Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan Suara Khatulistiwa (JIPSK) Akreditasi Jurnal Nasional Sinta 5 ISSN 25280-1852, e-ISSN: 2721-0537 Vol VI, No. 01, Juli 2021

GOVERNANCE IN OVERCOMING SOCIAL PROBLEMS AT THE COUNTRY BORDER IN DISTRICT, SANGGAU REGENCY, WEST by Udaya Madjid1, Irfan Setiawan2

1Udaya Madjid Institut Pemerintahan Dalam Negeri, [email protected]

2Irfan Setiawan Institut Pemerintahan Dalam Negeri, Indonesia [email protected]

Abstract This study aims to examine governance in overcoming social problems at state borders in Entikong District, Sanggau Regency, Province. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach, where data is collected and analyzed using an interactive model. The results showed that in overcoming social problems in the Entikong area, the government built infrastructure by constructing the Entikong area and its supporting facilities, superstructure development, and community empowerment through human resource development and community cultural development through local wisdom.

Keywords: governance, social problems, national borders, development, empowerment

TATA KELOLA PEMERINTAHAN DALAM MENGATASI MASALAH SOSIAL PADA PERBATASAN NEGARA DI KECAMATAN ENTIKONG, KABUPATEN SANGGAU, KALIMANTAN BARAT

ABSTRAKSI Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji tata kelola pemerintahan dalam mengatasi masalah sosial pada perbatasan negara di Kecamatan Entikong Kabupaten Sanggau Provinsi Kalimantan Barat. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif, dimana data yang dikumpulkan dan dianalisis menggunakan Model Interaktif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dalam mengatasi masalah-masalah sosial di wilayah Entikong pemerintah membangun infrastruktur melalui pembangunan Kawasan Entikong beserta sarana pendukung, pengembangan suprastruktur, dan pemberdayaan masyarakat melalui pembangunan sumber daya manusia, pembangunan budaya masyarakat melalui kearifan lokal.

Kata Kunci: tata kelola pemerintahan, masalah sosial, perbatasan negara, pembangunan, pemberdayaan

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Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan Suara Khatulistiwa (JIPSK) Akreditasi Jurnal Nasional Sinta 5 ISSN 25280-1852, e-ISSN: 2721-0537 Vol VI, No. 01, Juli 2021

Preliminary Community interaction on the Development policies and regional island of Borneo (Kalimantan) has been development at the border of different going on for a long time even before the countries result in inequality between the VOC occupation. In 1520 Magellan visited two border areas. This can be seen at the the island of Borneo to see rich and densely Indonesia- border in Entikong, populated cities, fertile and prosperous Sanggau Regency. Economic growth in the countries, powerful princes, and region is better than in West magnificent palaces (Henry Keppel and Kalimantan Province, causing many social James Brooke, 1847). In the Entikong- problems to arise in the border area. The Sekayam border sub-district, the Malays, social problems that occur require more Dayaks, and Chinese have interacted with serious handling in the border sub-districts. each other since ancient times. Social The management of border areas in interaction occurs through marriage, trade, Indonesia cannot be separated from the agriculture, and so on. After the political and government conditions in independence of Indonesia and Malaysia, Indonesia itself. Border Area Management their interactions were separated by the in Indonesia is generally developed by the administrative areas of the two countries. Border Management Agency. Meanwhile, (Ayu W Johannes; 2019). sectorally, it was developed by several The ethnic community in Entikong departments and non-departmental District is very heterogeneous, including government agencies, as well as non- ethnic Dayak, Malay, Javanese, Chinese, government institutions fostered by the Banjar, and Bugis. Because the ethnic Ministry of Home Affairs. Whatever the groups are very diverse, the religions they reason, the border remains a matter of follow are also diverse. However, religious concern because the border area is full of tolerance in this region is very high. In the various problems, therefore, a different field of population, of the 19.230 residents perspective and approach are needed on the who are required to have an ID card, there border to broaden the interpretation of the are still 1924 (11.42%) residents who do not multi-interpreted and ambiguous character have an ID card, then the development of or characteristics of the border area. In other Family Card ownership in Entikong District words, the border is not only seen as a fixed is only 4476 (72.72%) and there are still or certain thing (given) with various 1221 (27.28%) who do not have a Family problems and how to handle them but as a Card. dynamic and developing construction The low level of welfare in which on the one hand has practical benefits Entikong creates social problems such as and on the other hand results in losses, so it poverty, prostitution, overpopulation, and must be considered on an ongoing basis. higher crime rates in the Indonesian The concept of thinking about the border territory of Entikong. from data from the should consider the border area space as Central Statistics Agency (BPS-ina) in space where the community (society) 2020 there are 24 criminal acts according to resides rather than as a national border the Entikong Sector Police. The low level of space (John Agnew, 2008). community welfare in Entikong needs to be

