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Lista R Ossa Ambiente - Esecuzione LISTA ROSSA LISTA Ufficio federale dell'ambiente, delle foreste e del paesaggio UFAFP Lista Rossa dei licheni epifiti e terricoli in Svizzera 2002 Lista Rossa delle specie minacciate in Svizzera Licheni epifiti e terricoli Edizione 2002 Autori Christoph Scheidegger Philippe Clerc Michael Dietrich Martin Frei Urs Groner Christine Keller Irene Roth Silvia Stofer Mathias Vust Conservatoire et Ufficio federale Istituto federale Jardin botaniques dell'ambiente, di ricerca de la Ville de delle foreste e WSL Genève del paesaggio UFAFP Valenza giuridica della presente pubblicazione Editori Ufficio federale dell’ambiente, delle foreste e del pae- Lista Rossa dell’UFAFP ai sensi dell’articolo 14 ca- saggio UFAFP poverso 3 dell’ordinanza del 16 gennaio 1991 sulla Istituto federale di ricerca WSL protezione della natura e del paesaggio (RS 451.1) Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genè- ve CJBG La presente pubblicazione, promossa dall’UFAFP in veste di autorità di vigilanza, è uno strumento di aiuto Direzione del progetto all’esecuzione destinato in primo luogo alle autorità Christoph Scheidegger1) (licheni epifiti) esecutive. Nel testo viene data concretezza a concetti 1) Istituto federale di ricerca WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf giuridici indeterminati, contemplati in leggi e ordinan- ze, nell’intento di uniformarne l’esecuzione nella prassi. Philippe Clerc2) (licheni terricoli) I testi d’aiuto all’esecuzione, spesso designati con il no- 2) Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de me di direttive, istruzioni, raccomandazioni, manuali, Genève (CJBG), 1292 Chambésy aiuti pratici, ecc., sono pubblicati dall’UFAFP nella col- lana «Ambiente-Esecuzione». Autori Da un lato queste pubblicazioni contribuiscono a garan- Introduzione: Irene Roth1), Christoph Scheidegger1), tire, in misura notevole, l’uguaglianza giuridica e la cer- Philippe Clerc2) tezza del diritto; dall’altro permettono l’adozione, se del Licheni epifiti: Christoph Scheidegger1), Michael caso, di soluzioni flessibili e adeguate. Tenendo conto di Dietrich1), Martin Frei1), Urs Groner1), Christine questi aiuti all'esecuzione, le autorità esecutive hanno la Keller1), Irene Roth1), Silvia Stofer1), Philippe Clerc2) certezza di applicare il diritto federale a norma di legge. Licheni terricoli: Philippe Clerc2), Mathias Vust2) Non sono escluse soluzioni alternative, purché – secon- Misure di protezione: Martin Frei1), Urs Groner1) do la prassi giudiziaria – ne venga dimostrata la confor- mità legale. Traduzione Marco Conedera (Riassunto), Gruppo Licheni Ticino (c/o Museo cantonale di storia Redazione naturale, Lugano) Francis Cordillot, UFAFP, divisione Natura Christoph Scheidegger, WSL, sezione Ecologia Geneti- Impaginazione ca, dipartimento di ricerca Paesaggio Jacqueline Annen, WSL Birmensdorf Ruth Landolt, pubblicazioni WSL Foto di copertina Lobaria pulmonaria con corpi fruttiferi rosso-bruni Distribuzione UFAFP Indicazione bibliografica Documentazione Scheidegger, C. & Clerc, P., 2002: Lista Rossa delle spe- CH–3003 Berna cie minacciate in Svizzera. Licheni epifiti e terricoli. Fax: +41 (0) 31 324 02 16 Editori: UFAFP, Berna, Istituto federale di ricerca WSL, E-mail: [email protected] Birmensdorf e Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Internet: www.buwalshop.ch Ville de Genève CJBG. Collana dell’UFAFP «Ambiente- Esecuzione», 122 pag. Numero di ordinazione VU 9010-I (gratuito) © UFAFP 2002 2 UFAFP, WSL e CJBG: Lista Rossa dei licheni epifiti e terricoli 2002 Indice Abstracts 5 Prefazione 7 Riassunto 9 Résumé 10 Zusammenfassung 11 Summary 12 1 Introduzione 13 2 Liste Rosse dell'UICN 15 3 Il gruppo di specie in Svizzera 19 3.1 I licheni 19 3.2 Distribuzione ed ecologia 19 3.3 I licheni reagiscono in modo sensibile 20 3.4 Importanza ecologica dei licheni 21 3.5 Minacce 22 3.6 Ricerche lichenologiche in Svizzera 24 4 Licheni epifiti in Svizzera 25 4.1 Habitat 25 Gli alberi costituiscono microhabitat variati 25 Dai boschetti fino alle brughiere – licheni epifiti in habitat diversi 25 Quali habitat sono particolarmente favorevoli per i licheni epifiti? 27 Cosa rende preziosi questi spazi? 27 4.2 Metodi di rilevamento 28 Il rilevamento di dati storici 28 Il rilevamento di dati attuali 28 Determinazione, tassonomia ed erbarizzazione dei licheni 32 La Banca Dati «LICHEN» 34 4.3 Categorie di minaccia e criteri UICN-2001 34 Categorie di minaccia della Lista Rossa 34 Criteri della Lista Rossa 36 4.4 Risultati 40 Specie estinte 40 Specie minacciate di estinzione 41 Specie fortemente minacciate 43 Specie vulnerabili 46 Percentuale delle specie minacciate ed estinte 46 Specie potenzialmente minacciate 46 Specie non minacciate 47 Specie con dati insufficienti 47 Specie valutate e non prese in considerazione 47 Indice 3 4.5 Lista Rossa 53 Percentuale delle specie minacciate 66 Significato dei criteri utilizzati 66 Paragone tra criteri UICN – 2001 ed i criteri delle Liste Rosse tradizionali 67 4.6 Conservazione dei licheni epifiti 68 Influsso della gestione del territorio sulle categorie di minaccia delle specie 68 Zone di protezione della natura e riserve forestali 69 Protezione nelle aree gestite dall'uomo 70 4.7 Ringraziamenti 71 5 Licheni terricoli in Svizzera 73 5.1 Habitat 73 Differenti tipi di licheni terricoli 73 Stato attuale delle conoscenze 74 Perché i licheni terricoli? 