CTBUH Journal

Tall buildings: design, construction and operation | 2008 Issue III

China Central Television Headquarters The Vertical Farm Partial Occupancies for Tall Buildings CTBUH Working Group Update: Sustainability Tall Buildings in Numbers Moscow Gaining Height Conference Australian CTBUH Seminars Editor’s Message

The CTBUH Journal has undergone a major emerging trend. A number of very prominent cases transformation in 2008, as its editorial board has are studied, and fundamental considerations for sought to align its content with the core objectives each stakeholder in such a project are examined. of the Council. Over the past several issues, the journal editorial board has collaborated with some of the most innovative minds within the field of tall The forward thinking perspectives of our authors in building design and research to highlight new this issue are accompanied by a comprehensive concepts and technologies that promise to reshape survey of the structural design approach behind the the professional landscape for years to come. The new China Central Television (CCTV) Tower in Beijing, Journal now contains a number of new features China. The paper, presented by the chief designers intended to facilitate discourse amongst the behind the tower structure, explores the membership on the subjects showcased in its pages. groundbreaking achievements of the entire design And as we enter 2009, the publication is poised to team in such realms as computational analysis, achieve even more as brilliant designers, researchers, optimization, interpretation and negotiation of local builders and developers begin collaboration with us codes, and sophisticated construction on papers that present yet-to-be unveiled concepts methodologies. Many of the considerations made that change the way we think about tall buildings by the design team throughout design and and the urban habitats that develop within, around, construction are thoroughly discussed, and paint a and beneath them. vivid portrait of many modern challenges facing the most geometrically complex towers of our time.

This current issue of the Journal follows suit, as it showcases the research and work of researchers and These papers, presented here in this issue of the designers who have envisioned the tall building CTBUH Journal, represent only a few of the many typology as a vessel for social, cultural and economic groundbreaking subjects that are currently being activities that have not as yet reached their true explored by contributors from every corner of the potential for enhancing urban life, and in some cases industry, who are today working with our editorial have not to date been implemented in large board to develop pieces that will be featured in our measure anywhere in the world. The concept of future issues. As we continue to grow, we look to our vertical farming for instance, presented in the membership to participate in this evolution, by following pages by Eric Ellingsen and Dickson participating in the development of a paper on a Despommier, holds promise to revitalize every stage topic of interest, or serving on the editorial board as of food production by importing the entire complex an advisor or peer reviewer. If you would like to system to the city and housing it within highly contribute to the Council through the authoring of a specialized tall buildings adapted for this purpose. It paper or conducting peer reviews, please contact us is a notion that is not without its pragmatic at [email protected]. On behalf of the Council, I quandaries, but one whose merits more than justify look forward to hearing from you. in-depth exploration. Best Regards, Robert Lau explores a series of novel construction projects involving post-occupancy construction, which has facilitated early revenue generation for © Arup Zak Kostura developers who have been bold enough to join this Zak Kostura, Editor

Published by CTBUH Chairman Copyright the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat David Scott Copyright 2008 Council on Tall Buildings and Urban © CTBUH 2008 Habitat. All rights reserved. No part of this publication CTBUH Executive Director may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any Editor Antony Wood means, electronic or mechanical, without permission in Zak Kostura Manager of Operations writing from the publisher. t: +1 212 896 3240 Geri Kery e: [email protected] Image Copyright t: +1 312 909 0253 CTBUH Journal has endeavored to determine the Associate Editor f: +1 610 419 0014 copyright holders of all images. Those uncredited have Robert Lau e: [email protected] been sourced from listed authors or from within CTBUH. Design & Layout Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat Print Katharina Holzapfel Illinois Institute of Technology CTBUH Journal is printed by Source4-Chicago. e: [email protected] 3360 South State Street www.source4.com Design Consultant Chicago, IL 60616-3793 Front cover: CCTV Building © Frank P. Palmer Thomas Graham www.ctbuh.org

2 | Editor's Message CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III Inside

News and Events Features

Case Study: CCTV Building - Headquarters & Cultural Center 04 Message from the Chairman 42 Tall Buildings in Numbers 14 Authors Chris Carroll, Paul Cross, Xiaonian Duan, Craig Gibbons, Goman Ho, Michael Kwok, Richard David Scott, CTBUH Chairman An Overview of Historical Lawson, Alexis Lee, Ronald Li, Andrew Luong, Rory McGowan, Chas Pope Arup

Arup is a global firm of designers, engineers, Factors Affecting Tall Building planners and business consultants providing a diverse range of professional services to clients around the world. The firm has over 10 000 staff working in more than 90 offices in 37 countries.