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Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan Suara Khatulistiwa (JIPSK) Akreditasi Jurnal Nasional Sinta 5 ISSN 25280-1852, e-ISSN: 2721-0537 Vol VI, No. 01, Juli 2021

taken seriously by the central and regional Community interaction in governments because it can cause social Entikong District is still not going well, problems in border areas. In addition, the especially in villages that are far from the Entikong border area is an entry point for sub-district center. In the Entikong border drug trafficking originating from abroad area, there are 3 villages that are far from because there are still rat roads between the the sub-district center. The description of Indonesia-Malaysia border. This happens the distance between the Camat and Village because several villages in Entikong are Offices can be seen as follows: directly adjacent to villages in Malaysia.

Table 1. Road Distance Between Camat Office and Village Office, and Type of Transportation Facilities in Entikong District

No. Villages Distance Type of means of transportation (kilometers) 1. Nekan 13,5 Land 2. Semanget 6 Land 3. Entikong 1 Land and Water

4. Suruh Tembawang 42 Land and Water

5. Pala Pasang 30 Land and Water

Source: Entikong District Office, 2020

From the table above, it can be Semanget Village with a distance of 6 seen that the distance by land between km by road. the sub-district office and the furthest Socio-economic activities of village office is in the village of Suruh the community in Entikong District, Tembawang with a distance of 42 km both in the agricultural sector and in the which can be traveled by land with a trade sector, are still largely traditional. distance of about 90 minutes, while in The Entikong sub-district mostly the rainy season the journey to the functions as a supplier of basic food center of Suruh Tembawang Village needs as well as a place for handicraft takes time. about 4 hours by road, and production for the Sarawak region, traveling by boat along the river takes Malaysia. The people of Entikong 4-5 hours, then Pala Pasang Village prefer to sell their agricultural and with a distance of 30 km which can be handicraft products to the Sarawak area passed by land and water transportation because the selling price is higher, such facilities, then Nekan Village with a as pepper, cocoa, langsat, etc. travel distance of 13.5 km by land, and time is 4 hours by road or to

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Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan Suara Khatulistiwa (JIPSK) Akreditasi Jurnal Nasional Sinta 5 ISSN 25280-1852, e-ISSN: 2721-0537 Vol VI, No. 01, Juli 2021

City with a distance of 6 hours by road densely populated PLBN in West from the center of the Entikong sub- Kalimantan, with around 945 passers district. Travel time can be increased by per day. This number includes a few hours if the staples are transported Indonesian migrant workers, travelers, from the farm/production location in and illegal Indonesian migrant workers the village. as well as foreigners. For more details, The National Border Post see the following table (PLBN-ina) in Entikong is the most

Table 2. Cross-Border Activities 2018

Departure Arrival No. Month Indonesian Foreign Indonesian Foreign Quantity citizens nationals citizens nationals 1. January 22.178 995 15.321 785 39.270 2. February 17.625 1.447 10.096 1.548 30.716 3. March 18.852 1.361 9.312 803 30.328 4. April 16.647 876 9.315 800 27.638 5. May 14.513 1.059 10.437 1.294 27.303 6. June 21.139 2.142 13.979 1.991 39.251 7. July 26.088 1.086 9.757 1.006 37.937 8. August 20.090 1.255 7.967 1.407 30.719 9. September 2.595 1.376 7.621 1.243 12.835 10. October 16.562 810 7.856 873 26.101 11. November 2.866 1.035 7.475 1.254 12.630 Amount 314.728 Average traffic per day 945 Source: Gutmen Nainggolan, 2019

