (PinusHigh southern Rocky Mountains,Leaves in fives, 1 to 2 inches long. arietata). Utah to southern California. Cone with long slender prickles. Torry pine (Pines torrey-San Diego County and Santa RosaLeaves in fives, clustered at ends of ana). Island, Calif. Range very limited. branches, 9 to 12 inches long. Cone with thick scales. Arizona pine (Pines an-Southern parts of New Mexico andLeaves in threes to fives, stout, 5 to 7 zenica). Arizona. inches long.Cone about 2 inches long. Ponderosa pine (westernMountainsofwesternUnitedLeaves in clusters of 3, tufted, 5 to 10 yellow pine) *(Pinus States.Often forms extensive inches long.Cone on short stem ponderosa. pure stands in southern Rockies. (if any), 3 to 6 nches long, with prickles (fig. 6, A). Important timber tree. Apachepine(ArizonaCentral and southwestern New longleaf pine)* (Pines Mexico, southern Arizona. Leaves very long (8 to 15 inches), apacheca). dark green, stout. Cone one-sided. Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeff-Southern Oregon south throughLeaves 5 to 9 inches long, in threes, reyi). California. stilt. Cone 6 to 15 inches long, with large seeds. Chihuahua pine (PinusMountains of Arizona, southwest-Leaves in threes, slender, gray-green. leiophylla). ern New Mexico. Cone small, ripening in 3 years. Lodgepole pine(PinusMountainsofwesternUnitedLeaves in twos, 1 to 3 inches long. contort a) States; meet abundant in north- Cone remaining closed for several ern Rockies. years.Tree used for crossties and poles. Digger pine (Pinus 8abi-Foothills of Sierra Nevada Moun- niana). Leaves in threes, blue-green, drooping, tains in central California. 8 to 12 inches long.Cone large, sharp, spiny, with edible seeds or nuts. Coulter pine (Pinus ceul-Mountains of southern California ten). Leaves in threes, thick, dark blue- (scattering). green, 7 to 10 inches long.Cone is largest of all native pines, 10 to 14 incheslong,withstrong curved sptnee. Montereypine(PinueNarrow strip of coast in central radiate). Leaves mostly in threes.Cone often California. remaining closed on trees for many 1 Xnob-cone pine (Pinus years. Dry mountain slopes, Oregon andLeaves pale green,in bundle.Cone aUenuoia). California. 1-sided at the base. Bishop pine (Pints., muri- Coast mountains of California Leaves in twos, 3 to 5 inches long. cats). Cone spiny, often staying closed for years. Western larch (Lan ecci-Mountains of northwestern UnitedLeaves 1 inch long, closely crowded, dentalis). States. falling in winter.Cons with bracts extending beyond scales.Important Alpine larch (Lanix lyallui) - for timber and crossties. High northern Rocky Mountains- -Resembling above except leaves4- angled. Whitespruce (PiceaNorthern Rocky Mountain region,Leaves 4-sided, pale blue-green, sharp. glansa).The common including the Black Hills (S. Dak.) Cone scale rounded. western variety is .4lber- and WashingtonAlaska.(See Italics. also p. 6.) Engelmann spruce (PiceaExtensive over Rocky MountainLeaves 4.sided,1 inch long.Cone englemannii). region; Washington and Oregon. brown, shiny, with thin notched scales(fig.6,B).Pulpwood and timber tree. Blue spruce (Pkea pun-Central Rocky Mountains Leaves stiff,sharp-pointed, curved, gene). blue-green. Sitka spruce (Piceasit- Coast region of northern California chensis). Leaves flattened, sharp.Cone with to Washington.Alaska. scales notched toward ends.Impor. tant timber tree. Weeping spruce(PiceaHigh mountains near timber line ex-Leaves flattened, blunt.Branchiets breweniana). treme northernCalifornia and hairy, light brown. southwestern Oregon. FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OFTHE TJ. S. 27

Descriptive notes Name of tree Where the tree grows Leaves fiat, blunt, shiny, twisted on Western hemlock (TsugaPacific coast and northern Rocky branch to form two rows.Cone 1 heterophylla). Mountains. inch long, without stem (fig. 6, H). Important timber tree. High altitudes northwestern UnitedLeaves rounded or grooved above, Mountain hemlock (Tsoga curved.Cone with short bracts. merteneiana). States. Leaves straight, fiat, rounded near end, Douglas fir (PseudotssigaWestern United States (except Nev- Largestsizeandmost soft,flexible, about 1 inch long. taxifolia). ada). Cone 2 to 4 inches long with bracts abundant in coast forests of west- extended between the scales (fig. 6, ern Washington and Oregon. F). Up to 380 feet in height.Im- portant timber tree. Mountain slopes of southern Cali-Resembling the above, but cone 4 to 6 Bigcone spruce (Psude- inches long. tsuqa macrocarpa). fornia. Leaves flat and grooved above, pale (Abieslasts- High Rocky Mountains; west into Alpinefir Oregon and Washington. Alaska. green,1 inch long.Cone purple. carps) Bark hard.Note that cones on all true firs stand erect on branches. Leavgs Corkbark fir (Abies sri-Highest mountain tops of ArizonaBark soft corky, ashy white. and New Mexico. and cones resembling above. zenica). Northern Rocky Mountains, coastLoaves flat, dark green, shiny above. Lowland white fir (Abies Cane green.Pulpwood tree. yrandis). forest south to California. White fir (Abies concotor) -CentralandsouthernRockies, Same as above, except leaves pale blue- southwestern Oregon to southern green or whitish, and often 2 to 3 California.Of all firs, it grows in inches long.Cone 3 to 4 inches long, warmest and dryest climate. purple.Pulpwood tree. Silver fir (Abics amabilisYCoast forest of Washington andLoaves flat, dark green, shiny, pointing Oregon, Cascade Mountains. forward on sterile branches.Cone deeppurple,withbroadscales. Pulpwood tree. blue-green. Noble fir (Abies nobilia)- Coast mountains, Washington toLeavesoften 4-sided, California; Cascade Mountains of smooth.Cone purple, bracts much Washington and Oregon. longer than cone scales, green.Pulp- wood tree. Sierra Nevada Mountains of Cali-Leaves on sterile branches, 4-sided. California red fir (Abies Cone purplish brown, slender tips o- snatsnifica). fornia,Cascade Mountains of southern Oregon. bracta same length as scales.Pulpf wood tree. Bristlecone fir (AbiesSanta Lucia Mountains, MontereyCone bracts many times longer than venuza). County, Calif. cone scales. Sierra redwood,* or bigWestern slopes of Sierra NevadaLeaves tiny, scalelike.Cone 2 to 3 Mountains in central eastern Cali- inches long, much larger than those tree (Sequoia washingto- of coast redwood, ripening in 2 years. nians), (S. gigantca)*. fornia. Bark very thick.Up to 320 feet in height and 35 feet in diameter. Trees mostly protected from cutting. coast,Leaves small, 1,4 inch long, thin, flat, Coast redwood,or red- Low mountains of Pacific Cone small, wood (Sequoia scm- from southern Oregon to Mon- spreading in 2 ranks. terey County, Calif. about 1 inch long, ripening in 1 year pervirens). (fig. 6, 0). Up to 364 feet in height and about 25 feet in diameter. Im- portant timber tree. A tree logged in Humboldt County, Calif., scaled 361,366 board feet of lumber. Incense cedar (LibocedrusOregon (Mount flood) through theResinous, aromatic tree with scaly mountains of California. bark.Leaves variable, up to 34 inch decurrena). long; cone 1,4 inch long, maturing in Sseason. Wood used for making pencils. Leaves and fruit smaller than those of Western red cedar (Thuja Coast of Washington, Oregon, north- Soft, red, plieasa). ern California; inland to Montana. incense cedar (fig. 6, D). Alaska. dish-brown wood, used for lumber and shingles. Monterey cypress(Cu- Coast of southern California Leaves scalelike, dark green, 1/4 ts 34 preasua macrocarpa). inch long, dull pointed. Sargent cypress (Csopres- Coast region of middle California Leaves scalelike, dark green, glandular- aus aargentii). pitted. Gowen cypress (Cupres-Mendocino and Monterey Counties,Leaves dark green,sharp pointed. sus qoveniana). Calif. Cones 1,4 inch diameter; seed dark. Macnab cypress (Cu pros-Southwestern Oregon and north- Cone 3.4 ts1 inch in diameter, often sass macnabiana). western California. with whitish bloom. San Diego County, Calif Leaves pale bluish-green. Bark Teeate cypress (Cupressus smooth, shiny. Branchlets bright jar beau). red. bluish-green. Arizona cypress (Cupres-Mountains of southern Arizona andLeavesscalelike,pale aus arizonica). New Mexico. Bark separating into narrow fibers. Smooth cypress (Cupres- Mountains of southern Arizona Diflering slightly from the above. sus glabra). Alaska cedar (yellow orOregon and Washington Bark thin.Branchlets stout.Leaves Sitka cypress) * bluish-green, scalelike.Wood fra- (Chamaecyparisnest- grant.Important timber tree. katensio). 28 MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Name of tree Where the tree grows Descriptive notes

