INDEX

Note: Italicized page locators indicate figures; tables are noted with t

A Adipose tissue endocrinology, Abdominal scan, 138 essentials of α blockade, preoperative adiponectin, 340 management, 140 derived efferent signals, 340 ACC. See Adrenocortical endocrine regulation of lipid storage, 339–340 ACCORD, 294 leptin, 340 , 342 clinical presentation, 19–20 obesity, 341 diagnostic evaluation, 20–21 types of, 339 management, 21–24 Adjuvant for tumors, 157 medical therapy options, 24t Adjuvant radiotherapy pathophysiology, 19 for adrenocortical carcinoma, 158 physical exam, 20 for , 35 signs and symptoms of, 20 Adrenal , 127 testing for, 23t Adrenal , 115 ACTH. See Adrenocorticotropic replacement, 119 hormone , 113 ACTH-dependent Cushing’s Adrenalectomy, 96 syndrome, 123, 126 Adrenal essentials ACTH-independent Cushing’s anatomy, 113 syndrome, 123, 126 function of hormones, 115–116 Actonel, 192t, 198 histology, 113 Acute adrenal crisis, AI, 120 hormone synthesis, 113, 114 Acute coronary syndrome, regulation of adrenal function, DM in, 300 114–115 Acute illness, NTIS, 70 Adrenal incidentaloma, 136 Acute treatment of adrenal masses, 149 hypercalcemia, 172 benign vs. malignant adrenal ADA. See American Diabetes masses, 151, 152 Association hormone hypersecretion ADA Standards of Medical Care in assessment, 149 Diabetes (2013), 298 patients Adenohypophysis. See Anterior evaluation and management pituitary with, 151, 152 ADH. See Antidiuretic hormone history and follow-up of, 153 Adipocytes, release in, 339–340 , 149–150 Adipokines, 340 , 150 Adiponectin, 340 SCS, 150

448565_IDXx_369-392.indd8565_IDXx_369-392.indd 336969 44/8/13/8/13 9:429:42 PMPM 370 Index Adrenal insuffi ciency (AI) Adults acute adrenal crisis, 120 classifi cation of hypoglycemia in, with AITD, 362 321–322 causes of, 117 DM screening in, 259 chronic treatment of, 119–120 Adult Treatment Panel III, 299t critical illness-related ADVANCE, 294 corticosteroid AGHD. See Adult growth hormone insuffi ciency, 121 defi ciency diagnosis of, 118–119 AI. See Adrenal insuffi ciency HC dosing conditions, 120 AIT. See Amiodarone-induced patient education and “sick day thyrotoxicosis management,” 120 AITD. See Autoimmune thyroid symptoms and fi nding in, 117t disease , 113 antagonists, 150 Adrenal steroidgenesis, 114 Aldosterone-producing Adrenal ultrasound, 235 adenoma, 150 Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) Alemtuzumab, 76 adjuvant mitotane/radiotherapy Alendronate (Fosamax), 192t, 197 and follow-up, 157–158 Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, 346t advanced disease, 158 Aluminum-based antacids, 74 clinical presentation, 155–157 American Diabetes Association epidemiology and (ADA) pathophysiology, 155 for DM, 259, 264–266 hormonal evaluation, 156t guidelines for ill patients, 300 initial therapy and surgical lipid management approach, 157 recommendations, 298t mitotane effect on endocrine American Thyroid Association (ATA), function, 158–159 89, 90 pathological evaluation, 157 Aminobisphosphonates, 197 staging for adult, 156t Amiodarone Adrenocorticotropic hormone hypothyroidism, 75 (ACTH) pharmacology, 75 defi ciency, 9, 9t Amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis manifestations of, 8t (AIT) Adult care, transition from pediatric classifi cation, 75 to, 30 diagnosis, 75 Adult growth hormone defi ciency management, 75–76 (AGHD) Amylin mimetic (pramlintide), 346t causes of, 25 Anaplastic thyroid (ATCs) clinical presentation, 25–26, 26t clinical presentation, 97 diagnosis, 27 diagnostic evaluation, 98–99 GH replacement therapy in, differences between PDTC recommendations for, 29t and, 99t imaging, 29 external , management, 29 100–101 provocative dynamic tests for, 28t on FNAB, 98t signs and symptoms of, 26t management, 100

448565_IDXx_369-392.indd8565_IDXx_369-392.indd 337070 44/8/13/8/13 9:429:42 PMPM Index 371 pathophysiology, 97 Arteries, blood supply, 113 signs and symptoms of, 98t Artifactual hypoglycemia, 322 surgery, 100 Aspirin therapy, 299 treatment options and Asymptomatic primary suggestions, 101t hyperparathyroidism, Anatomical imaging of parathyroidectomy in, pheochromocytoma, 138 171, 172t replacement ATA. See American Thyroid adrenal, 119 Association risks of, 213–215, 214t–215t ATCs. See Anaplastic thyroid Androgens, 223 cancers -converting enzyme Atherosclerosis, 293, 294 inhibitors (ACEIs), 297, 304 ATP-binding cassette transporter Angiotensin-II receptor, 304 A1 (ABCA1), 329 Anorgasmia, 220 ATP III LDL-C, goals and cutpoints Anterior pituitary, 3 for therapy, 335t cells and hormones, 5–6 Autoantibody, screening of, control of, 4 362–363 Antiadrenal medical therapy, 128 Autocrine regulation, 204 Antiandrogens, 230, 236–237 Autoimmune adrenalitis, 117 Antibiotic therapy for STI, 317 Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy– Antibody testing, glycemia candidiasis–ectodermal in DM, 260 dystrophy syndrome Anticonvulsant therapy, 290 (APECED), 364 Antidepressants, 290 Autoimmune polyglandular Antidiabetic medications, syndromes (APS), 361 noninsulin, 262t–263t diseases associated with, 363t Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) type 1 (APS1) defi ciency, 9t, 10 clinical presentation of, manifestations of, 8t 364–365 Antihyperglycemic medications, diagnosis of, 365 cardiovascular features in, 361t considerations of, major and minor 295t–296t manifestations associated Antiplatelet therapy, 299 with, 364t Appendiceal tumors, 357t management of, 365 APS. See Autoimmune polyglandular type 2 (APS2) syndromes autoimmune conditions Aredia, 197 associated with, 362t Arginine test for GH secretion clinical presentation of, in adults, 28t 361–362 Arginine vasopressin receptor diagnosis of, 362–363 (AVPR) antagonists, 40 features in, 361t ARR testing. See Plasma management of, 364 aldosterone/ ratio Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), testing AI with, 362 Arterial calcium stimulation, 323 Autoimmune thyroiditis, 103