05 CTBUH News and Events Energy Consumption Arup has three main global business areas – buildings, infrastructure and consulting – although their multi-disciplinary approach means that any given project may involve people from any or all of the sectors or regions in which they operate. Arup has extensive experience in the field of tall Antony Wood, CTBUH buildings, having provided core multidisciplinary Figure 2. Uniform bracing pattern Figure 3. Unfolded’ view of final bracing pattern Figure 1. Architect’s impression of the building design services for such notable projects as 30 St. Mary Axe in London, the International Commerce Center (ICC) in Hong Kong, and the I.Q. Tower in ing. In their architectural response, however, Development of the structural form two-storey module (see Figure 2). This was Doha, Qatar. The new headquarters of China Central Television contains the entire television-making process Executive Director 50 Review within a single building. The 234m tall tower redefines the form of the , with the OMA decided that by doing just this, it should From the outset, it was determined that the chosen to coincide with the location of several primary system comprised of a continuous structural tube of columns, beams and braces be possible to break down the ‘ghettoes’ that only way to deliver the desired architectural double-height studios within the Towers. A Arup around the entire skin of the building. In order to gain structural approval an Expert Panel tend to form in a complex and compartmen- form of the CCTV building was to engage the stiff floor plate diaphragm is therefore only 13 Fitzroy Street London process was necessary, for which a performance-based analysis was carried out to justify the talized process like making TV programmes, entire façade structure, creating in essence an guaranteed on alternate storeys, hence lateral W1T 4BQ design. This made extensive use of finite element analysis and advanced non-linear elasto- and create a building whose layout in three external continuous tube system. This would loads from intermediate levels are transferred Skyscraper Museum Exhibit: t: (+44) 020 7636 1531 plastic time history to evaluate the structural behaviour and ensure the building safety under dimensions would force all those involved to give the structure the largest available dimen- back to the principal diaphragm levels via the www.arup.com different levels of seismic event. The leaning form and varied programme, including the need to mix and produce a better end-product more sions to resist the huge bending forces gener- internal core and the columns. accommodate large studio spaces, posed additional challenges for the gravity structure, and efficiently. ated by the cranked, leaning form – as well as resulted in the introduction of a large number of transfer trusses throughout the tower. Erecting loads from wind and extreme earthquakes. and connecting the two massive towers presented the structural engineers and contractors However, results of the preliminary analysis with further design and construction challenges. 05 What’s on the Web Vertical Cities: Hong Kong I The winning design for the 473,000m², showed that the forces in the braces varied 234m tall, CCTV building (see Figure 1) thus The ‘tube’ is formed by fully bracing all sides of considerably around the structure, with combines administration and offices, news the façade. The planes of bracing are continu- particular concentrations near the roof of the Introduction Architectural Concept and broadcasting, programme production ous through the building volume in order to Overhang and at the connection to the Base. This article describes the structural design and China Central Television (CCTV), the country’s and services – the entire TV-making process reinforce and stiffen the corners. The system This led to an optimization process in which Featuring new content now New York construction of the CCTV Building in Beijing, state broadcaster, plans to expand from 18 – in a single loop of interconnected activities is ideally suited to deal with the nature and the brace pattern was modified by adding or including development of the structural con- to 200 channels and compete globally in the around the four elements of the building: the intensity of permanent and temporary loading removing diagonals (i.e. ‘doubling’ or ‘halving’ cept, performance-based seismic design and coming years. To accommodate this expan- nine-storey ‘Base’, the two leaning Towers that on the building, and is a versatile, efficient the pattern), depending on the strength and Expert Panel Review process. sion, they organized an international design slope at 6° in each direction, and the nine to structure which can bridge in bending and stiffness requirements of the design, based on available on the CTBUH competition early in 2002 to design a new 13-storey ‘Overhang’, suspended 36 storeys in torsion between the Towers, provide enough a Level 1 earthquake analysis. This also enabled headquarters building. This was won by OMA “Prior to connection, the two Towers would the air. strength and stiffness in the Towers to deliver a degree of standardization of the brace ele- (Office of Metropolitan Architecture) and Arup, loads to the ground, and stiffen up the Base ment section sizes (see Figure 3). move independently of each other due to which subsequently allied with the East China to reinforce the lower Tower levels and deliver Design Institute (ECADI) to act as the essential website 51 CTBUH Working Group: The public facilities are in a second building, loads to the foundations in the most favour- environmental conditions, in particular wind and local design institute (LDI) for both architecture the Television Cultural Centre (TVCC), and both able possible distribution, given the geometry. This was an extremely iterative process due thermal expansion and contraction. As soon as and engineering. are serviced from a third Service Building that to the high indeterminacy of the structure, The unusual brief, in television terms, was that houses major plant as well as security. The with each changing of the pattern altering the Update they were joined, therefore, the elements at the all the functions for production, management, whole development will provide 599,000m² The tube was originally envisaged as a regular dynamic behaviour of the structure and hence and administration would be contained on the gross floor area and covers 187,000m², includ- pattern of perimeter steel or steel-reinforced the seismic forces that are attracted by each link would have to be able to resist the stresses chosen site in the new Beijing Central Business ing a landscaped media park with external concrete (SRC) columns, perimeter beams, element. It was carried out in close  06 Global News Tall Buildings + Sustainability caused by these movements. ” District (CBD), but not necessarily in one build- features. and diagonal steel braces set out on a typically CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III | 15 Highlights from the CTBUH 14 | CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III global news archive 52 Diary

What’s coming up? The Vertical Farm - The origin of a 21st century Architectural Typology