Port Orford cedarCoast, Southern Oregon and north-Bark thick Branchlets slender. Wood (Chamaecyparjslawso- ern California, fragrant and easily worked. Tm. niana). portant timber tree. Dwarf juniper (JuniperusAcrossnorthernUnited commuszis). States.Leaves short, inch long.Sweet Rocky Mountain and northern aromatic berries, ripening in 3 sea- Pacific regions.(See also p. 6.) sons. California juniper (Juni-Mountains and foothills of centralBerries reddish brown, ripening in peru., californica). and southern Oalifornia. Utah juniper (Juniperus 1 season. Leaves in clusters of 3. uiahen.si8) Desert regions, Wyoming to NewBark falling in strips. Berry large, Mexico. ripening in 1 season. Leaves op- Alligator juniper (Juni- poSite. Desert ranges Texas west to ArizonaBark in nearly square plates. Berry peru8 pac4gphloea). large, ripening in 2 seasons. Western juniper(Juni- perus occitiesifaljs). Cascades and Sierra Nevada Moun.Berries dark blue, small, maturing in tains. 1 season. Bark thin.Leaves rough. Heavy branches.Tree up to 10 feet in diameter and 60 feet in height. One-seeded juniperExtensive areas over foothillsofBerry small, 1-seeded. (Cedro)* (Juniperus Rocky Mountains. Branchlets and monospersna). leaves very small;leaves rough, Berries ripening in 1 season. RockyMountainredRocky Mountains cedar(Juniperu.,sco- Berries ripening in 2 seasons. Wood pulerum). red, fragrant, resembling eastern red cedar. CalifornianUt m e gCoast and Sierra Nevada Moun- (Tumien californicum). Leaves over 1 inch long, shiny.Fruit tains of California. dark purple, 1 inch long.All of tree Pacific yew (Taxu., brevi- pungent and aromatic. folia). Pacific coast region east to northernLeaves less than 1 inch long, holding Montana.Alaska. on for S to 12 years. Fruit nearly enclosed in thick cup. California palm (Wa8h.Southern California ingtonia fulcra). Leafstalks armed with spines.Fruit berrylike. Leaves (an-shaped. Mohave yucca(Yucca Widely planted for ornament. sfloliavensis). Northwestern Arizona across Mo-Flower part (style) short. Spanish bayonet (Yucca have Desert to Pacific coast. torregj). Western Texas to Arizona Leaves smooth, 1 to 2 feet long. Spanish bayonet (YuccaSouthern Arizona 8ChOUii). Leaves 2to 3 feet long, ito 2 Inches wide, Joshua tree (Yucca bred- concave, smooth, light green. folla). Southwestern Utah through Mo-Leaves stiff, blue-green,sharply have Desert to California. toothed, pointed, crowded in dense clusters. Soapweed (Yucca e1ata). Texas to southern Arizona Little walnut(Juglasis Flower stalks 3 to 7 feet long. rupe8iri8. Texas, New Mexico, Arizona Leaves small, of 9 to 23 leaflets. Nuts California walnut (Jug- grooved, up to 1 inch in diameter. tans califorssica). Southern California, coast region.. Leaves 8 inches long, of 11 to 15 leaflets. Hinds walnut (Juglans Nuts less than 1 inch in diameter. liindsii). Central California, coast region Leaves compound. Nuts up to 2 inches diameter. Pacific wax myrtle (Myr-Coast region, California to Washing- ice californica). ton. Leaves sharply toothed, narrow at base, Aspen (quaking aspen)* shiny.Fruit waxy, dark purple. Northeastern and all western UnitedLeaves broad, (Peputustremuloides) States.(See also p. 10.) finely toothed,leaf- (varieties: Vancouver- stalks flat and long. jane and Aurea). Balsam poplar (Balm-of-Across northern United States. (See Giead) * (Popuju,, bat- also p. 10.) Leaves dull.tcothed, leafstalks round. sasnifera). Winter buds 3d inch long, shiny, Black cottonwood (Popes- resinous. (us trichocarpa). California Mountains and foothills_Leaves broad, wedge-shaped at base, Lanceleaf cottonwood whitish below.Buds resinous. Rocky Mountains and foothills Leaves long-pointed, narrow, 3 inches (Populu,, acuminate). long, on long stalks. Buds resinous. NarrowleafcottonwoodRocky Mountains and foothills (Pepulus assgustifolja). Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, narrow, tapering,sharppointed.Buds very Arizona cottonwood (Pop- resinous. ulu., arizonjca). Southern New Mexico and Arizona.Leaves with flattened stalks, thick, Cottonwood (Poputu8 sar- coarsely toothed. gentii). Rocky Mountain foothills to Plains.Resembles the above species. (Fremont)*CottonwoodStates west of the Rocky Mountain& (Populu,, fremoniji). Leaves coarsely toothed, 2 to 23d inches long and broad. Leafstems flat- (Wislizenus) * cottonwood tened. Texas, New Mexico, western Colo-Leaves broadly delta-shape (triangu- (Populu8 wizlizenii). rado. lar), coarsely toothed, thick, firm. MacDougal CottonwoodSouthernArizona, southeastern (Populus macdsuga Iii) California. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, square at Dudleywillow (SalixWestern Texas to California, north base, toothed.Branchlets fuzzy. geoddingjj). in State. Branchlets yellow-green.Fruit hairy. Peachleaf wifiow (SalixNorthern United States, south inLeaves long, pointed (peaehleaf), pale amygdaloide8). Rocky Mountains.(See p. 10.) below. Red willow (Faux land-Arizona, Utah, California gala). Fruit (capsules) on long stalks. Willow (Faux bonplandj-Arizona and New Mexico ana teu?neyi). Fruit (capsule) short stalked. Westernblackwillow Central Rocky Mountains.PacificLeaves whitish below, stems with (Salix lasiandra). coast. glands. FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE U.S. 29

Name of tree Where the tree grows Descriptive notes

Sandbarwillow(SaliX Western Washington and Oregon -Stamens 2.Leaves small, with stems. sessilifolia). Narrowleaf willow (SalizWestern United States Leaves white, silky below. cxiva). Yewleafwillow(SaliX Western Texas to Arizona Leaves 1 inch long. tarifslia). White willow (Salix laoio- California, southern Arizona Leaves slightly toothed, pale below. tepis). (Diamond) * willow (SalizNorthern Rocky Mountains, Cali- Leaves 4 inches long, narrow pointed. mackenzieana) fornia. (Bebbs)* willow(SalixNorthern United States, south inLeaves elliptical, silvery white below. bebbiana). Rocky Mountains (Seealso p. 10.) Scoulerwillow (SalixWestern United States Leaves broadest beyond middle. scout en ana). Willow (Salix hookeriana) Oregon and Washington Leaves broadly oval, fuzzy beneath. Silky willow (Satix sitch-Pacific Coast States Leaves densely silky below. ensis). Colorado River in Arizona and UtahLeaves 1 to2 inches long, broad, Westernhop-hornbeam rounded, sharply toothed.Fruit (Ostrya knowUonhi). hoplike. Paper birch (Betula pap y-Northern United States, across theBark pure white to light gray, sepa- continent.(See also p. 10.) rating into thin sheets. Leaves thick, rifera). rounded at base. Red birch (Betula fond- Rocky Mountains, Pacific coast Bark firm, shiny.Leaves small. nalie). Sitka alder (Alnus sinu- Northwestern coastStates, Mon-Flowers opening with orafter the tana.Alaska leaves.All alders have two kinds of ala). flowers (aments) on same tree. Red alder (Alnus rubra)...Pacific coast.Alaska Flowers opening before leaves. Mountain alder (AlnusRocky Mountain region Flowering as above.Leaves thin. tenuifolia). White alder (Atnus rhom-Idaho and Pacific States Leaves broadly oval, rounded at ends. bifolia). Mexicanalder(AlnusArizona, southern New Mexico Leaves oblong and pointed. obtonoifotia). Golden chinquapin (Cas-Pacific coast region, south to south-Leavesthick,evergreen. Nutin ern California. prickly goldenburr,ripein 2 tanopsis chrysopbjlla). seasons. California into southern Oregon Acorn set in flat, hairy cup.Leaves Tan oak (Lit hoearpus den- toothed, evergreen, heavily veined. sifiora). Acorn ripening in 2 seasons. Californiablack oak. Western Oregon, through moun-Acorn in deep thin cup. (Beginning of tains of California. the black oak group whose leaves (Quercus keiloggii). have pointed lobes, if any, and whose acorns require 2 seasons to mature.) Whiteleaf oak (QuercusWestern Texas to Arizona Leaves hairy below, narrow, acorn in hypoleuca). fuzzy cup. Highland live oak (Quer-California, lower mountain slopesLeaves thick, shiny, dark green. Acorn cue wistizenhi). and foothills. deeply enclosed in cup. Coast live oak (QuercusCoast of Monterey County, Calif Leaves similar to above. Acorn with pricei). saucer-shaped cup. Coast live oak (QuercusCoastal mountains and valleys ofLeaves evergreen, thick, with sharp agrifolia). California. teeth, dull green, I to 3 inches long. Canyon live oak (QoeercusSouthern Oregon, California, south-Leaves long,thick,leathery,ever- ern Arizona. green.Acorns 2 incheslong, in chrysolepis). densely hairy cup. Huckleberry oak (QseercusHigh Sierra Nevada Mountains ofLeaves small, with smooth margins. California. Acorncupmossy. (Oftenlow raccinilolis). shrub). Island live oak (QuercusIslands off coast of southern Cali-Leaves 3 or 4 inches long, broadly ellip- fornia. tical, toothed, thick, hairy below, tomen2ella). evergreen. Acorns Rmory oak (QuercusMountains, western Texas to south-Leaves very shiny, flat, stiff. ern Arizona. shiny black, much used for food. emoryi). (Beginningof whiteoakgroup, whose leaves have rounded lobes, if any, and whose acorns require only 1 season to mature.) California scrub oakCalifornia, Sierra Nevada and Coast Leaves mostly 1 inch long, with shallow (Quercus dumosa). Mountains. lobes. Acorn broad, in deep cup. Netleaf oak ( Quercus relic- Southern parts of New Mexico andLeaves coarsely and deeply veined, Arizona. yellow fuzzy below. Acorn on long ulala). stems. Toumey oak(QuercusSoutheastern Arizona Leaves tiny.Acorn in thin cup. toumeyi). Arizona white oak (Quer-Southern New Mexico and ArizonaLeaves broad, thick, firm, blue-green. cue arizonica). Acorn striped, in deep cup. Western Texas to southern ArizonaLeaves ellipitcal,blue-green.Acorn Mexican blue oak(Quercus small, in shallow cup. Evergreenoblongifolia). white oakSouthern California, belt along theLeaves resembling the above, or with (Quercus engelmannii). coast. coarse teeth on edge. California blue oak (Quer- Southern half ofCalifornia, lowLeaves blue-green, mostly 2 to 0 inches mountains. long, deeply notched or lobed. Acorn cue douglasii). broad above base. Good-sized tree. 30 MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Name of tree Where the tree grows Descriptive notes