448565_IDXx_369-392.indd8565_IDXx_369-392.indd 337171 44/8/13/8/13 9:429:42 PMPM 372 Index Autosomal recessive condition. Paget’s disease of. See Paget’s See autoimmune disease of bone polyendocrinopathy– PTH, 165 candidiasis–ectodermal Bone mineral density (BMD) dystrophy syndrome by DEXA, 189t (APECED) maintenance of, 242 Boniva, 192t B Breastfeeding, 306 Barbiturates, 74 Brite cells, 339 Bariatric surgery for obesity, 347 Bronchial carcinoids tumors, 357t Basal insulin, 264–265 Bronchoscopy, 358 β blockade, preoperative Brown adipose tissue, 339 management, 140 Bulbourethral , 202 Behavioral weight loss Burned out Paget’s disease, 195 (BWL), 345 BWL. See Behavioral weight loss Beige cells, 339 Bexarotene, 77 Bicarbonate, hyperglycemic C emergencies CAH. See Congenital adrenal management, 274 hyperplasia Biguanides, 295t, 346t Calcidiol, 165 Bilateral adrenalectomy, Cushing’s Calcifediol, 165 syndrome, 128 Calcitonin, 96, 167, 192t Bilateral inferior petrosal sinus Calcitonin receptor (CTR), 167 sampling (IPSS), 127 Calcium balance, maintenance of, Bilateral primary aldosteronism, 163–164 131, 133, 134 Calcium carbonate, 73 Bile acid–binding resins, 337 Calcium gluconate, 323 Bile acid sequestrants, 74 Calcium infusion, 183 Biliopancreatic diversion/duodenal Calcium intakes, 163, 164t switch for obesity, 347t Calcium metabolism essentials Biopsy, 358 calcitonin, 167 Blood glucose control, 287, calcium balance, maintenance 304, 305 of, 163–164 Blood pressure (BP), 136 PTH, 164–165 close monitoring, 141 vitamin D, 165–166 control, 287 Calcium-sensing receptor Blood supply, 3, 113 (CaSR), 163 Blood tests for male infertility, Carbamazepine, 74 218–219 treatment for central DI, 45 BMD. See Bone mineral density Carcinoembryonic antigen Body mass index (BMI), 259, (CEA), 96 343–344 syndrome, 359 Bolus insulin, 265 Carcinoid tumors Bone clinical presentation, calcitonin, 167 356–357, 357t metabolism, 190 diagnosis, 357–358

448565_IDXx_369-392.indd8565_IDXx_369-392.indd 337272 44/8/13/8/13 9:429:42 PMPM Index 373 general management Central hypothyroidism, causes approach, 358 of, 63 hepatic-predominant metastatic Cerebral edema, 275 disease treatment, 359 Cervical factors, female infertility, hormonal hypersecretion 245, 246, 249 treatment symptoms of, CETP. See Cholesterol ester 358–359 transport protein pathophysiology, 355 CGA. See Chromogranin A treatment options for control of, Charcot neuroosteoarthropathy 359–360 background, 317–318 Cardiovascular complications, 196 diagnosis, 318 Cardiovascular disease (CVD), 311 management, 318–319 management in prediabetes, 312 pathophysiology, 318 in type 2 diabetes CHD. See Coronary heart disease antiplatelet therapy, 299 , 141 CHD screening, 300 Chlorpropamide, treatment for DM in acute coronary central DI, 45 syndrome, 300 Cholecalciferol, 165 dyslipidemia, 298 Cholesterol, 331 glycemic control, 294 absorption inhibitor, 337 management, 297 lipoproteins carrying, 325 lipid guidelines, 298, 298t Cholesterol esters (CE), 325 NCEP, 299t Cholesterol ester transport protein overview, 293 (CETP), 327, 329 pathophysiology, 293, 294 Cholestyramine, 74 risk factors, 300 Chromogranin A (CGA), 357 Cardiovascular health, maintenance Chronic hypercalcemia, symptoms of, 243 of, 170, 170t , 86 Chronic illness, NTIS, 70 Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis neurotransmitters, 221 (CMC), 364 Catecholamine-producing Chronic treatment tumors, 135 of AI, 119–120 for hypercalcemia, 172 binding to β-adrenergic Chvostek’s sign, 182 receptors, 340 Chylomicrons (CM), 326, 331, 339 function of adrenal hormones, 116 Clofi brate, treatment for central synthesis, 113 DI, 45 CBT. See Cognitive behavioral Clomiphene therapy citrate, 248 C-cell hyperplasia (CCH), 93 resistance to, 248 C cells, 49 CMC. See Chronic mucocutaneous CEA. See Carcinoembryonic antigen candidiasis Central diabetes insipidus, 43 CNS stimulants/appetite etiologies of, 43t suppressants, 346t interpretation of test results, 44 Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), treatment, 45 for obesity, 345

448565_IDXx_369-392.indd8565_IDXx_369-392.indd 337373 44/8/13/8/13 9:429:42 PMPM 374 Index Colonoscopy, 358 Cushing’s syndrome, 95 Combined oral contraceptives, 230 causes, management of, Computed tomography (CT) 127–128 scans, 156 clinical features, 123 abdominal, 138 diagnostic strategy, 124–125 adrenal, 126, 133 differential diagnosis, 126–127 anatomical imaging, 138 etiologies, 123 of chest, 94 standard diagnostic tests for, of neck, 57, 99 125–126 for NET metastases, 358 Cyproterone acetate (CPA), 236 parathyroid, 177 Cytokines, 69 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Cytotoxic chemotherapy, 359 (CAH) clinical presentation, 144–145 D laboratory testing and Debulking surgery, 141 diagnostic evaluation, Defi cient hormones, manifestations 145, 145t of, 8t management, 145–147 Demeclocycline, managing SIADH, 39 pathophysiology, 143–144, 143 Denosumab (Prolia), 192t types of, 144 DEXA. See Dual-energy X-ray Congenital hypothyroidism, 63 absorptiometry Conivaptan, 40 Dexamethasone, 118 Connecting peptide DI. See Diabetes insipidus (C-peptide), 253 Diabetes glycemia in DM, 260 hypoglycemia in Coronary heart disease (CHD), acute treatment of, 279 screening, 300 classifi cation of, 277 Correction-dose insulin, 308 etiologies, 277–278 Corticotrophin-releasing hormone prevention of, 279 (CRH) testing, 127 preexisting. See Preexisting Corticotrophs, 6 diabetes Cosmetic therapies for in pregnancy , 237 classifi cation, 303 Cosyntropin stimulation test diagnosis of GDM, 303–304 (CST), 118 management of, 304–305 Counter-regulatory hormones, 255 postnatal care, 305–306 Cowden’s syndrome, 86 preconception care, 304 CPA. See Cyproterone acetate prenatal considerations for, 305 C-peptide. See Connecting peptide risk factors for GDM, 303 Craniopharyngiomas type 1 background, 34 glycemic management in, management, 35 264–265 presentation and TDD of, 264 evaluation, 35 type 2 CST. See Cosyntropin stimulation cardiovascular disease in. test See Cardiovascular disease, Cushing’s disease, 126–128 in type 2 diabetes

