551 Abalur 289 Abhayamudrā 215 Abhidharmakosha 151, 152

Index 551

aftermath 38, 73, 172, 173, 185, Index 192, 368 Āgama 8, 22, 67, 68, 431, 432, 434, 435–445, 454, 456–459, 461, 463, 466, 467, 470, 471, A 539, 543 Abalur 289 Āgamamālā 68, 434, 467, 468 abhayamudrā 215 Āgam Mandirs 68 Abhidharmakosha 151, 152 ages 13, 32, 35, 37, 38, 41, 42, 46, Abhijnāna Śakuntalam 477 48–50, 53, 54, 57, 60, 70–75, Ablūr 289 139, 141, 159, 171, 229, Abrahamic 108 258–260, 277, 280, 312, 338, Ācārāṅgasūtra 443, 452, 459, 467 341, 342, 422, 501, 510, 517, Ācārya Ātmarām 435 525 (see also yugas) Ācārya Bhadrabāhu 315 Agra 360, 442, 461, 467, 468 ācārya 463 Aihole 59, 313, 323, 324, 331, Ācārya Sahasra Kīrtti 327 531, 537 Ācārya Samrāṭ Śrī Ātmarām 434 Ajanta 47, 117, 121–124, 133–135, acedia 261 231, 238, 240, 254, 533 Achaemenid 159 Akkaṇṇa Basti 320 Achaemenids 159 Akshobhya 142 actors 70, 240 Akshobhya Vyuha sutra 142 adaptation 38, 39, 51, 198, 202, Al Biruni 15 229, 334, 354, 467 album 117, 374, 375, 376–378, Adargunchi 331, 332 383, 385, 387, 392, 538 Aḍhāīdvīpa 449 Albuquerque 349, 350, 351, 357 adhamma 229 Alexander the Great 130 Ādinātha 316, 317, 319, 326, 459 allegorical 57, 58, 69, 476, 485 Ādinātha Basti 317, 319, 326 allusions 57, 289, 292, 294, 404 Ādinātha Trikūṭa Basti 319 alterity 244, 397, 398, 419, 420, Aditi 379, 381, 538 424 Afghan 15, 135, 512 Amaravati 83, 109, 111, 385, 386, Afghanistan 42, 47, 48, 116, 133, 387, 539, 545 134, 136, 146, 157, 158, 533, Amar Chitra Katha 69, 458, 461, 534 466, 469, 470, 483, 484, 523 Afghans 15 Amar Muni 68, 434, 435, 437–442, African 18, 23, 307, 406, 496, 497, 459, 461, 463, 467, 468, 470, 544, 545, 548 539 afterlife 19, 75 Amdo Jampa 502, 503, 541 552 Index

America 24, 107, 418 88, 93, 99–101, 103, 107, American 18, 23, 143, 244, 282, 523, 532 344, 423, 469, 476, 477, 483, aniconism 80, 85, 99, 100, 106, 107 494, 495, 512, 515, 516, 547 animal 57, 103, 237, 272, 453, 456 Amitābha 142, 143, 145, 146, 158, Annapurna 144, 479, 481, 540 167, 199, 200, 533 annexed 39, 353 Amolak R̥ṣi Ācārya 438 Annigeri 288, 330 amorini 123 Antakr̥ddaśā 438, 440, 443, 453, Amphitrite 148 458, 463, 471 Amsterdam 111, 200, 221, 428, Antarāla Pārśvanātha Basti 315 548 anthropomorphic 44, 81, 84–86, Ānandasāgarasūri 432, 467 88, 89, 106, 420 Anantanātha 319, 324, 328, 331 anti-Buddhist 51, 200, 208, 216 Anantanātha Basti 319, 324 Antiquity 14, 44, 394, 413 Anantaśāyana 293 anti-Śivaite 217 anattā 38, 230 Anuyogadvārasūtra 437, 442, 449, ancient 13, 16, 17, 31, 32, 43, 48, 471 50, 66, 68, 79, 80, 90, 97, Apollo 106, 167 103, 105, 107, 139, 159, 160, Appar 304, 306, 307 162, 228, 238, 244, 290, 293, appropriation 37, 50–52, 73, 280, 298, 313, 315, 326–328, 333, 329, 417, 422, 477, 484, 485, 336, 341, 441, 477, 479, 483, 517 523, 526, 527 Arab 15, 224, 412 ancients 13, 14 Aranyaka Parva 492 Andhra Pradesh 154, 297, 537 archaeological 15, 52, 80, 90, 91, anekāntavāda 304 107, 116, 124, 134, 157, 160, Aṅgas 437, 438, 441, 458, 470 198, 214, 223, 288, 536 Angelina Jolie 512 archaeologists 21, 27, 42, 79, 80 Angkor 7, 18, 51, 52, 197, 198, archaeology 14–16, 23, 24, 37, 79, 200, 203, 204, 208–211, 110, 112, 157, 162, 254, 263, 214–224, 536 399, 477, 489, 546, 547 Angkorian 215, 221 archaic 33, 49, 58, 60, 174, 177, Angkor Wat 18, 215, 216 312 anicca 38, 230 Ārdhamāgadhī 68, 432 aniconic 43, 44, 79–81, 84, 85, 87, Ariṣṭanemi 433 88, 93, 99, 100, 101, 103, Arsacid 159 104, 106–109, 523, 532, 545 arte povera 483, 523 aniconicists 85 art historians 16, 22, 27, 31–33, aniconic theory 43, 44, 79–81, 87, 36, 42, 44, 47, 49, 50, 69, 74, Index 553

104, 179, 188, 257, 409, 475 Bactria 42, 47, 48, 125, 126, 130, art market 22, 143, 157, 268, 398, 135, 139, 140, 143, 158, 159, 516 166 Aryans 14, 298 Bactro-Gandhara 162, 166, 169 ashes 91, 96 Badami 313 Ashokan 15 Bagalkot 336–538 Asian art 11, 27, 32, 34, 38, 58, Bakhtin 20, 23 73–75, 115, 174, 176, 179, Balalik Tepe 129 181, 312, 371, 543, 545, 548 Ballāla 319, 322, 326 Aśoka 90, 91, 112 Balligavi 316, 345 assimilating 21, 353 Bamiyan 130, 143 asuras 18, 293, 294, 298, 299, 302, band 157, 493, 505 305, 523 Bangalore 337, 344, 538 Athena 148 Bangdel 53, 111, 262–264, 280, Atlas 151, 152 281, 282 attacks 60, 68, 121, 140, 243, 304, Bangkok 36, 222–225, 228, 231, 324, 326, 512 232, 234, 239, 241, 243, 244, Attimabbe 319 246, 252–255, 283 Aupapātikasūtra 436, 471, 539 Banteay Chmar 219 Aurangzeb 360 Banteay Kdei 51, 197, 200, 214, Aurel Stein 116 217, 218, 224 auspicious dreams 449–451, 540 Banteay Srei 209 Avadh 65, 374, 375, 378, 379, 392 baptised / baptism 353 Avalokiteśvara 157–159, 167, 180, baptismal font 357, 358, 538 199, 217, 515, 523, 525, 534 Barbaren 417, 418, 425 avant-garde 72, 428, 495, 501, barbarian / barbaric 59, 67, 123, 502, 516 418–420 avatāra 289, 375, 523 Baroque 16, 17, 20, 33, 174, 177, Ayodhya 18 338, 339, 367 Ayutthaya 36, 52, 53, 70, 221, Barrackpore 387, 389, 393 228, 229, 239–241, 243–246, bars 54, 266, 271 248, 250, 252 Basel 176, 179, 195 Aztecs 13, 107 basti 61, 314, 315, 317, 319, 320, 322, 323, 324, 326–328, 331, 333–336, 340, 523, 531, 537, B 538 Babri-Masjid 18 Bayon 51, 52, 197–200, 202, 206, Bachhofer 34, 49, 75, 176, 177, 207, 208, 211–218, 223, 224, 179, 192, 193, 195 536 554 Index beard 123 Bimbisāra 123 beheaded 202, 288, 324 bindi 454, 524 Beijing 183, 193, 195, 225, 505, bindu 144, 524 507–509, 512, 514, 518, 519, biological model 34, 49, 172, 173, 535, 541 177, 189–191 Belgaum 320, 340, 538 Birendra 257 Belur 311, 319 birthplace 18 Bengal 271, 307, 387, 391, 394, Black Death 221 479, 498 boat 52, 53, 227, 230–232, 235, Bengali 388, 539 240, 241, 243, 244, 247, 248 Berlin 28, 112, 134, 166, 176, 193, Bodh Gaya 83, 87, 102, 255, 532 194, 224, 225, 253, 306, 342, Bodhisattva 34, 51, 103, 143, 146, 367, 397, 401, 405, 407, 413, 147, 157, 158, 159, 161–163, 424–428, 469, 519, 544, 548 165, 167, 168, 174, 175, 177, Bhadrabāhu 315 178, 181, 183, 186, 189, Bhagavatīsūtra 445, 451, 454, 458, 199, 214, 274, 277, 279, 459, 461, 466, 467 231, 235–240, 244, 246, 248, Bhairavdevī 335 250, 251, 253, 515, 523–525, Bhaja 151 534–536, 547 Bhaktāmarastotra 459 bodhi tree 83, 85, 87, 88, 93, 98, Bhaktapur 261, 264–266, 268 532 bhakti 288, 304, 523 Bodleian 246, 247, 378, 433, 547 Bhaṇḍāra Basti 322 book illuminations 68, 69 Bhaṇḍārī Śrī Padmacandajī Mahārāj borrowings 20, 484 434 Botanical Gardens 389, 393 Bharatiya Janata Party 18, 523 botany 391 Bharat Mata 479, 480, 540 Boundary stone 203, 536 Bharhut 80, 83, 110, 112, 140, 231 Brahmā 121, 216, 292, 293, 304, Bhatkal 61, 324, 336, 531 338, 459 Bheema 487 Brahma Jinālaya 317–319, 324, Bhīmā Devī 333 329, 537 Bhubaneśwar 291, 293, 536 Brahmā Kumārīs 338 bhūmisparśamudrā 215 Brāhman / Brahmin 15, 120–122, Bhupalendramalla 55, 531 202, 209, 230, 237, 244, 287, Bhupatindra Malla 266 360, 375, 377, 383, 456, 477, Bible 12 538 Bihar 387, 391 Brahminic(al) 209, 230, 237, 250 Bihzad 406 287, 288, 298, 305 Bijapur 288, 326, 336, 344, 349 bridge 211–213, 422, 424, 489 Index 555