Valley white oak (QuercusWestern and southern California- - -Leaves deeply lobed.Acorn conical,. lobata). long, in rather deep cup. Oregon white oak (QuercusPacific coast region south to middleLeaves 4 to 6 inches long, lobed, smooth garrgana). California. above, hairy below. Rocky Mountain whiteCentral and southern Rocky Moun-Leaves 3 to 7 inches lông, regularly oak (Quercus utahensis). tain region. lobed. Acorn with half-round cup. Common, abundant oak. Rocky mountain whiteColorado and New Mexico oak Leaves resembling above, but smooth (Quercus lepto- below. Acorns smallLarge spread- phylla). ing tree. Wavyleaf shin oak (Quer-Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona,Leaves lyre-shaped, lobed.Acorn set cue undulata). and a little northward. in shallow scalyor warty cup. Palo blanco (Cettis Small tree. reti-Oklahoma and Texas to southernLeaves green on lower surface.Berry cutefa). Arizona. orange-red. Douglas hackberry (CeltisRocky Mountain region, Canada toLeaves ovate, heart.sbaped at base,. douglasii). Mexico. coarsely toothed, rough above. (Western)* mulberryTexas, southern parts of New MexicoLeaves small, rounded, coarsely tcothed. (Morus microphytla). and Arizona. Fruit nearly black, sweet. California-laurel (Urn bet-Oregon and through foothills of Cali- lulesria californica). Leaves long, elliptical, 2 to 5 inches, fornia. evergreen.Fruit rounded, 1inch California sycamore (Pie- long, in clusters. Southern half of California Fruit balls in string of 3 to 5.Leaves tanus raceme8a) with 3 to 5 pointed lobes. Arizona sycamore (Pla.Arizona, southwestern New MexicoLeaves with S to 7 deep lobes.Fruit tanus wrightii). balls in string 6 to 8 inches long. (Name?) (VauqueljnjaSouthern New Mexico and Arizona- californica). Leaves narrow, toothed, hairy beneath. Santa Cruz ironwoodIslands ofi coast of southern Cali- (Lyonothamnus flori. fornia. Leaves willowlike, or deeply divided bundus), (piunae), about 4 to 8 inches long. Oregon crab apple (MaimsNorthern California, western Oregon,Leaves broadly oval, sharply toothed. fueca). and Washington. Alaska. Fruit oblong, yellow-green to nearly red. Pacific mountain-ashCalifornia,Oregon,Washington,Leaflets shiny, thin, narrow. (Sorboes CitchenSi8). Idaho.Alaska. red. Fruit Alpine mountain-ashNear timber line in northern RockyFlowers fragrant.Berries pear shape, (Serbus occi4entalis). Mountains.Alaska. purplish. Christmasberry (PhstiniaSouthern half of California saiicifolia). Leaves elliptical, sharply but finely toothed, shiny, evergreen.Scarlet berries in clusters. Pacific serviceberry (Ame-Rocky Mountains to north Pacific lanchier florida). Leaves rounded, coarsely toothed above coast region.Alaska middleSmallclustersofblue berries. Willow thorn (C'rataegusColorado, in mountains, valleys,Leaves oval or squared, 1 to 2 inches saligna). and foothills. long,finelytoothed.Fruit very shiny blue-black.Small tree. Black hawthorn (Cratae-Pacific coast region south to Califor-Leaves thick, shiny, squared, notched, gus douglasii). nia. Northern Rocky Mountains and finely toothed.Many short to Wyoming. stoutspines. Clustersofblack berries. Thorn' (C,'ataeguo rim-Rocky Mountains Small tree. tans). Leaves without lobes, thinner than above, pointed, dull green.Spines few. Bigleaf-mountain mahog-Santa Catalina Island, Calif any (Cercocarpus tras- Leavesrounded,coarselytoothed toward end, woolly below.Flowers kiae) in cluster.Flowers singly on stem. (All mahoganies have long silky Curlleaf threads to the seeds.)Small tree. mountain-ma- Northern Rocky Mountains south toLeaves small, narrow, up to 1 inch long, hogany (Cercocarpus Colorado.Eastern and southern pointed at both ends. ledifoiius). California. Small tree. Birchleaf mountain-ma- Coast mountains of California Leaves small, 1inch long,finely hogany (Cercocarpus toothed,, wider beyond middle. betuioides) - Flowers in cluster. Small tree. Alderleaf mountain-ma-Santa Catalina and Santa CruzLeaves oval, long toothed, smooth hogany (Cercocarpus Islands. below.Flowers on long stems in ainifotius) - cluster.Small tree. Rairy mountain-mahog-Western Texas, New Mexico, Ari-Leaves 1 inch long, broader toward end, any (Cercocarpus pond- zona. smooth or slightly toothed. Flowers dentalus) - singly.Small tree. Clirose (Cowania stans-Colorado, Utah, and South banana) Long feathery thread from each seed. Wild plum (hog or redEastern United States, central and plum)' (Prunus ameri- southern RockyMountains. Leaves oval, sharply toothed, 3 to 4 cana). (See inches long. Fruit 1 inch in diameter, also p. 17.) bright red. Usually only a shrub in this region. Pacific plum (Prunue sub-Central Oregon to California Leaves broadly ovate.Fruit red or cordata). yellow. Bittercherry(PrunusRocky Mountains and westward emarginata). Fruit small, bright red, shiny, bitter. Pin cherry (Prunuspenn-AcrossnorthernUnitedStates, sylvanica) (variety eaxi- Leaves long, pointed, finely toothed. montana). northern Rocky Mountains to Flowers m clusters (umbels), cherries Colorado. (See also p. 17.) red, each on long stem, spreads rapidly on burned-over forest lands, FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE TI.s. 31

Name of tree Where the tree grows Descriptive notes

Westernchoke cherrySouthwestern New Mexico, south-Leaves often heart-shaped at base, and (Prsonus demises). ern California. fine-hairy below. Black choke cherry (Prss-Southern Rocky Mountains Leaves thicker and fruit darker than seas melanocarpa). above. SouthwesternblackcherryWestern Texas, New Mexico, An-Leaves small, elliptical, finely toothed. (Prssnscs sirens). zone. Fruit purplish black, in long clusters. Hoflyleaf cherry (PrunusCoast mountains of southern Cali-Leaves broadly oval, coarsely and fornia. sharply toothed,leathery.Fruit ilicifotia). dark purple. Catalina cherry (PrunusCoast Islands, including Santa Cata-Leaves thick, shiny, slightly toothed. lina, Calif. Fruit purple to nearly black. tyonii). Leaves small of leaflets, densely hairy. (Name?)(Lysitoma wat-Southern Arizona Flowers in round head. Pods 1 inch soesi). wide. Catclaw(una-ds-gato) Western Texas, southern New Mex- Leaves small, of 1 to 3 pairs of leaf (Acacia greggii). ico, Arizona. clusters (pinnae). Pods fiat, twisted, 2 to 4 inches long. (Mimosa)* (Leucaena iv-Southern parts of Texas and NewLeaves featherlike compound of many tusa). Mexico.(See also p. 18.) leaflets. Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico,Leaves doubly compound (mostly 2 Mesquite (Prosopis iuti- pinnae) each with 12 to 22 leaflets. flora). Arizona, California. Pods flattened, in small clusters, remaining closed. Honey mesquite (Pl'osopisKansas to California and southward.Leaves generally similar to above, 9 gtandutosa). (See also p. 18.) inches long, leaflets often 2 inches long. Velvet mesquite (ProsepisSouthern Arizona Leaves similarly compound, I to 6 vetutina). inches long, finely hairy. Screwbean (StrombocarpaWestern Texas to California, Utah,Leaves smaller than above.Pods odor ata). Nevada. small, spirally twisted or screwed. California redbud (CercisCoast ranges and lower slopes ofLeaves broad, rounded, heart-shaped occidentatis). Sierras, Calif., Utah. at base. Flowers rose color. Jerusalem-thorn (Par/cia- Texas, Arizona Leaflets 50 to 60, small. Spiny stems. sofia acuteata). Littleleafhorsebean (Par-Southern parts of Arizona and Cali-Leaves tiny, of few pairs of leaflets. kinsonia rnicrsphtta). fornia. Flowers pale yellow. Paloverde (Cercidium I or- Southern parts of Arizona and Cali-Leaves 1 inch long, of few tiny leaflets. reyanurn). fornia. Branches with yellow-green bark. Mescaibean (Sophora Ce-Southern parts of Texas and NewLeaves 4 to 6 inches long, of 7 to 9 Mexico. rounded leaflets. Pods narrowed be- cundiflera). tween seeds. Coralbean (SophoraSouthern California east to Missis-Leaves of 13 to19leaflets. Pods affinis). sippi River.(Seep. 18.) bearded. (N a me?) (EysenhardtiaWestern Texas to Arizona Leaves of 20 to 46 leaflets, terminal. pet yotachia). Smokethorn (ParoselaDeserts of Arizona, California Branches spiny.Leaves soon drop- spinosa). ping. Southern Rocky Mountain region Leaves of15to21 broadleaflets. New Mexican locust (Re. Flowersrosetowhite.Pods 3 bisna neo-rnexicana). inches long. Deserts of Arizona, California Leaves tiny,compound. Flowers 'Fesota (Otneya tesota) purple. Hoptree (Ptelea trifoliata) -Eastern United States, southernLeaves 3-divided, alternate on stem. RockyMountains.(See also Seed enclosed in thin, papery, cir- p. 19.) cular wing. (Name?) (Bursera micro-Arizona, southern California Leaves of tiny leaflets.Fruit 3-angled. phyfia). Mahogany sumach (RhusCoast region of southern California..Leaves not compound, edges prickly. tote grijolia). Thick fruit in terminal clusters. Arizona, southern California Leaves not compound, evergreen, aro- Laurelsumach(Rhue matic. (laurines). Twigs ending in spines. Canotia(Ctinotia ibm- do Tree leafless. cant/ia). Bigleaf maple (Acer ma-Coast of California, Oregon, andLeaves opposite, 10 inches across, on WashingtonAlaska. long stems, 3 large and 2 small lobes. crophyttum). Low tree, almost vinelike, in thickets, Vine maple (Acer circsna-Pacific coast region leaves opposite, rounded, with 7 to 9 turn). lobes. Rocky Mountain maplePlains and western mountains Leaves opposite, rounded, 3-lobed or (Acer glabrurn). parted, toothed. Douglas maple (AcerNorthern Rocky Mountain andLeaves3-lobed.Keyswitherect, dougtasii). northern Pacific regions.Alaska. broad wings. Southwestern maple (AcerSouthern New Mexico Leaves hairy, small.Keys short. brachypterum). Leaves opposite, thick, firm,green, Bigtooth maple(Acer Rocky Mountains, from Montana shiny above, fuzzy below, 3-lobed. yrandidentaturn). and Idaho to Mexico. Boxelder (Acer negundsEastern half of United States; thisLeaves opposite,thin, mostly coin- variety in northern Rocky Moun- pound of 3, 5, or 7 leaflets.Twigs var. viotaceurn). greenish. tains.(See also p.20.) Leaves compound, opposite, thick, not Inland boxelder (Acer in-Rocky Mountain region (Canada to Mexico). densely hairy. Young twigs smooth. terius). Keys spreading.Hardiest boxelder and widely planted. Leaves thick, opposite, mostly com- California boxelder (AcerSouthern half of eastern California - pound, densely hairy below. Young catifsrnicurn). twigs velvety.Keys parallel. 812Tt1°-35------5 32 MISC. PUBLICATION 217, EJ. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