448565_IDXx_369-392.indd8565_IDXx_369-392.indd 337474 44/8/13/8/13 9:429:42 PMPM Index 375 glycemic management in, management, 273–274, 274t 265–267 complications of, 274–275 Diabetes insipidus (DI) pathophysiology, 271 clinical manifestations, 43 resolution of, 275 defi nition, 43 transition from IV insulin diagnosis, 44 infusion, 275 etiologies of, 43t typical precipitating factors, 272 treatment, 45 Diabetic nephropathy types of, 43 clinical presentation, 286 Diabetes mellitus (DM), 255 diagnostic evaluation, 286 in acute coronary syndrome, 300 epidemiology, 285 ADA for, 259 management, 287 background, 257 pathophysiology, 285 drug-induced, 258 risk factors, 285 gestational, 259 stages of, 286t glycemia in, 260 Diabetic retinopathy pharmaceutical options clinical presentation, 281 for, 261t diagnostic evaluation, 281 type 1 management, 282 glycemic management in, nonproliferative and 264–265 proliferative, 281 pathophysiology and clinical pathophysiology, 281 presentation of, 257 retinal fi ndings, 282t type 2 Diet glycemic management in, for metabolic syndrome, 350 265–266 for obesity, 345 pathophysiology and clinical Dietary fi ber, 346 presentation of, 257–258 Differentiated thyroid recommendations for (DTC), 85 delay, 312 features indicating risk of Diabetes prevention recurrence of, 90t associated conditions, 311 initial treatment of, 89–90 clinical presentation, 311 Diminished ovarian reserve diagnostic evaluation, 311t (DOR), 249 pathophysiology, 311 Discontinue oral antidiabetic Diabetic cardiomyopathy, 294 agents, 307 Diabetic foot ulceration and Distal sensory neuropathy, 316 infection Distal symmetrical neuropathy, 315 background, 315 Distal symmetric polyneuropathy long-term care, 317 (DSPN) management of, 316 clinical presentation, 289 osteomyelitis, 317 management of, 290 pathophysiology, 315–316 pathophysiology, 289 Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), 257 screening and monitoring of, diagnosis, 272t 289–290 evaluation, 272, 272t DKA. See Diabetic ketoacidosis laboratory abnormalities, 273 DM. See Diabetes mellitus

448565_IDXx_369-392.indd8565_IDXx_369-392.indd 337575 44/8/13/8/13 9:429:42 PMPM 376 Index Dopamine, 77 Endoscopic ultrasound, 358 Dopamine agonists Energy expenditure, for acromegaly, 22, 24t calculating, 343 for nonfunctioning Energy intake, calculating, 343 macroadenomas, 33 Enteral feeding, 308 for ovulation, 16 Enzymes in treatment for metabolism, 340 hyperprolactinemia, 15 Epididymis, 202 DOR. See Diminished ovarian reserve , 220 Doxazosin, 140 Ergocalciferol, 165 DPP-4 inhibitors, 296t Estradiol, 222 Drospirenone, 230, 237 , 221, 222 Drug-induced DM, 258 HRT, 192t Drugs affecting thyroid function skeletal protection, 178 absorption, 73–74 symptoms of defi ciency, 240 causing central Euvolemia, 38 hypothyroidism, 77 Everolimus, mTOR inhibitor, 360 directly, 75–77 Evista, 192t hormone metabolism, 74 Exercise DSPN. See Distal symmetric for metabolic syndrome, 350 polyneuropathy for obesity, 345 DTC. See Differentiated thyroid Exocrine function, 201 cancer Exogenous fat. See Transport Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry of dietary fat (DEXA), BMD by, 189t External beam radiation therapy Dysbetalipoproteinemia, 334 (EBRT), 85, 96, 141 Dyslipidemia, 298 Extracellular fl uid (ECF) volume, classifi cation of E hypoosmolality by, 38 Early postnatal period, 202 Ezetimibe, 337 EBRT. See External beam radiation therapy F Ectopic ACTH syndrome, 128 Factitious hypoglycemia, 322 Efl ornithine cream, hirsutism, 237 Factitious thyrotoxicosis, 53t Ejaculatory duct, 202 Familial combined Ejaculatory dysfunction, 217, 219 hyperlipidemia, 333 11-hydroxylase defi ciency (11OHD), Familial hyperaldosteronism 144, 147 type I, 131 Endocrine type II, 131 function, 201 Familial hypercholesterolemia, 333 in MEN-1 and MEN-2, 366t–367t Familial hyperchylomicronemia, 333 , 253–255 Familial hypertriglyceridemia, 334 Endocrinopathies, 217 Familial medullary therapies for, 219–220 (FMTC), 93 Endogenous fat. See Transport Family planning, 243 of hepatic fat Fast-acting insulin, 308t Endometrium, menstrual cycle, 224t Fasting hypoglycemia, 321

448565_IDXx_369-392.indd8565_IDXx_369-392.indd 337676 44/8/13/8/13 9:429:42 PMPM Index 377 Female infertility. See also Male pathological features, 86–87 infertility persistent/recurrent disease causes of, 245 management, 91–92 clinical presentation, 246 prognosis, 87–88 diagnostic evaluation, 246–247 risk factors, 85–86 management, 247–249 TNM classifi cation, 88 pathophysiology, 245 Forteo, 192t preconception counseling, 247 Fosamax, 192t, 197 treatment of, 248 Fracture, risk factors for, 191t Female reproduction essentials Frederickson’s classifi cation of development in embryo, 221 lipoprotein disorders, 333t menopause, 224–226 type I, 333 menstrual cycle hormones, type II, 333 221–224, 223t–224t, type III, 334 225–226 type IV, 334 puberty, 221 type V, 334 Ferriman Gallwey hirsutism scoring Free cholesterol (FC), 325 system, 234, 235 Free fatty acids, 339 Fibrates. See Fibric acid derivatives Free thyroxine index (FTI), 52t Fibric acid derivatives, 337 FTC. See Follicular thyroid Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), 5 carcinoma Finasteride, 237 FTI. See Free thyroxine index Fine needle aspiration (FNA), Fuel homeostasis, insulin 81, 151 roles in, 255 5-Hydroxyindole acetic acid Fuel metabolism, essentials, (5-HIAA), 357 253–255 Fludrocortisone suppression Functional imaging, testing, 133 pheochromocytoma, 138 Fluid restriction, managing SIADH, 39 G Flutamide, 237 Gastric banding procedure for FMTC. See Familial medullary obesity, 347t thyroid cancer Gastric bypass procedure for FNA. See Fine needle aspiration obesity, 347t Follicles, 49 Gastric carcinoids tumors, 357t Follicular stimulating hormone , 359 (FSH), 222 GDM. See Gestational diabetes defi ciency, 9t, 10 mellitus manifestations of, 8t Genetic testing, Follicular thyroid carcinoma pheochromocytoma, (FTC), 85 138, 139 clinical presentation and Gestation, 202 diagnosis, 87 Gestational diabetes mellitus defi nition, 85 (GDM), 259 epidemiology, 85 diagnosis of, 303–304 long-term management, 90–91 risk factors for, 303 pathogenesis, 86 women with, 305–306