12 CTBUH Awards Dinner 26 mutates from the hospital and proliferated The Vertical Farm, as perceived by the public, is into variations at every architectural scale, from choreography of food visibility. Food is the house to office, studio to indoor stadium. most dynamic and complex of systems in the “While no one questions the value of farming in 21st century, requiring a web of 2008 Winners of the ‘Best Tall interrelationships. Yet we often forget, as getting us to this point in our evolutionary The Vertical Farm is a correlate of the modern Wendell Berry states, that ”eating is an city, offering stability while embracing the agricultural act.” (Berry, 1990) Therefore, the first CTBUH history, even our earliest efforts caused change. Far from fantasy, the Vertical Farm thing the vertical Farm does is mediate the Eric C. Ellingsen scoops up the available ducts and technologies visibility of the production of food. The Vertical Building’ and 'Lifetime irreversible damage to the natural landscape, and at the opening of the 21st century, organizing Farm helps you realize that your engagement and redistributing otherwise unrelated parts, with the world, particularly in terms of what are so wide-spread now that it threatens to alter grafting together everything available, from you eat, has consequences. the rest of the course of our life on this planet.” NASA Biosphere control systems to Achievements' awards. Greenhouse technology. What is crucial to understand at the outset is that the Vertical As you approach the Vertical Farm from a Farm is a complex system rather than a single distance, you witness transparent shelves of 44 Moscow Gaining Height Dickson Donald Despommier building. In other words, the Vertical Farm is not color and texture cantilevered off the structural merely a building where you grow tomatoes core of the living system (see Figure 1). The Though often bandied about by architectural form chasers, the invention of typologies are Authors rare. The fortuitous resultant of social imperatives, cultural and economic necessity, intrac- and shortened corn situated in the milieu of an shelves are agricultural programmed boxes, 1Eric C. Ellingsen urban setting; rather, the Vertical Farm is a each striated with modern fields of ripe Figure 1. The Vertical Farm model from above as seen in 2Dickson Donald Despommier table environmental pressures and technological prodigality, architectural typologies, like the Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago. real paradigm shifts, are mostly nothing more than UFO sightings: stories dreamt up in bars functional part of the urban system itself. The agricultural foliage: vegetation, fruits, etc. Conference: Review, 1College of Architecture and wishfully elaborated for credibility in digital manifestoes. Vertical Farm is not merely a skyscraper with (Note: the particular foods in each shelf would 25 Letters Illinois Institute of Technology farm plots chopped up like strips of turf and be controlled to cancel the foods traveling the S.R. Crown Hall, 3360 S. State St “The duct is one of the most monumental relationship between parts, rooms, program, rolled into FAR [foot to area ratio] rationed most miles to your now truly sustainable city, Chicago, IL 60616 nd th [innovations] in the history of environmental mechanical and natural systems of exchange floorplates. Indeed, the Vertical Farm is not and, be selected around the individual dietary e: [email protected] engineering.” and circulation that allowed the hospital to merely about food, but about the unseen and cultural palette of the community). Also, 22 – 24 October 2008 Reyner Banham (Banham, 1969) become a finely tuned and controlled circuits of energy and materials, labor and springing from the structural core, you notice Feedback and Comments 2Department of Environmental Health Sciences Mailman School of Public Health instrument of beauty, very literally an organon resources, capital and infrastructure, residential apartments set like seeds into the Columbia University However, one such occurrence can be noted of change. (Organic has Greek roots from technology and politics upon which our cities more hermitically sealed laboratories in which 60 Haven Ave, Rm. 100 at the opening of the 20th century, which did Organon: instrument, tool. (Rykwert, 1992)). At depend; food is only a single component of the the agricultural systems would be researched New York, NY 10032 The conference focused on not appear as visibly among all the that moment architecture evolved as a Vertical Farm, the most visible part, the market and initially cultivated for control purposes and e: [email protected]

wonderful—indeed they are extraordinary!— modern enterprise, not merely a structural and marketable part (imagine the politically finally deployed, by way of the core, into the avant-garde manifestoes. It is the modern revolution, but the material embodiment of a marketable ‘greenness’ of a 1000ft luscious shelves. Apartments to both scientists and Eric C. Ellingsen hospital as a new architectural typology and networked, technical, spatial assemblage cornicopic living transparent zone of fertility students, the Vertical Farm also contains Figure 2. The Vertical Farm Park at base of model Eric C. Ellingsen holds a Masters of Architecture, information and cultural and a Master of Landscape from the University of the untold (and not adequately told here) where 19th century structural revolutions of next to the black steel and glass skyscraper in program for private residences, and for those Pennsylvania, (2005); a Masters in Classical history of the duct (think of the Vertical Farm as the steel frame could be enmeshed with your city); food, the only part of farming which residents, gardens and vertical parks linking Philosophy, St. John’s College, Annapolis MD (2000). He is a Senior Lecturer at the College of Reyer Banham might, a history of the near mechanical technology, the individual, the consumers see while the rest of the industrial the outside of the shelves with the living and Architecture, Illinois Institute of Technology, and future). microbe, the city. It was near this time that the process remaining invisible, unquestioned, the labs (see Figure 2). As you look closer you serves as Assistant Director of the Graduate Case Study exchange. Landscape Program. surgical suite replaces the anatomical theater, absolved by sheer ignorance. Essentially, the will notice that some of the programmatic and the natural environment is linked together Vertical Farm allows us to address in one shelves contain grazing colors, which seem to In 1906 the Royal Victoria Hospital, by Henman in a living mechanical architectural system, be in motion. Upon closer inspection (see Dickson Donald Despommier ambitious but realistic strategy, the precarious and Cooper, opened in Belfast, Ireland. which addressed social, societal, political, and tricky crisis of modernity between the Figure 3) you notice pigs and chickens, not the Dickson Donald Despommier holds a Ph. D in (Banham, 1969). It was the first modernized, Biology from University of Notre Dame (1967), a biological, and individual needs. It was the individual and the city, which French sour image via noisome smell of the factory Masters in Science in Medical Parasitology from air-conditioned building in the world, and duct which permitted the reinvention of the philosopher Paul Ricour stated so poignantly, it farm hidden out of site and attempting to Columbia University (1964). He is a Professor of launched the hospital as an apparatus that hospital, which had been in existence since allows us to participate in the local place and evade the eye, but rather sterile and proud Public Health and Microbiology at Columbia simultaneously reached across multiple scales University, NYC, 1982-present. Associate Professor 4000BC. Thus a mechanism of exchange and global flow at the same time, to embrace public animal production. Finally, you will of Public Health and Microbiology, Columbia of engagement. It addressed and organized environmental controls becomes the impetus modernity and simultaneously return to our notice two systems of tanks; one system 48 Australian CTBUH Seminars: University, NYC,1975-1982. the internal needs of a person and the internal for both new typologies, and a new breed of roots.” (Ricour, 1965) Those roots simply exist comprised of smaller pools filled with fish and 14 China Central Television control of a building environment, to the architecturally mediated and controlled 1000 feet above the ground. (A ground which shrimp, the other much larger tank linked into mediation of an external population of environmental possibilities, pressures, and would be better served by forests than by a waste water and bio-solid treatment facility, Figure 3. A vertical Farm in . Design by Eric Ellingsen individuals and the external conditions of the and Dickson Despommier. Image by Eric Ellingsen, Homero constraints, possibilities which leaps and feed-stock, as it turns out.) looking much like active industrial  Rios, and Mo Phala. (CCTV) Headquarters Report natural environment. It was the functional Building & Cultural Centre, Green or Grey - The Aesthetics 26 | The Vertical Farm CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III The Vertical Farm | 27 Beijing of Tall Building Sustainability Partial Occupancies for Phased and Multi-Use Tall Buildings 53 Alan Jalil 36 "What if parts of a building could be occupied Research Profile - CTBUH Country before the entire building is completed?"