Name of tree Where the tree grows Descriptive notes

CaliforniabuckeyeSouthernhalfofCalifornia,inLeaves of 4 to 7 leaflets, opposite. (Aesculus californica). mountsins. Flowers white or pale red.Winter buds resinous. Western soapberry (Sap-Southern Rocky Mountain regionLeaflets 8 to 18, dropping in fall, leaf indu drummondii). and eastward. stem not winged.Fruit black. Mexican-buckeye (Un-Eastern Texas to New Mexico gnadia 8peciesa). Leaflets 7, shiny, dark green, pointed. HollyleafbuckthornSouthern mountain ranges of Ari-Leaves rounded, 1 inch across, sharp (Rhamnus crecea). zona and California. spiny teeth, dark yellow beneath. Cascara (llhamnus pur-Western Rocky Mountain and Pa-Leaves 5 inches long, broadly elliptical, shiana). cific Coast States. strongly veined.Fruit black, round with 2 or 3 coffee berry seeds. Bark medicinal. Island myrtle (CeanothusIslands off coast of southern Califor-Leaves 3-ribbed, broad, fuzzy.Flow-. arboreus). nia. erspale blue, in dense clusters. Fruit 3-lobed. Blue myrtle (CeanothusWestern California Leaves narrowed at base, 3-ribbed, thyrsiflorus). smooth. Spiny myrtle (CeanothusCoast of southern California Branchlets spiny-pointed. Leaves with 8piflOsUS). midrib. Flannelbush(Fremonio-Entire eastern California, southernLeaves thick, 3-lobed, red on lower sur- dendron catifornicum). Arizona. face.Flowers yellow. Allthorn (Koebe ri mis spi-Southern Texas west to Arizona nosa). Almost leafless, spiny. Bark green. Giant cactus (Carnet'ieaCentral and southern Arizona Tree cactus, with spines and bristles gigantea). but no leaves.Flowers large, white. Cholla (Opuntiafu1gida) Southern Arizona Cactus.Leaves pale green.Flowers pink. Tasajo (Opuntia 8piflOsiOr) do Cactus. Spines white. Flowers yellow. Cholls (Opunfja versicolor) do Cactus. Spines brown. Flowers green. Pacific dogwood (CornusPacific coast, Washington to south-Loaves opposite.Flower head en- nuttafluj). ern California. closed by showy white bracts. Fruit red. Tasseltree (Garrya ellip- Coast, Oregon and California Leaves opposite, leathery, woolly be- tics). neath. Pacific madrone (man- Pacific coast region, inland in easternLeaves oblong, thick, 3 to 5 inches long zania)* (Arbutus men- California. Bark reddish brown. ziesii). Texas madrone (ArbutusWestern Texas texana). Leaves narrow oval, thick, firm. Arizona madrone (Arbu-Southern Arizona Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, narrow, tuo arizonica). pointed, firm. Bark ashy gray. Fragrant ash (FraxinusSouthwestern Texas and adjacentLeaves opposite (like all ashes), com- cuspidata). New Mexico. pound of narrow leaflets.Flowers with pistil and stamens (perfect). Littleleaf ash (FraxinusWestern Texas Leaves opposite,rounded atend. greggii). Flowers with calyx, no corolla. Singleleaf ash (FraxinusWestern Colorado, Utah, and south- Leaves opposite, not compound (sins- anomala). ward. pie). Flowers polygamous, with calyx, no corolla. As)i (Fraxinuslowejiji) Northern Arizona Leaves opposite, small, mostly of S leaflets.Branchlets 4-sided. Ash (Fraxjnus stand1eyi).. Western New Mexico, Arizona Leaves opposite, of 5 or7 leaflets, smooth above. Red ash (Fraginu8 penn-Eastern half of United States, RockyLeaves opposite, of 7 or 9 smooth 8ylvanica)(Green ash Mountains. (See also p. 23.) pointed,long - stemmedleaflets. var. lanceolata). Branohlets smooth. Velvet ash (EraxinusSouthern New Mexico, Arizona Leaflets 3 or 5, small, broadly oval. velutmna). Branchlets hairy. Tourney ash(FraxinusArizona and New Mexico Leaves of 5 to 7 narrow, pointed, toumeyi). toothed leaflets. Leatherleaf ash (FraxinusUtah, Nevada, and southeasternLeaflets thicker and coarsely toothed. coriacea). California. Brancblets nearly smooth. Oregon ash (FraxinusPacific coast region of Washington, Leaflets mostly 5 or 7, closely attached ore gona). Oregon, California. (sessil), finely hairy, broadly oblong. Anacahuita (Cordia bot,-Texas and southern New Meslco- - Leaves broadly oval, 4 to 5 inches long. sieri). Flowers white.Fruit partly enclosed. Desert willow (ChiopsisWestern Texas to southern Califor- Leaves 6 to 12 inches long, narrow, linearis). nia. opposite or alternate. Pods slender. Buttonbush (Cephalan-Eastern United States, across NewBroadly elliptical and opposite leaves, thus occidentaljs). Mexico and Arizona to California. on stout stems.Flowers in round (See also p. 24.) heads or balls. Blueberry elder(SambucusWestern United States, east to theLeaves opposite, of S to 9 leaflets. coerulea). Great Plains. Berries with blue bloom, sweet, juicy. Velvet elder (Sambucu8High mountains of eastern Califor-Leaves opposite,leafletssoft hairy velutina). nia, Nevada. below. Redberryelder (SambucusNorthern California through OregonFlowers and fruit in oval (not fiat) callicarpa). and Washington. clusters.Berries red. Nannyberry (ViburnumNortheastern United Stateg westLeaves opposite, on winged leaf stems. lentago) into northern Rocky Mountains. Winter buds long-pointed. (See also p. 24.) FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE U. S. 33 FOREST REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES Different kinds or species of trees are found in natural association or mixtures and prevail in different portions of the United States. This is largely the result of varying conditions of temperature and rainfall or snowfall, and secondarily, of soil conditions.There are 6 natural forest regions in continental United States, 2 each in Alaska and Hawaii, and 3 in Puerto Rico. Most of the trees of a given forest region are different from those in the others, yet a considerable number are found in at least 2 and a few in 3 regions, especially in the eastern part of the United States where the large regions intergrade gradually.This difference in the predominance of various species is rather marked in the 2 forest regions of the western portion of the United States, divided partly at least by the extensive and nearly treeless interior basin extending from south- east Washington south to Mexico. The 4 forest regions of the eastern half of the United States are the northern, central hardwood, southern, and tropical; the 2 of the western portion, the Rocky Mountain and Pacific coast.These are shown in figure 7.The forests of Alaska divide themselves into the coast and interior forest regions; those of Puerto Rico into mangrove swamp, wet, and dry forests; and those of Hawaii into the wet and dry forests, as shown respectively in figures 8, 9, and 10.

EXTENT OF FORESTS The original forests of the United States, exclusive of Alaska and the island possessions, are estimated to have covered a total area of about 820,000,000 acres, or nearly one-half (42 percent) of the total land area.Reduced mainly by clearing land, there now remains a little over one-half (60 percent) of this or a total forest area estimated at 495,000,000 acres.The bulk of this is classed as commercial forest land, which means land that is in timber or capable of producing it from young growth.13 About three-fourths of the forest-producing land area of the United States lies east of the Great Plains.This land contains only about one-tenth of the remaining virgin timber, but a very large quantity of second-growth or young timber.The other one-fourth of the forest land, with nine-tenths of the total virgin timber but little second growth, is located in the Rocky Mountain and Pacific coast regions. The change in the past from forest to cleared land has obviously taken place in the most fertile and accessible regions.In the Central and South Atlantic States less than one-half of the original land still remains in timber growth.In the Rocky Mountain States the re- duction in area has been only slight.New England, a hundred years ago, had much cleared land in farms, of which a considerable amount has since gone back to forest, so that the present forest area is about 70 percent of the original.This same process has tended to increase slightly the area of forest land elsewhere in the United States. 13 This and the next topic are based upon data in the following publication: UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT op AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE. A NATIONAL PLAN FOR AMERICAN FORESTRY.Letter from the Sec- retary of Agriculture in response to S. Lies. 175 - - . the report of the Forest Service of the Agrlculture Department on the forest problem of the United States.2 V., lllus. 1933.(73d Cong., 1st sess., S. Doe. 12.) 34 MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGURE 7.Forest regions of the United States. The 6 natural forest regions from east to westare these regions are found many different forest types each composed of different groups tinental United States, including the names of the principal trees of each region, will be FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE U. S. 35

the northern, central hardwood, southern, tropical, Rocky Mountain, andPacific coast.Within of species in natural association or communities. Descriptions of thevarious forest regions in COfl- found on pages 39 to 4t, inclusive. 36 MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Of the total commercial forest land of 495,000,000acres in area, about 189,000,000 acres are bearing timber of saw-timbersizes, of winch about 99,000,000 acres are in virgin timber and90,000,000 in second-growth timber; 121,000,000acres in smaller timber suitable for ties, pulpwood, or fuel wood; 102,000,000acres of young growth, and 83,000,000 acres with inadequate stands ofyoung trees.In addition, there are some 100,000,000acres of noncommercial forest land of low grade, chiefly bearing scrubby growth.Or to picture the present condition in a slightly different way: Ofevery 100 acres of the original forest land with virgin timber only about 20acres still remam; 80 acres have been cut or destroyed by fire.Out of every 100 acres of present forest land (of all classes), 38 have trees ofsaw- log sizes, 24 have only small timber of cordwood sizes (pulpwood, fuel wood, etc.), 21 acres are restocking fairly well withyoung growth, and 17 acres have little or no forest growth ofany kind. TIMBER CONTENTS OF FORESTS A brief consideration of the amount of the standing timberre- sources of the United States may be of interest.The total wood supplies of all kinds found in our forests, including that suitablefor saw timber, pulpwood, crossties, poles, piling, posts, and fuel wood, is estimated at 487 billion cubic feet.Of this, 229 billion cubic feet, is saw-timber material and the remainder cordwood material.This may not mean much, but a biffion cubic feet of wood makes a solid stack 100 feet high, 100 feet wide, and 19 miles long.The bulk of ourtimber consists of soitwoods (pines, spruces, firs, etc.), with only about 27 percent, or 129 billion cubic feet, of hardwoods.14 SAW TIMBER The present forest, it is estimated, has one-thirdas much saw timber as was contained in the original or virgin forest of the United States.Much of this represents new growth on lands formerly cut over in lumbering.The estimates show a stand of 1,346 billion board feet of old-growth or virgin saw timber and 322 billion feet of second growth.Of these amounts, 1,486 billion board feet are softwoods, such as pines, spruces and firs, and 182 billion board feet hardwoods. The saw timber is very irregularly distributedover the country.For its area, New England has considerable saw timber. The southeastern portion of the United States has approximately one-half the total second-growth saw timber.The bulk of the re- maiuing old-growth timber is in the Western States. Four-fifths of the present total stand of saw timber lies west of the Great Plains, leaving only one-fifth for the eastern half of the United States.The bulk of the western timber consists of Douglas fir, ponderosa (western yellow) pine, lowland white, noble and silver firs, western hemlock, western red cedar, Sitka and Engelmannspruces, redwood and sugar pine.The eastern saw-timber stand (354 bfflion board feet) consists largely of the southern yellow pmes, northern spruces, and balsam fir, southern cypress, oaks (over a dozen species), birches, beech, and maples, gums, yellow (or tulip) poplar, ashes, and hickories. The national forests contain about one-third of the standingsaw timber and the lumbermen own nearly one-half of the total.Farmers 14 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE.See footnote 13. PLATE 3 Mi. Pub. 27. U.S. Dept. of Agroor / Misc Pub 217, U S Dept of Agriculture PLATE 4

F-236616, F4Sg4 F-39308A, F-23C124 SOME NORTHERN HARDWOOD TREES. /1, Basswood. B, Shagbark hickory.C, Northern red oak. B, Sugar maple. FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE U. S. 37 own about one-twelfth of the sawtimber and one-third of the cordwood timber.About 88,000,000 acres of commercial forest land are in public ownership mostly in the national forests, 10,600,000in State, county, or town ownership, while 150,000,000 acres areowned by farmers and 247,000,000 acres by otherprivate individuals or lumber concerns. CORD WOOD A vast amount of timber less than saw-timbersize is now growing in our forests.A portion is found in saw-timber trees, while the greater amount is on forest lands where the treeshave not yet reached saw-timber sizes.The total amount is estimated at nearly 2,400,- 000,000 cords.The annual cut of cordwood material for all purposes, including fuel wood and pulpwood, is probably about 80,000,000 cords.The total supply of wood suitable for paper pulpwood is estimated at 1,800 million cords, or about one-third of the total quantity of wood of all kinds and sizes in continental United States. Nearly one-half is in the southeastern part of the country, one-fifth in the Pacific-coast region, one-tenth in NewEngland, and the rest in the central and Rocky Mountain regions. FORRST DRAIN AND GROWTH The total amount of timber being cut or destroyed is estimated at 16 billion cubic feet yearly.Of the drain on forests as a whole, about 5 percent is due to fire, 6 percent to insects,disease, drought, or wind, and 86 percent to cutting for use.The yearly drain of standing saw timber by cutting for lumber and by other losses amounts to a total of 59 billion board feet, or six times the amount ofgrowth of that class of timber.'5 The yearly growth of timber of all kinds or species in the United States (continental area) has been estimated at a little over 7billion cubic feet.Of this a little over one-half is softwoods (pines, spruces, firs, etc.).The yearly growth of saw timber is estimated at a total of 9.7 billion board feet.Of this two-thirds is softwoods and one-third hardwoods.More than one-half of the total growth of all timber, including saw timber, is taking place on somewhat more than 100 million acres of forest land in the southeastern portion of the United States (southern and a portion of the central hardwoodforest regions). The western forest region is making a small growth because ofthe larger percentage of old growth timber and young timber. Thus the forest timber supplies of the United States arebeing seriously depleted.The total yearly drain on saw timber amounts to about six times the estimated yearly growth,and about twice for all kinds of wood in trees including saw timberand all smaller material. FOREST TYPES OR TREE ASSOCIATIONS Within each of the forest regions are found various natural groups or associations of diflerentspecies of trees. They occur over areas varying widely in extent from a few acres tomillions of acres.Such groups or tree associations areknown as "forest types."

