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The 2012 Free and Open Source GIS Software Map – a Guide to Facilitate Research, Development, and Adoption ⇑ Stefan Steiniger , Andrew J.S

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Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 39 (2013) 136–150 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Computers, Environment and Urban Systems journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/compenvurbsys Review The 2012 free and open source GIS software map – A guide to facilitate research, development, and adoption ⇑ Stefan Steiniger , Andrew J.S. Hunter Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4 article info abstract Article history: Over the last decade an increasing number of free and open source software projects have been founded Received 17 January 2012 that concentrate on developing several types of software for geographic data collection, storage, analysis Received in revised form 1 October 2012 and visualization. We first identify the drivers of such software projects and identify different types of Accepted 7 October 2012 geographic information software, e.g. desktop GIS, remote sensing software, server GIS etc. We then list Available online 11 November 2012 the major projects for each software category. Afterwards we discuss the points that should be consid- ered if free and open source software is to be selected for use in business and research, such as software Keywords: functionality, license types and their restrictions, developer and user community characteristics, etc. GIS software Finally possible future developments are addressed. FOSS4G Free software Ó 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Open source Overview Software selection Contents 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 137 2. ‘Free Software’ – What is it about?. ...................................................................... 137 3. Founding FOSS4G projects . ......................................................................................... 137 4. Categories of GIS software. ......................................................................................... 138 5. An overview of (major) GIS software projects . ...................................................................... 139 5.1. Desktop GIS . ............................................................................................... 139 5.2. Spatial DBMS . ............................................................................................... 140 5.3. Server GIS and WPS servers . ............................................................................ 140 5.4. Mobile GIS . ............................................................................................... 141 5.5. Exploratory spatial data analysis software . ............................................................ 141 5.6. Remote sensing software . ............................................................................ 141 5.7. Software libraries for GIS development . ............................................................................ 141 5.7.1. Data input/output and conversion libraries . ................................................................. 142 5.7.2. Geometry libraries . ................................................................................. 142 5.7.3. Projection libraries . ................................................................................. 142 5.7.4. Geographic data processing and analysis libraries . .............................................. 142 5.7.5. Other libraries. ................................................................................. 142 5.7.6. General frameworks . ................................................................................. 142 5.8. GIS extensions, plug-ins and APIs . ............................................................................ 143 5.9. Software for internet mapping applications . ............................................................ 143 5.9.1. Web map server . ................................................................................. 143 5.9.2. Web map application development frameworks . .............................................. 144 5.9.3. A note on web-mapping APIs such as Google Maps ............................................................. 144 6. Selecting free and open source GIS software . ...................................................................... 145 7. Further resources on FOSS4G . ......................................................................................... 147 8. Future developments . ......................................................................................... 147 ⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 403 2206995; fax: +1 403 2841980. E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Steiniger). 0198-9715/$ - see front matter Ó 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2012.10.003 S. Steiniger, A.J.S. Hunter / Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 39 (2013) 136–150 137 Acknowledgments . ................................................................................... 148 Appendix A. Supplementary material................................................................................... 148 References . ...................................................................................................... 148 1. Introduction the freedom to run the software for any purpose (e.g., may it be education or business), (2) the freedom to study and adapt the Several software projects that focus on the development of free software for own needs, (3) the freedom to redistribute the soft- and open source Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software ware, and (4) the freedom to improve the software and to release have been initiated in the last 10 years. Although there have only improvements to the public.1 been a few new projects since the last general reviews by Ramsey When studying the licence terms further, for instance those of the (2006, 2007), changes in the software user and developer commu- GNU General Public Licence (GNU GPL), it can also be obtained that nities have led to a different ‘‘market’’ environment than that there exist no license term that prohibits selling the software to oth- which existed 5 years ago. In particular, the Quantum GIS project, ers. Hence, selling ‘free software’ is possible and is, in-fact, done by the PostGIS project, and the OpenLayers project have been able to companies and programmers to make a living (see below). Also, attract users and developers, which has subsequently influenced from reading the freedoms it becomes clear that access to source software functionality and support and as a consequence raised code is a requirement for being able to grant freedoms (2) and (4). their attractiveness to new users of free software. With that, access to source code cannot be seen as a ‘bonus’. Our goal is to present an overview of (major) GIS software pro- After we have been referring in the previous paragraphs only jects that develop free and open source software in 2012 to (i) to ‘free software’, the reader may wonder why throughout the facilitate free and open source GIS adoption in business, research article we use the term ‘Free and Open Source Software (FOSS)’. and teaching, and (ii) to further its utilization for development One reason is that with using the term ‘free software’ we provoke and research projects. Hence, this article does not focus on the confusion with the meaning of ‘free-of-cost’. However, also the application of free GIS software for research and industry, nor will term ‘open source software’ that is used by some is not sufficient, we discuss the possible impact of Free and Open Source Software when referring in-fact to ‘free software’. Because the attribute (FOSS) on research. We shall first discuss what free and open ‘open source’ indicates only that the software’s source code is source software is. Then we identify the foundations of various accessible, but it does not say if the source code can be modified software projects and arrange them within functional categories and if it can be given to someone else (Stallman, 2009). Hence, the of GIS software such that a comparative analysis may be under- combination of terms into one: ‘Free and Open Source Software’, taken. A short guide on the selection of free software is given i.e. FOSS, seems best. A discussion of the different types of soft- including criteria that should be considered prior to its adoption. ware licenses can be found in Johnson (1999), on the FSF web An overview on further resources, i.e. books, articles and webpages, pages (FSF, 2012a, 2012b), and in Steiniger and Bocher (2009) are presented before we conclude by looking into the possible fu- among many other web resources. For the reminder of the article ture. We note that we will provide the web links to software pro- we use the abbreviation ‘FOSS4G’ – ‘‘Free and Open Source Soft- ject web pages in an article Supplement. ware for GIS/Geospatial’ to encompass free software related to the GIS domain. However, FOSS4G also denotes a conference ser- ies on free GIS software and activities. 2. ‘Free Software’ – What is it about? Some may believe that ‘free’ software exists because a group of 3. Founding FOSS4G projects people must have been really unhappy with the price they had to pay for software. That was, however, not the reason why the Free Who are the people that use, develop, and finance free software Software Foundation (FSF) was created and ‘copy-left’ license types projects, and why? This is probably one of the more commonly asked emerged.
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