Robert Lau In the Spring 2004 issue of the CTBUH journal I wrote an article ‘Multiple Phase Construction Representative, France Author for a Multi-Use Tall Building’. This article noted the financial risk that multi-use buildings can be Robert Lau exposed to because they can be constructed without becoming fully occupied upon Roosevelt University 430 S. Michigan Avenue completion. Another issue has been the long time-frame required for constructing large multi- Chicago, IL 60605-1394, USA use high-rise buildings. What if parts of a building could be occupied before the entire building 26 Eric Ellingsen & Dickson e: [email protected] is completed? What if a large high-rise project could be constructed in phases, so that only the Figure 1. Hotel entry at Trump Tower on upper Wabash Figure 2. North elevation of Trump Tower over Figure 3. Blue Cross Blue Shield at start of vertical expansion spaces that the current market can support will be constructed? hotel entry Robert M. Lau received his Bachelor of Architecture degree from Institute of Technology (host institution for the CTBUH) and his Master of tower. Building the first, then the second or An advantage of Partial Occupancy projects is The financial advantage is occupying as each While any construction project involves risks, spaces can open as independent entities Business Administration at the Chicago School of third can be described as Vertical Expansion. their ability for some tenants to open for use is completed instead of at tower Despommier Real Estate at Roosevelt University. to construct above an occupied space has before the office and/or residential 53 Dr. Peyman Askari Nejad While the concepts are the same as other business as soon as possible, without waiting completion. In the case of multi-use Tall He has worked with Myron Goldsmith and Lucien inherently more risks. Planning can remedy components are completed above. In some master planned projects, the construction for the completion of the tower. An advantage Buildings, the time-frame for construction can Lagrange at Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill (Chicago some of these risks. Each stakeholder has cases, this time lag could be months to over a office) and with Helmut Jahn and Jim Goettsch at takes place within one structure as opposed to of Phased Construction Vertical Expansion, as be years. Developers that can complete a Murphy/Jahn in Chicago. He is an advocate of the differing attitudes regarding the execution of year. Some examples include: many structures within the same site. Some in other master planned projects, is their ability space for occupancy by retail or offices, on the Chicago School of Architecture, beginning with the construction. City building departments The Vertical Farm - The origin William LeBaron Jenny, John Root, and Louis 1. One Rincon Hill in San Francisco by examples include: to minimize the risks of constructing large- lower floors, have a financial advantage over Profile - CTBUH Country Sullivan and continuing through Fazlur Khan and are skeptical about issuing a permit for only Solomon Cordwell Buenz (Post 2008) scale space at one time period and not those who must wait until total tower Myron Goldsmith. occupying part of the building instead of the 1. Bentall 5 in Vancouver by the Musson flooding the market at what could be a completion. Securing financing may be easier He has written several articles for the CTBUH entire structure. How the remainder is a. Floors 8-27 occupied in Jan. 2008 Cattell Mackey Partnership (bentall5) Journal. He presented the paper ‘A Platonistic vulnerable time. By being able to adjust to the in these scenarios. Program for Block 37 in Chicago’s Loop’ at the constructed, while tenants occupy the spaces b . Floors 28-35 occupied in Feb. 2008 a. Phase I office floors to 22 occupied in current market, Vertical Expansions can of a 21st century Architectural December 2001 CTBUH conference Building for the below, is a concern to all involved. This paper Representative, Iran 21st Century in London and the paper ‘Financial Sept. 2002 c. Residences to floor 60 occupied in minimize the financial risks inherent in Aspects That Drive Design Decisions’ at the October will discuss Partial Occupancy issues from the While current requirements are sometimes 2005 conference in New York City. He was also a Aug. 2008 b. Phase II office floors 23-34 occupied in large-scale construction projects. Both Partial member of the NY conference’s committee that views of designers, contractors, building difficult to assess, planning for future 2. Trump Tower Chicago by Skidmore, April 2007 Occupancy and Phased Construction projects reviewed the papers to be presented. owners, the city government that the project is requirements can be even more difficult. It is Owings, and Merrill (Bergen 2008) can benefit the financial bottom-line for Typology In addition to practicing architecture in Chicago, he constructed in, and the current tenants while 2. Blue Cross Blue Shield in Chicago by critical that the developer is aware of the risks is a Construction Committee member with the investors by their advantages. the construction is taking place. While there Goettsch Partners (Corning 2008) Windy City Habitat for Humanity (local affiliate). a. Hotel floors 14–27 occupied in Jan. involved for predicting the future. As are several examples of partial high-rise 2008 a. Phase I office floors to 32 occupied in construction material costs have risen in the occupancy, identifying and addressing these b . Residence floor 92 topped out in 1997, daytime worker population of 4,400 MAJOR STAKEHOLDERS OF THE PROJECT United States in 2008, convincing an owner to special concerns will be important for issuing August 2008 invest in materials, knowing that they will not 54 CTBUH Organizational future permits. b . Phase II office floors 33-57 to be Designers and Developers be used for years to come, could be a ‘tough c. Completion to be in 2009 completed in 2009, anticipated daytime While planning is required for the design of sell’. Setting aside certain assets today, to be worker population of 8,000 total for both any project, advanced planning is required in used in a future addition in the coming years, INTRODUCTION phases projects that include either Partial Occupancy Phased Construction (Vertical Expansion) or Vertical Expansion. In a designer’s mind, the could be difficult to persuade to a stockholder 36 Robert Lau Partial Occupancy looking at the balance sheets. Structure + Member Listings In master planned projects, components are In most construction projects, an Occupancy project is considered a combination of planned but not designed or intended for Incentives for Partial Occupancy or Phased Permit is secured after the construction has separate buildings. Each can be designed and construction for years or even decades to Construction Projects been completed. The city issuing this permit constructed on its own, as part of a complete A total planning package needs to be come. Master plan projects may (for example) Large-scale multi-use Tall Buildings are defines the project as safe and complete for whole. This approach will include inherent developed at the outset of the project by the Partial Occupancies for build an office tower first, then a retail mall, complicated structures involving an army of redundancies. By planning for elevators and human habitation in which it was intended. A designers and the developer. Andrew Weiss of and then a residential tower lastly, when the stakeholders. They require vast resources, Partial Occupancy permit allows only a portion utility shafts for the entire project, each the Trump Organization says,” We planned the neighborhood has established this market multi-year planning and multi-year of the completed project to be open for occupied phase will sustain itself within the entire project so that the different uses within over the past several years. This can be construction scheduling. Besides the large occupancy. The remainder of the construction context of the whole. Planning this the Trump Tower Chicago could open at especially true in former industrial areas that quantities of materials required for Phased and Multi-Use Tall can continue until its completion. This type of infrastructure for the tower creates the different times.” Tom Corning of Walsh are being converted to other zoning uses by construction, financing a project of this arrangement will benefit multi-use towers possibility of constructing each use Construction has been working on the Vertical the city. It is now possible to construct these magnitude is a major accomplishment. Many since the lower-floor commercial and retail individually and over time, if required. Expansion of the Blue Cross Blue Shield in  independent components as one complete risks are inherent in any construction project.