448565_IDXx_369-392.indd8565_IDXx_369-392.indd 337777 44/8/13/8/13 9:429:42 PMPM 378 Index GH receptor antagonist, 22, 23, 24t Growth hormone–releasing Glucagon hormone (GHRH), 28t actions of, 254 secretion, hypoglycemia clinical presentation, 206 lack, 278 diagnostic evaluation, 206 test for GH secretion in history and physical examination adults, 28t in, 206t Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) management, 207 analogs, 346t pathogenesis of, 205t receptor agonists, 296t , 359 H -remediable HAAF. See Hypoglycemia-associated aldosteronism (GRA), 131, autonomic failure 133, 134 HDDST. See High-dose , 77, 114, 115, dexamethasone test 237, 309 HDL. See High-density lipoprotein equivalency chart for, 120t Hemoglobin A1c, glycemia in replacement of AI, 119 DM, 260 Glucose, 307, 339 Hepatic cholesterol pool, Glycemia in DM, diagnosis and determination of, 328 management of, 260 Hepatic-predominant metastatic Glycemic control disease, 359 in type 1 diabetes, 264–265 Heterogeneous syndrome, 227 in type 2 diabetes, 265–266, 294 HHS. See Hyperosmolar Glycemic issues in hospitalized hyperglycemic state patients High-density lipoprotein (HDL), in ICU, 309 325, 331, 332 outside ICU, 307–309 High-dose dexamethasone test Goiter effects, lithium, 76 (HDDST), 126 Gonadotrophs, 6 Highly active antiretroviral therapy Gonadotropin, 249 (HAART), 342 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone High-risk patients, benefi t from (GnRH), 221, 237 metformin, 312 regulation of, 203 Hirsutism GRA. See Glucocorticoid-remediable clinical presentation, 233–235 aldosteronism diagnostic evaluation, 235 Granulomatous disease, 172 management, 236–238 Graves’ disease, 53t pathophysiology, 233 Growth hormone (GH) in PCOS, 230 manifestations of, 8t HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, measurement of, 20–21 335–337, 336t replacement therapy Hormonal assessment for pituitary in AGHD, 29t hypofunction, 9t Growth hormone defi ciency (GHD), Hormone hypersecretion 25–26, 26t assessment for, 149 in adults. See Adult growth biochemical evaluation for, 153 hormone defi ciency treatment symptoms of, 358–359

448565_IDXx_369-392.indd8565_IDXx_369-392.indd 337878 44/8/13/8/13 9:429:42 PMPM Index 379 Hormone replacement, 9–10 Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic thyroid, 71, 73–77 state (HHS) Hormone replacement therapy diagnosis, 272t (HRT), 242 evaluation, 272, 272t for females, 10 laboratory abnormalities, 273 Hormones management, 273–274, 274t counter-regulatory, 255 complications of, 274–275 of menstrual cycle, 221–224, pathophysiology, 271 223t–224t resolution of, 275 secretion, adrenal transition from IV insulin incidentalomas, 153 infusion, 275 Hospitalized patients outside, ICU, typical precipitating 307–309 factors, 272 HPA axis. See Hypothalamic- Hyperparathyroidism, 94 pituitary-adrenal axis clinical presentation, 176 HPT axis. See Hypothalamic- diagnostic evaluation, pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis 176–178 H2 receptor antagonists, 73 management, 178 Hungry bone syndrome, 181 pathophysiology, 175 Hurthle cell cancer, 87 Hyperprolactinemia, 220 Hydrocortisone (HC), 146 pathophysiology, 13 dosing conditions of AI, 120 symptoms due to, 13t, 14 IV, 67 Hypertension, 131, 141 Hyperandrogenism, 227–228 management, 297 OCPs reducing, 236 monitor for, 312 Hypercalcemia Hyperthyroidism clinical presentation, 170 clinical features of, 54 crisis, 178 in pregnancy diagnostic evaluation, 170–172 clinical presentation, 106 incidence, 169 diagnosis, 106 management, 172 etiology and pathophysiology, 169–170 pathophysiology, 105 Hyperchloremic acidosis, 275 laboratory evaluation, 106 Hyperfunction, screening for, 32 management, 107 Hyperglycemia for patients in subclinical, 60–61 ICU, 309 Hypertonic saline, managing Hyperglycemic emergencies SIADH, 39 diagnosis, 272t Hypertrichosis, 233 evaluation, 272, 272t Hypervolemia, 38 laboratory abnormalities, 273 Hypocalcemia management, 273–274, 274t clinical presentation, 182 complications of, 274–275 diagnostic evaluation scheme pathophysiology, 271 for, 183, 183 resolution of, 275 laboratory testing, 182–183 transition from IV insulin management, 183, 184 infusion, 275 pathophysiology, 181 typical precipitating factors, 272 specifi c causes, 181

448565_IDXx_369-392.indd8565_IDXx_369-392.indd 337979 44/8/13/8/13 9:429:42 PMPM 380 Index Hypoglycemia, 253, 274 Hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular development of, 271 axis, 203 disorders in male, 209, 209 classifi cation in adults, Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid 321–322 (HPT) axis, 69, 70 defi ned, 321 Hypothalamopituitary disease, 219 diagnosis, 322 Hypothyroidism, 75, 76 imaging, 323 background, 63–64 neurogenic vs. neuroglycopenic clinical presentation of, 64t symptoms, 321t diagnosis, 64 treatment, 323 myxedema coma, 66–67 lack of, 278 in pregnancy in patients with diabetes clinical presentation, 103 acute treatment of, 279 diagnosis, 104 classifi cation of, 277 etiology and defi nition, 277 pathophysiology, 103 etiologies of, 277 laboratory evaluation, 104 prevention of, 279 management, 104–105 symptoms of, 277 screening for, 103 treatment of, 268, 300 subclinical, 66 Hypoglycemia-associated treatment, 65–66 autonomic failure (HAAF), Hypovolemia, 38 risk factors for, 278 Hypogonadism, prevalence of, I 211–212 Ibandronate (Boniva), 192t , 131, 274 ICU Hyponatremia treatment guidelines hospitalized patients outside, for SIADH, 41 307–309 Hypoosmolality patients in, 309 classifi cation by ECF Idiopathic hirsutism, 233 volume, 38 Idiopathic hyperandrogenemia, 233 clinical presentation, 37 IDL. See Intermediate density diagnostic evaluation, 38 lipoprotein pathophysiology, 37 Imatinib, 74 Hypophyseal portal vessels, 3 Immobilization, 172 Hypopituitarism Impaired Fasting Glucose (IFG), 311 background, 7 Impaired Glucose Tolerance causes of, 7 (IGT), 311 clinical presentation, 7–8 IMRT. See Intensity-modulated diagnostic evaluation, 9 radiation therapy hormone replacement, 9–10 Inactivating enzyme. See Type 3 pathophysiology, 7 deiodinase (D3) catalyses screening for, 32 Infection, diabetic foot, 315–317 surgery for, 33 Infertility, 146 Hypotension, 141 female. See Female infertility Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal male. See Male infertility (HPA) axis, 115 in PCOS, 231

