DOCSLIB.ORG

Fact Sheet-Budel

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Fact Sheet-Budel Budel The Netherlands OVERVIEW Fast Facts Nyrstar’s Budel smelter produces zinc and zinc alloys. The primary competitive advantage of the Budel smelter is its very high zinc LOCATION: Budel, The Netherlands recovery rate as a result of circuit design and feedstocks. TECHNOLOGY: roast, leach, electrolysis (RLE) smelting, and a unique biological waste water treatment plant Budel’s feedstock primarily consists of high grade sulphide concentrates, zinc oxides and other secondary feeds. Historically, a PRODUCTS: special high grade (SHG) zinc, zinc alloys substantial percentage of the feedstock was sourced from Century and sulphuric acid mine, which reached its life-of-mine in August 2015 and ceased EMPLOYEES: 470 supplying the Budel smelter in Q4 2015. Management accordingly took steps to secure raw materials from other sources, including PRODUCTION 2016: 283,000 tonnes zinc metal, 342.000 entering into the Trafi gura Commercial Agreements and buying on tonnes (netto) sulphuric acid the spot market. In addition, Nyrstar invested in “de-bottlenecking” the Budel smelter which expanded the types and grades of the concentrates that the smelter is capable of processing. The Budel smelter today sources raw materials from approximately 46 different suppliers. Budel’s two key products are SHG and zinc galvanizing alloys. In addition, the site produces cadmium, copper and cobalt cake, sulphuric acid and a saleable product known as Budel Leach Product that contains lead and precious metals and is used as a raw material by secondary smelters. Nyrstar’s fumer in Hoyanger partly treats this material to extract these valuable materials. Operation at a glance Nyrstar’s Budel zinc smelter is situated in the south-east of The Netherlands near the Belgian border, and is a large-scale smelter. The Budel zinc plant is one of the most effi cient zinc producers in the world. This year the plant celebrates its 125 years existence. PRODUCTION PROCESS AT BUDEL Input Concentrate + Oxides Electricity Process Roasting Leaching Purication Electrolysis Casting Gas Cleaning Sulphuric Acid Plant Water Treatment Output Cadmium and Sulphuric Budel Leach Copper Cake Acid Water Product Cobalt Cake Zinc Budel, and the world of Nyrstar Budel, The Netherlands AMSTERDAM Melbourne THE NETHERLANDS 10 3 Rotterdam 2 12 11 1 16 5 15 Antwerp Budel 8 Balen/Overpelt 4 Lille BRUSSELS Auby BELGIUM 6 14 7 Hobart 13 FRANCE 9 Indicates neighbouring Nyrstar site MINES/STREAMING AGREEMENTS METALS PROCESSING CORPORATE OFFICE 1 Auby, France 6 Contonga, Peru 11 Langlois, Canada 16 Zurich, Switzerland 2 Balen/Overpelt, Belgium 7 Coricancha, Peru (non-core asset) 12 Myra Falls, Canada 3 Budel, The Netherlands 8 Fort Lauderdale, Miami, USA 13 Port Pirie, Australia 4 Campo Morado, Mexico 9 Hobart, Australia 14 Pucarrajo, Peru (non-core asset) 5 Clarksville, USA 10 Hoyanger, Norway 15 Tennessee Mines, USA THE WORLD OF NYRSTAR HISTORY In 1892, the Budel zinc factory was founded by the Dor brothers. The Nyrstar Budel is part of Nyrstar, a global multi-metals business, with community in which Nyrstar Budel operates is still called ‘Budel-Dorplein’ a market leading position in zinc and lead, and growing positions in to this day. other base and precious metals, which are essential resources that are fuelling the rapid urbanisation and industrialisation of our changing Until 1973, a thermal process heating calcine and coal in horizontal retort, world. Nyrstar has mining, smelting, and other operations located in was used for zinc production. In January 1974, a new plant on site was Europe, the Americas and Australia and employs approximately 4,300 commissioned to allow for a more efficient and cleaner electrolytic zinc people. Nyrstar is incorporated in Belgium and has its corporate offi ce production process. in Switzerland. Nyrstar is listed on Euronext Brussels under the symbol NYR. The zinc plant chronologically operated under the name Kempensche Zinkmaatchappij (KZM), Budelco, Pasminco and Zinifex - until Nyrstar was Nyrstar is committed to providing a safe environment for our born in September 2007. The main focus of the plant is the