Buildings CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III | 37 36 | CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III “What is crucial to understand at the outset is that the Vertical Farm is a complex system rather than a single building. In other words, the Vertical Farm is not merely a building where you grow tomatoes and corn situated in the milieu of an urban setting; rather, the Vertical Farm is a functional part of the urban system itself.” Visit www.ctbuh.org for more on the global tall building Eric Ellingsen and Dickson Despommier, page 26 industry and the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat

CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III Content | 3 The CTBUH Global News Archive is an online resource for all the latest news on tall buildings, urban development and sustainable construction from around the world. Each issue, the CTBUH Journal publishes selected feeds from Global News the online archive. For comprehensive industry news, visit the Global news Archive at: www.ctbuh.org/news.htm

© Nakheel © KlingStubbins © CTBUH / Marshall Gerometta

Nakheel Harbour & Tower: World’s Songdo City Gateway Center to be Economic Crisis Slows Chicago’s Tallest Building Under Construction designed by KlingStubbins High-rise Boom The initiation of foundation works by Nakheel The 3.4 million square foot Gateway Business The tall building boom that has seen 32 of the on the new Harbour and Tower development Center that will form the entrance to Songdo tallest 100 in Chicago completed in Dubai has bestowed upon the developer City – the new 1,500 Acre international or under construction in the last 8 years, has possession of the speculative title of “Tallest business district in Incheon, – is to been dealt a blow by the news that Building Under Construction in the World”. be designed by Philadelphia firm construction on two of the city’s future While the final height for the KlingStubbins. The Center will consist of five supertall towers has been put on hold. The has not been announced, the developer has undulating glazed office towers, sitting atop a - set to be the tallest building in asserted that the structure will reach “more multi-level retail base with underground North America at 610 meters upon than a kilometer in height”, and contain more parking facilities. Each of the towers will have a completion – and the 319 meter tall than 200 occupiable floors. rooftop garden sheltered by 12-meter-high Waterview Tower (pictured) have both halted Designed by architect Woods Bagot and glazed walls and a trellis of photovoltaic construction in recent weeks, with little engineered by WSP in conjunction with Leslie panels. The gardens will offer building indication as to when they may resume. E. Robertson Associates, the occupants sweeping views of the dramatic Shelbourne, the Chicago Spire developers, say bears marks of aesthetic influence from the Songdo skyline, Central Park and the Yellow they will start working on the superstructure surrounding Islamic architecture, and Sea. In terms of sustainability, the designers are again when the market stabilizes and are in integrates an innovative structural design striving to achieve LEED Silver certification for strategy employing a series of individual the building. ...density towers linked at critical floors to create a rigid bundled tube system. The developer has announced its goal of Architects have to really embrace density… Policy makers achieving the highest LEED rating possible for need“ to put their futurist hat on and understand that density is coming. a building of this size. The megaproject Instead of fighting it, they need to find ways of making it work. includes another 40 towers of substantial, if comparatively modest size, ranging from 20 to Stephan Reinke, European managing director of Woods Bagot, discusses how further tall” building 90 stories. In all the complex is expected to construction is inevitable, following a report from the British Property Federation arguing that tall reach completion in ten years, with various buildings reap significant productivity gains as people work more closely together through phases (including the signature tower) coming competition, networking and economies of scale. From ‘Towers will aid growth, says BPF’, Building th online at earlier stages. Design, September 9 , 2008

6 | Global News CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III talks with a general contractor to build it. The all residents with access to planting and the designers have asserted that the added building foundations and underground amenity spaces all year round. In addition all cost of inclining the structure is relatively car-park have been already completed. flats will benefit from glazed winter-garden- modest. Addressing the impact of the inclined However, construction on some of the city’s style balconies. In terms of sustainability, the towers, Kim Herforth Nielsen, Principal other tall buildings is continuing with vigour; project plans to utilize a photovoltaic array Architect at 3XN asserts, “construction costs in October construction workers reached the located on the roof of the tower and a – only went up 5 per cent.“ 59th floor of the 82-storey Aqua tower, which gas-fired combined heating and power unit. upon completion next year will be the 12th tallest building in Chicago at 251 meters tall. Meanwhile, November will likely see the installation by helicopter of the 69 meter-tall spire atop the Trump International Hotel & Tower, bringing the building up to its full height of 415 meters. Upon final completion in 2009, it will become the second tallest building in America.