448565_IDXx_369-392.indd8565_IDXx_369-392.indd 338080 44/8/13/8/13 9:429:42 PMPM Index 381 Insulin Intrauterine insemination actions of, 253 (IUI), 249 defects, 257–258 Intravenous (IV) fl uids, basal, 264, 265 hyperglycemic emergencies bolus, 265 management, 273–274 cardiovascular considerations Intravenous (IV) insulin infusion, of, 296t transition from, 275 excess, 277 Intravenous (IV) insulin protocols formulations, 261t for patients in ICU, 309 hyperglycemic emergencies Intravenous (IV) saline infusion management, 274 testing, 132 initial dose of, 309 In vitro fertilization (IVF), 249 measurements, 253 Iodine, 53t preparations of, 308t defi ciency, 63 protocol for initiating, 308 Islets of Langerhans, 253 roles in fuel homeostasis, 255 Isotonic saline, managing TDD of, 275 SIADH, 39 use in pregnancy, 305 ITT. See Insulin tolerance test Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) IUI. See Intrauterine insemination testing, 20 IVF. See In vitro fertilization Insulin-lowering medications, 237 , 358–359 Insulin pump. See SQ insulin K Insulin resistance, pathophysiology Ketoacidosis of, 293 development of, 271 Insulin-responsive glucose diabetic. See Diabetic transporter (Glut4), 339 ketoacidosis Insulin therapy, 305 Kidney multiple-dose, 264 calcitonin, 167 Insulin tolerance test (ITT) PTH, 165 for AGHD, 27, 28t for diagnosis of AI, 118 L Intensity-modulated radiation Lactotrophs, 5 therapy (IMRT), 100 LADA. See Latent autoimmune Interferon-α, 76–77, 359 diabetes of adults Interleukin-2, 77 Lanthanum carbonate, 73 Intermediate-acting insulin, 308t Laser photocoagulation, 282 Intermediate density lipoprotein Latent autoimmune diabetes (IDL), 327, 331, 332 of adults (LADA), 258 Interpretation of test for diagnosis LCAH. See Lipoid CAH of DI, 44 LDL. See Low-density lipoprotein Interstitial compartment, LDLR. See Low-density lipoprotein testes, 201 receptor Intestinal fat absorption Leptin, 340 inhibitor, 346t Leydig cells, 201 Intraoperative hypertensive crisis, Lifestyle modifi cations, treatment 140–141 for obesity, 345

448565_IDXx_369-392.indd8565_IDXx_369-392.indd 338181 44/8/13/8/13 9:429:42 PMPM 382 Index Lipid M control, 287 Macroadenomas, 16, 19 disorders nonfunctioning, 33 components, 331 Magnetic resonance imaging pharmacologic therapies, 335, (MRI) scan 336t, 337–338 anatomical imaging, 138 TC and LDL cholesterol, craniopharyngiomas, 35 classifi cation, 331–335 for NET liver metastases, 358 essentials, 325–329 pituitary, 127 guidelines, 298, 298t tumor size monitored, 16 Lipid-poor adrenal tumors, 151 Malabsorption syndromes, Lipodystrophies, 342 evaluation of, 186 Lipoid CAH (LCAH), 144, 147 Male factors, causes of infertility, Lipomastia, 205 245, 247, 249 Lipoprotein Male infertility. See also Female disorders, Frederickson’s infertility classifi cation of, clinical presentation, 218 333–334, 333t defi nition of, 217 lipid profi le refl ects, 325 diagnostic evaluation, structure and function, 218–219 325t–326t diagnostic imaging, 219 Lipoprotein lipase (LPL), pathophysiology of, 217 326, 339 treatment of, 219–220 Lithium Male reproduction essentials effects, 76 neuroendocrine regulation, mechanisms, 76 203–204 Liver metastases, NETs, 358 reproductive outfl ow tract, 202 Long-acting insulin, 308t sexual differentiation, 202–203 Long-term care, diabetic testes, 201 foot ulceration and Males infection, 317 hypothalamic-pituitary- Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), 325, testicular axis in, 327–328, 331 209, 209 Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) testosterone replacement for, 10 cholesterol Mammalian target of rapamycin ATP III, goals and cutpoints for (mTOR) inhibitor therapy, 335t everolimus, 360 classifi cation of, Mammosomatotrophs, 6 331–335, 332t Maturity-onset diabetes of the Low-density lipoprotein receptor young (MODY), 258 (LDLR), 327 clinical presentation of, 267, LPL. See Lipoprotein lipase 269t–270t Luteinizing hormone (LH), 222 diagnostic evaluation, 267 defi ciency, 9t, 10 management, 268 manifestations of, 8t pathophysiology of, 267, Lymphoma, 172 268t–269t

448565_IDXx_369-392.indd8565_IDXx_369-392.indd 338282 44/8/13/8/13 9:429:42 PMPM Index 383 Medical comorbidities, Mitotane effect on endocrine management for function, 158–159 acromegaly, 23 MNT. See Medical nutrition therapy Medical nutrition therapy MODY. See Maturity-onset diabetes (MNT), 312 of the young Medical therapy for acromegaly, 22 Molecularly targeted therapy, 360 (MTC) Monitoring serum in hospitalized clinical features, 95 patients with SIADH, clinical presentation, 94 41–42 diagnosis, 94 Motor, distal symmetrical epidemiology, 93 neuropathy, 315 features of, 93t MTC. See Medullary thyroid cancer follow-up, 96 Multiple-dose insulin therapy, 264 pathophysiology, 93 Multiple endocrine neoplasias-1 staging, 95 (MEN-1) therapy, 95–96 clinical presentation of, 365, 366 Meiosis arrests, 221 diagnosis of, 367 MEN. See Multiple endocrine endocrine associations in, 366t neoplasias Multiple endocrine neoplasias-2 Menopause, 224–226 (MEN-2) Menstrual abnormalities, 228 clinical presentation of, 366, 367 Menstrual cycle hormones, diagnosis of, 367–368 221–224, 223t–224t, endocrine associations in, 367t 225–226 Multiple endocrine neoplasias Menstrual irregularity in PCOS, 231 (MEN) Metabolic syndrome management of, 368 clinical presentation, 350 Myxedema coma, 66 component of, 341 diagnosis, 67 diagnosis, 350 management, 67 features of, 349t incidence in randomized control N trials, 351t Nascent HDL (nHDL), 329 international criteria for, 350t National Cholesterol Education laboratory testing, 350 Program (NCEP) Adult prevalence of, 349 Treatment Panel III, treatment, 350–351 299t, 350 Metanephrine (MN) testing, Neoplastic cell, 196 interpretation of, 137 Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, 43 Metformin, 230, 237, 305, 312, 346t etiologies of, 43t Metyrosine, 140 interpretation of test results, 44 Miacalcin, 198 treatment, 45 Microadenomas, 16 Nephropathy, diabetic. See Diabetic nonfunctioning, 32–33 nephropathy , 114, 116 NETs. See Neuroendocrine tumors antagonist, 147 Neuroendocrine regulation, replacement of AI, 119 203–204

