South Dakota State University

PSYC 414 - Drugs and Human Behavior

Concepts addressed: Learning, Motivation and Emotion: Drugged States

I. Basic Drug-related Information

A. Introduction to Topics of Drug (substance) Use/Abuse

1. CNS/ psychoactive vs. peripheral 2. Blood brain barrier 3. Recreational vs. therapeutic (OTC vs. prescription) 4. Legal (licit) vs. illegal (illicit) 5. Who takes drugs? 6. What behaviors do drugs change? 7. What is "society's" response to drug taking? 8. What is the history of drug use?

B. Learning How Drugs Work

1. CNS vs. PNS 2. Administration 3. Distribution 4. Metabolism 5. Excretion

C. Study of Drug Classes (Download "Drug Classes" handout)

1. Simple drug classes 2. Natural vs. synthetic 3. Effects on body 4. Site of action

a. Brain parts b. Neurotransmitters

1. Chemical Structures

D. Prevention and Treatment

1. Education 2. Chemical therapies 3. Behavioral therapies

II. Definitions

Development of this review sheet was made possible by funding from the US Department of Education through South Dakota’s EveryTeacher Teacher Quality Enhancement grant.

A. Drug (substance) B. Psychoactive C. Drug (substance) Use D. Drug (substance) Abuse E. Social Use F. Illicit Drug G. Drug of Choice-poly drug use H. Psychology/ Pharmacology/ Psychopharmacology/ Behavioral

1. Pharmacology/ Psychotherapeutic

I. Drug (substance) Addiction

1. Compulsion (craving) vs. withdrawal 2. Physiological vs. behavioral withdrawal

J. Addict

1. Detriment to work 2. Withdrawal (physiological and behavioral) 3. Health deterioration

K. Dose- Effect Curve L. Tolerance and Cross-Tolerance M. Sensitivity-Kind1ing-cross sensitivity

III. Conducting Research

A. Subjects-Animals vs. Humans B. Data Collection Procedures- clinics, users, prescriptions C. Most Cited Studies

1. NIDA Household Survey (NIDA) 2. MTF-Monitor the Future Studies 3. DAWN-Drug Abuse Warning Network 4. DEA Statistics

IV. Concerns Regarding Drug Taking

A. Who is Taking Drugs? B. Is Drug Use a Problem in the U.S.? C. What is Drug-taking Behavior? D. What Initiates Drug Taking? E. Reasons for Taking Drugs

F. Impact of Drug Use on Society

1. Legal Drugs 2. Illegal Drugs Development of this review sheet was made possible by funding from the US Department of Education through South Dakota’s EveryTeacher Teacher Quality Enhancement grant.

3. Indirect- Criminal justice expenditures, Victim costs, Productivity loss, Health costs, Lifestyle

V. Neurotransmitters and The Brain

A. Hormones- B. Neurotransmitters C. The Parts of the Neuron D. The Nervous Systems E. Neurotransmitters

VI. How Drugs Work

A. Administration! Absorption B. Distribution C. Metabolism! Deactivation D. Excretion

VII. Dose-Response Curves

A. Threshold- ED 50 B. Toxicity- LD 50 C. Therapeutic Index- LD 50/ ED 50 D. Margin of Safety- LD 11 ED 99 E. Potency and Purity F. Drug Interactions G. Time-Dependent Drug Effects

VIII. Stimulants

A. Analeptics- strychnine, PTZ B. Methylxanthines- caffeine, theobromine, theophylline C. Ephedrine D. Cocaine E. Amphetamine/ Methylphenidate F. Cathanoid G. Pharmacology

1. Blocks storage of DA and NE 2. Blocks reuptake of NE 3. Sympathomimetic activity = NE and DA 4. Psychomotor activity = NE and DA and 5HT 5. Euphoria= DA

H. Pharmacokinetics

1. Oral- peak effects about 2-3 hours 2. i.v.- peak effects about 5- 10 min 3. eliminated within 2 days Development of this review sheet was made possible by funding from the US Department of Education through South Dakota’s EveryTeacher Teacher Quality Enhancement grant.