© 3XN Architects Tour T1 becomes second tallest Leaning towers of Copenhagen building in France The completion of the 185 meter-tall Tour T1 in The foundation stone for the new four-star the La Défense region of Paris has seen the Bella Hotel was laid in Copenhagen in building become the second tallest in France, September. Comprised of 814 rooms, 32 behind the 209 meter-tall Tour de conference facilities and 3 restaurants split Montparnasse. Designed by French between two dramatically leaning towers, the © Amin Taha Associates / Carey Jones / Fraser Property architectural firm Valode and Pistre the Development new complex is already being boasted as the 70,000m² office tower is conceived as a folded premiere international event venue in what glass plate, cut by an arc on its north face. Sky Garden Tower planned for was recently deemed “the best city in the According to the Valode and Pistre, its London world to live in” by Monocle. distinctive profile changes according to one’s Architects Amin Taha Associates and Carey Designed by 3XN Architects, the adjacent vantage point and assures the tower’s place Jones in conjunction with developer Fraser towers of the Bella Hotel incline in opposite within the surrounding context. Seen from the Property Development have released plans for directions as they rise, permitting dramatic south, the tower appears as a ship’s bow, a a new 120 meter-tall skyscraper at Vauxhall in views of the surrounding landscape from both vertical element and a complement to the London. The scheme – known as the ‘Vauxhall sides of each tower. The modest twist in the skyline of the La Défense business district. Sky Gardens’ – consists of a 35-storey tower wing of each cantilevered tower was included Seen from the east and west, T1 is perceived as with over 9000m² of office and retail space on to improve the towers’ dynamic performance a large sail, its curving form providing the lower storeys and 178 residential under the steady winds that persist on the site. transition to the lower scale of the adjoining apartments above. The design includes two The Bella’s towers rise to a height of 76.5m, neighbourhood. The view given by the north significant communal skygardens; one on the joined at their adjacent faces by a central, façade is one of a tall staircase, climbing to the eighth floor and the second at the top of the low-rise foyer. Motivated by the desire to sky and disappearing as the façade curves out tower. These triple-height spaces will provide maiximize views on all faces of the two towers, of view.

CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III Global News | 7 Case Study: CCTV Building - Headquarters & Cultural Center

Authors Chris Carroll, Paul Cross, Xiaonian Duan, Craig Gibbons, Goman Ho, Michael Kwok, Richard Lawson, Alexis Lee, Ronald Li, Andrew Luong, Rory McGowan, Chas Pope Arup

Arup is a global firm of designers, engineers, planners and business consultants providing a diverse range of professional services to clients around the world. The firm has over 10 000 staff working in more than 90 offices in 37 countries.

Arup has three main global business areas – buildings, infrastructure and consulting – although their multi-disciplinary approach means that any given project may involve people from any or all of the sectors or regions in which they operate. Arup has extensive experience in the field of tall buildings, having provided core multidisciplinary Figure 1. Architect’s impression of the building design services for such notable projects as 30 St. Mary Axe in London, the International Commerce Center (ICC) in Hong Kong, and the I.Q. Tower in Doha, Qatar. The new headquarters of China Central Television contains the entire television-making process within a single building. The 234m tall tower redefines the form of the skyscraper, with the primary system comprised of a continuous structural tube of columns, beams and braces Arup around the entire skin of the building. In order to gain structural approval an Expert Panel 13 Fitzroy Street London process was necessary, for which a performance-based analysis was carried out to justify the W1T 4BQ design. This made extensive use of finite element analysis and advanced non-linear elasto- t: (+44) 020 7636 1531 plastic time history to evaluate the structural behaviour and ensure the building safety under www.arup.com different levels of seismic event. The leaning form and varied programme, including the need to accommodate large studio spaces, posed additional challenges for the gravity structure, and resulted in the introduction of a large number of transfer trusses throughout the tower. Erecting and connecting the two massive towers presented the structural engineers and contractors with further design and construction challenges.

Introduction Architectural Concept This article describes the structural design and China Central Television (CCTV), the country’s construction of the CCTV Building in Beijing, state broadcaster, plans to expand from 18 including development of the structural con- to 200 channels and compete globally in the cept, performance-based seismic design and coming years. To accommodate this expan- Expert Panel Review process. sion, they organized an international design competition early in 2002 to design a new “Prior to connection, the two Towers would headquarters building. This was won by OMA (Office of Metropolitan Architecture) and Arup, move independently of each other due to which subsequently allied with the East China Design Institute (ECADI) to act as the essential environmental conditions, in particular wind and local design institute (LDI) for both architecture thermal expansion and contraction. As soon as and engineering. The unusual brief, in television terms, was that they were joined, therefore, the elements at the all the functions for production, management, and administration would be contained on the link would have to be able to resist the stresses chosen site in the new Beijing Central Business caused by these movements. ” District (CBD), but not necessarily in one build-