Based on this, it shows that the compared to Indonesian citizens returning to number of cross-border activities in Entikong Indonesia from Sarawak. PLBN was 314,728 people in January- Socio-economic conditions and November 2018, with an average number of cross-border data indicate that the welfare 945 people per day. The highest number of level of the people in Sarawak is better than passers-by are Indonesian citizens each that of West Kalimantan. Many workers from month, both departing and arriving. This Indonesia cross to Sarawak every day from shows the large number of Indonesian 05.00 to 17.00 in the afternoon. Most of those citizens crossing to Sarawak, Malaysia who cross at dawn are workers from Entikong crossing to areas in Tebedu, Serian,

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Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan Suara Khatulistiwa (JIPSK) Akreditasi Jurnal Nasional Sinta 5 ISSN 25280-1852, e-ISSN: 2721-0537 Vol VI, No. 01, Juli 2021

and other cities near the national border in Gillin: 1945) among people in the border Entikong, to go to work in Malaysia. The areas of the country. The border sub-district queue to enter the PLBN opens at 05.00 in the area is a strategic area related to state morning, where workers and travelers queue sovereignty both in terms of territory and in front of the gate of the PLBN to cross to citizens that require special management. Sarawak, Malaysia. The queue at 05.00- The phenomenon of borderless (Allen and 08.00 is a busy time for border crossers every Hamnett, 1995; Ohmae, 1990), as well as day, while the other side of Tebedu looks reborders, leads to better control over the deserted at the same time. movement of workers, refugees, and Some of these phenomena make the terrorists (Andreas and Snyder, 2000), so it is border area an important area to be taken necessary to divide the scope of management seriously by the local government and the through Allocation, Delimitation, Entikong sub-district government as the Demarcation, and Administration (Stephen closest government element to the people in B. Jones: 1945) the Entikong Region. Regional development in border areas and improving community welfare as well as improving public services Research Methodology need to be taken seriously. This study describes the state of governance in social problems in the Literature Review Entikong State Border through qualitative In social theory, a border approach is descriptive methods. Data is sorted, generally used in the context of the idea of a manipulated, and categorized to make it network consisting of several important simpler so that it is easy to read and components, namely: mobility, movement, understand (M. Nazir 2014). In analyzing the changing conditions, and physical data, the writer uses Miles & Huberman's characteristics. Some of these components (1992) Interactive Model. are important keys in understanding the context of border areas (Rumford, 2006: 3) Finding and Discussion such as an inventory of problems, especially Development in the Entikong those that arise in border areas, (Djoko Border Area began to be carried out during Marihandono; 2011), social problems related the era of President Joko Widodo's to alcohol at the border (Kristin Finklea; administration through the construction of 2019), and governance. governance in the front porch of Indonesia. This is in line overcoming border problems (Ane with the Nawa Cita of President Joko Widodo Permatasari; 2014). and Vice President Jusuf Kalla (2014-2019) Social problems are related to the to build Indonesia from the periphery and existence of social interactions (Gillin and make cross-border posts as the front porch of Gillin: 1945), increased human movement in Indonesia, which makes Indonesia proud as a border areas (Akaha and Vassilieva, 2005), great nation. The construction activities social irregularities (Elly and Usman 2011), worth Rp152.49 billion were carried out on and deviations from norms (Soekanto, 2012) an area of 80,0003 m2 with a building area of causing a lame bond. social. (Gillin and

