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Research and Development in the Stone Age: Technological CURRENT CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY ANTHROPOLOGY Vol. Vol. 22, 22, No.5, No. 5, October October 1981 © ? 1981 1981 by by The The Wenner-Gren Wenner-Gren FoundationFoundation forfor Anthropological Research Research 0011-3204/81/2205-0001$02.450011-3204/81/2205-0001$02.45 Research Research andand DevelopmentDevelopment in the Stone Age:Age: Technological Technological Transitions among Hunter-Gatherers Hunter-Gatherers11 byby Brian Brian Hayden Hayden THE THE TRANSITION FROMFROM PALEOLITHIC PALEOLITHIC TO TO MESOLITHIC MESOLITHIC andand the variablesvariables and and point point out out the theshortcomings shortcomings of current of current population­ population- homologoushomologous transitiontransition inin thethe New New WorldWorld fromfrom Paleo-Indian Paleo-Indian toto growth growth models.models. Archaic Archaic lifewayslifeways are are amongamong thethe mostmost importantimportant developmentsdevelopments TheThe generallygenerally acceptedaccepted characterizationcharacterization ofof PleistocenePleistocene (Pa­(Pa- inin world world prehistory. prehistory. The The MesolithicMesolithic and Archaic notnot onlyonly repre-repre­ leolithic leolithic and and Paleo-Indian) Paleo-Indian) adaptationsadaptations includesincludes nonpermanentnonpermanent sentsent aa major change inin technology,technology, but also constituteconstitute thethe habitations, habitations, little little in in the the way way of oftrue true midden midden accumulation, accumulation, and and stagingstaging groundground forfor domestication. domestication. TheirTheir emergence is thus cen-cen­ a a relatively simplesimple technology. MostMost indicatorsindicators show thatthat traltral to to our our understanding understanding ofof cultural cultural change.change. The following is anan groups groups were were -highly -highly mobile mobile and and that that the theexploitable exploitable reSOUl;ce resource exploratoryexploratory essay essay forfor explaining explaining thethe emergenceemergence ofof thethe Meso­Meso- basebase was was much much more more limited limited than than in succeeding in succeeding periods. periods. Conse­ Conse- lithic/Archaic.lithic/Archaic. TheThe analysis reliesrelies on thethe pioneeringpioneering work and quently,quently, populations populations were were smaller, smaller, and and marginal marginal hahitats habitats may may ideasideas ofof others. others. Though Though thethe basic basic premise-thatpremise-that stressstress makes havehave beenbeen uninhabited. uninhabited. Once Once the the Pleistocene Pleistocene hominid hominid hunting hunting changechange adaptive-is adaptive-is hardlyhardly new,new, II shallshall introduceintroduce severalseveral newnew adaptation adaptation was was established, established, large large to medium-sized to medium-sized game game became became thethe preponderantfaunal preponderant faunal staple staple (Isaac (Isaac 1971: 1971:291); 291); whether whether meat meat 1 1Some Some of ofthe the basic basic concepts concepts proposed proposed in this in paper this werepaper first were for· first was for-was moremore importantimportant thanthan plantplant foodsfoods cannot be determined.determined. mulated mulated during during 1974 1974 in ain field a field school school dealing dealing with withthe Rogers the Rogers site, site, TechnologicalTechnological andand stylisticstylistic traditions traditions with with very very wide wide geograph­ geograph- aa Paleo-Indian,Paleo-Indian, Archaic, and WoodlandWoodland sitesite inin thethe suburbssuburbs ofof Rich-Rich­ ical distributions (e.g., the Clovis, Folsom, Mousterian, and mond,mond, Va. Va. II am gratefulgrateful for thethe cooperationcooperation andand assistance ofof thethe ical distributions (e.g., the Clovis, Folsom, Mousterian, and Department Department ofof SociologySociology and AnthropologyAnthropology of Virginia Common-Common­ AurignacianAurignacian traditions)traditions) oftenoften characterizecharacterize thesethese Pleistocene wealth wealth UniversityUniversity and and toto R.R. G. Matson of of thethe UniversityUniversity ofof British adaptations. adaptations. The succeedingsucceeding Mesolithic/ArchaicMesolithic/Archaic traditionstraditions ColumbiaColumbia forfor stimulating stimulating conversation. conversation. lowe I owe specialspecial thanks to Brian were were characterized characterized by by two two major major trends: trends: general general diversification diversification Spurling Spurling (Simon(Simon Fraser University) forfor introducingintroducing me toto thethe conceptconcept ofof resources resources exploited exploited inin areasareas of poor-to-moderatepoor-to-moderate resourceresource of of rand r and KK selection, toto JohanJohan KammingaKamminga (La TrobeTrobe