International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Volume 119 No. 17 2018, 2911-2917 ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version) url: http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/ Special Issue http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/

ANALYSIS OF WATER QUALITY OF PERUNGUDI DUMPING AREA,

1 2 C. Manoj reddy ; Dr. S. Needhidasan

1Final Year Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (Deemed University) Chennai – 602 105. 2Professor and Head, Department of Civil Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (Deemed University) Chennai – 602 105. Email: [email protected]

Abstract: All living organisms are dependent upon pure oxygen, water, soil etc. in one form or other to maintain metabolic processes that produce energy for growth and reproduction. Due to the rapid increase in industries air, water, soil and the nature are being polluted. The water pollutants are due to the presence of high organic content, toxic, tetragenic mutagenic, carcmogenic materials. In our present study, we are going to examine ground water and surface water quality in and around Perungudi and Pallikaranai. For that, water samples are collected & analyzed for their physicochemical characteristics. The investigation is focused on the determination of physicochemical parameters such as temperature, turbidity, electrical conductivity, pH, hardness, total solids, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, chlorides, dissolved oxygen. The result of physical and chemical parameters of surface water and ground water in the study area are discussed.

Keywords: Dump site, surface water, ground water & physico-chemical properties

Introduction: metric tones of solid waste every day. The solid Ground water is one of the most important sources waste generated consists primarily of organic of drinking water and is not presence in abundance waste, different kinds of plastics, packaging waste, in nature. Ground water plays a vital in meeting the paper, metal, glass, construction debris, bio- water requirement of the people. medical waste and slaughter house waste. According to central pollution control board Majority of the industries dispose their wastes into estimates, an average person in a class i city (urban water bodies and contaminate them. Hence it areas of population of 100000 and above), produces becomes necessary to treat the effluents before about 0.4 kg of garbage a day. Per capita waste disposal. To treat the effluents, it becomes generation in lower income and higher income necessary to characterize the effluents for different groups is 0.18 kg and 0.80 kg respectively of parameters. Even though the effluents are treated it garbage a day respectively. In Chennai, on an may contaminate to the ground water. So it is average of 0.6 kg/capita/day of solid waste is being necessary to evaluate the quality of ground water generated and the municipal corporation of which is suitable for drinking purpose Chennai is responsible for garbage collection and

Chennai city, capital of Tamilnadu has a population disposal on a daily basis. The solid waste generated of about 4.68 million (census 2011). Due to from the Chennai city finds its way to two major urbanization, increase in population and landfills, perungudi in south and in consumption pattern, the problem of solid waste north both of which are being used as open dumps. management in Chennai has been rapidly To study groundwater contamination due to solid increasing. Chennai generates more than 3200 waste disposal in Perungudi dumpsite an area of 68

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sq. Km is chosen for the present study. The Survey Bengal coastline. It is situated within a low lying of India toposheet was georeferenced and digitized Pallikaranai marsh which extends for a length of to delineate the study area based on the six micro approximately 10 km from north to south and for a watersheds around the dumpsite from 30 width of 3 to 4 km from west to east that makes the Mambakkam sub watershed. It lies between 12o dumpsite always surrounded by stagnant and 53’ 16” N to 12o 58’ 43” N latitudes and 80o 10’ moving water. The Pallikaranai marshland that 18” E to 80o 16’ 0.8” E longitudes and shown in holds the Perungudi dumpsite is of unique Figure 3.1. The study area includes Perungudi, ecological and economic importance. The Okkium , Pallikaranai, marshland is the largest natural rainwater and panchayat unions. The study area harvesting system in the region, which is linked to has watershed boundary on north, west and the Bay of Bengal through a network of channels. southern part and coastal boundary on eastern part. The marsh in its original state used to store large quantities of storm water even while allowing Scope & Objective: excesses to flow into the sea. The marsh serves two  To conduct a field test on ground water & important functions - flood control in the surface water in the polluted area surrounding areas and groundwater recharge. The  To collect the necessary water samples in the whole area is low lying being close to sea level, study area and is poorly drained being occupied by extensive  To analyze the Physical characteristics of the areas of marshland and mudflats, which are water samples permanently wet and seasonally inundated. The  To analyze the Chemical characteristics of the marsh drains southwards to water samples through Okkium madagu (channel) and outflows to