I. Dependence potential

1. psychological 2. physiological 3. tolerance

J. Toxicity/Neurotoxicity

1. psychotic-like reactions 2. increase heart rate 3. increase in blood pressure

K. "Typical" User Profile L. Legal Uses

IX. Narcotics

A. Opium! Opioid/ Opiate B. Morphine C. Heroin D. E. Fentanyl (sublimaze, Innovar) and sufentanyl F. DarvonJ Demerol/ Dilaudid/ Codeine G. Pharmacology

1. analgesic = Substance P, NE, 5HT, endogenous opioids 2. euphoria = DA 3. pupil constriction 4. anti-diarrheal 5. anti-tussive

H. Pharmacokinetics

1. oral- peak effects about .5-1 hours 2. i.v.- peak effects about 2- 5 min 3. eliminated within 3 days

I. Dependence potential

1. psychological 2. physiological 3. tolerance

J. Toxicity/ Neurotoxicity

1. respiratory depression 2. nausea and vomiting 3. constipation 4. sedation Development of this review sheet was made possible by funding from the US Department of Education through South Dakota’s EveryTeacher Teacher Quality Enhancement grant.

5. dirty syringes

K. "Typical" User Profile

1. Chippers 2. "Junkie" 3. Hospital patients

L. Legal Uses M. Antagonists (Naloxone and naltrexone)

X.

A. Indoles (5HT-like)

1. LSD- lysergic Acid diethylamide 2. - mushroom 3. Ololiuqui- 4. DMT- dimethyltryptamine 5. Ergot 6. Amanita muscaria- fly agaric 7. Bufotenine toads

B. Catacholes (catecholamine-like)

1. - cactus 2. synthetic amphetamines 3. MDMA- ecstasy 4. MDA- methylenedioxyamphetamine 5. DOM - dimethyoxymethalamphetamine 6. (STP- serenity, tranquility, peace) 7. MDE- Eve- methyledioxyethylamphetamine 8. and mace- myristicine and elemicin

C.

1. 2. 3. 4. Belladonna 5. Mandrake 6. Henbane 7. Iboga

D. Psychedelic dissociate anesthetics

1. PCP- 2. - Special K

Development of this review sheet was made possible by funding from the US Department of Education through South Dakota’s EveryTeacher Teacher Quality Enhancement grant.

E. Pharmacology

1. perceptual distortions = 5HT 2. emotional enhancement = 5HT 3. ACh antagonist 4. blocks reuptake of NE and DA 5. euphoria= DA

F. Pharmacokinetics

1. LSD oral- peak effects about 2-3 hours 2. most eliminated within 2 days

G. Dependence potential

1. psychological 2. physiological 3. tolerance

A. Toxicity/ Neurotoxicity

1. increase in body temperature and blood pressure 2. increase in heart rate 3. possible increase in emotional reactions 4. mental confusion and memory loss 5. LSD-like not lethal at any known dose; most other forms quite lethal 6. uterine contractions- miscarriages 7. flashbacks

I. "Typical" User Profile J. Legal Uses

XI. Marijuana

A. General Effects

1. sedative/hypnotic 2. 3. stimulant (low dose) 4. analgesic 5. euphorant 6. narcotic-like

B. Botanical Classification

1. Cannabis

a. Sativa b. indica Development of this review sheet was made possible by funding from the US Department of Education through South Dakota’s EveryTeacher Teacher Quality Enhancement grant.

c. Americana d. Ruderalis e. Africana

1. Synthetic

a. marino 1 - dranabinoid b. - casamet

C. Psycho activity

1. hashish 2. upper leaves 3. marijuana; bhang; bottom leaves 4. sinsemilla

D. Pharmacology

1. perceptual distortions = 5HT 2. emotional enhancement = 5HT 3. endogenous ligand of anandamide 4. inhibits glutamate 5. euphoria= DA

E. Pharmacokinetics

1. smoked- peak plasma in 2-10 min 2. most eliminated within about 1 month

F. Dependence potential

1. psychological 2. physiological 3. tolerance

G. Toxicity/ Neurotoxicity

1. decrease in body temperature and blood pressure 2. decrease in intraocular pressure 3. possible increase in emotional reactions 4. mental confusion and memory loss 5. not lethal at any known dose 6. amotivational syndrome 7. anticonvulsant

H. "Typical" User Profile I. Legal Uses

XII. Types of Alcohol Development of this review sheet was made possible by funding from the US Department of Education through South Dakota’s EveryTeacher Teacher Quality Enhancement grant.