14 | CCTV Building CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III Figure 2. Uniform bracing pattern Figure 3. Unfolded’ view of final bracing pattern ing. In their architectural response, however, Development of the structural form two-storey module (see Figure 2). This was OMA decided that by doing just this, it should From the outset, it was determined that the chosen to coincide with the location of several be possible to break down the ‘ghettoes’ that only way to deliver the desired architectural double-height studios within the Towers. A tend to form in a complex and compartmen- form of the CCTV building was to engage the stiff floor plate diaphragm is therefore only talized process like making TV programmes, entire façade structure, creating in essence an guaranteed on alternate storeys, hence lateral and create a building whose layout in three external continuous tube system. This would loads from intermediate levels are transferred dimensions would force all those involved to give the structure the largest available dimen- back to the principal diaphragm levels via the mix and produce a better end-product more sions to resist the huge bending forces gener- internal core and the columns. efficiently. ated by the cranked, leaning form – as well as loads from wind and extreme earthquakes. However, results of the preliminary analysis The winning design for the 473,000m², showed that the forces in the braces varied 234m tall, CCTV building (see Figure 1) thus The ‘tube’ is formed by fully bracing all sides of considerably around the structure, with combines administration and offices, news the façade. The planes of bracing are continu- particular concentrations near the roof of the and broadcasting, programme production ous through the building volume in order to Overhang and at the connection to the Base. and services – the entire TV-making process reinforce and stiffen the corners. The system This led to an optimization process in which – in a single loop of interconnected activities is ideally suited to deal with the nature and the brace pattern was modified by adding or around the four elements of the building: the intensity of permanent and temporary loading removing diagonals (i.e. ‘doubling’ or ‘halving’ nine-storey ‘Base’, the two leaning Towers that on the building, and is a versatile, efficient the pattern), depending on the strength and slope at 6° in each direction, and the nine to structure which can bridge in bending and stiffness requirements of the design, based on 13-storey ‘Overhang’, suspended 36 storeys in torsion between the Towers, provide enough a Level 1 earthquake analysis. This also enabled the air. strength and stiffness in the Towers to deliver a degree of standardization of the brace ele- loads to the ground, and stiffen up the Base ment section sizes (see Figure 3). to reinforce the lower Tower levels and deliver The public facilities are in a second building, loads to the foundations in the most favour- the Television Cultural Centre (TVCC), and both able possible distribution, given the geometry. This was an extremely iterative process due are serviced from a third Service Building that to the high indeterminacy of the structure, houses major plant as well as security. The with each changing of the pattern altering the whole development will provide 599,000m² The tube was originally envisaged as a regular dynamic behaviour of the structure and hence gross floor area and covers 187,000m², includ- pattern of perimeter steel or steel-reinforced the seismic forces that are attracted by each ing a landscaped media park with external concrete (SRC) columns, perimeter beams, element. It was carried out in close  features. and diagonal steel braces set out on a typically

CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III CCTV Building | 15 The Vertical Farm - The origin of a 21st century Architectural Typology

“While no one questions the value of farming in getting us to this point in our evolutionary

Eric C. Ellingsen history, even our earliest efforts caused irreversible damage to the natural landscape, and are so wide-spread now that it threatens to alter the rest of the course of our life on this planet.”

Dickson Donald Despommier Though often bandied about by architectural form chasers, the invention of typologies are Authors rare. The fortuitous resultant of social imperatives, cultural and economic necessity, intrac- 1Eric C. Ellingsen 2Dickson Donald Despommier table environmental pressures and technological prodigality, architectural typologies, like real paradigm shifts, are mostly nothing more than UFO sightings: stories dreamt up in bars 1College of Architecture and wishfully elaborated for credibility in digital manifestoes. Illinois Institute of Technology S.R. Crown Hall, 3360 S. State St “The duct is one of the most monumental relationship between parts, rooms, program, Chicago, IL 60616 [innovations] in the history of environmental e: [email protected] mechanical and natural systems of exchange engineering.” and circulation that allowed the hospital to Reyner Banham (Banham, 1969) become a finely tuned and controlled 2Department of Environmental Health Sciences Mailman School of Public Health instrument of beauty, very literally an organon Columbia University However, one such occurrence can be noted of change. (Organic has Greek roots from 60 Haven Ave, Rm. 100 at the opening of the 20th century, which did Organon: instrument, tool. (Rykwert, 1992)). At New York, NY 10032 e: [email protected] not appear as visibly among all the that moment architecture evolved as a

wonderful—indeed they are extraordinary!— modern enterprise, not merely a structural avant-garde manifestoes. It is the modern revolution, but the material embodiment of a Eric C. Ellingsen hospital as a new architectural typology and networked, technical, spatial assemblage Eric C. Ellingsen holds a Masters of Architecture, and a Master of Landscape from the University of the untold (and not adequately told here) where 19th century structural revolutions of Pennsylvania, (2005); a Masters in Classical history of the duct (think of the Vertical Farm as the steel frame could be enmeshed with Philosophy, St. John’s College, Annapolis MD (2000). He is a Senior Lecturer at the College of Reyer Banham might, a history of the near mechanical technology, the individual, the Architecture, Illinois Institute of Technology, and future). microbe, the city. It was near this time that the serves as Assistant Director of the Graduate Landscape Program. surgical suite replaces the anatomical theater, and the natural environment is linked together In 1906 the Royal Victoria Hospital, by Henman in a living mechanical architectural system, Dickson Donald Despommier and Cooper, opened in Belfast, Ireland. which addressed social, societal, political, Dickson Donald Despommier holds a Ph. D in (Banham, 1969). It was the first modernized, Biology from University of Notre Dame (1967), a biological, and individual needs. It was the Masters in Science in Medical Parasitology from air-conditioned building in the world, and duct which permitted the reinvention of the Columbia University (1964). He is a Professor of launched the hospital as an apparatus that hospital, which had been in existence since Public Health and Microbiology at Columbia simultaneously reached across multiple scales University, NYC, 1982-present. Associate Professor 4000BC. Thus a mechanism of exchange and of Public Health and Microbiology, Columbia of engagement. It addressed and organized environmental controls becomes the impetus University, NYC,1975-1982. the internal needs of a person and the internal for both new typologies, and a new breed of control of a building environment, to the architecturally mediated and controlled mediation of an external population of environmental possibilities, pressures, and individuals and the external conditions of the constraints, possibilities which leaps and natural environment. It was the functional