Britain 20, 76 57, 60, 75, 79–91, 95–101, British 15, 37, 64, 65, 72, 79, 106, 103–105, 108–112, 115–117, 109, 111, 112, 136, 243, 247, 120, 123, 125–130, 132–136, 254, 257, 258, 287, 371, 373, 139–143, 145, 148, 149, 374–386, 388–391, 393, 413, 151, 153, 154, 156, 157, 429, 431, 433, 449, 456, 480, 159, 160–162, 164, 166, 502, 524, 538, 539, 543, 545 167, 171–177, 179–183, 185, British Raj 258, 287 188–195, 197–200, 202, bronze 13, 39, 146, 179, 183, 187, 206–208, 210, 214–221, 227, 188, 194, 195, 211–213, 338, 229–232, 234, 235, 240, 241, 379, 411, 420, 535, 536 243, 244, 246, 248, 250, Bucchimayya 319 252–255, 258, 266, 269, 271, Buchanan 65, 372, 373, 380, 273, 275, 276, 282, 283, 288, 387–394, 539 302, 307, 308, 458, 515, 523, Buddha(s) 17, 21, 31, 35, 39, 40, 527, 528, 531–533, 543, 544, 43, 44, 51, 53, 79, 80–85, 545, 547, 548 87–112, 119, 121, 123, 126, Buddhists 15, 18, 32, 35, 58, 94, 127, 129, 130, 133–135, 140, 95, 97, 103, 108, 153, 159, 142, 143, 145, 146, 148, 150, 217, 231, 260, 274, 288, 293, 154–159, 162, 165, 168, 189, 298, 300, 304, 305, 508, 515 193, 199, 200, 202, 206, Buddhological 80, 109, 171 208–216, 218, 220, 227, 230, Buddhology 188 237, 239, 241, 244, 250, 252, Bukka Rāya 333 254, 255, 269, 276, 284, 307, Buṃgadyaḥ 274 504, 515, 516, 523, 524, 526, Buṃgamati 274, 276 527, 531–536, 541, 547 Buner 124, 533 Buddhism 19, 36, 44, 48, 49, 52, buried 51, 177, 200, 203, 214, 72, 80, 90, 91, 93, 94, 96–98, 217, 326 101, 103, 111, 112, 140–144, Burmese 52, 228, 239, 543 152, 154, 159, 160, 166, 171, Butkarā 47, 115, 116 173, 182, 183, 185, 188, Byzantine 397, 428 193–195, 197, 201, 202, 208, 210, 211, 216, 219, 229, 231, 232, 237, 241, 245, 246, 253, C 254, 264, 274, 282, 306, 308, Cābahīl 271 515, 523, 524, 525, 528, 533, cage 54, 55, 453, 531 543, 547 caitya / chaitya 48, 149, 151, 154, Buddhist 7, 8, 15, 16, 18–20, 24, 534 , 224, 264, 266, 274, 524 31, 34–36, 38–40, 42–53, cakra 62, 292, 356, 443, 524 556 Index cakravartin 445 407, 409, 428, 469, 499, 508, Cakreśvarī 319 518, 519, 543, 548 Calcutta 109, 110, 112, 283, 307, Catholic 64, 354, 355, 364, 525 378, 383–387, 479, 539, 546 Catholicism 353 calendar 69, 437, 441, 459, 484 caturmukha 524 calendar art 69, 441, 459 Caturmukha Basti 335, 336, 538 Cāḷukya 58–60, 290, 311–313, 316, caturviṁśati-jinālaya 322 339 causeway 211–213 Cambodia 18, 32, 50, 51, 197, 198, cave 34, 48, 121, 123, 134, 151– 209, 211, 215, 219, 221, 222, 154, 159, 165, 173, 174, 179, 225, 240, 254, 548 181, 193–195, 238, 240, 289, camel 141, 420 312, 313, 533–535, 547 Cāmuṇḍā 298, 299, 302, 537 cave-temples 34, 173, 174, 181, Cāmuṇḍarāja Basti 315 547 canals 141, 231, 232 Cāvuṇḍarāya 315 Candragiri 315 Cennaṇṇa Basti 334 Candragupta 289, 291, 315 Central Asia 7, 19, 47, 48, 70, 79, Candranāteśvara Basti 61, 324, 110, 115, 116, 120, 123, 129, 336, 531 132, 133–135, 136, 141, 143, Candranātha 61, 328, 334, 335, 158, 167, 547 531 Central India 110, 140, 163 Candranātha Basti 61, 328, 335, Ceylon 246 531 chaitya / caitya 48, 149, 151, 154, Candranātha Svāmī 328 534 , 224, 264, 266, 274, 524 canon 21, 66–68, 71, 74, 259, 397, chaitya hall 48, 151, 154 400, 402, 404–407, 411–413, Champa 198, 548 415, 416, 419, 420, 422, 423, Chan 19, 36, 49, 171, 195, 524 431, 441, 458, 501, 517 Changu Narayana 55, 531 canonisation 66, 67, 402, 405, 412, Chankuna’s Stupa 156, 534 413, 419, 422 Channabasava Purāṇa 304, 305 Cāraṇṭi Maṭha group 313 Chaophraya river 248 caravans 140, 141 chapels 62, 202, 349, 355, 357 caricatures 70, 227, 481, 484 chariot 239, 274–279, 292, 536 Carpeaux 198, 199, 221, 223 Chauki-Linga 378–380, 538 cartoons 70, 423 Chedasūtra 437, 451, 452, 458, caste 58, 230, 231, 241, 275, 354, 463, 466, 467, 470, 471 355, 525 Chenna Keśava Temple 319, 339 catalogue 66, 134, 136, 183, 185, Chhachi 488, 492, 493, 540 264, 276, 344, 371, 399, 406, Chikka-Hanasoge 317, 319, 326 Index 557

