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America's Second Great Awakening

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America's Second Great Awakening he religious revival that more concerned with ideological swept America in the years issues than the age of Jackson,” Tbefore our Revolution— notes historian Bertram Wyatt- known as the Great Awakening— Brown. This produced not only deepened our belief in human bitter electoral contention but sovereignty and equality before also struggles over the staffing of God, and was thereby a crucial government, spurts of corruption, A case study factor, historians agree, in fueling and periodic violence in our streets our struggle for independence. and town squares. Many Americans Changing Society through Civil Action A full generation later felt unsettled and uneasy. there followed a Second Great Not only our politics but our Awakening. It was even more culture seemed debased. Per capita influential in forming our national alcohol use was three to four times character and changing the current levels. (See Temperance direction of our society. While the case study.) Public spaces were America’s first awakening produced political often slimy with tobacco spit. change, the second awakening Popular pastimes included dogfights, 36 Second yielded social reform—shifting cockfights, rats-versus-dog battles, American culture in ways both and bull-baiting. A fighting style Great broad and deep. called “gouging” was a problem The bloom was off the rose during these decades. Street of politics for Americans as the brawlers grew their fingernails long Awakening Second Great Awakening began to make it easier to pop the eyeball at the end of the 1700s and out of an opponent’s head; some accelerated in the early decades filed their teeth to assist in biting of the 1800s. This was when off appendages during frequent the Articles of Confederation imbroglios. imploded, partisan hatreds Disgust with ugly politics and broke out for the first time, the culture didn’t drive solid citizens nation became embroiled again into retreat, though. To the contrary, in war, and passionate Jacksonian philanthropists—and especially the populism smashed all sorts of surging ranks of reborn evangelical national customs and forms. The Christians—decided that they had social changes of the day were a duty to help create a better and drastic, and politics was chaotic. more orderly nation. And this was “No period” of U.S. history “was history’s first religious revival that aimed to simultaneously Protestant church membership serve God and soften Caesar. in the U.S. grew twice as fast as Believers were urged to be active population over the multidecade on two distinct fronts: soul-saving course of the Second Great and good citizenship; personal Awakening. In areas where the character and neighborhood revival fires burned brightest, decency; abstaining from evil like upstate New York, religious and rooting out evils in society; activity was rampant. Even more salvation and reform; religion impressive than the packed church and humanitarianism; individual pews, remarked newspapers like regeneration and cultural the Rochester Observer, was the improvement. It was not an “spirit of zeal and boldness” and otherworldly religion that swept “increased energy infused into America in the first half of the Christian character and exertion.” nineteenth century. Leaders like The 1853 report of a traveler Charles Finney argued that the from Sweden named Fredrika Gospel had been given to us by Bremer gives a flavor of the passion God not only to rescue souls but in evidence at revival peaks. She 37 to clean up our collective life. describes an immense crowd of Change was happening in mingled white and black Americans Britain at the same time. English at a nighttime Georgia camp meeting. Jacksonian America was an often cruel society. Depicted here is one of philanthropist and politician Eight large altars had been built the many bloody spectacles staged at Kit Burns’s Sportsmen’s Hall in New William Wilberforce, who led in a forest. Scores of campfires York City. Classes high and low came to gamble on terriers set against 100 his nation’s crusade to abolish roared, with rings of burbling people rats, no-holds-barred human fights, bear-baiting, death matches between the slave trade, emblemized gathered around each. She records dogs, even battles between barehanded men and pit bulls. the evangelical enthusiasm for wails from the penitent as a lightning spreading religious and moral storm approaches, and describes truths to all people, regardless of joyful singing by thousands of station, while also emphasizing believers. It was, she writes, a night Powerful moral reform ended the vital need for “a reformation of “never to be forgotten.” manners” in collective life. But the slavery, universalized literacy, and evangelical wave swept further into Mass inner transformation cemented what we now think of as the countryside in America than it connected to outward action did in Britain, creating a surge of One of the remarkable things about the classic American virtues. social