production of employees, minimising our smelters’ and mines’ impact on the zinc, zinc alloys and sulphuric acid. environment and contributing to the communities in which we operate. Insights from former employees regarding historical facts and anecdotes are available through a site alumni website: www. historiekzm.nl. Contact Information Nyrstar Budel Hoofdstraat 1 6024 AA Budel-Dorplein The Netherlands T +31 495 512 911 F +31 495 518 285 www.nyrstarbudel.nl For more information please visit www.nyrstar.com or email [email protected]. Learn about career opportunities at nyrstar.com/careers Please visit nyrstar.com for more information © Nyrstar - March 2017.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fact Sheet-Balen
    Balen/Overpelt Smelter Belgium OVERVIEW Fast Facts The Balen smelter is one of the world’s largest zinc smelters in terms of production volume. LOCATION: Balen and Overpelt, Belgium The Balen and Overpelt sites are only 18 kilometres apart. The TECHNOLOGY: roast, leach, electrolysis (RLE) smelting, oxide washing sites’ operations are complementary and highly integrated. Cathodes produced at Balen and Auby (France) are transported to PRODUCTS: special high grade (SHG) zinc, zinc alloys the centralised melting & casting facilities in Overpelt. In addition, and sulphuric acid the Overpelt site includes one of Europe’s largest oxide washing EMPLOYEES: 552 facilities that serves as a central washing facility for the pre- treatment of purchased secondaries prior to their consumption PRODUCTION 2016: 236,000 tonnes zinc metal, 317.000 by the European Nyrstar smelters. As part of the casting facilities tonnes sulphuric acid upgrade, a new melting furnace and a completely automated casting line were installed and commissioned in Overpelt in June 2010. SHG casting capacity at Overpelt amounted to 235.000 tonnes in 2016. The Balen smelter produces zinc from feedstock of both zinc concentrates and recycled zinc secondary feed materials. Balen’s zinc concentrates are sourced from suppliers world-wide. The Balen smelter can process a high percentage of secondary feed material input without adversely affecting overall plant productivity, effi ciency or residue output. Concentrates are transported by train from the port of Antwerp, a main Operation at a glance thoroughfare harbour for zinc concentrates. Secondary zinc feed materials are delivered to the plant by truck. The Balen smelter is located in the north-east of Belgium, and is a large-scale smelter.
    [Show full text]
  • OXR ZXF Merger Announceme
    3 March 2008 AUSTRALIAN STOCK EXCHANGE AND MEDIA RELEASE OXIANA AND ZINIFEX TO MERGE TO CREATE A MAJOR DIVERSIFIED MINING COMPANY Oxiana Limited (“Oxiana”) and Zinifex Limited (“Zinifex”) today announce that they have entered into a definitive agreement to merge their businesses, creating a new major diversified base and precious metals mining company with global capability. The merged company will be re-named and will remain headquartered in Melbourne, Australia. Transaction Highlights • Zinifex shareholders will receive 3.1931 Oxiana shares for each Zinifex share they own. The terms reflect a merger of equals with the merged entity to be owned 50% by Oxiana and Zinifex shareholders, respectively. • The Board of Oxiana and the Board of Zinifex each believe that the new entity will be better positioned for growth than either company on a standalone basis. • The merger will combine two companies with highly complementary operational, development and exploration profiles and create a group with: o A market capitalisation of approximately A$12 billion, making it the 3rd largest diversified mining company listed on ASX. o The world’s second largest producer of zinc and a substantial producer of copper, lead, gold and silver. o Five competitive mining operations in Australia and Asia and three new mining projects in development. o A large portfolio of diversified development and exploration activities throughout Australia, Asia and North America. o A net cash balance of approximately A$1.9 billion (as at 31 December 2007) and combined EBITDA (in calendar year 2007) of approximately A$1.7 billion. o A strong platform to grow both organically and through acquisitions.