China 22, 33, 36, 42, 47–50, 74, classic(al) 13, 16, 21, 33, 34, 58, 135, 139–144, 148, 152–155, 60, 67, 104, 107, 177, 216, 158–160, 163, 166, 172–174, 237, 239, 312, 263, 274, 364, 176, 177, 179, 180, 182–185, 399, 405, 408, 411, 418–420, 189, 190, 193–195, 210, 217, 433, 443, 451, 454, 477–479, 228, 232, 245, 252, 412, 413, 483, 484, 506, 512, 525, 540 505, 509, 512, 519, 524, 525, classical age 16, 34 527, 533–535, 541 classicists 17 Chinese 7, 13, 17, 22, 31, 34, 47– clay 44, 47, 115, 116, 132, 312 51, 72–76, 91, 117, 140–148, cloth paintings 35 150–152, 154–157, 159, 166, coastal 60, 61, 241, 334, 336, 339, 168, 171–177, 179–183, 185, 378, 531 188–195, 203, 209–212, 221, Cœdès 197, 198, 200–202, 207– 224, 231, 244–246, 502, 503, 209, 211, 215–217, 219, 222 506–508, 510, 512, 515, 517, Cohn 67, 175, 193, 373, 394, 397, 518, 525–528, 533, 534, 547 413–417, 424, 426, 429, 539 Chinggis Khan 185, 193 Cohn-Wiener 67, 397, 413–417, Chittoor 383 424, 426, 429, 539 Choephel 501–504, 506, 508, 510, collect(ing) 8, 65, 371–375, 381, 518, 519 392, 393, 428, 429, 512, 545 Cholas 316 collection 42, 65, 66, 67, 104, 109, Christian 20, 33, 39, 62, 64, 75, 134, 145–147, 166–168, 175, 107, 244, 312, 355, 356, 362, 195, 200, 222, 227, 245, 292, 368, 423, 426, 515 327, 344, 373, 375, 378, 379, Christianisation 62 384, 387, 392, 401, 413, 427, Christianity 108, 111, 350, 353, 429, 498, 519, 532, 533, 544 354 collectors 66, 72, 143, 371–373, Christians 159, 244, 250, 353, 364 379, 392, 393 Christie’s 378 colonial 12, 15–18, 20, 21, 24, 31, chromolithography 459 37, 39, 64–66, 69, 257, 259, chronicle 228, 229, 274–280 350, 364, 366, 371–373, 392, church 20, 39, 62–64, 349, 351– 398, 409, 418, 419, 475–478, 357, 361, 364, 366, 368, 523, 483–485, 495 525–527, 531 colonialism 16, 20, 39, 371, 393, cinema 454, 485 394, 398, 418 Cintāmaṇī Pārśvanātha Temple 336 colonials 20, 42 circular 60, 154, 214, 320, 341, colonisation 65, 109 449 colonised 20 Citra Devī Maṇḍapa 335 colonising 62 558 Index colony 62 484, 489, 494, 495, 497, 501, colossal Buddha 126, 533 504–510, 512, 514, 517, 519, Columbus 31 520, 541, 543, 544 comic 69, 379, 459, 461, 512, 523 conversions 62, 326, 354 comic book 69, 461, 523 Coomaraswamy 18, 21, 23, 44, 81, comics 22, 483 85, 99, 101, 106, 107, 109, commentaries 68, 431, 435, 443 110, 466, 469, 491, 498, 532 commission 322, 371, 373, 375, copies 64, 180, 356, 361, 378, 406, 378 408, 431, 440, 484 commissioned 21, 62, 64, 65, 68, craftsmanship 15, 176, 269 120, 245, 246, 315, 319, craftsmen 62, 64, 106, 139, 364 331, 333, 336, 337, 371, cremated 84, 89, 91, 96 373, 375–380, 382, 384, 387, cross 20, 22, 62, 350, 351, 355, 389–391, 491, 502, 504, 507, 424, 538, 546 524, 538, 539, 541 cross-cultural 20, 62, 355, 424 commissioning 57, 65, 375, 379 cross-fertilisation 22 Communist Party 506 crossroads 19 Company art 65 crown 48, 157–159, 161, 163 Company officials 15, 65, 371, 524 crowned 130, 156, 162, 165, 319, Company Painting 65, 371–373, 320, 333, 336, 526, 534, 535 391 Cūḷajanaka-Jātaka 238 Company School 8, 39, 64, 371– cultural diffusion 62, 355 374, 379, 380, 383, 387, 393, cultural flows 20 524 cultural imperialism 72, 502 conflict(s) 12, 14, 17, 18, 22, 39, Cultural Revolution 512 51, 57, 209, 279, 284, 288, Cunin 208, 212, 213, 218, 219, 327, 371, 537 223 confrontations 38, 39, 42, 58 cycle 13, 41, 293, 338, 339 conquering 62, 217 cyclical 35, 36, 41, 60, 75 conquerors 15, 355 conquest 15, 62, 139, 159, 166, 350, 354, 357, 359 D contemporary 9, 12, 20–23, 32, Dalai Lama 502–504, 517, 541 34, 41, 42, 66, 67, 69,–74, damage 22, 54, 198, 216, 260, 208, 217, 224, 243, 244, 246, 262, 264, 266, 271, 273, 274, 248, 252, 259, 271, 276, 290, 276, 277, 329 295, 337, 360, 366, 375, 397, Dambal 331 399, 405, 411, 423, 453, 456, dāna 54 459, 466, 475–477, 479, 483, dancers 202, 536 Index 559 dancing 238, 298, 479 498, 505, 532, 543, 546 daṇḍa 466, 524 Demand 33, 75, 423, 424, 426 Dārāsuram 288 demolished 326–328, 354, 355 dārbar 451, 524 demonised 58 dark age(s) 32, 36–38, 41, 52, 53, demons 18, 53, 58, 292, 298, 524 54, 57, 60, 229, 258, 259, Deopatan 262, 283 271, 338 Descent of Gaṅgā 290 dark present 53 desecration 51, 62, 215, 218, 326 darśan 432 Deshmukhs 360 Daśavaikālika 437, 441, 442, 445, destroyed 17, 18, 38, 48, 51, 53, 463 62, 148, 159, 160, 200, 217, Datong 152, 186, 535 219, 305, 311, 323, 326, 329, Daulatabad 322 332, 350, 354, 355, 357, 438 Davis 19, 23, 322, 342 destruction 18, 22, 37, 38, 51, 52, decadence 24, 33, 58, 60, 107, 54, 57, 60, 197, 200–202, 141, 173, 174, 259, 265, 269, 208, 210, 214–219, 221, 241, 278, 312, 338, 420 260, 262, 264, 271, 273, 274, decay 13, 37, 52–54, 60, 67, 75, 288, 289, 294, 322, 326, 338, 258, 259, 264, 266, 269, 277, 349, 354, 525 280, 287, 326, 341, 416 deteriorating 13, 41 Deccan 59, 288, 308, 311, 313, Devarāya 333 322, 344, 345, 352 devas 151, 244, 298 decline 13, 22, 33–35, 37, 38, 41, devāsura 298, 524 49, 52, 60, 66, 73, 171–174, Devī 298, 322, 333, 335 177, 180–182, 185, 189, 191, devotees 88–91, 98, 144, 151, 269, 192, 218, 230, 244, 287, 311, 379, 381, 432, 538 312, 338, 404, 525 dhamma / dharma 95, 231, 235, deer 89, 90 236, 253, 255, 278, 300, 338, Deer Park 89, 90 502, 524 defeated 11, 17, 295, 302, 326 Dharamsala 72, 502–505, 515, deity 144, 162, 200, 207, 266, 518, 541 268–271, 274–277, 279, 298, Dhāriṇī 453 300, 302, 512, 526, 528, 535 dharma / dhamma 95, 231, 235, Delhi 15, 16, 24, 76, 105, 109, 236, 253, 255, 278, 300, 338, 111, 112, 118, 119, 133, 135, 502, 524 166, 193, 195, 253, 254, Dharmasthala 328, 336 294, 300, 302, 305–308, 322, Dharmasūtras 230, 253 342–345, 366–368, 393, 394, Dharwar 288, 326 431, 434, 442, 468, 469, 470, dhyana mudra 144 560 Index diaspora 12, 20, 68, 313, 515 East India 15, 65, 165, 371–374, Digambara 272, 299, 324, 325, 380, 383, 387, 391–393, 524, 327, 336, 337, 524, 537, 544 535 dikapālas 320 East India Company 15, 65, 371– Dinajpur 388, 389–391, 539 374, 380, 383, 387, 391–393, Disfigured 325, 537 524 disillusionment 70 ecclesiastical 62, 349, 351, 352, dismantling 262, 270 355, 356, 361, 367 Divar Island 361 Ecuador 418 Diwakar Chitra Katha 442, 461, Eden 12, 338 468 Eightfold Path 123 Diwakar Prakashan 442, 461, 467, ekāntavāda 304 468 ekapādamūrti 303, 304, 537 Doḍḍa Basappā Temple 331 elephant 58, 291, 293, 295, 330, Doddappa 331 333, 334, 445, 524, 525, 536 Dolma 515 English 14, 18, 21, 68, 106, 210, donor 55, 322, 531 253, 283, 345, 397, 412–414, Drachm 164, 168, 535 435, 437–443, 461, 468, 470, dragons 148, 149 477, 483, 501, 507, 518, 524, drapery 105, 106, 147, 154, 155, 547 157, 161, 479, 534 enlightened 68, 97, 527 Draupadi 475, 486, 487, 491, 540 enlightenment 83, 85, 88–90, 98, Draupadi’s Vow 475, 491, 540 102, 155, 228, 229, 232, 250, Dravidians 14 339, 526, 534 Dufour 198, 199, 221, 223 Enlightenment 12, 13, 15, 33, 41, dukkha 38, 230 102, 194, 195 Dunhuang 158, 159, 166, 167, 534 epic 35, 69, 70, 290, 338, 487, Durgā 80, 481, 484, 526 526, 527 Duryodhana 487 epigraphers 79 Dutch 243, 339 euphemism 488 Dutch Golden Age 339 eurocentric 32, 423, 510 dvāpara-yuga 13, 37, 338 Europe 12, 31, 35, 41, 49, 62, 174, dvāra-pāla 272, 327, 328, 537 177, 182, 221, 230, 243, 269, dystopia 69, 475 289, 356, 378, 401, 418, 476 European 12, 13, 16, 18, 20, 21, 24, 31, 33, 41, 44, 62, 64–67, E 70, 79, 81, 103, 104, 106– East Asia 7, 32, 139, 148, 166, 108, 112, 177, 243, 247, 248, 176, 524, 527 252, 262, 349, 352, 354, 355, Index 561

356, 359, 362, 363, 364, 366, flames 144, 146, 533 367, 371–373, 375, 382, 384, Florence 253, 338, 397, 548 385, 387, 389, 391–393, 408, font 357, 358, 527, 538 412, 413, 416–420, 422, 423, footprints 84, 93, 96 424, 477, 524, 546 foreigners 53, 227, 229, 232, 234, Europeanised 65, 373, 379 241, 247, 250, 252 Europeans 14, 15, 20, 31, 64, 65, Foucault 13, 14, 23, 41, 366 103, 159, 243, 250, 252, 355, Foucher 21, 31, 43, 44, 46, 79–81, 360, 362, 364, 371, 373, 378, 85, 99–110, 112, 115, 117, 379, 383, 392, 524 134, 143, 161–163, 165, 167, evolution 19, 32, 33, 34, 58, 75, 168, 523, 532, 535 81, 104, 177, 367 France 14, 66, 131, 132, 223, 398, excavated 152, 153, 325, 385, 537 417, 426, 533 excavation 15, 51, 80, 151, 200, Franciscan 357 203, 216, 313 French 17, 21, 64, 79, 210, 222, exchanges 20, 39 225, 243, 252, 260, 282, 374, exhibition 31, 39, 66, 134, 183, 398, 401, 426, 543 185, 371, 397, 399, 401, 402, 404–407, 409, 419, 422, 426–429, 499, 506–508, 514, G 515, 518, 519, 548 Gadag 330, 337 exile 71, 72, 235, 284, 502–504, Gade 72, 512, 513, 516, 541 506, 517 Gaja-Lakṣmī 144, 330 exile community 72, 502, 503, 517 Gajāsura 293–296, 524, 537 exotica 141 Gaṇagitti 326, 333 expansionism 31, 257, 258, 322 ganas 152 Gandhāra 7, 19, 27, 46–48, 83, 93, 97, 104, 110, 115, 126, 132– F 136, 139, 143, 148, 151, 152, Faizabad 374 154, 155, 157–163, 165–169, Fayaz Tepe 116, 126–130, 132, 467, 531, 532, 534, 535 134, 533 Gandhāran 19, 32, 46, 47, 48, 73, fenced 56, 268, 531 115–117, 119, 120, 122, 123, festival 276, 277, 433, 470 125, 126, 132–134, 143–150, figurative 43, 58, 79, 81, 83,–88, 152, 153, 155, 157, 161, 162, 92, 93, 108, 229, 232, 246, 168, 533, 534, 547 294, 445 Gaṇeśa 295, 324, 525 Firoz Shah Tughlaq 15 Gaṅgā 290, 300, 301, 311, 315, fish 148, 248, 253 537 562 Index

