Empedocles (c. 490 – 430 BC) Tusi (1201 – 1274) Greek Persian Scholar Thought only some animals and plants Argued that those organisms that survived, others died out. could gain new features could gain an advantage over those that did not and survived.

Epicurus (341 – 270 BC) Darwin (1731 - 1802) Roman Philosopher English Physician Believed that the goddess Gaia created Thought that the strongest and most lots of different species in the past. Only active animals would reproduce. those that functioned the best survived and had offspring.

Al-Jahiz (776 – 868) Thomas Robert Malthus (1766 – 1834) Arab Prose Writer English Cleric and Scholar Argued that animals struggled for existence and resources; to breed and Argued that if populations grew then avoid being eaten. Those that were they would struggle to survive as food successful were better able to survive. would become scarcer. In this case, some would die of disease or hunger and others would live.

Science | Year 6 | Evolution and Inheritance | of Evolution | Lesson 3 of Miletus (c. 610 – (354 - 430) 546 BC) Bishop and Theologian Greek Philosopher Believed that God created life but that Thought the first animals lived in water living things had been transformed during a wet phase of the Earth’s past. slowly over time.

Empedocles (c. 490 – 430 BC) Ibn Khaldun (1332 - 1406) Greek Philosopher Arab Animals and plants were like disjointed Thought living things were able to parts of the ones we see now. transform from one thing to another. Animals and plants that survived seem like they were created that way but it was actually accidental that they did.

Zhang Zhou (c. 369 – 286 BC) Pierre Louis Maupertuis (1698 - 1759) Chinese Philosopher (Taoist) French Mathematician and Believed that plants and animals did Philosopher change and that the species were not fixed. Proposed that adaptations result in new varieties of the living thing as well as lead to new species.

Science | Year 6 | Evolution and Inheritance | Theory of Evolution | Lesson 3 Georges-Louis Leclerc (1707 – Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882) 1788) English Naturalist and Geologist French Philosopher Brought together the ideas of natural Thought all the mammals had selection, adaptation and a single descended from as few as 38 original origin of life. He went on to state that animal types. humans were not separate from all living things but had developed through the same evolutionary process. He emphasised survival of the fittest and Alfred Wallace (1823 - 1913) the competition that allowed certain varieties to survive due to inherited British Naturalist and Explorer traits. Thought that natural selection caused The reason Darwin is known for varieties of the same species based on evolutionary theory is the way that evidence from observations in South he combined the ideas so that they America and Asia. made sense – there was a single origin Emphasised how environmental of life for all living things, that living changes could lead to natural things changed through adaptations selection (adaptive traits). that helped them to survive better in their environment and that these adaptations led to evolution from the original living thing to the ones we see Adaptation and Evolution now.

Natural Selection

Science | Year 6 | Evolution and Inheritance | Theory of Evolution | Lesson 3 Pierre Louis Maupertuis (1698 - Zhang Zhou (c. 369 – 286 BC): 1759): Chinese Philosopher (Taoist) French Mathematician and Taoists thought the environment Philosopher affected the attributes of different Thought modifications occur when living things. living things reproduce.

Empedocles (c. 490 – 430 BC): Georges-Louis Leclerc (1707 – 1788): Greek Philosopher French Philosopher Believed some animals and plants joined in different combinations. Stated that species were actually just varieties of animals that had been modified from the original animal due to environmental factors.

Lamarck (1744 – 1829): Inherited Traits French Naturalist Thought that transmutation (evolution) of species occurred due to inherited traits that helped them adapt to the Adaptive Traits environment.

Science | Year 6 | Evolution and Inheritance | Theory of Evolution | Lesson 3