448565_IDXx_369-392.indd8565_IDXx_369-392.indd 338383 44/8/13/8/13 9:429:42 PMPM 384 Index Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), 355 Normocalcemic classifi cation of, 355t hyperparathyroidism, 176 liver metastases, 358 NSAIDs. See Nonsteroidal anti- pancreatic. See Pancreatic infl ammatory drugs neuroendocrine tumors NSTEMI. See Non-ST elevation Neurohypophysis. See Posterior myocardial infarction pituitary NTIS. See Nonthyroidal illness Neurologic symptoms, 196 syndrome Neuropathy CN complication of, 318 O distal sensory, 316 Obesity distal symmetrical, 315 adipose tissue endocrinology Niacin. See Nicotinic acid in, 341 Nicotinic acid, 337–338 clinical defi nitions, 341 Nonesterifi ed fatty acids, 340 male infertility, 220 Nonfunctioning macroadenoma management management of, 33–34 clinical presentation, signs or symptoms of, 33 344–345, 344t Nonfunctioning microadenoma diagnosis, 343–344 management of, 33 pathophysiology, 343 presentation and natural treatment, 345–347 history, 32 pharmacotherapy for, 346t Nonfunctioning pituitary rapidly increasing prevalence, 341 management of, 33–34 roles of, 255 presentation and natural history surgical treatment of, 347, 347t of, 32–33 OCPs. See Oral contraceptive pills Non-high-density lipoprotein, 332 ODS. See Osmotic demyelination Noninsulin antidiabetic syndrome medications, 262t–263t Oral contraceptive pills (OCPs), 242 Noninsulinoma pancreatogenous reducing hyperandrogenism, 236 hypoglycemia syndrome Oral contraceptives, 236 (NIPHS), 323 Oral salt loading, 132 Nonislet cell tumors, 321 Osmoreceptors, 3 Nonproliferative diabetic Osmotic demyelination syndrome retinopathy, 281 (ODS), 41 Non-ST elevation myocardial Osteitis deformans. See Paget’s infarction (NSTEMI), 300 disease of bone Nonsteroidal anti-infl ammatory Osteomyelitis, 317 drugs (NSAIDs), 45 Osteoporosis Nonthyroidal illness syndrome bone metabolism, 190 (NTIS) defi nition, 189–190 background, 69 epidemiology, 189 diagnostic evaluation, 70–71 medical therapy for use in, 192t management, 71 risk factors for, 191, 191t pathophysiology, 69–70 screening, 191 treatment of, 71 secondary causes of, 190t TSH levels, 70–71 treatment, 191–192

448565_IDXx_369-392.indd8565_IDXx_369-392.indd 338484 44/8/13/8/13 9:429:42 PMPM Index 385 Osteoporotic fractures, 189 defi nition, 85 Ovarian hormones, menstrual epidemiology, 85 cycle, 223 long-term management, Ovarian ultrasound, 145 90–91 Ovary, menstrual cycle, 223 pathogenesis, 86 Overnight metyrapone test, 118 pathological features, 86–87 Ovulation induction, 248 persistent/recurrent disease Ovulatory dysfunction, 245, management, 91–92 246, 248 prognosis, 87–88 Oxytocin, 5 risk factors, 85–86 TNM classifi cation, 88 P Paracrine regulation, 204 PAD. See Peripheral arterial disease Parathyroidectomy, 96 Paget’s disease of bone in asymptomatic primary assessment of therapeutic hyperparathyroidism, response, 197–198 171, 172t clinical presentation, 195–196 Parathyroid anatomy, 164 diagnostic evaluation, 196 Parathyroid hormone (PTH), etiology, 195 164–165, 171 management, 197–198 Parathyroid hormone 1-receptor pathophysiology, 195 (PTH-1R), 164 physical examination, 196 Parenteral feeding, 308 Painful subacute thyroiditis, 53t Patient education of AI, 120 Painless thyroiditis, 76 PCOS. See Polycystic ovary Pamidronate (Aredia), 197 syndrome Pancreas PDTC. See Poorly differentiated endocrine, 253–255 thyroid cancer nonimmune causes of, 258 Pelvic ultrasound, 235, 241 Pancreatic islets, 253 Perimenopause, 224 Pancreatic neuroendocrine Peripheral arterial disease tumors (NETs) (PAD), 315 clinical presentation, Peritoneal factor, female infertility, 356–357, 356t 245, 247, 249 diagnosis, 357–358 P450-oxidoreductase defi ciency general management (PORD), 144, 147 approach, 358 PG. See Plasma glucose hepatic-predominant metastatic Pharmacological therapy, disease treatment, 359 57–58, 192 hormonal hypersecretion hirsutism, 236 treatment symptoms of, for lipid disorders, 335–338 358–359 treatment goals with, 312 pathophysiology of, 355 Pharmacotherapy treatment of, 356t, 359–360 for obesity, 346t Panretinal photocoagulation, 282 for Paget’s disease of bone, Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) 197–198 clinical presentation and Phenoxybenzamine, 140 diagnosis, 87 Phenytoin, 74

448565_IDXx_369-392.indd8565_IDXx_369-392.indd 338585 44/8/13/8/13 9:429:42 PMPM 386 Index Pheochromocytoma, 94 Plasma lipoproteins, 325 adrenal incidentalomas, determined by 149–150 reverse cholesterol transport, clinical presentation, 136 329, 329 diagnostic evaluation transport of dietary fat, anatomical imaging, 138 326, 327 functional imaging, 138 transport of hepatic fat, genetic testing, 138, 139 327–328, 328 screening test strategy, 137 Plasma methoxytyramine, 137 follow-up, 141 Plateau response, 198 malignant POCT glucose. See Point-of-care , 141 testing glucose management POI. See Primary ovarian operative, 140–141 insuffi ciency postoperative, 141 Point-of-care testing (POCT) preoperative, 140 glucose, 307 pathophysiology, 135 glycemia in DM, 260 Phosphate, hyperglycemic Polycystic ovaries, characteristics emergencies of, 229 management, 274 Polycystic ovary syndrome PHPT. See Primary (PCOS) hyperparathyroidism background, 227 Physical activity factor, energy defi nitions, 227 expenditure, 343 hirsutism in, 230 PI. See Pituitary incidentalomas imaging, 229 Pituitary essentials infertility in, 231 basic facts, 3 investigations, 228–229 control of, 3–5, 4 management of, 229–230 function, 5–6 menstrual irregularity in, 231 MRI, 127 signs, 228 Pituitary hormones, menstrual symptoms, 227–228 cycle, 223 Poorly differentiated thyroid Pituitary hypofunction, hormonal cancer (PDTC) assessment for, 9t clinical presentation, 97 Pituitary incidentalomas (PI) diagnostic evaluation, 98–99 defi nition of, 31 differences between ATC differential diagnosis, 31 and, 99t evaluation, 31–32 external radiation therapy, management, 32 100–101 Plasma aldosterone/renin ratio management, 100 (ARR) testing, pathophysiology, 97 131–132 surgery, 100 Plasma calcium, 163 PORD. See P450-oxidoreductase Plasma catecholamines, 137 defi ciency Plasma chromogranin A, 137 Positron emission tomography Plasma glucose (PG), glycemia (PET) scanning, in DM, 260 pheochromocytoma, 138