Gaṅgās 58, 311, 315 480–482, 484, 502, 523–526 Ganges 488 goddess 69, 148, 235–237, 240– Gaṇigitti 333 242, 244, 246–248, 294, 250, Gansu 141 252, 302, 375, 377, 379, 381, garbhag�ha 292, 364 454, 479–482, 484, 525, Gardri style 504, 525 536, 538 garlands 62, 356, 493 Goetz 34, 58, 75 garment 146, 524, 527 Gogi 336 garuda 480 gold 39, 79, 152, 194, 211–213, Gedun Choephel 501, 503, 504, 217, 232, 235, 240, 245, 250, 506, 508, 510, 518, 519 274, 275, 280, 492 genius 34, 174, 180, 182, 191 golden age 7, 8, 11–17, 19, 21, George Bush 512 22, 27, 31, 33–38, 41, 42, German 14, 27, 28, 33, 64, 66, 44, 46–54, 57, 59, 60, 62, 192, 210, 257, 261–263, 276, 64, 66–70, 72–75, 81, 109, 283, 346, 397, 398, 412, 414, 110, 139–141, 166, 171–174, 417–419, 423, 427, 544 176, 177, 180, 182, 183, 185, Germany 21, 66, 289, 398, 400, 189–192, 195, 197, 221, 229, 401, 427, 428 230, 239, 250, 257–260, 262, Ghazni 15 265, 269–271, 280, 311, 312, Ghyas ud–din 388 316, 322, 336, 338, 339, 341, gift 251, 353 344, 397, 405, 412, 416, 432, gilded 62, 178, 187, 188, 211–213, 467, 475, 478, 484, 497, 503, 355, 535, 536 511, 516, 525 Gilgit 155, 534 golden ages 7, 9, 32, 37, 38, 42, global 11, 12, 19–22, 70, 72, 73, 46, 48–50, 53, 54, 57, 70–73, 313, 364, 483, 497, 501, 510, 75, 139, 141, 159, 229, 258, 512–517, 543, 544 259, 277, 341, 342, 422, 501, globalisation 21, 22, 483 510, 517 globalised 483, 484, 497 golden past 37, 41, 53, 69, 475– Goa 8, 20, 32, 39, 62, 64, 349–357, 477, 479, 484, 488, 493, 497 359, 361–368, 538 Golden Tank 288 Goan 62–64, 349, 350, 354–356, Golden Temple 269 361, 364, 366, 368, 531 Gombrich 16, 23, 24, 33, 35, 75, god(s) 57, 69, 70, 90, 108, 121, 191, 230, 237, 240, 244, 252, 148, 161, 202, 207, 235, 254, 414, 423, 426, 428, 429 237, 241, 262, 274, 275, 279, Gommaṭagiri 334, 336 289–295, 298–300, 304, 305, Gommaṭeśvara 329, 334, 336 375, 379, 445, 449, 459, 479, Gonkar Gyatso 72, 512 Index 563

Gopaṇa Oḍeyar 335 H gopura 17, 200, 209, 219, 334, 525, Hadda 47, 116, 133, 135, 136, 536 157, 158, 534 Gorkha(s) 257, 258 hair 39, 96, 106, 144, 161, 251, Gorkhali 258 354, 487 Gotama 250 hairstyle 106, 123, 456 Gothic 16, 174 Halbwachs 14, 17, 23 Gowda 475, 486, 487, 491, 540 Hale Basti 319 granite 315–317, 333 Halebid 311, 316, 319–322, 537 Great War 338 Hallur 313, 324, 329, 331, 344 Greco-Roman 21 halo 145, 161, 459 Greece 14, 177 Hampi 333, 345 Greek 37, 44, 48, 81, 100, 104– Han 48, 135, 139, 141, 143, 159, 107, 110, 140, 150, 159, 161, 506, 507, 508, 510, 519, 525, 174, 176, 177, 237, 338, 341, 541 532, 547 Hangal 319–321, 330, 331, 537 Greeks 13, 15, 140 Harappan 160 GTZ 54, 261 harcara 382, 383, 539 Guanyin 177, 178, 180, 183, 184, Haridwar 493, 540 188, 525, 535, 536 Harihara 333 Guha-Thakurta 479, 491, 498 Haryana 434 Guhyeshvari 144 Hassan 336 Guishuang 140 Hausenstein 67, 397, 417–421, Gujarat 15, 140, 337, 342, 344, 424–426, 539 433 Haveri 298, 331 Gujarati 431, 433, 468 head 126, 130, 144, 145, 157–161, Gunthur 382, 539 165, 200, 204, 276, 292, 295, Guntupalli 154 354, 379, 387, 533–536, 544 Gupta 16, 17, 37, 42, 57, 287, 289, headband 160 306, 525 headdress 130, 199 guru 434 headgear 130 Gurung 258 Hebei 173 Guruvayanakere 328, 336 Hegelian 397, 412 guthi 257, 273, 525 Hellenised 105 Guthi Saṃsthān 267, 278 Hellenistic 105–107 Gyatso 515 Hemakūṭam Hill 330 gypsum 47, 115, 116 Henan 173, 181 Herder 14 heritage 15, 53, 54, 260, 264, 265 564 Index heroes 70, 454 107, 173–176, 179, 183, 188, heroines 70, 488 190–192, 208, 224, 227, 242, heterosexual 490 248, 252, 258, 260, 262–266, highpoints 32, 38, 74, 341, 517 268, 274, 276, 277, 280, 281, hijra 489, 490, 494, 495, 525, 540 288–291, 298, 299, 305, 311, Himachal Pradesh 434 343, 345, 349, 360, 398–400, Himalayan 39, 167 404–406, 408, 411–413, 418, Hinayana 141 419, 422, 423, 440, 463, 466, Hindi 68, 253, 367, 431, 435, 476, 477, 485, 506, 510, 526, 437–443, 459, 461, 468–470 527, 544 Hindu 17–20, 23, 24, 39, 43, 51, historicism 241, 248, 408, 494 57, 58, 62–64, 69, 70, 80, history 7, 11–20, 22–24, 28, 33, 143, 167, 197, 200, 216, 217, 34, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 52, 220, 257, 258, 274, 288, 53, 58, 64, 66, 73–76, 81, 84, 289, 292–294, 298–300, 302, 99, 103, 106, 109, 110, 112, 305–308, 311, 316, 319, 322, 134, 141, 157, 159, 161, 167, 324–326, 330, 331, 338, 343, 171, 172, 174, 176, 177, 349, 355–357, 360–364, 365, 179–182, 185, 190, 191, 193, 367, 375, 458, 459, 477, 194, 210, 213, 215, 225, 241, 479–481, 484, 488, 490, 491, 244, 250, 253–255, 257–259, 499, 525–527, 531, 537, 538 263, 265, 269, 271, 275, 276, Hinduism 52, 58, 80, 282, 308, 279, 281, 283, 284, 287, 289, 343, 461, 488 306, 308, 311, 312, 316, 339, Hindus 15, 18, 32, 58, 62, 288, 343, 344, 361, 364, 367, 368, 293, 306, 331, 333, 350, 354, 371, 373, 387, 391, 394, 355, 360, 366, 477, 482 397–399, 401, 402, 404, 405, Hindutva 479, 480–482, 525, 540 407, 408, 411–415, 417–420, Hiranyakashipu 375, 376, 538 422–424, 426–428, 431, 434, Hiraṇyavarṇamahāvihāra 269 463, 468, 470, 475–477, 486, Hiriyangadi 335 488, 496–498, 501, 510, 543, historian 14, 16,–19, 21, 22, 27, 544, 546, 548 31–33, 36, 42, 44, 47, 49, 50, Hobsbawm 12, 23 54, 66, 69, 74, 104, 145, 174, homeland 62 179, 181, 188, 207, 243, 257, horse(s) 236, 338, 250, 292, 445 262, 267, 272, 274, 387, 398, Hosa Basti 335 400, 402, 409, 413, 429, 475 Hoysaḷa 37, 60, 311, 312, 316–322, historical 14, 16–19, 21, 28, 31–33, 326, 332, 333, 336, 338–342, 36–38, 41–43, 49, 50, 52, 58, 344, 537, 538 70, 73, 74, 80, 81, 84, 91, 94, Hoysaḷas 58, 59, 70, 311, 316, 339 Index 565

Hoysaḷeśvara Temple 319 433, 435, 440, 441, 443, 449, Hua Jiankun 509, 518, 519, 541 461, 466 Hua Manjun 509, 518, 519, 541 illustrations 28, 36, 57, 61, 68, Huichang 183 132, 176, 227, 238, 305, 393, Humanists 14 399, 401, 420, 424, 437, 440, Humcha 319, 336 441, 443, 449, 459, 463, 483, humiliation 57, 58, 329, 487 531 Hunic 156, 166 impaled 288 Huns 15, 47, 139 imperialist 106 Hussain 475, 480–482, 484, 540 Impressionism 510, 511 Huvishka 145, 146, 168, 169, 533 incarnation 13, 338, 501, 523 hybrid 32, 39, 65, 75, 106, 356, Incas 107 364, 371, 383, 524 India 11–20, 22–24, 33–35, 39, 40, hybridity 356, 366, 484 42, 48, 57, 58, 62, 64, 65, 68–70, 74, 75, 79–81, 83, 87, 90, 97, 100, 101, 103–106, I 110–112, 133, 136, 139, 140, Ibn Batuta 399 143, 144, 154, 159, 160, 163, iconic 44, 144, 408, 482, 491 165, 167, 181, 228, 230, iconographic 16, 47, 49, 51, 52, 253–255, 259, 264, 287, 288, 57, 58, 117, 123, 128, 144, 293, 296, 304–308, 312–314, 149, 151, 161, 181, 210, 217, 316, 322, 326, 331, 333, 334, 289, 292, 294, 299, 300, 304, 336, 337, 342–345, 355, 360, 305, 418, 420, 515, 527 366, 367, 371–375, 378–381, iconography 48, 49, 52, 58, 130, 383, 387, 391–394, 412, 418, 142, 148, 149, 154, 158, 160, 419, 428, 433–435, 437, 438, 181, 190, 197, 199, 208, 454, 469, 470, 475–480, 215–217, 220, 291, 293, 294, 482–485, 488, 490, 491, 493, 298, 330, 445, 449, 456, 459, 495, 497, 498, 502, 503, 505, 466, 479–481, 484, 547 523–525, 527, 531, 535, 537, idealised 42, 66, 69, 70, 73, 74, 540, 544, 545,–547 341 Indian 8, 9, 13, 15–19, 21–24, 27, idealising 106 34, 42, 44, 46–48, 58, 60, ideology 18, 20, 72, 244, 250, 255, 62, 65, 69, 70, 71, 75, 76, 502 79–81, 99, 101, 103–107, idyllic 37, 73, 338, 339 110, 112, 117, 123, 134, 144, illuminations 68, 69, 269 147, 148, 166, 168, 181, 230, illustrated 68, 69, 144, 145, 163, 241, 244, 245, 287–291, 293, 176, 252, 375, 378, 413, 432, 305–308, 311, 327, 334, 338, 566 Index