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19,493 m2 in the core, sub-core, and accordance with national road standards. The supporting zones. The consortium's scope of total road widening contract is IDR 449 work includes structural, architectural, billion, starting from 2015 until the end of mechanical, electrical, plumbing, and 2018. In addition, residential infrastructure in electronics. In the first phase, the work the Entikong area has also been developed, focused on the construction of the main especially the Drinking Water Supply building, cargo, utilities, and checkpoints. System (SPAM-ina) of 90 liters/second, Among them are the PLBN Building, among others, to serve 2.850 house Inspection Building, Confiscated Goods connections. Procurement and installation of Warehouse, Mosque Area, Parking Area, communal septic tanks with a capacity of 38 Dormitory Area (Wisma PLBN), and also the units to increase sanitation services. Pancasila Monument which will be restored (www.liputan6.com) and beautified. Construction of the State Then in the second phase of Border Post (PLBN) in Entikong, Sanggau development, border development is focused Regency. on the Entikong PLBN support zone related West Kalimantan is very strategic to the development of settlements around the because Entikong is a large strategic gateway PLBN area. The supporting zones include for the traffic of economic activities between market development, fulfillment of clean Indonesia and Malaysia and vice versa. In water and sanitation needs, which began in addition, the revitalization of the PLBN was 2017 by absorbing a budget of around Rp. also built to increase the effectiveness and/or 420 billion. (www.pu.go.id). mobility of people, logistics, and goods from The development of border areas is the two countries which is relatively high. not only cross-border posts, but also border Pemerintah Indonesia parallel roads, access roads to cross-border menyelenggarakan berbagai program posts, and the development of settlement pembangunan dan pengelolaan di wilayah infrastructure in border areas such as the perbatasan Entikong guna mengatasi construction of environmental roads, masalah-masalah social yang terjadi. Tata drainage, waste management, drinking water, kelola pengembangan perbatasan and others. The development of the PLBN is diimplementasikan melalui pembangunan not only an entry gate but also the embryo of infrastruktur, pengembangan suprastruktur a regional economic growth center that can dan pemberdayaan masyarakat pada wilayah improve the welfare of border communities. perbatasan Indonesia-Malaysia di Entikong. Superstructure Development in the Infrastructure Development in the Border Border Area of Entikong District Area of Entikong District With a large number of border areas, To improve the connectivity of the Indonesia has an interest in maintaining Entikong PLBN access road, a 42 km road sovereignty from threats from other countries widening, and repair is also being built from and prospering the lives of its people at the the Sarawak-Entikong-Balai Karangan- border. As the front porch, the face of the Kembayan Boundary. Road widening is Indonesian border should reflect a safe and carried out from 6 meters to 7.5 meters in prosperous condition. However, the past

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Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan Suara Khatulistiwa (JIPSK) Akreditasi Jurnal Nasional Sinta 5 ISSN 25280-1852, e-ISSN: 2721-0537 Vol VI, No. 01, Juli 2021

paradigm that saw the border area as a 6) Regulation of the National Border backyard and the outermost area made its Management Agency Number 1 of 2011 development less attention to the government concerning the Great Design of and the community. At that time, Indonesia, Management of State Boundaries and which was centralized, was more concerned Border Areas of 2011-2025; with the development of the central region. As a result, the development of border areas In addition, in terms of governance generally lags behind other regions of along border areas, the Indonesian Indonesia. government emphasizes the role of sub- The deplorable condition of districts in handling border affairs in Indonesia's border areas will be more clearly accordance with Law Number 23 of 2014 seen when compared to the border areas of concerning Regional Government and other more developed countries. Of the three Government Regulation Number 17 of 2018 countries bordering on land with Indonesia, concerning Districts. To deal with social Malaysia is considered more advanced in problems that occurred in Entikong, the managing its border areas. The Indonesia- Indonesian government issued several Malaysia land border stretches for 2,004 km integrated inter-ministerial policies in which is located in 16 sub-districts in West managing the land border area with Sarawak, Kalimantan and 14 sub-districts in East Malaysia. This policy is important because if Kalimantan. Therefore, Indonesia makes it is not handled properly, social problems several policies from various government that occur can result in Indonesia losing its affairs to deal with problems that often arise sovereign territory, the collapse of the sense at the border. In terms of regulations, the of nationalism of border residents, a massive central government issues policies in the transfer of citizenship from Indonesian form of Laws, Government Regulations to citizens to Malaysian citizens, political Regulations of the Head of the Border tensions between countries, and the most Agency, namely: extreme is the conflict that ended in a war 1) Law Number 26 of 2007 concerning between two countries, as almost happened in Spatial Planning; the 1962 Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation. 2) Law Number 43 of 2008 concerning State The Government of Indonesia is Territory; giving more serious attention to border areas 3) Government Regulation Number 26 of as reflected in the inclusion of border areas as 2008 concerning National Spatial one of the National Priorities in the National Planning; MediumTerm Development Plan (RPJMN- 4) Presidential Regulation Number 12 of ina) 2004-2009 and 2010-2014, in which 2010 concerning the National Border several sub-districts in the Indonesia- Malaysia land border area become the Management Agency; location of the National Strategic Activity 5) Presidential Regulation Number 31 of Center (PKSN-ina). One of the government's 2015 concerning Spatial Planning for significant actions in managing border areas State Border Areas in Kalimantan is the establishment of the (BNPP. This Province; agency coordinates 18 ministries and state