448565_IDXx_369-392.indd8565_IDXx_369-392.indd 338686 44/8/13/8/13 9:429:42 PMPM Index 387 Posterior pituitary, 3 Primary hyperparathyroidism control of, 4 (PHPT), 94, 169, 172 hormones, 5 clinical presentation, 176 Postnatal care, 305–306 pathophysiology, 175 Postpartum thyroiditis symptomatic, 176 clinical presentation, 109 treatment in, 178 diagnostic evaluation, 109 in young adults/children, 177 etiology and Primary hypothyroidism, pathophysiology, 109 causes of, 63 in pregnancy, 109 Primary medical therapy for treatment and monitoring, 110 acromegaly, 21 Postprandial hypoglycemia. See Primary ovarian insuffi ciency (POI) Reactive hypoglycemia clinical presentation, 239–240 PPI. See Proton pump inhibitors defi nition, 239 Pramlintide. See Amylin mimetic diagnostic evaluation, Preconception care of women with 240–241 diabetes, 304 management, 241–243 Prediabetes pathophysiology, 239 associated conditions, 311 Primary polydipsia, 43, 44 clinical presentation, 311 diagnosis, 44 diagnostic evaluation, 311t treatment, 45 management of CVD in, 312 Primary testicular defect pathophysiology, 311 in sperm production, 217 treatment goals with therapies for, 219 pharmacologic Progesterone, 222 therapy, 312 Progestins, 236 Preexisting diabetes, women with, Prolactin (PRL) 304, 306 inhibition of, 13 Pregnancy, 16 levels during pregnancy, 16 diabetes in. See Diabetes, Prolactinemia in pregnancy clinical presentation, 13–14 thyroid disorders in. See Thyroid diagnostic evaluation, 14 disorders in pregnancy follow-up, 16 21OHD, 144 pathophysiology, 13 Premixed insulin for treatment, 15 DM, 261t Pressure sores on heel, 315 diagnostic evaluation, 14 Primary AI, 117, 118 pathophysiology, 13 Primary aldosteronism, 150 treatment, 15 ARR testing, 131–132 Prolia, 192t clinical presentation, 131 Proliferative diabetic confi rmatory testing options, retinopathy, 281 132–133 Prostate glands, 202 management, 134 Proton pump inhibitors (PPI), 73 subtype differentiation, 133 Provocative tests subtypes of, 131t, 132t for diagnosis of DI, 44 unilateral vs. bilateral, 133 for GH secretion in adults, 28t

448565_IDXx_369-392.indd8565_IDXx_369-392.indd 338787 44/8/13/8/13 9:429:42 PMPM 388 Index Pseudogynecomastia, 205 Sellar imaging, male infertility, 219 Psuedo-Cushing’s syndrome, 124 Seminal fl uid analysis for male PTC. See Papillary thyroid carcinoma infertility, 218–219 Puberty, 203, 221 Seminal vesicle, 202 Seminiferous tubules, 201 R Sensory, distal symmetrical Radiation therapy (RT) neuropathy, 315 for acromegaly, 23 Sequential gene testing, clinical Cushing’s syndrome, 128 algorithm for, 138, 139 external, 100–101 SERM-Raloxifene (Evista), 192t for prolactinemia, 15 Sertoli cells, 201 Radioactive iodine therapy, 58–59 Serum calcium, 182 Raloxifene, 74 Serum chromogranin A (CGA), 357 Rapid-acting insulin for DM, Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 186 261t, 265 Serum osmolality and sodium, for Reactive hypoglycemia, 322 diagnosis of DI, 44 Rearranged during transfection Serum phosphorous, 177 (RET), 93 Sevelamer hydrochloride, 73 Reclast, 192t, 197 17-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase Rectal carcinoids tumors, 357t defi ciency (17OHD), Regulation of adrenal function, 144, 147 114, 115 Sex hormone–binding globulin Renal fl uid excretion, increased, 40 (SHBG), variations in, Reproductive outfl ow tract, 202 212, 212t Resting metabolic rate (RMR), 343 Sexual differentiation, 202–203 RET. See Rearranged during Sexual disorders, 217 transfection therapies for, 220 Retinopathy, diabetic. See Diabetic Short-acting insulin for DM, 261t retinopathy “Sick day management” of AI, 120 Reverse cholesterol transport, Silent subacute thyroiditis, 53t 329, 329 Skeletal X-rays, 196 Rifampicin, 74 Sleeve gastrectomy procedure Risedronate (Actonel), 192t, 198 for obesity, 347t RMR. See Resting metabolic rate Small intestine carcinoids tumors, 357t Soft tissue infection (STI), 316–317 S Somatostatin Salmon calcitonin (Miacalcin), 198 analogues, 24t, 359 Screening guidelines for men for acromegaly, 22 and women, 191, 191t for nonfunctioning Scrotal ultrasound, 219 macroadenomas, 34 SCS. See Subclinical Cushing’s receptor scintigraphy, 358 syndrome Somatotrophs, 5 Secondary adrenal insuffi ciency Sperm defect transport, 217 (AI), 117, 119 therapies for, 219 Secondary hyperparathyroidism, Spironolactone, 147, 236 175, 176 Sporadic tumors, 141

448565_IDXx_369-392.indd8565_IDXx_369-392.indd 338888 44/8/13/8/13 9:429:42 PMPM Index 389 SQ insulin hypertonic saline, 39 therapy, 264–265 isotonic saline, 39 transitioning from IV insulin to, tolvaptan, 40–41 275, 309–310 urea, 40 Standards of Medical Care in Systemic arterial blood supply, 3 Diabetes, 300 Systemic chemotherapy, 159 ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), 300 T Steroid biosynthesis pathway, 143 TBG. See Thyroid hormone binding Steroidgenesis, adrenal, 114 globulin Steroid metabolism, enzymes TC. See Total cholesterol involved in, 340 TDD. See Total daily dose STI. See Soft tissue infection Technetium bone scan, 196 , 53t Teriperatide (Forteo), 192t Subclinical Cushing’s syndrome Tertiary hyperparathyroidism, (SCS), 150 175, 176 Subclinical hyperthyroidism, Testes, 201 60–61 Testicular descent, 202 Subclinical hypothyroidism, 66 Testing Sucralfate, 74 for acromegaly, 23t Sulfonylureas, 295t antibody, 260 Sunitinib, 360 CRH, 127 Superovulation, 249 end-organ, 363t Surgery fl udrocortisone suppression, 133 for acromegaly, 21 genetic, 138 ATC, 100 glycemic, 229 for DTC, 89 interpretation of MN, 137 gynecomastia, 207 plasma ARR, 131–132 for hyperthyroidism, 59 Testosterone, 212 MTC, 95 defi ciency in men for nonfunctioning androgen replacement, risks macroadenomas, 33 of, 213, 214t–215t, 215 persistent/recurrent assays/tests, 212 disease, 91 chronic conditions with transsphenoidal, 15 hypogonadism prevalence, Syndrome of inappropriate 211–212 antidiuretic hormone diagnosis, 212–213 secretion (SIADH) etiology, 210t, 213t clinical criteria, 39 history, 211 disorders associated with, 39 pathophysiology, 209 monitoring serum in hospitalized physical exam, 211 patients with, 41–42 prevalence, 209 treatment screening for, 211–212 arginine vasopressin receptor replacement for males, 10 antagonists, 40 therapy, avoidance, 213 demeclocycline, 40 Thiazide diuretics, treatment for fl uid restriction, 39 central DI, 45