    [Show full text]
  • Mineral Facilities of Asia and the Pacific," 2007 (Open-File Report 2010-1254)
    Table1.—Attribute data for the map "Mineral Facilities of Asia and the Pacific," 2007 (Open-File Report 2010-1254). [The United States Geological Survey (USGS) surveys international mineral industries to generate statistics on the global production, distribution, and resources of industrial minerals. This directory highlights the economically significant mineral facilities of Asia and the Pacific. Distribution of these facilities is shown on the accompanying map. Each record represents one commodity and one facility type for a single location. Facility types include mines, oil and gas fields, and processing plants such as refineries, smelters, and mills. Facility identification numbers (“Position”) are ordered alphabetically by country, followed by commodity, and then by capacity (descending). The “Year” field establishes the year for which the data were reported in Minerals Yearbook, Volume III – Area Reports: Mineral Industries of Asia and the Pacific. In the “DMS Latitiude” and “DMS Longitude” fields, coordinates are provided in degree-minute-second (DMS) format; “DD Latitude” and “DD Longitude” provide coordinates in decimal degrees (DD). Data were converted from DMS to DD. Coordinates reflect the most precise data available. Where necessary, coordinates are estimated using the nearest city or other administrative district.“Status” indicates the most recent operating status of the facility. Closed facilities are excluded from this report. In the “Notes” field, combined annual capacity represents the total of more facilities, plus additional
    [Show full text]
  • IGO Interactive Annual Report 2020
    2021 ANNUAL REPORT We believe in a green energy future. IGO Limited is an ASX 100 listed ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Company focused on creating a We acknowledge the Traditional Owners of the land on better planet for future generations by which we operate and on which we work. We recognise their connection to land, waters and culture, and pay our discovering, developing, and delivering respects to their Elders past, present and emerging. products critical to clean energy. We would like to thank Neil Warburton who retired from the IGO Board in FY21 for his significant contribution to IGO over the last five years. WHO WE ARE We are also pleased to welcome two new appointments IGO Limited is an ASX 100 listed Company focused on to the Board, Xiaoping Yang as a Non-executive Director creating a better planet for future generations by discovering, and Michael Nossal as a Non-executive Director who developing, and delivering products critical to clean energy. transitioned to the Chair role on 1 July 2021. As a purpose-led organisation with strong, embedded values and a culture of caring for our people and our stakeholders, We would also like to take this opportunity to thank Peter we believe we are Making a Difference by safely, sustainably Bilbe, who was appointed to the IGO Board in 2009, for his and ethically delivering the products our customers need substantial contribution to the Company. Over his tenure, to advance the global transition to decarbonisation. Peter has overseen the positive transformation of IGO, culminating in the announcement on 30 June 2021 of the Through our upstream mining and downstream processing completion of the transaction with Tianqi Lithium Corporation.
    [Show full text]
  • Zinifex Completes Transfer of Zinc Smelting and Alloying Business to Nyrstar Nyrstar the World’S Leading Zinc Metal Producer Is Born
    4 September 2007 Zinifex completes transfer of zinc smelting and alloying business to Nyrstar Nyrstar the world’s leading zinc metal producer is born Zinifex today announced that it had completed the transfer of its zinc and lead smelting and alloying assets to Nyrstar, thereby formally launching the joint- venture with Umicore and creating the world’s largest zinc metal producer. Incorporated in Belgium and headquartered in London, Nyrstar has wholly owned operations in Australia, Belgium, France, the Netherlands and the USA and joint ventures in Australia, China and France as well as a 24.9 per cent interest in Padaeng Industry Public Company Limited in Thailand. Nyrstar’s shareholders, Umicore and Zinifex, have contributed approximately 40 per cent and 60 per cent, respectively, of the relative value of Nyrstar’s assets. Nyrstar is however structured on an equal ownership basis, with Zinifex and Umicore each owning 50 per cent of the shares in Nyrstar and having equal voting rights, with an appropriate equalisation arrangement to be implemented at a future point. The formation of Nyrstar marks another significant milestone in the transformation of Zinifex to a fully-fledged mining company. It is the intention of both Zinifex and Umicore to undertake an initial public offering of shares in Nyrstar at an appropriate time. For more information, please read the attached Nyrstar statement which was issued separately and can also be viewed at Nyrstar’s website www.nyrstar.com For personal use only For further information, please contact: Matthew Foran Manager – Stakeholder Relations Tel: +61 (03) 9288 0456 or 0409 313 637 Email: [email protected] PRESS RELEASE Nyrstar completes transfer of zinc and lead smelting assets from Umicore and Zinifex Creation of world’s largest zinc metal producer and a major lead producer Production of over one million tonnes of zinc per year 3 September 2007, Brussels, Belgium.