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Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan Suara Khatulistiwa (JIPSK) Akreditasi Jurnal Nasional Sinta 5 ISSN 25280-1852, e-ISSN: 2721-0537 Vol VI, No. 01, Juli 2021

institutions to develop border areas. Thus, the areas are still not covered by the internet. The problem of coordination between infrastructure there is difficult because the departments and a clearer division of terrain has stakes in the ravine. If someone authority can be accommodated. There are takes or moves a stake, the sensor chip sends three approaches used by BNPP in issuing a signal so that the border patrol team can policies in managing border areas, namely immediately visit it. security, welfare, and environmental Meanwhile, for non-traditional approaches. defense, the TNI carries out various programs In the security approach, that help the welfare of the community, such government policies have long been as the TNI Masuk Desa (TNI come to implemented, in which the TNI, which is also Village) program, starting from helping to included in the BNPP coordination circle, build access roads to remote border villages, takes the largest role. The TNI to holding social services in the form of free accommodates defense and security in two medical treatment and the provision of basic dimensions, namely traditional and non- necessities. Thus, it is hoped that the traditional/non-military defense. In community will feel helped, and the image of traditional defense, the TNI presents two task the TNI at the border which is considered a forces, namely by establishing three barrier can be eroded. Boundary Security posts (Pamtas) and Joint Government policy through a Joint Command Posts (Gabma). Pos Gabma welfare approach, the government's role is is a form of military cooperation between represented in the following activities: 1) Indonesia and Malaysia in guarding their Development of the Entikong Border borders. Subdistrict into a small town as the Even though the media have Malaysian government developed Tebedu rumored that there will be a transfer of subdistrict into a small town which is part of boundaries, according to TNI officers, this the Serian City area; 2) changes and has not happened, because the boundary improvements to sub-district institutions in points are determined by coordinates, not border areas so as to facilitate the physically, and now since 2017 the top stakes implementation of the duties and have been equipped with internet chips. The responsibilities of sub-district heads in use of this technology greatly helps the handling social problems in border districts; movement of TNI soldiers on duty at the 3) development of MSMEs in border sub- border. So, when the stake shifts or someone districts and development of selected takes it, it will send a signal to the Ministry products such as pepper, which can absorb a of Defense, Kodam, or border security post lot of local workers; and 4) development of (Pamtas). This tool provides initial tourist attractions in Entikong District. information and is very helpful for TNI Moreover, Entikong District has many tourist operations in saving working hours. There spots that can be developed such as rivers and are 2 types of border stake security. First, the hills. chip uses an internet base, whose network is Then the policy through the third managed by itself using Telkom's facilities. approach, namely the environment, the Second, using satellite, because many border environment is a newly introduced approach

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Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan Suara Khatulistiwa (JIPSK) Akreditasi Jurnal Nasional Sinta 5 ISSN 25280-1852, e-ISSN: 2721-0537 Vol VI, No. 01, Juli 2021