339, 341–344, 354, 356, 362, 156, 166, 229, 250, 322, 482, 364, 366, 367, 371–375, 379, 483 382–384, 387–389, 391–394, Iran 133, 161, 166 420, 433, 439, 440, 443, 451, Iranian 123, 133, 136 454, 456, 459, 461, 466, 467, Iraq 515 469, 470, 475–478, 483–486, Iravadiśvara Temple 295, 537 491, 494, 498, 499, 503, iron 13, 266, 267, 338 504, 506, 523–528, 532, 534, ironic 22, 72, 475, 512 543–547 Irugappa Daṇḍanāyaka 333 Indianised 106 Isfahan 411, 416 Indians 13, 62, 81, 103, 107, 373, Islam 11, 108, 111, 311, 398, 379, 383, 477, 482, 483 400–402, 409, 411–413, 416, India Office Library 75, 371, 393, 422, 425–427, 429, 437, 548 394 Islamic 12, 19, 21, 27, 28, 31, 32, indigenised 15, 42, 477 34, 35, 38, 41, 64, 66, 67, 73, Indo-Europeans 159 75, 166, 213, 322, 326, 361, Indo-Greek 105, 107, 140 362, 364, 397–402, 405–409, Indonesia 230 411–413, 416, 418–420, Indo-Scythian 47, 139, 140 422–424, 426–429, 437, 527, Indo-Scythians 139, 140, 143, 157, 544, 548 169 Islamic art 21, 27, 31, 34, 66, 67, Indra’s Heaven 121, 123, 533 397, 400–402, 405, 406, 408, Indravarman 208 409, 411–413, 416, 419, 420, Indus 14 422, 423, 426 information gatherers 372, 373, Islamic World 12, 398 379, 391–393 iṣṭaliṅga 329 information gathering 65, 372, Italian 14, 117, 405, 411, 546, 547 374, 393 Inner Asia 158 inquisition 350, 357, 525 J inscription(s) 15, 51, 57, 112, 135, Jacques 203, 206–208, 211, 215, 136, 198, 203, 207–209, 221, 223, 224, 426 214–216, 222–224, 254, 255, Jahangir 15 288, 289, 293, 298, 305, 306, Jaina 8, 11, 17, 19, 22, 28, 35, 39, 313, 316, 320, 326, 327, 331, 40, 43, 57–61, 67–69, 76, 333, 342, 388, 548 80, 231, 272, 282, 299, 300, installations 70, 515 302, 304, 311–317, 319, 320, invaders 17, 274 322–334, 336–339, 342–346, invasion(s) 15, 42, 47, 52, 70, 130, Index 567

431–435, 439, 441–443, 449, 198–201, 203, 206–211, 451, 454, 456, 458, 459, 461, 215–219, 224 463, 466–469, 471, 523, 525, Jayavarma Parameśvara 215, 216 527, 531, 537, 538, 544 Jayavarmeśvara 207 Jaina art 11, 17, 60, 80, 312, 322, Jesuit 354, 357 332, 339 jewellery 147, 324 Jainas 14, 17–19, 32, 57, 58, 60, jewels 157, 275, 445 67–69, 231, 288, 289, 298, Jews 159 300, 304, 305, 315, 331, 333, Jina(s) 39, 68, 80, 207, 289, 322, 336, 337, 341, 431, 432, 437, 324, 325, 329–332, 334, 339, 442, 461, 466, 524, 526 432, 433, 442, 443, 449, 451, Jaina scripture 68 454, 456, 457–460, 526–528, Jainism 60, 306, 311, 312, 315, 537, 540 316, 322, 326, 332, 334, 336, Jinanathapura 317, 342, 537 344, 345, 433, 463, 468, 470, Johnson 375 525–527, 543, 544 Judaism 108 Jaipur 367, 431, 439, 546 judged 34, 44, 49, 81, 404 Jajpur 385, 539 judgement(s) 31, 34, 36, 41, 50, Jamāl Gaṛhī 119, 120, 123, 533 66, 73, 191, 339, 341 Jambūdvīpaprajñapti 433, 445, 449, judgemental 50 451, 454, 472 Judging 257 Jambukeśvara Temple 303, 537 Jvālāmālinī Temple 328 Jammu 434 Janaka 235, 238, 242, 247, 536 Jang Bahadur Rana 257 K Japan 50, 104, 146–148, 175, 176, Kailāsanātha Temple 294, 537 179, 180, 210, 412, 413, 524, kālas 339 525, 532, 534 kalasha 144 Japanese 50, 91, 145, 175, 176, Kālī 295, 299, 300, 458, 525 177, 179, 180, 191–193, 261, Kālidāsa 290 262, 479, 503, 533 kali-yuga 8, 13, 37, 52, 60, 229, jātaka(s) 53, 84, 117, 119, 120– 311, 322, 338, 525 122, 133, 135, 227, 230–232, Kalki 13, 338 234, 237–240, 244–246, Kalpasūtra 432, 433, 438, 441, 443, 252–255, 526, 533, 547 449, 451, 456, 459, 467, 469, Jattappa Nāyakana Candranāteśvara 472 Basti 336 Kalyāṇi Cāḷukyas 316 Jayasthiti Malla 258 Kamakura 50, 180 Jayavarman 51, 52, 70, 197, Kamala Basti 320, 340, 538 568 Index

Kamalapuram 333 Khmer 198, 220, 223, 224, 548 Kambadahalli 314, 315, 537 khoi 246, 527, 547 kamma 237(see also karma) Khouzestan 161 Kāñcī 288 Khyber 157 Kāñcīpuram 290, 294, 295, 537 Kidarite 130 Kaniṣka 105, 127, 128, 130, 145, King Birendra 257 146, 167–169, 532, 533 King Jayasthiti Malla 258 Kannada 315, 331, 345, 523, 525 King Kr̥ṣṇa 313 Kannara 60, 334 King Mongkut 228 Kapisha 143, 146, 157–159, 533, King Prithvi Narayan Shah 257 534 Klimt 21 Karachi 160, 534 Kompong Svay 218 Karakorum 143 Kondivte 154 Kara Tepe 116, 130, 134 Koppal 317 Karkal 334–336, 538 Korean 91, 253, 547 karma(s) 268, 438, 445, 449, 456, koṣṭhas 319 458, 502, 504, 518, 525 Krishna 264, 322, 336, 490, 494, Karnataka 8, 11, 17, 28, 32, 51, 58, 540 60, 61, 272, 288, 298–300, Kr̥ṣṇa 313, 463 311–314, 316, 317, 322, 326, kṣatriya / kshatriya 360, 525 328, 331–334, 336, 337, 339, Kshatrapa 140 341–345, 525, 531, 537, 538, k�ta-yuga 13, 37, 338 544 Kugler 33, 422 Karuṇāmaya 274 Kujula Kadphises 140, 145, 169 Kashmir 19, 48, 139, 143, 155– Kumārasambhava 291 157, 160, 162, 165, 166, Kūṇika 462, 540 434–535 Kunthunātha 333 Kashmiri 153, 156, 157, 167 Kushan(s) 19, 46, 47, 115, 116, Kathmandu 53–55, 71, 258, 126–128, 130, 132, 135, 260–262, 264, 267, 272, 282, 139–143, 145, 146, 156, 157, 283, 531, 543, 544 162, 169, 533 Kathmandu Valley 53–55, 71, 258, Kvābāhāḥ 269, 270, 273, 536 260–262, 272, 282, 283, 531, 543, 544 Kattaḷe Basti 315 L kāyotsarga 465, 525, 540 Ladakh 157 Kesang Lamdark 72, 515, 516, 541 laity 44, 85, 90, 143, 230 keys 271 Lakkundi 317–319, 324, 329, 331, khaṭvāṅga 302, 525 332, 537 Index 569

Lakshmeshvar 319, 324, 327, 537 London 23, 24, 75, 76, 109–112, Lakshmi 475, 484, 487, 540 133, 136, 166, 193, 195, 222, lalāṭa-bimba(s) 329–331, 333, 526, 225, 252–255, 282, 306, 344, 537 366, 367, 374, 393, 394, Lalitpur 265–267, 269, 270, 273, 426–429, 433, 449, 451, 456, 274, 278, 282, 536, 544 468–470, 499, 510, 512, 514, Laocoon 148 518, 519, 544, 546, 548 lathe-turned pillars 319, 320, 537 Longmen 173, 181, 190, 194 lay practitioners. 46, 82, 86, 531, looting 52, 54, 322, 324 532 Lopburi 221 Leksukhum 232, 238–241, 244, loss 8, 17, 18, 22, 35, 37–39, 42, 53, 250, 254 54, 75, 116, 132, 228–230, leonine 157 243, 244, 248, 257, 259–263, Lhasa 9, 72, 501, 502, 504–506, 266, 269, 271, 273, 274, 276, 508, 510, 512, 516, 520 277, 280–282, 420, 479 Liao 185, 186, 193, 535 lotus(es) 129, 144, 145, 150, 199, Licchavi 258, 274, 279, 284 293, 299, 331, 334, 451, 533 Limbu 258, 263, 284 Louvre 66, 161, 167, 399 Limbu-Rai 258 Louyang 143 linear 13, 14, 32–35, 41, 49, 50, Lucknow 65, 374, 375–377, 394, 58, 60, 69, 74, 108, 189, 190, 538 240, 312, 341, 482, 484 linearity 35, 70 linear progress 13, 33 M liṅga(s) 199, 202, 216, 292, 329, Macchindranāth 274 331, 526 Macedonian 140 Liṅgāyat 324, 329, 331 Mackenzie 65, 372, 373, 380,–387, Liṅgāyats 58 389, 391–394, 539, 545 Liṅgodhbhava 292, 526 Madhya Pradesh 43, 46, 302, 531, lintels 51, 199, 329–331, 537 537 lion(s) 120–122, 144, 211, 212, Madras 284, 305, 307, 378, 381, 272, 290, 291, 293, 294, 409, 383, 384, 387, 394, 539 420, 449, 536, 537 Madrī 120–122 locks 54, 271, 272 Madurai 65, 288, 378–380, 538 Lokanātha 274, 276 Magar 258 Lokasema 142, 146, 147 Mahābalipuram 290, 292 Lokeśa 207 Mahābhārata 69, 230, 292, 338, Lokeśvara 51, 52, 199, 204, 214, 461, 475, 483, 486, 491, 492, 217, 274, 536 526 570 Index