11The relation between cubic feet of wood in trees and board feetof saw timber varies greatly with the size and shape of the trees.Jn round figures, the present estimates are based upon 1,000 cubic feet of wood in trees yielding about 4,000 board feet of saw timber and 3,000 cords ofwood. Saw-timber trees often yield 5,000 board feet of saw timber for each 1,000 cubic feet of wood in the tree. 38 MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OFAGRICULTURE Forest types may be compared to the make-upof various associations of people within a large city where,over rather extensive areas, one or different races predominate, either asa single race or, as often happens, two or more compatibleraces that are able to cooperate or supplement each other in making the best of existingconditions. The forest types that prevailover extensive areas have been defined and named by the one ormore dominating kind or species of trees and have come to be well known.Such, for example, are thespruce- fir and the birch-beech-maple types within thenorthern forest region, and the Douglas fir and sugar pine-ponderosapine types of the Pacific coast forest region as shown below.

Forest types composing each of the six forest regionsof continental United States16

Northern: Acres Pines 14, 487, 000 Spruces and firs 29, 908, 000 Aspen 21, 688, 000 Birch-beech-maples 17, 118, 000 Total 83, 201, 000 Central hardwood: Oaks-hickories 44, 342, 000 Oaks-pines 35, 575, 000 Oaks-chestnut-yellow poplar 52, 459, 000 Total 132, 376, 000 Southern: Southern pines (8 species) 126, 027, 000 Cypress-southern hardwoods 23, 412, 000 Total 149, 439, 000 Tropical: Mixed hardwoods (tropical) 400, 000 Total 400, 000 Rocky Mountain: Ponderosa pine 21, 811, 000 Western white pine-western larch 12, 984, 000 Lodgepole pine 16, 541, 000 Spruces-firs 11, 563, 000 Total 62, 899, 000 Pacific coast: Douglas fir 27, 687, 000 Ponderosa pine 25, 070, 000 Sugar pine-ponderosa pine 10, 183, 000 Western white pine-western larch 669, 000 Spruces-firs 1, 532, 000 Coast redwood-bigtrcc 1, 544, 000 Total 66, 685, 000 United States 495, 000, 000 16Does not include Alaska, Puerto Rico, and Hawaii (figs. 8, 9, and 10).(See fig. 7.) FOREST TREES AND FORESTREGIONS OF THE U. s. 39 NORTHERN FOREST REGION The northern forest region coversmost of New England andNew York, extends southward over theAllegheny Plateau and Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia, andin the Lake States includes most of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota(fig. 7).It was the first land in the United States to be loggedand it now contains only insignificant areas of virgin timber.Cutting is going on mostly insmall-sized timber which produces smalldimension lumber (used for boxesand many forms of novelties),pulpwood, and fuel wood.The area of all types in forest or woods isroundly estimated at 83,201,000 acres divided into 17,118,000 acres ofbirch_beech-maple type, 14,487,000 of pine type, 21,688,000 acres of aspentype, and 29,908,000 acres of spruce-fir type.The reestablishment of forests ondenuded or abandoned agricultural land isprogressing rapidly either naturally or by planting in this region, especially onlow-grade farm lands in New York and Michigan, where publicand private agencies are working aggressively.Forest protection is welldeveloped, and the use of forests for game and recreational purposesis important. The northern forest region ischaracterized by the predominance of northern white pine, easternhemlock, red and white spruces, gray, paper, sweet, and yellowbirches, beech, sugar maple,basswoods, and northern red and scarlet oaks(pls. 3 and 4).Each of these species varies in abundance in different partsof the region, and most of them are absent in someplaces.For example, northern whitepine is relatively abundant in the southern partsof Maine and New Hamp- shire, red or Norway pine in northernMinnesota, red spruce in upper Maine, New Hampshire, and NewYork, and white spruce in the northern portions of Michigan,Wisconsin, and Minnesota.The southern extension of the region ischaracterized by an abundance of oaks of various kinds, chestnut,black gum, yellow poplar,cucumber tree, black locust, and southernbalsam fir.Once chestnut formed more than one-halfof the total stand, but the blighthas reduced the species to a remnant in the extremesouthern portion.Vast quantities of chestnut wood and barkhave been used for tannin extract (acid wood) and the straight treesfor poles. The more abundant or valuable treescomposing the two divisions of the northern forest regionin their relative importancebeginning with the highest are as follows: NORTHERN FOREST TREES Northern portion: Northern portionContinued. Red, black, and white spruces. Aspen(popple)and largetooth Balsam fir. aspen. White, red (Norway), jack, and Bmswoods. pitch pines. Black cherry. Hemlock. American, rock, and slippery elms. Sugar and red maples. White and black ashes. Beech. Shagbark and pignut hickories. Northern red, white, black, and Butternut. scarlet oaks. Yellow, paper, black, and gray Northern white cedar. birches. Tamarack. 40 MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT.OF AGRICULTURE NORTHERN FOREST TREESContinued Southern portion (Appalachian region):Southernportion(Appalachiaft White,northernred,chestnut, region)Contjnued. black, and scarlet oaks. Southern balsam fir. Chestnut. Yellow poplar (tulip poplar). Hemlock. Cucumber magnolia. White, shortleaf, pitch, and Vir- Black walnut and butternut. ginia (scrub) pines. Black cherry. Black, yellow, and river birches. Pignut, mockernut, and red hick- Basswood. ories. Sugar and red maples. Black locust. Beech. Black gum. Red spruce. Buckeye. CENTRAL HARDWOOD FOREST REGION The hardwood trees as a group reach theirmaximum number of different species, and for many of them the highestnumber of individ- ual trees in a given species, in the centralhardwood forest region. As shown in figure 7, the regioncovers a large amount of the central portion of the eastern half of the United States.Its area is approximately 132,376,000 acres, or about 27percent of the total forest area. of the country.Excluding the southern AppalachianMountain country, it extends from Connecticut westwardto southern Min- nesota and south through the piedmontarea and the Cumberlanci Plateau to the northern parts of Georgia, Alabama,and Mississippi, and through Arkansas to eastern Oklahoma andcentral Texas. In the northern portion of therange, chestnut was formerly the most abundant tree.The region is strongly characterized bythe variety and abundance of different oaks and hickories,and, on the better soils, yellow or tulip poplar and the tree "aristocrat"the black walnut (p1. 5). Generally distributed over the regionare white and black oaks, mockernut and pignut hickories, American elm,red maple, and sycamore.The northern red and scarlet oaks of the northerndivision of the region give way in the southern divisionto the southern red, post, and wifiow oaks.Chestnut (formerly very abundant), shagbark hickory, sugar maple, and rock elm practicallydrop out, while shortleaf pine greatly increases in abundance,dogwood and eastern red cedar become commercially important,and Osage-orange and persimmon appear frequently.The Texas extension of the region comprises vast areas of small-sized trees ofpost, southern red, and blackjack oaks, mesquite, anda number of different junipers or cedars. The principal kinds of trees that makeup the two divisions of the central hardwood forest region, in the relative orderof their importance, are: CENTRAL HARDWOOD FOREST TREES Northern portion: Northern portionContinued. White, black, northern red, scar- Beech. let,bur,chestnut, and chin- Pitch, shortleaf, and Virginia pines. quapin oaks. Yellow poplar (tulip poplar). Shagbark, mockernut, pignut, and Sycamore. bitternut hickories. Chestnut. White, blue, green, and red ashes. Black walnut. American, rock, and slippery elms. Cottonwood. Red and silver maples. Black locust. j PLATE S Misc. Pub. 217. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture

Two IMPORTANT TYPES OF THE CENTRAL HARDWOOD FOREST. Yellow A, On the lower slopes of the Appalachian Mountains the central hardwood forest attains its greatest variety ofspecies, and these reach their highest development here. or tulip poplar, oak, black walnut, and cucumber trees characterize the forest stand.Formerly chest nut was also abundant.B, In the broad belt between the mitountains and the South Atlantic Coastal Plain, white, southern red, scarlet and black oaks, pignut and white hickories, and shortleaf puse arethe most abundant trees. Misc. Pub. 217. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 6

SOUTHERN CYPRESS. TUPELOGUM.AND OTHERSWAMPHARDWOODS. the southern forest region one-third of the forest area consists of a mixture of red or sweet gum, water osk. swamp black gum, swamp cottonwood, tupelo gum, and southern cypress. FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OFTHE ii. S. 41

CENTRAL HARDWOOD FOREST TREESContinued Northern portionContinued. Southern portionContinued. Roughleaf hackberry. Sycamore. Black cherry. Black walnut. Basswood. Silver and red maples. Ohio buckeye. Beech. Eastern red cedar. Dogwood. Southern portion: Persimmon. White, post, southern red, black- Swamp and eastern cottonwoods jack, Shumard red,chestnut, Willows. swamp chestnut, and pin oaks. Eastern red cedar. Red (or sweet) and black gums. Osage-orange. Mockernut, pignut, southern shag- Holly. bark, and bigleaf shagbark hick-Texas portion: ories. Post, southern red, and blackjack Shortleaf and Virginia(scrub) pines. Green, white, and blue ashes. oaks. Yellow poplar (tulip poplar). Mountain and other cedars, and Winged, American, and red elms. mesquite. The forests of the region furnish largequantities of high-grade hardwood lumber which has constituted the rawmaterial for wood manufacturing industries in many States, especiallyOhio, Indiana, Michigan, and North Carolina.Memphis, Tenn., has for many years been the largest centerfor hardwood lumber in the country. Much high-grade hardwood lumber is shippedfrom this region to other parts of the United States or toforeign countries.White and red oaks, tulip or yellow poplar for many uses;black locust, red cedar, and chestnut for fence posts, grape stakes, andpoles; black walnut for radio cabinets and other kinds offurniture; and ash for athletic and sporting goods and implement handles.Much of the cut of all classes of timber, including saw logs, crossties, piling,poles, and pulpwood, has been obtained from farm woods. This is a region of great agricultural areas withwoodlands forming from 10 to 15 percent of the total lands in farms inOhio, Indiana, and Illinois, 30 percent in Tennessee, and 40 percent inArkansas (based upon 1930 United Statescensus).Lumber companies and others have large holdings in the rough and moreinaccessible parts of the region. Three types, or natural associations, ofimportant tree species prevail in the region, with the following approximate acreagesin each type: Oak-hickory type, about 44,342,000 acres,oak-chestnut- yellow poplar type, 52,459,000 acres, and theoak-pine type, 35,575,000 acres.This makes a total area of 132,376,000 acresof forest land in the region. SOUTHERN FOREST REGION The yellow pine forests of the Southeastern Statesafford the only remaining important source of large timber productionin the eastern half of the United States.Interspersed with the pine-bearing lands are extensive river and creekbottom lands and swamps in which are growing stands of mixedhardwoods and southern cypress.The region covers the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains from eastern Maryland to eastern Texas, including portions of Missouri,Arkansas, and Oklahoma (fig. 7).The natural conditions are a soil of relatively low agricultural value, abundant rainfall, long growing season,and many species of trees of highcommercial importance.The area is the largest of the natural forest regions, with atotal of 149,439,000 42 MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE acres, made up of 126,027,000 acres of southern pines and 23,412,000 acres of wet-land hardwoods and cypress (p1.6).It embraces about 30 percent of the total forest lands of thecountry. Four species of pines, namely, shortleaf, loblolly, longleaf, and slash, make up the bulk of the stands (p1. 7).These are mentioned in the order of their prevalence in passing from northto south across the region.Shortleaf pine is found over an extensiveregion from New Jersey south to Florida and west to Missouri, Oklahoma,and Texas.Its best growth is in the broad piedmontor hilly area between the mountains and the Coastal Plain.Loblolly pine grows extensively over the upper Coastal Plain.Mixed loblolly and shortleaf pines occur over a vast area in large timber holdings andon hundreds of thousands of farms.Over two-thirds of the total naval stores (spirits of turpentine and rosin) of the world is derived fromthe crude gum or resin of longleaf and slash pines growing in thesouth- eastern part of the United States.The bulk of production centers in southern Georgia and northern Florida.During the past few years, the amount produced yearly has averaged about 600,000 casks of turpentine (50 gallons each) and about 2,000,000 barrels ofrosin (500 pounds each), together valued at about $17,000,000. Three other pines make a slight addition to the totalamount; namely, the pond pine (a close relative of the pitch pine of theEast) in the acid lands and swamps of the Atlantic Coastal Plain; thesand pine of the sand barrens of Florida; and thespruce pine, a tree which, although it is not a white pine, somewhat resembles thenorthern white pine in appearance of the bark, color of the foliage, andsoftness of the wood. The southern pines yield the bulk of the total timbercut from the region (lumber and other timber products), which has rangedmostly from 6 to 12 billion board feet of lumber and 1million cords of pulpwood yearly, besides large quantities of railroad ties, piling,and fuel wood (p1. 8).About half of this, it is estimated,was cut from stands of second-growth or comparativelyyoung trees.The lumber cut of the South alone is about one-third of the total for the United States. The lowland and swamp hardwoods, southerncypress, and an inter- mittent fringe of southern white cedarcover about one-third of the total area of the southern forest region.The prevailing hardwood trees are red (or sweet) gum, swamp black gum, and tupelogum, willow oak, water oak, cottonwoods, willows, magnolias,and bays. The red (or sweet) gum occurs overan extensive area, grows rapidly, and holds a high position with respect to quantitycut annually and total value.The large size of the tree and the interlocked fiberof the wood make it one of the leadingveneer woods of the country. Only a relatively small amount of theonce abundant and highly useful cypress is left; when logged it does notcome back abundantly as do the pines. The prevailing trees, whichcompose the forests of the two divisions of the Southern region, follow in the order of their relativeimportance: Msc. Pub 217, U S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 7