to accompany the previous approach, especially the welfare approach. This approach seeks to maintain environmental Community Empowerment in the Border sustainability and minimize the impact that Area of Entikong District can be caused by development activities in The development of border areas the border area which is the gateway for between countries is expected to provide the economic and trade activities with principles of community development in the neighboring countries. However, the region. These various principles are in application of this approach has not been very accordance with their functional visible. Indeed, there is a stipulation of a characteristics, namely catching up with the protected forest in the forest around Suruh surrounding area or synergizing it with the Tembawang, the Indonesia-Malaysia border development of areas bordering neighboring in West Kalimantan. However, along the countries. In addition, the policies and riverbank towards Suruh Tembawang, there strategies that have been developed by the are actually many palm forests. In addition, government are aimed at safeguarding or the determination of this protected forest securing the country's border areas from does not take into account the needs and excessive exploitation of natural resources; culture of the local community. Shifting including community exploitation and cultivation is considered to be damaging to exploitation for the interests of neighboring the environment, while oil palm forest countries. Through this strategy, the entrepreneurs are actually given Forest community's economic activities can develop Management Rights (HPH-ina). optimally. The acceleration of development Entikong District is located in Sanggau carried out in the border area is expected to Regency, West Kalimantan Province, continue to pay attention to the protection and Indonesia. This area is bordered by Tebedu maintenance of the environment to maintain District, Serian Division, Sarawak State, the resilience of the environment in the area. Malaysia. With an area of 506.89 km², this Environmental development policies that are sub-district is inhabited by 19.230 residents carried out need to empower local wisdom (2020). The population is spread over five that will guard environmental resilience so villages, namely Nekan, Semanget, that they can go hand in hand between Entikong, Suruh Tembawang, and Pala development for welfare and maintaining Pasang. environmental resilience for community welfare as well.

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Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan Suara Khatulistiwa (JIPSK) Akreditasi Jurnal Nasional Sinta 5 ISSN 25280-1852, e-ISSN: 2721-0537 Vol VI, No. 01, Juli 2021

Table 3 Names of Villages and Hamlets Directly Bordering Sarawak

No. Villages hamlet name Neighborhood Border 1. Nekan - - 2. Semanget Panga Kampung Kujang Saing dan Pang Amu 3. Entikong Entikong Kampung Entubuh/ Tebedu Sontas Kampung Entubuh/ Tebedu Serangkang Kampung Temung 4. Suruh Gun Tembawang Kampung Sapit Tembawang Gun Jemak Kampung Sapit

5. Pala Pasang Pala Pasang Kampung Sadir Mangkau Kampung Tepui Entabang Kampung Tepui Source: Entikong District Office, 2020

On the Malaysian side, there is the is spread out in each village while high Tebedu Sub-district (Small Area) which school students and teachers are only in the shares a boundary line of about 44 km with center of the Entikong District. Indonesian territory. With an area of 421 Although there is an increase in km², Tebedu is inhabited by 11,434 residents. education, this condition is still not ideal, They are spread over 29 because more than half of the residents are villages/longhouses.21 From this data, it can still educated in elementary school and have be seen that the population of Entikong not graduated from elementary school. In residents is higher than that of Tebedu fact, the level of education is very important residents. However, the large population as capital to build community does not necessarily make the Entikong competitiveness in developing the Entikong community more socially resilient than the sub-district. This means that the labor market Malaysian Tebedu residents. for skills and expertise is of poor quality in Human capital describes the quality Entikong District. of human resources in the Entikong District One of the factors that determine the community such as the level of success of community empowerment is the knowledge/education, health, and the ability government that regulates and carries out to work. In terms of education, 2021 data various functions to fulfill the interests of the shows that the comparison of the number of community. students and teachers at the elementary The Entikong residents themselves school is 2048 students and 128 teachers, are sheltered by the Entikong District then the ratio of the number of students and government which is divided into five teachers at the junior high school level is 814 villages. Each village is still further divided students and 56 teachers, while the into several hamlets and neighborhood units comparison at the high school level is 572 (RT-ina). Such a system is actually good and 35 teachers. The number of elementary because the supervision of the interests of the and junior high school students and teachers citizens is layered. In addition, each village is