Mahābodhi 216 Manicheans 159 Mahabuddha 264 Maṇimekhalā 235 Mahājanaka 53, 227, 234, 239, Manuel 349, 399–402, 407, 425, 242, 245, 246, 250, 255, 536 428 Mahājanaka-Jātaka 53, 227, 234, manuscript(s) 27, 36, 67, 68, 120, 239, 246 234, 239, 240, 246–248, 250, Mahākāla 272, 512, 526 253, 254, 269, 270, 276, 269, Mahākāpi-Jātaka 237 282, 375, 378, 379, 383, Mahānipāta 227, 526 431–433, 439, 441, 443, 445, Maharashtra 64 449, 451, 454, 456, 466, 468, mahasagara 148 469, 527, 543, 544, 547 Mahāvaṃsa 228 Maoist 72, 502 Mahāvīra 326, 344, 431, 433, 450, map(s) 16, 65, 144, 258, 263, 382, 451, 454, 458, 526, 540 383, 533, 539 Mahāyāna 51, 52, 141, 142, 197, Mapusa 366 201, 206, 208, 210, 216, 219, Māra 83, 88–90, 208, 250, 251, 523, 524 526, 531, 536 Mahendravarman 290 Maratha 64, 359, 360–362 Mahiṣāsuramardinī 294, 297, 526, Marathas 352, 366 537 Māravijaya 83, 88, 102, 228, 250, Mahmud of Ghazni 15 526, 531 Maitreya / Metteyya 142, 146, 147, Marchal 203, 216, 224 155, 157, 159, 162, 165, 167, Marwari 337 168, 534, 535 Mary 134, 366, 545 Maitreyaparipricchadharma sutra Maryul 157 142 mass grave 51, 200 Maitreya sutra 142 master(s) 34, 67, 72, 73, 101, 153, Malik Kafur 326 171, 405, 406, 423, 424, 427, Malla 258, 261, 262, 266, 279, 281 477, 478, 504, 506, 519 māna-stambha 331, 333, 526 master–narrative 67, 423, 424 Mānavadharmaśāstra 13 masterpiece(s) 21, 32–34, 46, 66, maṇḍapa(s) 288, 298, 316, 335, 67, 73, 109, 341, 342, 344, 361, 364, 526 397, 402, 404–409, 411, 412, Mandela 512 415, 416, 419, 420, 422, 424, mangalam 144 426, 429 maṅgalas 433 mastership 34, 406, 423 Maṅgāyi Basti 331, 333 masterworks 67, 185, 406 Mangeshkar 63, 531 Masulipatam 378 Mangeś Temple 63, 531 Mathura 19, 105, 106, 140, 532 Index 571

Matsubara 50, 179, 180, 194 Ming 173, 182, 183, 184, 185, 535 Matsyendranāth 56, 266, 267, 274– miniature painting 375, 406, 420, 276, 278–280, 282, 531, 536 422 Matsyendravaṃśāvalī 276, 277 Miran 47, 117–120, 122–126, 132, Mayans 13 133, 135, 532, 533 Mediterranean 221 missionaries 62, 243, 354 Meghakumāra 453 Mithilā 235, 236, 237, 240, 241, Meguḍi 59, 313, 324, 329, 331, 248 531 modern 7, 12–14, 22, 27, 41, 42, Meguḍi Temple 313, 329, 331 46, 67, 68–73, 79, 81, 91, Meisterwerke 406, 407, 409, 425, 106, 109, 110, 139, 154, 160, 427, 429 161, 179, 190, 192, 210, memory 7, 11, 17, 18, 12, 14, 15, 212, 254, 258, 269, 289, 313, 17, 18, 22, 24, 41, 42, 171, 328, 336, 339, 379, 397, 400, 239, 255, 281, 329, 344, 364, 404–406, 416, 419, 423, 426, 484, 544 431, 432, 439, 440, 449, 451, Menābasti cave 313 453, 466, 467, 470, 475–477, Menla Döndrup 504, 526 483–485,491, 494, 495, 497, Menri 502, 504, 526 498, , 501, 502, 504–506, mermaids 248 508, 515, 517, 520, 523, 544 Meru 48, 148–153, 292, 534 modernism 22, 70–73, 423, 476, Meru temple 48, 148, 151–153, 477, 485, 501, 511, 517 534 modernist movement 72, 502 metaphorical 58, 298 modernity 7, 11–14, 16, 21, 22, Metteyya / Maitreya 35, 244 38, 41, 42, 67, 70, 264, 271, Mewār 120 423, 424, 452, 453, 456, 467, M. F. Hussain 475 475–477, 483, 485, 497, 499, Michelangelo 33, 174 540 Middle East 259, 404, 413 Mohenjo Daro 160, 161, 534 Migeon 66, 67, 398–401, 407, 424, Mongkut 228 425, 429, 539 Mongol 185, 193, 420 migrants 15 monkeys 237, 453 migrations 14 monks 85, 90, 91, 119, 143, 219, Milinda 140 229, 232, 246, 431–433, 437, Mimicry 483 438, 461, 463, 465–468, 532, Minakshi 288, 307, 378–380, 538 540 Minakshi Sundareshvara Temple monsters 248 378–380, 538 moon 151, 161, 162, 180, 235, Mīnākṣī Temple 288 490, 494, 528, 535, 540 572 Index

Moses 108 Mycenaean 160 mosque(s) 18, 62, 349, 350, 374 Mysore 327, 328, 331, 334, 345, Mount Meru 48, 148–153, 292, 380, 387, 391, 394, 537 534 Mysore City Basti 327, 328, 537 moustache 123, 144 myth(s) 12, 19, 41, 42, 70, 76, Mr̥gāputra 456 148, 276, 279, 290, 292, Mudabidri 61, 334, 335, 342, 531 298, 344, 476, 479, 497 Mūgapakkha-Jātaka 237, 239 mythi(cal) 14, 22, 41, 42, 57, 66, Mughal 15, 16, 18, 23, 76, 374, 69, 248, 289, 290, 298, 451, 375, 393, 394 475, 480, 484, 493 Mughals 15 mythology 37, 48, 148, 230, 298, Muhammadan 397, 402, 404–406, 305, 338, 341, 483, 486, 497 409, 415, 420, 426, 429 Muhammadan Art 397, 402, 404, 405, 415, 420, 426, 429 N muhpatti 463, 526 nāga(s) 215, 272, 536 Mulgund 324, 325, 326, 537 Nāganātha Temple 331, 332, 537 Mumbai 110, 154, 367, 468, 469 Nam June Paik 515, 516, 541 Munch 72, 510 Nandalal Bose 479 Munich 66, 326, 397, 402, 405– Nandi 287, 288, 307, 324, 331, 409, 412, 413, 415, 416, 422, 526 424–429, 548 Nara 50, 180 mural(s) 19, 35, 36, 46, 47, 52, Narasimha 375, 376, 538 53, 115–117, 120–125, 127, Narasimharajapura 328, 336 128, 130, 132, 134, 213, 216, narrative networks 117 227, 229, 232, 234, 238–242, Narve 64, 361, 362 244–246, 248, 250, 255, 378, Naṭarāja 479, 526 379, 392, 503 533, 536 nāthyogi 274, 279, 526 mūrti(s) 292–295, 296, 526, 537 National Geographic 512 mūrtipūjak(s) 432, 435, 437, 466, nationalism 12, 15, 16, 22–24, 81, 524, 526 257, 258, 475, 477, 478, 497, Musealisation 264 498, 518, 525, 546 museums 27, 66, 172, 174, 177, nationalist 12, 14, 16, 17, 20, 33, 182, 271, 398, 401, 402, 404, 37, 41, 44, 69, 81, 106, 107, 418, 545 190, 258, 423, 475, 477, 479, Muslim 17, 57, 60, 62, 66, 326, 488, 523, 527 327, 349, 350, 360, 399, 481 nationalists 14, 15, 16, 42, 258, Muslims 13–15, 18, 23, 350, 360 479, 485, 515 mutilation 51, 198 nationhood 11, 12, 22 Index 573