energy that left deep marks the Second Great Awakening is how on secular life. democratic it was. It was sparked and initially peopled by Methodist, words of one impressed observer. Baptist, and Presbyterian farmers, Businessmen, practical artisans, artisans, and laborers. Only after and students loved his messages. small-town residents and frontier The first aim of his frank, families had built it into a mighty dramatic preaching was to convince force did it eventually become a the listener to take the Christian gravitational influence on wealthier message to heart and change his or classes. The theology of the her own life in intimate, lasting ways. awakening centered around the His immediate second priority was equal value and wide opportunity to build a sense of what he called enjoyed by every person. It rejected “present obligation” among his all conceptions of an anointed elect, listeners. He wanted the farmers and an aristocratic church, or an elitist merchants, mechanics and mothers view of the good life. in his audience to recognize their One of the leaders who imbued responsibilities to others, and enter the movement with this accessible into service of their fellow man. This spirit was Charles Finney. An marriage of inner personal change 38 upstate New York attorney prior to humanitarian action was the great to his conversion, he brought contribution of evangelical activists a democratic spirit and host of during this era. effective courtroom techniques In a series of camp meetings to his second career of lifting up conducted from 1825 to 1835, Finney Americans from the pulpit. The drew vast crowds, particularly in effect was powerful. central and western New York. To Finney’s preaching was not build on the following he stirred only exciting and impassioned, up in small towns, fast-growing but direct, logical, and sincere. new cities, and frontier regions, He urged all pastors to speak in philanthropists like Arthur Tappan, One of the thousands of outdoor revival meetings that burst forth across America during the first half of the nineteenth century. simple cogent sentences and clear William Dodge, Anson Phelps, and Storytelling, teaching, and preaching inspired religious conversions colloquial language. He always Jonas Platt provided funding to that caused church membership to grow twice as fast used the first-person “you,” not bring his revival message to big as our population over a multi-decade period. some fuzzy third-person reference. Eastern cities including Manhattan. His precise, logical arguments They rented churches for him, hired delivered with energy, verve, and assistants, provided publicity, and informal wit resembled a great offered funds to eliminate the pew “lawyer arguing to a jury,” in the fees that made it hard for people of Collection Lithography on Stone’ ‘America Peters T. Harry Smithsonian Institution, American History, Museum of National Life, of Home and Community Division modest income to attend services in half of the nineteenth century had a major sanctuaries. fascinating relationship to politics. “No more impressive revival As the Second Great Awakening has occurred in American history,” arrived, many secular reformers writes historian Whitney Cross in were ready for help from religious assessing Finney’s work. Charles leaders. They were finding it difficult Finney was “one of those rare to improve our tumultuous country individuals who of their own through policy alone. unaided force may on occasion Benjamin Rush is a perfect significantly transform the example. A physician and signer of destinies of masses of people.” the Declaration of Independence, Finney had lots of company he was a reform philanthropist in wedding revivalism to social who did vast good in areas like reform. His fellow preacher and improved medical care, humane reformer Lyman Beecher spent treatment of the insane, prison much of his career working to reform, and education of the poor convince fellow Americans that and neglected. He was also one Christianity was more about what of the first prominent Americans 39 they should do than about what to warn that heavy drinking was they could think. The linking of damaging our society and that religious belief to constructive alcohol consumption patterns social behavior was such a strong needed to change. He wrote a book emphasis that by the end of the on the physiological and social Second Great Awakening it had damage done by bingeing, and become a truism even of Senate worked with other humanitarians speeches. “I believe man can like Pennsylvania philanthropist be elevated; man can become… Anthony Benezet to try to make more God-like in his character, headway against this problem. Rush and capable of governing himself. eventually concluded that churches Let us go on elevating our people, were best positioned to bring lasting perfecting our institutions,” urged reductions in drinking, writing that, Senator Andrew Johnson in 1858. Charles Finney was an attorney turned pastor who stirred up enormous religious enthusiasm during the Second Great Awakening.
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