F-230974, 26592O, F-266t72, F-21414u FOUR TIM ESER PINES OF THE SOLJTI-IERN FOREST. A, Longleaf pine.B, Shortleaf pine,C, Slash pine.B, Loblolly pine. PLATE 8 PLATE oL1 B, Longleaf and slash Two-thirds of the world's pro are obtained. any other species or group, amounting to more than 3 million cords of pulpwood, and many other products.

- FOREST INDUSTRIES IN THE SOUTHERN FOREST REGION. billion feet of lumber, 1',- Misc. Pub. 217. U.S. Dopt. of Agriculturo 217. U.S. Misc. Pub. pines yield crude resin from which turpentine and rosin duction come from these trees in the southern forest region. A, The yearly cut of southern pines exceeds that of FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONSOF THE U. . 43

SOUTHERN FOREST TREES Pinelands: Hardwood bottoms and swamps--Con. Longleaf,shortleaf, loblolly, and Pecan, water, swamp pignut, and slash p1nes. hammock hickories. Southernred, turkey, black, post, Beech. laurel,and willow oaks. River birch. Redgum (sweetgum). Water, green, pumpkin, and white Winged, American, and cedar elms. ashes. Black, red, sand, and pignut hick- Red and silver maples. ories. Cottonwood and willows. Eastern and southern red cedars. Sycamore. Pond and sand pines. Sugarberry (southern haekberry). Hardwood bottoms and swamps: Honeylocust. Red or sweet, tupelo, and swamp Holly. black gums. Red, white, and sweet bays. Water, laurel, live, overcup, Texas Evergreen magnolia. red, and swamp chestnut oaks. Pond and spruce pines. Southern cypress. Southern white cedar. TROPICAL FOREST REGION Two fringes of forest, made up chieflyof tropical tree species, occur along the coast in extreme southernFlorida and in extreme southern coastal Texas. The total area involved isprobably not over 400,000 acres and the standof trees varies greatly in density. Manykinds of hardwood trees, most of which aresmall and bear evergreen leaves and pulpy berries or stone fruit, make up thestand. A few are of some commercial or economicimportance, like mastic or "wild olive", and the mangrove, whose impenetrable thicketshold the muddy banks, causing land to be built up, and form aprotection against tropical hurricanes. The trees represent the northernmostextension of their natural ranges, which mostly include some orall of the West Indies, Bahamas, Central America, ançl South America.They have probably sprung from seeds washedashore during storms or distributedby birds. The principal trees in this forest region are: TRoPIcAL FOREST TREES Mangrove. Gumbo limbo. Royal and thatch palms. Poisonwood. Florida yew. Inkwood. Wild fig. Buttonwood. Pigeon pluni. Mastic ("wild olive"). Blolly. Jamaica dogwood. Wild tamarind. ROCKY MOUNTAIN FOREST REGION Spread over a vast extent of mountainsand high plateaus in the central-western part of the United States,the Rocky Mountain forest region reaches from Canada toMexico, a length of about 1,300 miles, and from the GreatPlains west to the great basin of Nevada and eastern parts of Oregon andWashington, a breadth of 800 miles.It embraces over 40 isolated forest areas orpatches, some of large size like that in western Montana,northern Idaho, and eastern Washington, and another in Colorado, NewMexico, and Arizona. 44 MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT.OF AG1ICTJLpup Many are relatively small timberedtracts, lying on the ridges and higher mountain plateaus, interspersedwith great treeless stretches and sometimes widely scattered in largearid districts,as in parts of Nevada, Utah, and Arizona.As a result, the timber islocally in good demand and valuable for development, to other points. as well as for shipping The change in forestcover as one ascends a mountain slopemay be illustrated by the successive beltsin the southern Colorado-New Mexico forest area.First, at altitudes ranging from5,000 feet on moister situations to 6,000 feeton drier slopes occurs a belt ofone- seeded, alligator, or Utah junipersand pmon, or nut pine; aboveit ponderosa (western yellow) pine whichforms extensive forestsover the highly dissected Colorado plateau;with Douglas fir and white fir mingling in the stand in theupper part of the belt, and oftenso pre- dominating as to formpure stands at 8,000 feet; and finallyEngel- mann spruce over an extensive horizontal belttermmating at the upper portion at altitudes of 9,000 to 11,000feet in a belt of alpine fir. In the northern Montana-Idahoportion of the Rocky Mountain region, forest growth beginsat elevations of 3,000 and, depending very much to 4,000 feet upon the exposure and soil moisture,extends upward to 6,500 to 7,000 feetLimber and western blend at 4,500 feet.The maximum commercial white pine at about 5,000 feet with limber pine forest growthoccurs on the dry southernexposures and on the moister or northern slopes Engelmannspruce and alpine fir. Another important tree in the centralportion of the region is pine, a tall slender tree which lodgepole grows in dense stands, derivingits name from its use by Indians in makinglodges or tepees. The total area of the manyseparate divisions or blocks of Mountain region amounts to about the Rocky 62,899,000 acres, or about13 percent of the total forest land inthe United States.The most extensive type is the ponderosa(western yellow) pine, 21,811,000 acres, or about 35 occupying percent of the region.The lodgepole pine type covers about 26percent or 16,541,000acres, the western white pine-western larch typeabout 21 percentor 12,984,000 acres, and the Douglas fir and Engelmannspruce (with some others) about 18 percent or 11,563,000acres. The present condition of the RockyMountain region is toa very large degree the result of extensivefires set by prospectorsin search for outcroppings of gold, silver,or copper ores, over much of the period since the early fifties, andthose set by other early and by tourists who pioneers came later.In an earlier day, theSpaniards and their descendants regularlyburned over the of the forest and in its place mountains to get rid provide forage for theirgoats and sheep. Lumbering has been carriedon, on a varying scale, as markets been available during the have past 60 years or so, both locallyand over the treeless agricultural regionto the east. An idea of the composition of theforest in the variousparts of the Rocky Mountain regioncan be gained from the grouping of thetrees in the order of their relativeimportance for each of thenorthern, central, and southern portions,as follows: PLATE 9 Misc. Pub. 217. U. S. IDcpt. of Agriculture

FOREST TREES OF THE WESTERN PART OF THE UNITED STATES THAT PRODUCELARGE QUANTITIES OF LUMBER. A, Douglas SrB, Ponderosa pine.C, Coast redwood.1), Western white vineE, Sugar pine. Misc. Pub. 217, U. S Dept. o( Agriculture PLATE 10

MIXED FOREST OF CONIFERS OF THE NORTHERNPORTION OF ROCKY MOUNTAIN AND PACIFIC COAST FOREST REGIONS. The trees are mostly Douglas fir, with western hemlock, westernred cedar, and western white pine. FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE U. S. 45

ROCKY MOUNTAIN FOREST TREES Northern portion: Central Montana, Wyoming, and South NorthernIdahoandwestern DakotaContinued. Montana: Alpine fir. Lodgepole pine. Limber pine. Douglas fir. Aspen and cottonwood. Western larch. Rocky Mountain red cedar. Engelmanri spruce. White spruce. Ponderosa pine. Central portion (Colorado, Utah, and Western white pine. Nevada): Western red cedar. Lodgepole pine. Lowland white and alpine Engelmann and blue spruces. firs. Alpine and white firs. Western and mountain hem- Douglas fir. locks. Ponderosa pine. Whitebark pine. Aspens and cottonwoods. Balsam poplar (Balm-of- Pinon and singleleaf pinon. Gilead). Rocky Mountain red cedar and EasternOregon,centralIdaho, Utah juniper. and eastern Washington: Bristlecone and limber pines. Ponderosa pine. Mountain mahogany. Douglas fir. Southern portion (New Mexico and Lodgepole pine. Arizona): Western larch. Ponderosa pine. Engelmann spruce. Douglas fir. Western red cedar. rhite, alpine, and corkhark firs. Western hemlock. Engelmann and blue spruces. White, lowland white,and Pinon and Mexican pinon. alpine firs. One-seeded and alligator junipers Western white pine. and Rocky Mountain red cedar. Oaks and junipers (in Oregon). Aspen and cottonwoods. Central Montana, Wyoming, and Limber, Mexican white, and Ari- South Dakota: zona pines. Lodgepole pine. Oaks,walnut,sycamore,alder, Douglas fir. hoxelder. Ponderosa pine. Arizona and smooth cypresses. Engelmarin spruce. PACIFIC COAST FOREST REGION Stands of very large firs, pines, hemlock, and cedarscharacterize the Pacific coast forest region.These are dense in the coastal forests of Washington and Oregon.In the extreme southern portion, in southern California, the timbered lands are surroundedwith margins of a dense growth of dwarf broadleaf trees known as "chaparral." The big trees, or Sierra redwoods, of the Sierra Nevadamountains in central-eastern California, reach enormous heights of over 300feet and diameters up to 40 feet, and single trees contain up to 360,000 board feet of lumber.Another large tree is the coast redwood of the low coastal mountain ranges of central and northernCalifornia. One such coast redwood measuring 364 feet in height isreported to be the tallest living tree in the United States.The western red cedar, Douglas fir, and sugar pine of California all grow toheights of over 200 feet with diameters up to 12 to 15 feet (p1.9).The western red cedar averages the largest of this group.Douglas fir, somewhat smaller, and sugar pine, with its thin rather smoothbark, range mostly from 6 to 9 feet in diameter.About four-fifths of the total standing saw timber of the country is found west ofthe Great 46 MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTTJRE

Plains in the Bocky Mountain and Pacific coast forestregions.The Pacific region, with about one-seventh of the total forestarea of the country, contains more than one-half (62 percent) of thetotal saw timber of the United States,or about 1,042 billion board feet. One-half of the total standing softwoodsaw timber (pines, spruces, firs, etc.) in the United States is contained in thetwo trees, Douglas fir and ponderosa pine, both important in thetwo western forest regions.Four-fifths of the total Douglas fir (530 billion boardfeet) is growing in two States, Oregon and Washington,of the Pacific coast region.Ponderosa pine, which ranks second in thiscountry, occurs to the extent of 70 percent of its total amount in thesame forest region. The Pacific coast forest region contamsa total of 66,685,000 acres, or about 13 percent, of the total forest area in the country. A forest type dominated by Douglas fir (p1. 10) contains about 27,687,000 acres, and another in which ponderosa (western yellow) pinepre- dominates, 25,070,000 acres.The type consisting mostly ofsugar pine and ponderosa pme has 10,183,000acres, western white pine and western larch an area of about 669,000acres, spruce and fir about 1,532,000 acres, and the coast redwood and the bigtree jointly 1,544,000 acres. Lumbering operations going forwardon a large scale are in fact, almost pure engineering.Many of the differenttrees produce extremely large cuts of clear, useful lumber, much ofwhich is now being delivered by ships to many world ports,some via the Panama Canal to the more important eastern harbors, where it is distributed and sold widely in competition with local lumber. The important or more common trees in the two natural divisions of the region are: PACIFIC COAST FOREST TREES Northern portion (western WashingtonSouthern portion (California): and western Oregon): Ponderosa and Jeffrey pines. Douglas fir. Sugar pine. Western hemlock. Redwood and bigtree. Lowland white, noble, and silver White, red, lowland white, and firs. Shasta red firs. Western red cedar. Incense cedar. Sitka and Engelmann spruces. Douglas fir. Western white pine. Lodgepole pine. Port Orford and Alaska cedars. Knobeone and digger pines. Western and Lyall larches. Bigcone spruce. Lodgepole pine. Monterey and Gowen cypresses. Mountain hemlock. Western and California junipers. Oaks, ash, maples, birches, alders, Singleleaf pinon. cottonwood, madrone. Oaks, buckeye, laurel, alder, madrone. FORESTS OF ALASKA Along the southeastern coast of Alaska formore than 1,000 miles stretches a gradually narrowing belt of dense forest madeup of trees of good sizes and commercial species.This is the most northern extension of the mixed coniferous forest found in Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia.About three-fourths of the total stand of timber consists of western hemlock and the remaindermostly of Sitka spruce, with small amounts of western red cedar and Alaska

Mhc. Pub. 217. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 12

INTERIOR OF COAST FOREST OF SOUTHERN ALASKA F24112A, F-23928A. F23931A The forest Is dense and consists largely of western hemlock and Sitka thin hemlock. A, Young stand of western hemlock. spruce, with varying but considerable amounts of western red cedar and Alaska cedar,and a scattering of moun- spruce and western hemlock. B, Sitka spruce forest, some trees reaching diametersof 6 to 12 feet and heights up to 200 feet.C, Mixed stand of Sttka FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE If.S. 47 cedar.Mountain hemlock and lodgepole pine arerarely found. Cotthnwood, alders, and willows represent theso-called "hardwood" group.The spruce overtops the other species, andbelow the main stand of hemlock and some cedar occurs a denseunderstory of small trees, blueberry, devilsclub, andother shrubs, with a thick forest carpet of moss overlying the ground (pls. 11and 12). The total stand of timber is estimated atabout 81 billion board feet, of which 78 billion is located withinthe Tongass National Forest,

\\ \\\\N \\\\N \\\ " N \\\ I SKA S %.S'..S_.%\SN.. \S\ t:' CA NADA 'I

COAST FOREST S \ \ INTERIOR FOREST M LES 300

FIGURE 8.Location and extent of the prevailing forest regions in Alaska. in the extreme southeastern portion.The latter timber stand covers an area of about 3,000,000 acres,which means an average volume of timber of about 26,000 board feet per acre. As much as 30,000 to 40,000 board feet per acre occur onmany extensive areas, with average maximum stands of 50,000board feet on small tracts.The merchantable trees range mostly insize from 2 to 4 feet in diameter and from 90 to 140 feetin height, and the bulk of them occur within 2miles of tidewater.This commercial forest belt extends from sea level upward to anelevation of about 1,500 feet, above which it gradually gives way todwarfed trees and low undergrowth.Further up the coast is the ChugachNational 48 MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTu Forest, and the combinedarea of the two national forests is 21,000,000 acres. A very different type, knownas the "interior" forest, lies mostly within the drainage basins of the Yukon andKuskokwim Rivers. It is composed of small-sized trees ofspruces, birches, and aspens and other poplars which form dense standsover large areas.White spruce is the only tree growing to saw-timber size.Trees which occur in Alaska, but not in continental United States and therefore not listed on pages 5 to 32, include the bigleaf willow (Salixampli- folia), feltleaf wifiow (S. alaxensis), Kenai birch(Betula kenaica), Alaska white birch (B. neoalaskana), and Alaskared birch (B. east- woodae).This type of forest prevails over a vastarea estimated at some 80,000,000 acres (fig. 8). The prevailing trees of the two forest regionsare: Coast forest: Interior forest: Western hemlock (important). White (important) and black Sitka spruce (important). spruce. Western red cedar. Alaskawhite(important)and Alaska cedar (yellow cedar). Kenai birches. Mountain hemlock. Black cottonwood. Lodgepole pine. Balsam poplar (Balm-of-Gilead). Black cottonwood. Aspen. Red and Sitka alders. Willows. Willows. Tamarack. FORESTS OF PUERTO RICO The forests of Puerto Rico are tropical andmay be divided roughly into wet forest, dry forest, and mangroveswamps, as shown in figure 9.These wet and dry forests are separated by the centralmountain range, which causes a heavy rainfall on the north-facing slopes and a great shortage in precipitation on the south side in the southern portion of the island.Forest vegetation culminates in density and luxuriance of growth in the tropical rain forests of thenorthern and central portions of the island (p1. 13).In the southern portion, the lower mountain slopes, foothills, and coast landsare sparsely covered with an open growth of short-bodied deciduoustrees and shrubs. The original forests of the island have largely disappearedthrough clearing land for agriculture, heavy overcuttingof timber, close grazing, and burning.The second-growth forest, although irregular in occurrence, consists of a great variety of speciesand forest types. The total forest area is reported to be about 100,000acres, or about 5 percent of the total land surface, which originallywas all in forest growth.This is only one-fifteenth of an acre of forest landfor each inhabitant. Saw timber occurs on about 30,000acres. The Caribbean National Forest, with an area of about 14,000acres and reaching a climax in forest tree growth atan elevation of 2,000 feet, is being managed on a conservative basis by the Forest Service.There are some 37,000 acres of mangrove swamp of which about 15,000acres are in insular forest for protection of the coast.The principal forest industry is burning charcoal.The island has no forest products for export; on the other hand, it imports large quantities of lumberand wood products.Only about 10,000 acres of virgin saw-timberforest remain, located on the bottomlands and slopes of themountains of the national forest, and all rather difficult ofaccess. FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THE [1. s. 49 In the order of their relative importance or abundance the principal trees are as follows: Wet forest: Wet forestContinued. Roble (Tabebuia several species). Granadillo (Buchenavia capitata). Moca(cabbagebark)(Andira Laurel sabino (laurel) (Magnolia tnerm28). splendens). Guaraguao (muskwood)(Guarea Capd blanco (Petitia domingensis). guara). Caph prieto (Spanish elm) (Cer- Guava (Inga inga). dana allio dora). Guama (Inga laurina). Algarrobo (Hymenaea courbaril). Tabonuco (incense tree)(Dacry- Ausubo (bullet wood) (Manilkara odes excelsa). nitida). Palma de Sierra (mountain palm) (Euler ye globosa).

MILES MANGROVE WET FOREST 0 0 ap30 SWAMP DRY FOREST

FlouRs 9.The natural forest regions of Puerto Rico are the wet forest, dry forest, and mangrove swamps. Dry forest: Dry forestContinued Ucar (Bucida buceras). Albarillo (wild quinine) (Exostema caribeum). Almacigo(WestIndianbirch) Jobo (hog plum) (Spondias mom- (Bursera simaruba). bin). Moca(cabbagebark)(AndiraMangrove swamps: inermis). Mangle (mangrove): Guacima (West Indian elm) (Gua- (Rhizophora mangle). sterna ulmifolia). (Conocar pus erectus). Tea (candlewood) (Amyris elemi- (Act cetenia nitida). fera). (Laguncularia racemosa). FORESTS OF HAWAII The native forests of Hawaii are tropical in character and consist of wet and dry types (fig. 10).They are found mostly between elevations of 1,500 and 6,000 feet above sea level.The timber forests grow on the coastal plain and lower mountain slopes in districts of very heavy rainfall, and are naturally dense and junglelike.Above them, and extending far up the mountain slopes (to 8,000 feet), is a forest cover of low trees or shrubs of little value for timber, but of high importance for protection against soil erosion and rapid run-off of rain water.No Temperate Zone trees occur naturally, which result,s in large areas at high elevations without trees of any kind. Below 1,500 feet elevation, where the rainfall is light, the tree growth consists mostly of mesquite (known as "algaraba") which was introduced from southwestern United States as far back as 1828 and 50 MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OFAGRICULTURE extensively planted for wood and forage forlivestock.Various species of eucalyptus, native of Australia,have also been planted and now furnish timber. The total forest area isa little over a million acres (1,031,840),or about three times as muchas the forested land of Delaware or two- thirds as much as that of Connecticut.This is an average of 4acres to each inhabitant, as compared with2 acres per capita in continental United States.The forests occur on 7 of the 8 islandsmaking up the Territory and compriseone-quarter of the total land surface. Four-fifths of the forest lands,or about 800,000 acres, have been created as reserves, of which about560,000 acres are in Government ownership and the balance privately owned.Two-thirds of the total is on the Island of Hawaii, while theremainder is mostly on Kauai and Maui. The present forestsare very greatly depleted, largely