    [Show full text]
  • Nyrstar Port Pirie Smelter Transformation Proposal Public
    Nyrstar Port Pirie Smelter Transformation Proposal Public Environmental Report August 2013 Public Environmental Report Nyrstar Port Pirie Smelter Transformation Proposal Nyrstar Port Pirie Smelter Transformation Nyrstar Port Pirie Smelter Transformation Proposal Public Environmental Report Prepared for: Nyrstar Port Pirie PO Box 219, Port Pirie, SA 5440 +61 8 8638 1500, www.nyrstar.com Prepared by: COOE Pty Ltd (and Associates) PO Box 591, Littlehampton, SA 5250 +61 8 8398 5090, www.cooe.com.au Acknowledgement to Associates: Air Assessments (IJH Holdings Pty Ltd) Arup Pty Ltd BlueSphere Environmental Pty Ltd BMT WBM Pty Ltd CSIRO Marine & Atmospheric Research - Centre for Australian Weather & Climate Research SEA - Social & Ecological Assessment Pty Ltd Michael R Moore URPS Document Control Document code: REPT_PER_Nyrstar_20130730 Date Version Reason for change Author(s) Editor(s) 8 July 2013 1.0 Submission to client COOE Pty Ltd Nyrstar Pty Ltd 2 August 2013 2.0 Submission to Minister COOE Pty Ltd Nyrstar Pty Ltd This document and the information contained within were produced by COOE solely for the use of the client identified on the cover sheet for the purpose for which it has been prepared. COOE undertakes no duty to or accepts any responsibility to any third party who may rely upon this document. PUBLIC ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT | PAGE I PREFACE Nyrstar Port Pirie Pty Ltd has published this Public Environmental Report (PER) to seek approvals from the Australian and South Australian Governments to undertake a major development of the smelter in Port Pirie, South Australia. Community views are a very important consideration for Nyrstar and government in planning and assessing the proposed Port Pirie Smelter Transformation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mineral Industry of Australia in 2012
    2012 Minerals Yearbook AUSTRALIA U.S. Department of the Interior February 2015 U.S. Geological Survey THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF AUSTRALIA By Pui-Kwan Tse Australia was subject to volatile weather in recent years Government Policies and Programs that included heavy rains and droughts. The inclement weather conditions affected companies’ abilities to expand The powers of Australia’s Commonwealth Government are their activities, such as port, rail, and road construction and defined in the Australian Constitution; powers not defined in the repair, as well as to mine, process, manufacture, and transport Constitution belong to the States and Territories. Except for the their materials. Slow growth in the economies of the Western Australian Capital Territory (that is, the capital city of Canberra developed countries in 2012 affected economic growth and its environs), all Australian States and Territories have negatively in many counties of the Asia and the Pacific region. identified mineral resources and established mineral industries. China, which was a destination point for many Australian Each State has a mining act and mining regulations that mineral exports, continued to grow its economy in 2012, regulate the ownership of minerals and the operation of mining although the rate of growth was slower than in previous years. activities in that State. The States have other laws that deal with As a result, Australia’s gross domestic product (GDP) increased occupational health and safety, environment, and planning. at a rate of 3.1% during 2012, which was higher than the All minerals in the land are reserved to the Crown; however, 2.3% rate of growth recorded in 2011.