Naudobāhāḥ 272, 536 Northern Qi 173, 177, 181, 194 nautical 53, 231, 232, 234, 243 Northern Wei 48, 152, 158, 173, nave 351, 352, 355, 364, 523, 526 176 Naveen Thomas 70, 484–486, 540 Northern Zhou 173 Nawab of Avadh 374 North India 434 Nāyaṉmār 304, 307 N. Pushpamala 70, 484, 487–490, Nāyaṉmār’s hymns 304 498, 540 Neak Pean 201, 536 numismatic 130, 162 Near East 160, 164 numismatists 79 negro art 422 Nehruvian 482 Neminātha 319, 327, 333 O Neo-Chola 36, 76 occupation 39, 47, 51, 64, 198, Nepal 14, 22, 36, 48, 50, 53, 71, 324, 349, 502, 503 144, 160, 257, 258, 261–265, occupied 62, 298, 350, 379, 406 271, 274, 276, 277, 279, 280, occupiers 62 282–284, 531, 543, 544 ocean 231, 232, 235, 236, 250, Nepalese 22, 54, 257, 258, 260, 290, 293, 435 262–265, 271, 274, 528, 543 Odegal Basti 334 Nepali 257, 276, 502 Old Goa 350, 361 Newar 8, 22, 53, 54, 165, 257, Old Khmer 198 258, 260, 262, 264–268, 271, Ōmura Seigai 179 273–276, 279–282, 502, 525, Ongole 382, 383, 539 535, 543, 544 Orient 20, 135, 143, 167, 198, Newari 36 221–225, 308, 367, 393, 404, Newars 266, 268, 274 412, 428, 548 New Menri 502, 504, 526 Oriental 134, 136, 307, 308, 366, New York 23, 24, 75, 109, 111, 376, 377, 404, 405, 422, 469, 124, 134, 148, 166–168, 176, 538, 544–546, 548 193–195, 222, 252, 254, 255, orientalisation 259 283, 306, 308, 342, 343, 366, Orientalism 259, 367, 398, 427, 367, 394, 426–429, 469, 498, 428, 518, 548 499, 514, 516, 520, 533 Orientalist 21, 66, 401, 404 non-figurative 84–87 Orissa 291, 293, 343, 385, 536, non-Western 20, 21, 73, 418, 501, 539 517 Ottoman 404 Nora 17, 24 Ovid 338 Norbulingka 504, 505, 541 oxen 390, 391, 539 North Africa 221, 398, 426 574 Index

P Palmyra 161, 162, 535 Pābūjī 35 Panamalai hill 293 Padmacanda 434, 435 Pañca Basti 319 padmāsana 459 Pañcakūṭa Basti 314, 315, 319, 537 pagoda 48, 91, 148, 153 Panchen Lama 503 Pahari 18 Pandyas 316 painted 12, 41, 47, 65, 116, 117, Panjab 23, 434 132, 165, 227, 241, 246, 248, Pānsupāri Bazar 333 250, 252, 266, 332, 378, 379, paṛ 35 385, 392, 414, 433, 443, 456, parallel histories 74 479, 504, 506, 524, 535 pāribhogika 94 painting(s) 19, 21, 35, 39, 46, 47, Parihaspur 156, 534 52, 53, 59, 64–66, 68, 69, 72, parinirvāṇa 84, 85, 89,97, 526, 532 115, 116, 118–121, 123–125, Paris 9, 23, 66, 109, 110, 131, 127–130, 132, 134, 176, 182, 133–136, 167, 195, 198, 183, 185, 210, 231, 238, 240, 222–225, 231, 399, 401, 242, 246, 248, 252, 312, 338, 425–427, 429, 501, 533, 543 371–379, 382, 385, 387, 391, Parmentier 51, 199, 200, 208, 209, 392, 394, 406, 411, 414, 416, 223, 224 420, 422, 432, 433, 441–443, Pārśva 433 445, 449, 451, 453, 454, 456, Pārśvanātha 315–317, 319, 320, 458, 459, 466–486, 476–479, 326, 327, 329–331, 333, 334, 484, 502–509, 512, 515, 518, 336, 337, 456, 538 524–527, 532, 533, 538, 545 Pārśvanātha Jinālaya 327 paints 232, 239, 250 Parthia 159, 168 Pakistan 18, 42, 47, 83, 93, 97, Parthian 47, 123, 141, 142, 157, 104, 116, 119, 124, 133, 134, 159–162, 167, 168 160, 168, 531–534 Parthians 15, 159 palace 15, 117, 203, 210, 238, 240, Pārvatī 295, 525, 527 244, 271, 279, 505, 524, 541, Paryūṣaṇ 433, 435, 438 545 Paśupatināth 262 Palazzo Pitti 338 Patan 56, 261, 264, 265, 284, 531 Palden Weinreb 72, 515 Patan Museum 261, 265 Pāli 35, 75, 198, 209, 222, 227, Pathans 360 228, 230, 245, 252–254, 543, patronage 64, 65, 210, 287, 288, 547 316, 349, 361, 366, 371–373, Palitana 432 393 Pallava 290, 292, 293, 307 patrons 34, 57, 65, 106, 190, 290, palm leaf 67, 254, 466 316, 372, 373, 391–393 Index 575

Pattadakal 313, 314, 537 Ponda 63, 531 periodisation 69, 115, 475, 476, Pondicherry 378 485, 494 pornography 515 Periya Purāṇam 304, 305 Portugal 349, 350, 352, 355, 357, persecution 32, 37, 48, 50, 60, 153, 367 159, 166, 183, 211, 273, 274, Portuguese 20, 62, 64, 349–357, 288, 322, 332, 341 359, 361, 362–364, 366–368 Persia 19, 48, 159, 160, 162, 400, Poseidon 148 404 post-colonial 350, 364 Persian 48, 123, 130, 159, 160, post-colonialism 494–497 162, 166, 374, 401, 405, 406, post-Gandharan 19 411, 420, 422 post-Kushan 47, 115, 116 Persianid 162 post-modern 73 Peshawar 117, 143 postmodern 476, 477, 484, 485, Phimeanakas 203, 216 494, 497 photograph(s) 39, 75, 91, 132, 161, postmodernism 70, 262, 426, 176, 221, 240, 263, 277, 328, 495–497 332, 346, 399, 402, 416, 424, post-Song 180 439, 488, 494, 495, 503, 504, post-Tang 36, 50, 183 507, 518, 540, 541, 545 pothīs 433 photography 70, 72, 90, 331, 409, pradakṣiṇapatha 288, 527 412, 484, 485, 502, 515, 519, Prajāpita Brahmā Kumārīs 338 544 Prajñāpāramitā sutra 142, 204, 214, Phra Boriboonthanakom 244, 246 536 Pietro da Cortona 338 Prakrit 68, 431, 432, 439, 443, pigments 115, 232, 250 452, 456, 543 pilgrimage 35, 314, 334, 383 Prasat Ta An 208 pilgrims 44, 90, 383 pratiṣṭhāpanā 336 pillar(s) 15, 44, 82, 86, 88, 90–92, Pratyutpanna-samadhi sutra 142 94–96, 98, 193, 213, 290, Pravartak 434, 435, 438, 463, 539 292, 313, 319, 320, 333–335, Preah Khan 51, 197, 200, 202, 203, 506, 523, 526, 531, 532, 537, 207, 216, 218, 536 538 Preah Palilay 218–220, 536 Pitalkhora 151 pre-Angkorian 215 Polajanaka 236 pre-colonial 12, 18, 21, 65, 372, 419 Polier 65, 372–379, 387, 392, 393, Pre-Islamic 19 538 pre-modern 13, 41, 212, 431, 484 political imagery 58 priest(s) 34, 141, 160, 176, 185, pond 203 194, 269, 282, 353–356, 534 576 Index

Priest-King 160, 534 Rāmayya 304 Prinsep 15, 16 Ram Janmabhumi 18 Prithvi Narayan Shah 257 Ramkinker 490, 491, 493, 497 progress 13, 33, 35, 41, 108, 124, Rana 257 230, 243, 439, 471, 497 Raqs 490–493, 496–499, 541 Propyläen 409, 412, 425 Raqs Media Collective 490, 491, pūjā 148, 149, 152, 278, 527, 534 493, 496–499, 541 Pune 432 Rāṣṭrakūṭa 313, 314, 344, 537 Purānas 13, 292, 299, 375, 461, Rāṣṭrakūṭas 313 527 Ratchaburi 240 purnaghata 144 Ratnasambhava 163, 165, 535 Pushpamala 70, 475, 484–490, Rattanakosin 52, 228, 231, 240 498, 499, 540 Ravana 486 Puṣpadanta 319 Ravi Varma 69, 476–478, 484, Putin 512 498, 540 realism 50, 72, 73, 176, 182, 190, 192, 243, 248, 302, 454, 484, Q 502 Qi 173, 177, 181, 194 rebuilding 207, 262, 270, 271 Qianlong 188 recycling 32, 312, 324 Qin 48, 141, 527 Red Matsyendranāth 56, 266, 274, Qing 173, 185, 187, 195, 536 282, 531, 536 Qizil 158, 159, 162, 165, 534, 535 re-enact 70 Qutbuddin Aibak 15 re-interpreted 64, 362 reinventing 54, 259 relic(s) 44, 91, 94–97, 148, 217 R reliquary 84, 91, 93, 527 Rācamalla 315 Renaissance 14, 23, 34, 49, 172– racism 22, 81, 103 174, 182, 191–193, 239, 255, Raj 258, 287 341, 405 Rājarānī Temple 291, 293, 536 Reserve Bank 491, 493 Raja Serfojee of Tanjore 373 reservoir 166 Rājasiṁha 293 resilience 17, 21, 422 Rajasthan 23, 35, 337, 438 resistance 20, 298, 544 Rājput 15, 18, 23, 120 re-use 14, 32, 39, 41, 48, 51, 60, Rajputs 360 62, 75, 198, 298, 312, 324, Rama 18, 228, 232, 244, 252, 486 328, 329, 326, 329, 358, 537, Rāmāyaṇa 69, 120, 133, 230, 459, 538 461, 469, 483, 484, 486, 527 Ṛg Veda 298, 305 Index 577 ribbons 129, 151, 161 299, 304, 306–308, 324, 329, Riegl 414, 428 331, 342, 526 Rijksmuseum 200, 221, 548 Śaivas 14, 58, 60, 293, 298, 300, riots 18 329, 330 ritual 19, 34, 39, 40, 141, 215, Śaiva Siddhānta 292, 306, 307 237, 257, 266, 269, 271, 273, Śaivism 52, 58, 208, 214, 219, 293, 274, 276–279, 281, 312, 324, 311, 322 329, 334, 335, 488, 531, 543, Saka 47, 139, 140, 159, 169 544, 547 Śakas 139, 169, 290 rivalry 58, 294 Śakta 57, 293 rivers 217, 231, 251, 322 Śākyamuni 43, 44, 79–81, 83–85, Riza Abbasi 420, 425 88, 91, 93, 95–97, 165, 535, Rococo 17, 174 523, 526, 531, 532 Roerich 503 Saladin 399–401, 424, 425, 539 Roman 21, 105, 159, 174, 176, Śalibhadra 466 177, 471, 525 Sāma-Jātaka 237, 239 Romanesque 174, 418, 420 samavasaraṇa 449, 451 Romantic 14 saṁgha 95, 230, 276 romanticised 70, 73, 341 saṃsāra 232 romanticising 60, 312 samut khoi 246, 527, 547 Rome 14, 133, 134, 177, 242, 343, Saṃvara 300, 301, 537 366, 367, 422, 546 Sanchi 43, 45, 80, 82, 83, 86, 92, Rossi & Rossi 166, 508, 510, 512, 94, 96, 98–102, 110, 112, 518, 519 117, 140, 528, 531, 532 Rothko 515 Sanchi Stupa 45, 140, 531 Rowland 16, 24 śaṅkha 292, 527 R̥ṣabha 433, 451, 454 Śaṅkha Jinālaya 327, 537 Rumohr 33 Sankheshwar 432 Russian 20 Sanskrit 68, 79, 198, 209, 230, 231, 276, 431, 443, 468, 477, 523, 526, 527, 543 S Sanskritic 259 Saburo 50, 179 Santa Catarina 351 Sacitra Āgamamālā 68, 434, 467, Śāntalā 322 468 Śāntinātha 316, 317, 328, 333, Sahasra Kīrtti 327 335, 537 Said 259, 367, 398, 428 Śāntinātha Basti / Temple 316, 317, Saidu Sharif 117, 133 335, 537 Śaiva 11, 17, 57, 215, 274, 292, Śāntīśvara Basti 317, 320, 323, 335 578 Index