448565_IDXx_369-392.indd8565_IDXx_369-392.indd 338989 44/8/13/8/13 9:429:42 PMPM 390 Index Thiazolidinediones, 295t Thyroid essentials 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase anatomy of, 49 defi ciency (3βHSDD), histology of, 49 144, 147 physiology of, 49–50 THRT. See Thyroid hormone Thyroid FNA, decision-making replacement therapy for, 81t Thyroglobulin (Tg), 49 Thyroid function Thyroid absorption, drugs affecting, drugs affecting, 73–77 73–74 tests Thyroid cancer anatomy of, 49 clinical presentation, 108 histology of, 49 diagnosis and management, 108 physiology of, 49–50 etiology and use and interpretation of, pathophysiology, 107 51–52t history of, 109 Thyroid hormone Thyroid disorders in pregnancy effect of drugs on, 71t hyperthyroidism metabolism, drugs affecting, 74 clinical presentation, 106 resistance, 53t diagnosis, 106 therapy, 67 etiology and Thyroid hormone binding globulin pathophysiology, 105 (TBG), 51t laboratory evaluation, 106 Thyroid hormone replacement management, 107 therapy (THRT), 73 hypothyroidism Thyroid nodule clinical presentation, 103 clinical presentation, 108 diagnosis, 104 diagnosis and management, 108 etiology and etiology and pathophysiology, 103 pathophysiology, 107 laboratory evaluation, 104 evaluation management, 104–105 clinical presentation, 79–80 screening for, 103 diagnostic evaluation, 80–81 postpartum thyroiditis epidemiology and clinical presentation, 109 pathophysiology, 79 diagnostic evaluation, 109 malignancy risk by cytologic etiology and diagnosis, 82t pathophysiology, 109 management, 81–82 treatment and monitoring, 110 history of, 109 thyroid nodules and thyroid Thyroid-stimulating hormone cancer (TSH), 51t clinical presentation, 108 conditions of, 54–55t diagnosis and defi ciency, 9t, 10 management, 108 manifestations of, 8t etiology and suppression, 91 pathophysiology, 107 Thyroid storm, treatment of, 60, 60t history of, 109 Thyrotoxicosis Thyroid dysfunction, male clinical presentation of, 54 infertility, 220 diagnosis, 54–57

448565_IDXx_369-392.indd8565_IDXx_369-392.indd 339090 44/8/13/8/13 9:429:42 PMPM Index 391 etiology and pathophysiology newborn, 146 of, 53 treatment principles, 145–146 management options of, 57–59 Type 1 deiodinase (D1) catalyses, 69 subclinical hyperthyroidism, Type 2 deiodinase (D2) catalyses, 69 60–61 Type 3 deiodinase (D3) catalyses, 69 thyroid storm, 60 Type 1 diabetes Thyrotrophs, 6 glycemic management in, 264–265 TNM. See Tumor node TDD of, 264 Tolvaptan, 40–41 Type 2 diabetes Total cholesterol (TC), 325, cardiovascular disease in. See 331–335, 332t Cardiovascular disease, Total daily dose (TDD) in type 2 diabetes calculation, 308 glycemic management in, 265–267 of insulin, 275 in type 1 diabetes, 264 U Total thyroxine, 51t UA. See Unstable angina Toxic adenoma/toxic goiter, 53t UAE. See Urinary albumin excretion Transient receptor potential UK Prospective Diabetes Study channels, 166 (UKPDS), 294 Transport of dietary fat, 326, 327 Ulceration, diabetic foot, 315–317 Transport of hepatic fat, Unilateral primary aldosteronism, 327–328, 328 131, 133, 134 Transrectal ultrasound, 219 Unstable angina (UA), 300 Transsphenoidal surgery Urea, managing SIADH, 39 for acromegaly, 21 Urinary albumin excretion (UAE), for prolactinemia, 15 categories of, 285, 286t Triglyceride Urinary 5-Hydroxyindole acetic acid categories, 332t (5-HIAA), 357 lipoproteins carrying, 325 Urine catecholamines, 137 Trophoblastic disease, 53t Urology, 215 Trousseau’s sign, 182 Uterine factors, female infertility, TSH-secreting , 53t 245, 246, 249 T3 resin uptake (T3RU), 52t Tubal factors, female infertility, 245, 246, 248 V Tumor node metastasis (TNM) VADT, 294 classifi cation, 88 Vascular endothelial growth staging, 88t, 99, 100t factor (VEGF), 86 Tumors Vasomotor, 315 carcinoid. See Carcinoid tumors Vasopressin, 5 pancreatic neuroendocrine. See Veins, 113 Pancreatic neuroendocrine Venous drainage, 3 tumors Very low-density lipoproteins 21-hydroxylase defi ciency (VLDL), 325, 327, 331, (21OHD), 144 332, 339 adult, 146–147 VIPoma, 359 child/adolescent, 146 Visual fi eld testing for PI, 32

448565_IDXx_369-392.indd8565_IDXx_369-392.indd 339191 44/8/13/8/13 9:429:42 PMPM 392 Index Vitamin D, 165–166 Weight-based insulin regimen, 308 defi ciency, 181 Weight loss clinical presentation, 186 from diet, 345 diagnosis, 186 effect of substantial, 351 management, 186–187 PCOS management, 229–230 pathophysiology, 185 Weight reduction, hirsutism, 236 prevalence of, 185 Werner syndrome, 86 risk factors for, 185 Whipple’s triad, 321 recommended intakes for, 166t White adipose tissue, 339 Vitamin D receptor (VDR), 166 World Health Organization (WHO), 189 VLDL. See Very low-density lipoproteins Z Zoledronic acid, 192t, 197 W Zometa, 192t Waist circumference, increased, 343 Zona fasciculata, 113 Water deprivation test for diagnosis Zona glomerulosa, 113 of DI, 44 Zona reticularis, 113

448565_IDXx_369-392.indd8565_IDXx_369-392.indd 339292 44/8/13/8/13 9:429:42 PMPM 448565_IDXx_369-392.indd8565_IDXx_369-392.indd 339393 44/8/13/8/13 9:429:42 PMPM 448565_IDXx_369-392.indd8565_IDXx_369-392.indd 339494 44/8/13/8/13 9:429:42 PMPM