26 | The Vertical Farm CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III mutates from the hospital and proliferated The Vertical Farm, as perceived by the public, is into variations at every architectural scale, from choreography of food visibility. Food is the house to office, studio to indoor stadium. most dynamic and complex of systems in the 21st century, requiring a web of interrelationships. Yet we often forget, as The Vertical Farm is a correlate of the modern Wendell Berry states, that ”eating is an city, offering stability while embracing the agricultural act.” (Berry, 1990) Therefore, the first change. Far from fantasy, the Vertical Farm thing the vertical Farm does is mediate the scoops up the available ducts and technologies visibility of the production of food. The Vertical at the opening of the 21st century, organizing Farm helps you realize that your engagement and redistributing otherwise unrelated parts, with the world, particularly in terms of what grafting together everything available, from you eat, has consequences. NASA Biosphere control systems to Greenhouse technology. What is crucial to understand at the outset is that the Vertical As you approach the Vertical Farm from a Farm is a complex system rather than a single distance, you witness transparent shelves of building. In other words, the Vertical Farm is not color and texture cantilevered off the structural merely a building where you grow tomatoes core of the living system (see Figure 1). The and shortened corn situated in the milieu of an shelves are agricultural programmed boxes, urban setting; rather, the Vertical Farm is a each striated with modern fields of ripe Figure 1. The Vertical Farm model from above as seen in functional part of the urban system itself. The agricultural foliage: vegetation, fruits, etc. the Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago. Vertical Farm is not merely a skyscraper with (Note: the particular foods in each shelf would farm plots chopped up like strips of turf and be controlled to cancel the foods traveling the rolled into FAR [foot to area ratio] rationed most miles to your now truly sustainable city, floorplates. Indeed, the Vertical Farm is not and, be selected around the individual dietary merely about food, but about the unseen and cultural palette of the community). Also, circuits of energy and materials, labor and springing from the structural core, you notice resources, capital and infrastructure, residential apartments set like seeds into the technology and politics upon which our cities more hermitically sealed laboratories in which depend; food is only a single component of the the agricultural systems would be researched Vertical Farm, the most visible part, the market and initially cultivated for control purposes and and marketable part (imagine the politically finally deployed, by way of the core, into the marketable ‘greenness’ of a 1000ft luscious shelves. Apartments to both scientists and cornicopic living transparent zone of fertility students, the Vertical Farm also contains Figure 2. The Vertical Farm Park at base of model next to the black steel and glass skyscraper in program for private residences, and for those your city); food, the only part of farming which residents, gardens and vertical parks linking consumers see while the rest of the industrial the outside of the shelves with the living and process remaining invisible, unquestioned, the labs (see Figure 2). As you look closer you absolved by sheer ignorance. Essentially, the will notice that some of the programmatic Vertical Farm allows us to address in one shelves contain grazing colors, which seem to ambitious but realistic strategy, the precarious be in motion. Upon closer inspection (see and tricky crisis of modernity between the Figure 3) you notice pigs and chickens, not the individual and the city, which French sour image via noisome smell of the factory philosopher Paul Ricour stated so poignantly, it farm hidden out of site and attempting to allows us to participate in the local place and evade the eye, but rather sterile and proud global flow at the same time, to embrace public animal production. Finally, you will modernity and simultaneously return to our notice two systems of tanks; one system roots.” (Ricour, 1965) Those roots simply exist comprised of smaller pools filled with fish and 1000 feet above the ground. (A ground which shrimp, the other much larger tank linked into would be better served by forests than by a waste water and bio-solid treatment facility, Figure 3. A vertical Farm in Dubai. Design by Eric Ellingsen and Dickson Despommier. Image by Eric Ellingsen, Homero feed-stock, as it turns out.) looking much like active industrial  Rios, and Mo Phala.

CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III The Vertical Farm | 27 About the Council

The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, based at the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago, is an international not-for-profit organization supported by architecture, engineering, planning, development and construction professionals. Founded in 1969, the Council’s mission is to disseminate multi-disciplinary information on tall buildings and sustainable urban environments, to maximize the international interaction of professionals involved in creating the built environment, and to make the latest knowledge available to professionals in a useful form. The CTBUH disseminates its findings, and facilitates business exchange, through: the publication of books, monographs, proceedings and reports; the organization of world congresses, international, regional and specialty conferences and workshops; the maintaining of an extensive website and tall building databases of built, under construction and proposed buildings; the distribution of a monthly international tall building e-newsletter; the maintaining of an international resource center; the bestowing of annual awards for design and construction excellence and individual lifetime achievement; the management of special task forces / working groups; the hosting of technical forums; and the publication of the CTBUH Journal, a professional journal containing refereed papers written by researchers, scholars and practicing professionals. The Council actively undertakes research into relevant fields in conjunction with its members and industrial partners, and has in place an international ‘Country Representative’ network, with regional CTBUH representatives promoting the mission of the Council across the globe. The Council is the arbiter of the criteria upon which tall building height is measured, and thus the title of ‘The World’s Tallest Building’ determined. CTBUH is the world’s leading body dedicated to the field of tall buildings and urban habitat and the recognized international source for information in these fields.

Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat Illinois Institute of Technology, S. R. Crown Hall 3360 South State Street Chicago, IL, 60616 Phone: +1 (312) 909 0253 Fax: +1 (610) 419 0014 Email: [email protected] http://www.ctbuh.org/