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also managed by the village head, village Management of State Boundaries and Border secretary, and heads of affairs. Areas for 2011-2025. This institutional However, in its implementation, support from the central government can be a there are still some obstacles that must be great political capital for the social resilience faced. of the Entikong community. In addition to First, the lack of quantity of Civil attention in the form of economic assistance Servants working in the Entikong District and infrastructure development such as Office. Currently, the positions of Head of border markets, the government also pays Section for Tramtib and Head of Section for attention to aspects of defense and security. People's Welfare are still vacant, as well as This is closely related to the character of the border which is close to other areas so that it the Head of the Finance Section is also vacant and no one has taken office. So that the is often a gateway for the entry of various security threats from outside, both military employees at the Entikong District Office are only the Camat, Sekcam, Head of and non-military in nature. Government Section along with 4 staff. In addition to the above, the Second, the long-distance and government is now also paying attention to the lives of rural communities, with a pattern limited transportation from Pala Pasang and Suruh Tembawang villages make the service of development through empowerment, of making civil registration documents such namely by allocating a development budget as Identity Cards, Family Cards, and Birth for rural areas, a real step that has never Certificates hampered. existed before. The village has now become stronger after the government also provided a The acknowledgment from the Village Fund by providing the instrument village head, Suruh Tembawang, to "transfer funds" to the village. Villages that researchers in 2019 stated that he usually already have authority become more goes to the sub-district city once a month, and powerful because they can manage their own when he is in the sub-district city, he will stay budget (village income and expenditure there for a long time to facilitate budget/APBDesa) with one source from the administrative affairs that are mostly carried Village Fund (in addition to the other six out in the sub-district. Thus, public services sources). are not optimal. However, it is hoped that this Various changes have now appeared obstacle can be overcome with a parallel border road that has been built since 2015, in at least two years of implementing this although it is still often damaged, especially Village Fund program. There are five main during the rainy season. things that have been felt in the field. The advantageous thing is that the 1) villages in the Entikong sub-district are status of Entikong District as a border area throbbing again in the excitement of various development and empowerment makes the central government pay a lot of initiatives, such as the initiation of village attention. This form of attention, for example, markets or the establishment of village- makes Entikong District one of the 26 National Strategic Area Centers. In addition, owned enterprises (BUMDesa-ina). Entikong is also designated as a priority location (LOKPRI) I in the Grand Design of

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2) budget transparency as part of the residents and officials, it is hoped that the accountability of village government policies implemented will be more targeted. administrators. Border communities have developed 3) Self-reliance and mutual cooperation are social conditions and are ready to accept seen as solid because all programs, such as development progress. In addition, several the construction of connecting roads local wisdoms have been identified that can between hamlets and others, must be support the socio-cultural development of the carried out independently, and cannot be community. Some of these local wisdoms given to third parties. include; 1). The culture of planting trees at 4) the cost of development is very cheap the birth of a child. Parents carry out tree because it is carried out by villagers with planting activities when there is a birth in a spirit of togetherness without having to their family. This culture is still developing, sacrifice quality. this condition provides a positive value in 5) the emergence of various efforts to helping reforestation in border areas. 2). The strengthen the capacity of citizens and deliberations between the customary leader sustainable empowerment based on local and the community will carry out logging activities every time. This habit gives a culture and knowledge. positive thing that logging should not be In addition to strengthening village arbitrary. 3). Keeping the traditional capacity, the government is also rejuvenating medicinal herbs of the ancestors by planting people's gardens; gardens that have never medicinal plants in the yard of the house. been rejuvenated. As a first step, rejuvenating This provides a habit of reforestation in the oil palm plantations of the people. After oil residential area so as to provide palm, smallholder plantations will also be environmental sustainability around the replanted for rubber, coffee, cocoa, and population. 4). Developing Malindo nutmeg plantations. (Malaysia-Indonesia community) social However, what should be observed activities towards a more tangible direction in is the effectiveness of the central increasing empowerment and equality of government's programs and assistance in public relations because the people of the two improving the quality of life of the Entikong countries are still "Saudara of Mara" (one border community. It is often the case that the lineage). assistance provided is not in accordance with the needs of the residents so that the assistance is less effective. This can happen Kesimpulan because the determination of policies, Governance in overcoming social programs, and assistance from the central problems in the Entikong border area is government to Entikong is more often carried out through the first; infrastructure formulated based on what Jakarta thinks is development through the development of the good, whereas the perspective of the Entikong area and supporting facilities, Entikong community is not necessarily so. In including access to facilities and other words, the policy is still top-down. If infrastructure to the Entikong border area, the policy is formulated through a bottom-up secondly; superstructure development approach, listening to the aspirations of local includes security, welfare, and environmental

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