74 Habitat caratteristici 75 Le minacce per i licheni terricoli 76 5.2 Materiale e metodi 77 Specie considerate 77 Specie non considerate 77 Tassonomia 79 Metodi di rilevamento 81 La Banca Dati «LICHEN» 83 Catalogo bibliografico dei licheni della Svizzera 83 Procedura seguita nell'allestimento della Lista Rossa 83 5.3 Risultati 89 Specie estinte (RE) 91 Specie minacciate di estinzione (CR) 91 Specie fortemente minacciate (EN) 93 Specie vulnerabili (VU) 93 Specie potenzialmente minacciate (NT) 94 Specie non minacciate (LC) 94 Specie con dati insufficienti (DD) 98 5.4 Lista Rossa 98 5.5 Misure di protezione e conservazione dei licheni terricoli 104 5.6 Ringraziamenti 106 6 Misure di protezione 107 Aspetti pratici della protezione dei licheni 118 7 Bibliografia 111 Allegati 117 4 UFAFP, WSL e CJBG: Lista Rossa dei licheni epifiti e terricoli 2002 Abstracts The Red List 2002 of threatened epiphytic and terricolous lichens of Switzerland Keywords: lists all evaluated lichen species in Switzerland with the categories of threat accor- Red List, threatened ding to IUCN criteria. It represents the first official Red List of this group and was species, species prepared by the Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL (epiphytic lichens) and the conservation, lichens «Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève» (terricolous lichens). Die Rote Liste 2002 der gefährdeten baum- und erdbewohnenden Flechten der Schweiz enthält die Liste aller beurteilter Flechtenarten mit den Gefährdungs- kategorien nach den Kriterien der IUCN. Sie stellt die erste offizielle Rote Liste die- Stichwörter: ser Organismen dar und wurde von der Eidgenössischen Forschungsanstalt WSL Rote Liste, gefährdete Arten, (baumbewohnende Flechten) und dem Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville Artenschutz, Flechten de Genève (erdbewohnende Flechten) durchgeführt. La Liste Rouge 2002 des lichens épiphytes et terricoles menacés en Suisse comprend la liste de toutes les espèces évaluées ainsi que les catégories dans lesquelles elles Mots-clés: ont été classées suivant les critères de l’UICN. Elle représente la première liste offi- Liste Rouge, espèces cielle pour ces organismes et a été établie par l’Institut fédéral de recherches WSL menacées, conservation (lichens épiphytes) et les Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève des espèces, lichens (lichens terricoles). La Lista Rossa 2002 delle specie di licheni epifiti e terricoli minacciate in Svizzera Parole chiave: elenca tutte le specie valutate e il loro grado di minaccia secondo i criteri dell’UICN. Lista Rossa, specie È la prima Lista Rossa ufficiale per questi organismi ed è stata redatta dall’Istituto minacciate, conservazione Federale di Ricerca WSL (licheni epifiti) e dal «Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques delle specie, licheni de la Ville de Genève» (licheni terricoli). Abstracts 5 Prefazione Le Liste Rosse sono campanelli d’allarme. Ci indicano in quali categorie di minaccia sono da collocare le specie ed i gruppi di specie indigene. Le Liste Rosse forniscono la base per una efficace protezione della natura; rilevano i cambiamenti nella molte- plicità delle specie e sottolineano le minacce. Le Liste Rosse permettono però anche di verificare se l’impegno profuso nella protezione della natura e del paesaggio e la gestione a lungo termine delle risorse naturali siano riusciti a mantenere la biodiver- sità a un livello elevato. Le Liste Rosse sono strumenti armonizzati a livello internazionale per salvaguardare la biodiversità nel mondo intero. Dieci anni orsono, durante il Vertice di Rio (RIO 1992), le massime autorità politiche di 182 nazioni vollero considerare seriamente i verdetti inquietanti delle Liste Rosse. La Svizzera si è impegnata non solo per la sal- vaguardia di specie grandi e vistose quali gli uccelli ed i mammiferi, ma riconosce che anche gruppi di organismi poco appariscenti ma ecologicamente importanti deb- bano essere protetti con interventi specifici. Dal 2000 sono protetti a livello federale anche rappresentanti facilmente riconoscibili e vistosi della flora lichenologica. La protezione di questo gruppo finora fortemente trascurato diventa una sfida special- mente per le istanze competenti di Cantoni e Confederazione.
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