    [Show full text]
  • MMG Rosebery 14 July 2015 History of Rosebery
    MMG Rosebery 14 July 2015 History of Rosebery 1893 • Tom McDonald discovered alluvial gold with boulders of zinc-lead sulphide. 1920 • Rosebery and Hercules Mines purchased by the Electrolytic Zinc Company of Australasia Limited. (EZ). 1927 • Construction of Rosebery Mill begins. 1936 • Production started in February – Mill capacity was 15 tonnes/hour. 1961 • Mill capacity was 30 tonnes/hour. 1963 • Murchison Highway completed. 2003 • Breakthrough of surface decline allowing trucking of ore to surface. 2004 • Transition from Pasminco to Zinifex Ltd., becoming one of Australia’s leading companies in mining and producing zinc, lead, copper, gold & silver. 2008 • Zinifex Ltd and Oxiana merged into OZ Minerals. 2009 • MMG – Minerals & Metals Group. 2011 • 75 years of continuous mining and milling at Rosebery. 2 Overview Location: Tasmania, Australia Ownership: 100% MMG Mine: Underground (sublevel open stope – Transverse, Longitudinal and slashing stoping) Throughput: 0.95 Mtpa, mine, crush, grind, float Product: Zinc concentrate, Lead concentrate, Copper 2014 Revenue by commodity concentrate, Dore gold/silver. 3% 16% 12% Mine Life 2023 17% 52% Copper Gold Silver Zinc Lead 3 Site Layout – Proximity to township 3 1. Portal. 2. Concentrator. 6 3. Filter Plant & Train Loading 2 1 Station. 5 4 4. Administration Building. 5. Old 3 Level Open cut. 7 6. Waste Rock Dump. 7. Rosebery1 Hospital. Geology – Volcanogenic Massive Sulphide (VMS) deposit Characteristics of VMS Deposits Trilobite Size <1Mt to 50Mt to giant deposits (500Mt) e.g. Kidd Creek, Brunswick 12, Neves Corvo Polymetallic, Rosebery -Zn, Pb, Cu, Host Au, Ag Stacked Deposits, Repetition through rock sequence Occur as clusters within belts (3 to 6 km separation) Mt Read Volcanics of Tasmania, Iberian Pyrite Belt, Green Tuff Belt of Japan Present day analogue of VMS deposits are Black Smokers 5 Geology – Volcanogenic Massive Sulphide (VMS) deposit Size - >50Mt of massive to disseminated sulphide.
    [Show full text]
  • Fact Sheet-Langlois
    Langlois Mine Canada OVERVIEW Fast Facts The Langlois mine facilities LOCATION: Northwest Québec, Canada include a head frame, hoisting plant, paste backfi ll MINE TYPE: underground zinc, copper and silver mine plant, mechanical and PRODUCTS: zinc and copper concentrate, silver and electrical shops, a service gold as a by-product building, a 2,500tpd zinc/ copper concentrator and a EMPLOYEES: 241 tailings pond. PRODUCTION 2016: 34,000 tonnes zinc in concentrate, 2,100 tonnes copper in concentrate, 554,200 troy ounces silver in concentrate, 1,800 troy ounces gold in concentrate Operation at a glance The Langlois mine is located in Bay James Territories, in northwest Québec, approximately 50 kilometers north east of the town of Lebel- Sur-Quévillon. The mine produces zinc and copper concentrates with lesser values of silver and gold by-products. PRODUCTION PROCESS AT LANGLOIS Drill & Blast Haulage Hoisting MINE Zinc Paste ll Sag Ball Copper plant Mill Mill Flotation Flotation MILL Tailings Pond Copper Zinc Concentrate Concentrate PRODUCTS Langlois, and the world of Nyrstar Langlois, Canada Hudson Bay 7 3 2 8 10 8 1 Langlois Mine 12 Lebel-Sur-Quévillon 4 ONTARIO 9 5 QUEBEC QUEBEC CITY 11 6 MINING METALS PROCESSING HEADQUARTERS 1 Auby, France 4 Clarksville, USA 7 Hoyanger, Norway 10 Myra Falls, Canada 2 Balen/Overpelt, Belgium 5 East Tennessee Mines, USA 8 Langlois, Canada 11 Port Pirie, Australia 3 Budel, The Netherlands 6 Hobart, Australia 9 Mid Tennessee Mines, USA 12 Zurich, Switzerland THE WORLD OF NYRSTAR HISTORY The Langlois mine is located in Bay James Territory, in northwest Nyrstar Langlois is part of Nyrstar, a global multi-metals business, with Québec, approximately 50 kilometers north of the town of Lebel- a market leading position in zinc and lead, and growing positions in sur- Quévillon.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mineral Industry of Australia in 2008