NIl HAU

MOLOKAI

LANAI

IAHO0LAWE

WET FOREST DRY FOREST MILES 0 25 50

ysougE10.The forests of Hawaii are of the wet and dry typesor regions. islands. Forests occur on 7 of the 8 because of extensive browsing ofgoats, hogs, and cattle and severe unchecked fires.Prior to 100 yearsago the overflow of lava from volcanoes was the only source of destructionto timber.The forests of today do not yield sufficient products forthe people, and timber has to be imported. The forests are composed mainly of fivedistinct types: Pure growths of ohia lehua, koa,mamane, and kukui, and mixed forests composed largely of the above and koa, koaia, pua, and other trees. kopiko, kolea, naio, The ohia lehua tree is found extensivlyin pure stands or with some mixture of other trees, in dense junglelike growthover districts of very heavy rainfall, suchas northeastern mountain slopes and tops up to 6,000 feet, as shown in plate 14.This type comprises about three-fourths of the native forest.The tree at its best reaches heights up to 100 feet and trunk diametersup to 4 feet.Koa, known as Hawaiian mahogany, also formspure stands and occurs widely in mixture with other species.As it is a high-grade cabinet wood used PLATE 13 Misc. Pub. 217, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture

VIRGIN TROPICAL FOREST ON MOUNTAIN SLOPESIN PUERTO RICO. The mountain or Sierra palms here shown are in theCaribbean National Forest. Misc. Pub. 217. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE 14

DEEP IN THE FORESTS OF HAWAII. F-7064 About three-fourths of the trees in the islands are ohia lehua; those shownhere are 90 feet in height. The trail has been cleared through a dense growth of large ferns, shrubs, and vines. 51 FOREST TREES AND FORESTREGIONS OF THE 11. S. at home and exported,it has been extensively cut.Kukui is an abundant tree, deriving its English name"candlenut" from the oil formerly used for illumination.One or in the nut, which the natives "iiahi ", have more native speciesof the true sandalwood, known as been cut and exported to such anextent that the trees arerelatively very scarce. The first four trees listed below areof much importance in the forest, while the others mentioned areonly a few of the 200 or more native species on the islands: HAWAIIAN FOREST TREES Ohia lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha) Pua (Osmanthus sandwicensis) Koa (mahogany) (Acacia koa) A'e (Xanthoxylum kauaiense) Mamane (Sophora chrysophylla) Lama (Maba sandwicensis) Alaa (Sideroxylon auahiense) Kukui (candlenut) (Aleurites triloba) (Santalum frey- Koaia (Acacia koaia) Iliahi(sandalwood) Kopiko (Straussia oncocarpa) conetianum) Kolea (Suttonia spathulaia) Algaraba (mesquite) (Prosopis julifiora) Naio (false sandalwood)(Myoporum (native of southwestern United States sandwicensi) and extensively planted) TREE LABELS Tree names are of interest to adultsbut probably even more so to young people. Asuitable label on a tree performs auseful service by furnishing ready information tothe curious passer-by.Inquiries are frequently receivedby this Department as todesirable methods of labeling specimen trees.The following method issuggested as simple, attractive, and inexpensive. The common and scientific names,and if desired also the natural home or range of the tree, areembossed on pieces of aluminum "tape." These are then fastened withzinc or brass brads to small wooden blocks cut from ordinaryinch boards. Redwood and southern cypress standweathering and hold paint well.The blocks should be beveled deeply on the 4 faceedges and 2 holes bored 1 aboveand 1 below the center for takingnails.This allows for considerable growth of the tree without damage tothe labels.The blocks are painted black on all sides. A good waymight be to dip them in thin paint or dark creosote stain.The clipping can be done quicklyby hooking a wire into a hole of one or moreof the blocks.If creosote is used it is suggested that the blocksbe strung on a wire or cord and soaked for 12 hours. Only galvanizednails should be used, as common nails will cause ruststains.For holding the blocks, tenpenny or twelvepenny nails are suggested,depending on the thickness of the bark, and for fastening the strips onthe blocks, brass or galvanized brads. Two suggested designs of treelabels are shown in figure 11. The size and shape of the blocks will varywith the number of metal strips used or the amount of wording.A narrow margin is suggested since small blocks are moreeconomical, less subject to weather check- ing, and less attractive as targets.In putting up the labels the nails should not be driven in to the head. Thiswill allow for some growth of the tree without injuring the blocks.A height of 5 to 6 feet up the tree is probably about right for easyreading, and for the desired protection. 52 MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE PUBLICATIONS ON FOREST TREES STATE FOREST-TREE GUIDES Many States have published popular forest-treeguides, handbooks, or pamphlets describing all or the more abundant nativetrees. Some include the more common exoticor foreign trees.These guides are very helpful in identifying trees.In the preparation of the text and illustrations of many of them the Forest Service hasbeen a cooperator. The distribution is made wholly by the States,either free or at a nominal cost. Recently a few States have beenfinancially unable to continue distribution, or at least to keepup stock at all times. The names and addresses of the State agencies to whomrequests should be sent are indicated by asterisks (*) inthe list printed below. Many

WHITE ASH °('ZrflzAs' ce/]zer/ccmcl.)

0 (° W H IT E AS H (Jzxl)'zl1same7ina))

( EASTERN UNITEDSTATES) 0

FIGUR, 11.Tree labels made of aluminum strips fastenedon painted wooden blocks. of the other State agencies havetree lists or other information available upon request. Alabama _*State Forester, Commissionof Forestry, Montgomery. Alaska._*The Regional Forester, Juneau. Arkansas State Forester, Arkansas ForestryCommission, Little Rock.*Di_ rector Extension Service, College of Agriculture,Fayetteville. California.Chief F1orester, Departmentof Natural Resources Sacramento. Connectjeut._*State Forester, Park and Forest Commission,fartford. Delaware.State Forester,State Forestry Department, Dover. tendent, Department of Education, Dover. *Superin.. District of Columbia.-*Secretary, AmericanForestry Association,1713 K Street NW., Washington, D. C. Florida._*State Forester, Board of Forestry,Tallahassee Georgia.State Forester, Department of Forestryand Geological Development, Atlanta.*DjrectorExtension Service, Athens. College of Agriculture, Idaho.State Forester, State of Idaho,Moscow. Illinois _*State Forester, State Departmentof Conservation, Springfield. FOREST TREES AND FOREST REGIONS OF THEu. s. 53 IndianaState Forester, Department of Conservation,Indianapolis. Jowa._*Director, Extension Service, College of Agriculture, Ames. KansasState Forester, State Board of Administration,Hays. State Board of Agriculture, Topeka. Kentucky._*State Forester, State Forest Service, Frankfort. Louisiana._*State Forester, Department of Conservation, NewOrleans. Maine._*Forest Commissioner, State Forest Service, Augusta. Maryland._*State Forester, Department of Forestry, Baltimore. Massachusetts._*State Forester, Department of Conservation, Boston. Michigan.Head, Department of Forestry, College of Agriculture,East Lansing. Minnesota--Director, Department ofConservation,St.Paul.*Director, Extension Service, College of Agriculture, St. Paul. MississippiState Forester, Commission of Forestry,Jackson.*Director, Extension Service, State College, Miss. MissouriActing State Forester, Department of Fish and Game,Jefferson City. Montana.State Forester, Forestry Department,Missoula. Nebraska.Director, Extension Service, College of Agriculture,Lincoln. New HampshireState Forester, StateForestry Department, Concord. New Jersey.__*State Forester, Department ofConservation and Development, Trenton. New YorkDirector, Lands andForests,Albany.5Director,Extension Service,State College of Agriculture,Ithaca.*Dean, New York State College of Forestry, Syracuse. North Carolina._*State Forester, Departmentof Conservation and Develop- ment, Raleigh. North Dakota.State Forester, State School ofForestry, Bottineau. Ohio._*State Forester, Department of Forestry, Wooster. Oklahoma._*State Forester, Oklahoma Forest Commission,Oklahoma City. OregonState Forester, State Board of Forestry, Salem. pflnsylvania.__*Secretary, Department of Forests and Waters, Harrisburg. South Carolina.StateForester,StateForestryCommission,Columbia. 5Director, Extension Service, Clemson College. South DakotaCommissioner, Department ofSchools and Public Lands, Custer. Tennessee._*State Forester, Division of Forestry,Department of Agriculture, Nashville. Texas._*State Forester, Texas Forest Service, CollegeStation. Vermont._*CommisSiOner of Forestry, State Forest Service,Montpelier. Virginia._*State Forester, State Forest Service, Ijniversity. Washington.State Forest Supervisor, Department ofConservation, Olympia. West Virginia.__*State Forester, ConservationCommission, Charleston. Wisconsin._*DirCCtor, State Conservation Commission,Madison. BOORS ON FOREST TREES Many books have been publishedgiving popular or technical botanical descriptions of forest trees or nativeforest shrubsFor information concerning these it is suggested thatinquiries be addressed to any of the various State forestryagencies mentioned above or, if desired, to the Forest Service, UnitedStates Department of Agri- culture, Washington, D. C. FEDERAL PUBLICATIONS A Check List of the Forest Trees of theUnited States, Their Names and Ranges (Miscellaneous Circular92,17 gives the names of all the known tree species and many of the recognizedvarieties and hybrids, and their known ranges.The:y are botanically grouped by genera, families, and classes, but no descriptionsof trees are given.Other publications deal with a few individualspecies and various phases of forest management, including planting,thinning, cutting, and utili- zation of the products. A list may berequested from the Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture,Washington, D. C. in the larger libraries. 17This publication is no long er available for distribution, but may be found 54 MISC. PUBLICATION 217, U. S. DEPT.OF AGRICULTTJ1E Motion pictures, film strips, and coloredlantern slide sets (accom- panied by lecture notes) dealing withmany phases of forestry are available for use by responsiblepublic or private agencies, including schools, 4-H clubs, Scouts, and othereducational or civic clubs The conditions are that borrowerspay transportation charges, assume responsibility for damage due to carelessness,and return or forward the borrowed material promptlyupon request.Applica- tions should be sent as faras possible in advance, to the Forest Service, or to the Extension Service, United States Departmentof Agricul- ture, Washington, D. C. ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WHEN THIS PUBLICATION WAS LAST PRINTED

Secretary of Agriculture HENRY A. WALLACE. Under Secretary M. L WILSoN. Assistant Secretary HARRY L. BROWN. Coordinator of Land Use Planning and Direc- tor of Information M. S. EISENHOWER. Director of Extension Work C. W. WARBURTON. Director of Finance__ W. A. JUMP. Director of Personnel ROY F. HENDRICKSON. Director of Research JAMES T. JARDINE. Solicitor MASTIN G. WHITE. Agricultural Adjustment Administration H. R. TOLLEY, Administrator. Bureau of Agricultural Economics A. G. BLACK, Chief. Bureau of Agricultural Engineering S. H. MCCR0riY, Chief. Bureau of Animal Industry JOHN R. MOHLER, Chief. Bureau of Biological Survey IRA N. GABRIELSON, Chief. Bureau of Chemistry and Soils HENRY G. KNIGHT, Chief. Commodity Exchange Administration.. J. W. T. DUYEL, Chief. Bureau of Dairy Industry 0. E. REED, Chief. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantin&. LEE A. STRONG,Chief. Office of Experiment Stations JAMES T. JARDINE, Chief. Farm Security Administration W. W. ALEXANDER, Administrator. Food and Drug Administration WALTER G. CAMPBELL, Chief. Forest Service FERDINAND A. SILC0x, Chief. Bureau of Home Economics LOUISE STANLEY, Chief. Library CLARIBEL R. BAHNETT, Librarian. Bureau of Plant Industry E. C. AUCIITER, Chief. Bureau of Public Roads THOMAS H. MACDONALD, Chief. Soil Conservation Service H. H. BENNETT, Chief. Weather Bureau WILLIS R. GREGG, Chief. 55

U.S. GOVERNMENT POINTING OFFICE: INST

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. - Price 15 cents