History of dump site: the sea at the Kovalam estuary. MSW generated in Perungudi dumpsite lies between 12o 56’ 59.14” N Chennai includes 68% of residential waste, 16% to12o 57’ 27.61” N latitude and 80o 13’06.75 ” E commercial waste, 14% institutional waste and 2% to 80o 14’ 06.34” E longitudes. The dumping yard industrial waste. The physico-chemical properties located at Perungudi on the southern part of of the MSW generated in Chennai, showed that the Chennai city is in operation since 1987. Open majority of the waste is composed of green waste dumping and leveling by bulldozer is the method of (32.3%) and inert materials (34.7%) viz., stones waste disposal. The dumping site covered about 20 and glass (CPCB 2000 and Damodaran et al 2003). ha in 1995 (ERM 1995) and increased to 44.75 ha The physical analysis of the waste from Perungudi in 2002 (IWS 2003) which is twice that of the area dumpsite is food wastes 8%, green waste 32.20%, in 1995. The dumping area is estimated to be 78 ha timber (wood) 6.99%, consumable plastic 5.86%, in 2009 which is again about twice as that of in industrial plastic 1.80%, steel and material 0.13%, 2002. Perungudi sewage treatment plant located rags and textiles 3.14%, paper 6.45%, inert adjacent to the dumpsite discharges the effluent 33.98%, rubber and leather 1.45%. Chemical near to the dumpsite. The waste at the site mixes analysis of the waste is moisture content 27.60, pH with the sewage water and contaminates it further. value 7.63, organic content 46.06%, carbon content The dumpsite lies at 1.5 to 2.0 km from the western 21.53%, nitrogen content 0.73%, phosphorous side of Buckingham canal and 3 km west of Bay of 0.63% and calorific value 4565 KJ/Kg.

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Sampling and Testing Protocol: In an effort to study the extent of the groundwater contamination 10 sampling sites were selected near the dumpsite from where the samples were taken. The samples were collected in one litre capacity polythene bottles. Prior to the collection, bottles were thoroughly washed and rinsed with sample to avoid any possible contamination in bottling and every other precautionary measure was taken. After the sampling, the samples were immediately

transferred to Centre for Environment Management Laboratory, NITTTR and were stored in cold room

(4◦ C). The testing process was performed according to the procedures mentioned in the Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater. Various physico-chemical parameters examined in groundwater samples includes, pH, Electrical conductivity(EC), Total Dissolved Solids(TDS), Total hardness(TH), Calcium(Ca), Magnesium(Mg), Chloride(Cl), Zinc(Zn), Cadmium(Cd), Nickel(Ni), Iron(Fe), Copper(Cu), Chromium(Cr), Lead(Pb).

Sample location & collection: Methodology:

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Results and discussion: The Surface & Groundwater of the study area in the dump site and the concentration of various parameters present in the samples from which the quality of surface & groundwater can be understood and given below.

pH value for Surface & Ground water:

Ground water (GW) samples

Total hardness for Surface & Ground water:

Surface water (SW) samples

Standard limitations:

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Calcium for Surface & Ground water: Conclusion:

The concentration of the heavy metals Cr, Cd, Cu and Iron in the ground water samples are beyond the permissible limit. But the survey shows that the leachate sample is percolating from the landfill site to the ground water and it also affects the other subsurface water sources. Due to the penetration of the leachate produced from the landfill site, contaminates the existing landfill site. The findings indicate the contamination is severe in localities around the dumpsite. The long term exposure of excessive amount of copper and cadmium causes kidney damage and lung cancer, Chromium is also Chloride for Surface & Ground water: said to cause cancer if exposed for long time. Water sample no. 1, 2, 3 and 4 shows very high level of contamination and is alkaline it indicates the water is partially toxic in nature and not suitable for any domestic purposes. According to our observation the concentration of ammonia in these samples are high enough to cause irritation to eyes, nose and throat of the most sensitive individuals. The samples which were taken closer to the dumping ground contain high level of fluoride, nitrate and nitrite which indicates that the sample is toxic. The presence of chemicals, calcium, magnesium, manganese, chloride and sulphate shows that the Sodium for Surface & Ground water: water is hard in nature and is of low quality and it may cause various health hazards. It is observed that the water sample no. 5,6,7,8 and 9 shows lesser amount of contamination compared to previous samples. It can be use for washing, cleaning, bathing etc. but it is not suitable for drinking purposes. The water samples 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15 shows very less amount of contamination level and can be use for various domestics purposes. These are within the desirable limit as per Indian standard .It has been observed that the amount of contamination in the water sample decreases with increase in the distance from the dumping zone.

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References:

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