University, University, Victoria),Victoria), CharlesCharles Morgan (University(University ofof Victoria), MichaelMichael Schiffer Schiffer richnessrichness and and a a tendencytendency towardtoward specialization specialization inin habituallyhabitually ex­ ex- (University (University of of Arizona), Arizona), AubreyAubrey CannonCannon and PeterPeter BrobrowskyBrobrowsky ploitedploited resources resources in inresource-rich resource-rich areas areas (e.g., (e.g., fish fish on theon theNorth­ North- (Simon(Simon FraserFraser University),University), RichardRichard Shutler (Simon Fraser Univer-Univer­ west west Coast, Coast, wheatwheat inin thethe Near Near East).East). sity), sity), andand thethe refereesreferees forfor their their critical critical comments comments andand carefulcareful readingreading Resource diversification is reflected in many aspects of ofof early early drafts. drafts. Thanks Thanks gogo toto LindaLinda Hale forfor upgradingupgrading thethe clarityclarity Resource diversification is reflected in many aspects of andand grammaticality.grammaticality. materials materials related related to to subsistence: subsistence: (1) (1) More varied andand oftenoften smallersmaller animals animals were were exploited. exploited. (2) (2) A Aground-stone ground-stone tool tool assem­ assem- blage,blage, probably probably used used for for processing processing seeds seeds and and other other materials, materials, emerged. Peterson (1968) has shown that mortars and pestles BRIANBRIAN HAYDEN HAYDEN is is Associate Associate Professor ofof AnthropologyAnthropology atat SimonSimon emerged. Peterson (1968) has shown that mortars and pestles FraserFraser University University (Burnaby, (Burnaby, B.C., B.C., Canada Canada V5A 1S6). BornBorn inin werewere important important in in extending extending the the effective effective food food supply supply by reduc­ by reduc- 1946, 1946, he he was was educated educated atat thethe UniversityUniversity of of Colorado Colorado (B.A.,(B.A., 1969) inging otherwiseotherwise inedible inedible cartilage cartilage or or massesmasses ofof smallsmall bone toto andand atat thethe University University of of Toronto Toronto (M.A., (M.A., 1970; 1970; Ph.D., Ph.D., 1976).1976). HeHe edible edible pulp, pulp, by by mascerating mascerating foods foods for forthe agedthe aged and andvery very young, young, has has beenbeen a Fulbright-HayesFulbright-Hayes Postdoctoral ,FellowFellow inin Australia and by pulverizing toxic starches such as acorns for leaching. (1971-72)(1971-72) and has taughttaught atat VirginiaVirginia Commonwealth UniversityUniversity and by pulverizing toxic starches such as acorns for leaching. (1973-74). (1973-74). His researchresearch interestsinterests areare lithiclithic technology,technology, hunter-hunter­ (3)(3) FishingFishing techniques techniques improved, improved, and and fish fishcame came into intoregular regular gatherer gatherer adaptations,adaptations, culturalcultural ecology, and ethnoarchaeologyethnoarchaeology usc;use; thethe recordrecord includes includes bone bone fishing fishing tools tools such such as leisters,as leisters, amongamong hunter-gatherershunter-gatherers and and Mesoamerican Mesoamerican communities.communities. HeHe has gorges, gorges, harpoons, harpoons, and and fishhooks. fishhooks. (4) Although(4) Although shellfish shellfish provide provide publishedpublished "Population "Population Control amongamong Hunter/Gatherers" (World relatively relatively little little protein protein (Osborn (Osborn [1977: [1977:1721 172) notes notes that itthat takes it takes ArchaeologyArchaeology 4:205-21); 4:205-21); "The"The Carrying-Capacity Dilemma,"Dilemma," inin PopulationPopulation Studies inin ArchaeologyArchaeology andand BiologicalBiological Anthropology, Anthropology, 83,422 83,422 mussels mussels to tomake make the the protein protein equivalent equivalent of one of deer) one deer)and and editededited byby AlanAlan Swedlund (Society(Society forfor AmericanAmerican ArchaeologyArchaeology althoughalthough shellfish shellfish in sedimentin sediment habitats habitats (e.g., (e.g.,clams clamsas opposed as opposed MemoirMemoir 30); 30); Lithic Use-WearUse-Wear AnalysisAnalysis (New(New York:York: Academic to to mussels mussels and and limpets) limpets) are are inefficient inefficient to collect to collect with withsimple simple Press, 1979); Paleolithic Reflections: Lithic Technology of the Press, 1979); Paleolithic Reflections: Lithic Technology of the technology, they were regularly exploited in some areas. (5) The AustralianAustralian WesternWestern Desert Desert (Canberra: (Canberra: Australian Institute ofof technology, they were regularly exploited in some areas. (5) The Aboriginal Aboriginal Studies; Studies; 1979); 1979); andand "Subsistence and EcologicalEcological bowbow and
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