    2008 Minerals Yearbook AUSTRALIA U.S. Department of the Interior August 2010 U.S. Geological Survey THE MINERAL INDUS T RY OF AUS T RALIA By Pui-Kwan Tse Australia was one of the world’s leading mineral producing and the Brockman iron project in the Pilbara region of Western countries and ranked among the top 10 countries in the world Australia (Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource in the production of bauxite, coal, cobalt, copper, gem and Economics, 2009a). near-gem diamond, gold, iron ore, lithium, manganese ore, tantalum, and uranium. Since mid-2008, the global financial Minerals in the National Economy crisis had sharply weakened world economic activities, and the slowdown had been particularly pronounced in the developed Australia’s mining sector contributed more than $105 billion countries in the West. Emerging Asian economies were also to the country’s gross domestic product (GDP), or 7.7% of the adversely affected by the sharply weaker demand for exports GDP during fiscal year 2007-08. In 2008, the mining sector and tighter credit conditions. After a period of strong expansion, employed 173,900 people who worked directly in mining and an Australia’s economic growth decreased by 0.5% in the final additional 200,000 who were involved in supporting the mining quarter of 2008. Overall, Australia’s economy grew at a rate activities. Expectations of sustained levels of global demand for of 2.4% during 2008. During the past several years, owing to minerals led to increased production of minerals and metals in anticipated higher prices of mineral commodities in the world Australia, and the mineral industry was expected to continue markets, Australia’s mineral commodity output capacities to be a major contributor to the Australian economy in the next expanded rapidly.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mineral Industry of Australia in 2007
    2007 Minerals Yearbook AUSTRALIA U.S. Department of the Interior December 2009 U.S. Geological Survey THE MINERAL INDUS T RY OF AUS T RALIA By Pui-Kwan Tse Australia was one of the world’s leading mineral producing Constitution belong to the States and Territories. All powers that countries and ranked among the top 10 countries in the world in relate to mineral resources and their production belong to the the production of bauxite, coal, cobalt, copper, gem and near- States and Territories. Except for the Australian Capital Territory gem diamond, gold, iron ore, lithium, manganese ore, tantalum, (that is, the capital city Canberra and its environs), all Australian and uranium. Reflecting an increase in world demand for States and Territories have identified mineral resources and mineral commodities, the Australian economy grew at a rate of established mineral industries. 3.9% during 2007. Owing to anticipated higher prices of mineral The Mineral Council of Australia (MCA) urged the Federal commodities in the world markets, the Australian economy Government to establish a nationwide project approval process continued expanding and, as a result, surplus productive that would be consistent across all jurisdictions to reduce capacity was expected in the future. Owing to an increase in regulatory burdens that were affecting the mineral sector. In domestic demand and a tightening in the labor market, the addition, 10 principal statutes govern occupational health and consumer price index increased by 4.2% in 2007. safety in Australia, and, according to the MCA, this multilayer Australia’s total mineral exploration spending, excluding regulatory regime imposes a significant administrative burden petroleum, was $1,751.9 million (A$2,061.1 million) in 2007.
    [Show full text]
  • Budel Smelter the Netherlands
    Budel Smelter The Netherlands OVERVIEW Fast Facts Nyrstar’s Budel smelter produces zinc and zinc alloys. The advantage of the Budel smelter is its very high zinc recovery rate as a result of TECHNOLOGY: roast, leach, electrolysis (RLE) smelting, and a unique biological waste water treatment plant circuit design and feedstocks. PRODUCTS: special high grade (SHG) zinc, zinc alloys Budel’s feedstock from Nyrstar primarily consists of high grade and sulphuric acid sulphide concentrates, zinc oxides and other secondary feeds. PRODUCTION 2017: 248 kt zinc metal, 263 kt sulphuric Budel’s two key products are SHG and zinc galvanizing alloys. In acid addition, the site produces cadmium, copper and cobalt cake, sulphuric EMPLOYEES: ~ 455 acid and Budel Leach Product that contains lead and precious metals and is used as a raw material by secondary smelters. Nyrstar’s fumer in Hoyanger partly treats this material to extract valuable materials for Nyrstar. Nyrstar Budel is a highly energy intensive smelter. For example, the site operates a state of the art water treatment plant which supports keeping its environmental footprint to a minimum. Location The Budel zinc smelter is situated at Budel-Dorplein in the southeast of The Netherlands near the Belgian border and close to the majority of Nyrstar’s customers in the major industrial centers of The Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Luxembourg and northern France. PRODUCTION PROCESS AT BUDEL Input Concentrate + Oxides Electricity Process Roasting Leaching Purication Electrolysis Casting Gas Cleaning Sulphuric
    [Show full text]