A. General Effects

1. mild stimulant- disinhibition 2. sedative/ depressant 3. euphorant 4. analgesic 5. memory impairment

B. Types of Alcohol

1. Fermentation 2. Distillation

C. Pharmacology

1. GABA 2. CNS inhibition 3. vasodilator 4. depression of respiratory system to stupor to death

D. Pharmacokinetics

1. administration: onset-about 10 min 2. absorption! distribution- constant rate- 0.25- .03 oz/ hr 3. metabolism- congeners/ hangover 4. excretion- alcohol dehydrogenase 5. gender differences

E. Tolerance and Dependence

1. Physical and Psychological Dependence 2. Withdrawal-DT's (delirium tremens) 3. fetal alcohol syndrome

F. Toxicity/ Neurotoxicity

1. administration- cell death 2. withdrawal- convulsions; tremors; death

G. "Typical" User Profile H. Alcoholism as a disease I. Alcoholism Treatments

1. drug intervention- disulfiram; , 2. AA - step programs 3. RR- rational recovery (Ellis' Rational Emotive Humanistic Theory) 4. Behavior Mod (Azrin)- pairing 5. Classical Conditioning- counter conditioning

Development of this review sheet was made possible by funding from the US Department of Education through South Dakota’s EveryTeacher Teacher Quality Enhancement grant.

XIII. Sedative/ Hypnotics

1. addictive 2. general depressants act on all neurons; NOT analgesics 3. memory impairment 4. produce ataxia 5. anticonvulsant 6. anesthesia

A. Types of Sedative/Hypnotics

1. 2. benzodiazepines 3. general anesthetics 4. methaqualone 5. meprobamate 6. flumazenil

B. Pharmacology

1. anxiolytic- enhances GAB A binding 2. decreases neural activity cortex, brainstem, midbrain

C. Pharmacokinetics

1. administration 2. absorption/distribution- oral peak plasma- I hr. 3. metabolism 4. elimination- up to 60 days

D. Dependence Potential

1. dependence/ tolerance 2. cross-dependence and cross-tolerance

E. Toxicity/ Neurotoxicity

1. overdose 2. additive with ethanol 3. withdrawal- tremors, coma, death 4. depresses fetal development 5. rebound anxiety

XIV. Inhalants

A. General Effects

1. mild euphoria 2. giddiness Development of this review sheet was made possible by funding from the US Department of Education through South Dakota’s EveryTeacher Teacher Quality Enhancement grant.

3. vasocilation 4. double vision/hallucinations 5. nausea and vomiting

B. Types of Inhalants

1. glues- acetates, acetone, benzene, hexane, 2. volatile organic colvents 3. aerosols- butane, propane, hydrocarbons 4. some anesthetics- , , ether 5. nitrites- amyl and butyl

C. Pharmacology

1. depends on substance

D. Pharmacokinetics

1. administration 2. absorption- less than 5 min 3. distribution 4. metabolism 5. elimination

E. Dependence/ Tolerance

1. depends on substance

F. Toxicity

1. cardiac arrest 2. brain damage 3. muscle/ nerve damage 4. sensory impairment

G. Typical User

1. teenage 2. male

XV. Antipsychotics- neuroleptics, phenothiazines

A. General Effects

1. mood stabilizer 2. increase contact with reality

B. Types

Development of this review sheet was made possible by funding from the US Department of Education through South Dakota’s EveryTeacher Teacher Quality Enhancement grant.

1. major tranquilizer 2. ECT 3. - thorazine

C. Pharmacology

1. antagonists at several NT receptors 2. 3. anti-emetic- histamine blocker 4. decrease hallucinations/delusions- 5HT blocker 5. mood stabilizer- DA

D. Pharmacokinetics E. Dependence Potential

1. generally not physiologically dependent

F. Toxicity/ Neurotoxicity

1. the neuroleptic state 2. noncompliance 3. catatonia

G. Typical User

XVI. Antidepressants

A. General Effects

1. elevates mood

B. Types

1. MAO Inhibitors 2. tricyclics 3. SSRIs and 2nd Generations

C. Pharmacology

1. blocks 5HT, NE, and DA reuptake 2. increase NT at synapse

D. Pharmacokinetics E. Dependence Potential F. Toxicity/ Neurotoxicity

1. irreversible binds MAO- toxic food interactions 2. drug interactions 3. lethal in high doses Development of this review sheet was made possible by funding from the US Department of Education through South Dakota’s EveryTeacher Teacher Quality Enhancement grant.

4. rebound depression 5. Muscle rigidity

G. Typical User

Development of this review sheet was made possible by funding from the US Department of Education through South Dakota’s EveryTeacher Teacher Quality Enhancement grant.