Saptakoteshwar 64, 350, 361–364, sesame oil 235 538 shadow 7, 12, 16, 27, 32, 38, 46, Saptakoṭīśvara 64 52, 53, 73, 75, 110, 221, 467, Saras 231, 253, 435, 438, 439, 479, 484, 497 442, 449, 459, 461, 468 Shah 15, 70, 257, 258, 279, 344, Saraswati 481, 482, 484, 540 489, 494, 495, 498, 540 sāṛī 454, 527 Shahbhaz-Giri 161, 163, 165, 535 śarīraka 94 Shaikh Abdullah 384–387, 389, Sarnath 84, 89, 91, 140, 168, 504 539 Sarre 66, 67, 398, 400–407, 409, Shaivite / Śivaite 375 412, 413, 415, 416, 420, 424, Shakuntala 478, 479, 540 425, 427, 428, 539 Shakyamuni 162, 163, 189, 536 Sasanian 19, 47, 123, 130, 131, Shanxi 173, 181, 182, 184, 186, 134, 139, 158, 159, 161, 162, 194, 535 404, 533 shikara / śikhara 364 Sasanians 136, 159 ship 53, 232 sashes 161 shipwreck 231, 237–239, 243, 248 Satakoteshwar 363 Shivaji 64, 359–361, 367, 527, 538 Satraps 140 Shiv Sainiks 360 satya-yuga 37, 338 Shore Temple 292 Saurashtra 140 Shravanabelgola 60, 314, 315, 317, savageness 419 320, 322, 324, 325, 331, 333, Schick 53, 262–268, 280, 281, 283 334, 537 schist 115, 317 Shri Amar Muni 68, 434, 438, 440 Schnaase 33, 412, 422 Shricand Surana 439 Schwarzer 33, 74, 76, 412, 422, Shrut Pravartak Shri Amar Muniji 423, 428 Maharaj 434 Sdok Kak Thom 198 Shuja ud-Daula 374 sea 148–150, 227, 230, 231, 236, Shunga 140 246, 248, 349, 456 Shuo Fu 209–212, 221 seal 130 Shvetambara 22 Secession 8, 66, 397 Shyama Tara 158 Secessionist 21 Siam 219, 222, 225, 227–229, 234, sectarian rivalries 57, 58, 289, 291, 238, 239, 243, 250, 252, 253 298 Siamese 16, 53, 227–229, 231, Seldjuk 402 232, 234, 239–241, 243–248, sermon 84, 85, 89, 90, 102, 433, 250, 252, 255, 547 454 Sichuan 188, 189, 193, 536 serpent 272, 293, 298 Sickman 49, 180–182, 195 Index 579 siddha 334, 463, 527 Sogdiana 140 Siddha Basti 334 Somani 72, 512, 514, 541 Siddha Bhagavāna Temple 334 Somāskanda 292 Siddheśvara 298, 299, 300, 331, Someśvara Temple 289 537 Somnath 15 śikhara / shikara 320, 527 Somnathpur 311, 319 silk road 141 Sonam Dolma 515, 517, 518, 520, silver 13, 130, 183, 338, 535 541 Simpson 65, 372, 373, 378–381, Song 19, 49, 50, 171, 172, 178, 387, 392, 393, 538, 539 180, 182, 192, 193, 195, 524, Sind 15 535 Sinhalese 21, 75, 252 Soper 49, 179–182, 195 Sino-Tibetan–Western style 505 South Asia 37, 47, 111, 135, 165, Sir Charles Bell 502 254, 259, 261, 273, 283, 338, Sirén 33, 34, 49, 76, 172–177, 179, 373, 393, 535, 544 180, 191, 195 South Asian 24, 34, 39, 58, 69, 70, Sita 158, 475, 484, 486 74, 112, 115, 269, 277, 284, Sitasamvara 187, 536 312, 342, 343–346, 366, 371, Sita Tara 158 466, 470, 523–525, 528, 544 Śiva 51, 80, 199, 209, 215–217, Southeast Asia 19, 163, 221, 223, 282, 283, 288, 290, 292–295, 224 299, 300, 303, 304, 306, 307, Southeast Asian 231, 238, 241, 315, 329, 331, 359, 479, 246, 543, 548 524–528, 537, 547 South India 11, 18, 57, 293, 307, Śiva ekapādamūrti 303, 537 308, 313, 316, 336, 342, 344, Śivaism 304 345 Śivaite / Shaivite 199, 201, 202, speech-balloons 461 209, 215, 216, 217, 220 speech-bubbles 70, 484 Sīvalī 236 spolia 39, 62, 357 śivaliṅga 198, 215 Springer 33 Śiva Mara 315 Sramanas 153 Śivapūjā 215, 216 Śramaṇsangh 434 Śiva Purāṇa 292, 306 Śrī Jayarājacūḍāmaṇi 207 Siyam Nikaya 246 Śrī Jaya Trivikrama Mahānātha Skanda 292, 527 209 slavery 18, 19, 23, 24 Sri Lanka 21, 35, 210, 254 Smith 14, 23, 35, 76, 253, 497–499 Sri Lankan 18, 106, 240 snake 272, 331, 536 Srinagar 156, 165, 534, 535 socialist realism 22, 72, 502 Śrīndrajayavarman 209 580 Index

Śrīndravarman 209, 210 364, 367, 371–373, 375, 379, Sringeri 326 383, 385, 387–389, 391–393, Śrīraṅgapatnam Svāmī 326 408, 411, 413, 415, 417, 418, Śrī Śāntādurga Temple 63, 531 431–433, 439, 441, 449, 451, Śrī-Vaiṣṇavas 60, 333 458, 459, 467, 483, 484, Śrī-Vaiṣṇavism 322 502–506, 508, 510, 512, 519, Sri Venkateshvara 383 524–527, 531, 532, 537, 540 St Catherine 351, 352, 538 stylistic 16, 23, 31, 47, 49, 75, 105, Stein 117, 123–125, 132, 136, 195, 107, 117, 128, 142, 160, 161, 288, 307 172–174, 177, 179, 181, 190, Sthānakavāsī 434, 463 312, 314, 372, 393, 411, 443 Sthānakavāsin(s) 68, 69, 434, 435, stylistically 62, 173, 174, 252, 388, 437, 438, 449, 461, 463, 465, 389 466, 470, 526, 527, 540 subcontinent 12, 14, 18, 42, 62, Stilgeschichte 408, 413, 415, 527 65, 287, 524 St John the Baptist 356, 538 Subha Rao 383 Stockholm 174 Subrahmaṇya 292, 307 stolen 53, 263, 264, 265 Sugata Māravijita 208 stoup 357, 358, 527, 538 Sui 173, 177 struggles 22, 298 Sukhavati 142 Strzygowski 400, 428 Sukhavati Vyuha 142 stucco 47, 115, 116, 125, 126, 132, sultān(s) 15, 16, 271, 322, 388, 184, 186, 194, 333, 336, 356, 389, 527, 539 533, 535 Sultanate 15 stūpa(s) 43–45, 48, 82–89, 91–94, Sultan Sham ud-din Ilyas 271 96–99, 102, 103, 106, 110, sun 121, 150, 151, 161, 162, 168, 111, 115, 117–120, 140, 148, 505, 518, 519, 535, 541 151, 153, 154, 156, 232, 234, Supārśvanātha 319, 331 264, 385, 386, 524, 527, 528, Suphanaburi 238 531–534, 536, 539 Supparaka-Jātaka 230 style(s) 11, 18–20, 22, 27, 31, suppressed 14, 57, 459, 466 33–36, 46–49, 52, 53, 58, suppression 11, 14, 22, 58, 200, 6ö–62, 64–66, 70, 72, 74, 202 75, 104–106, 139, 143, 154, Suras 463 156, 157, 161, 176, 177, 181, Surat 432 189, 190, 194, 199, 207, 208, surveys 15, 65, 130, 173, 372, 387, 214, 215, 232, 238–243–248, 391, 422, 423 250, 315, 316, 318, 320, 333, sūtra 142, 443 334, 336, 339, 349, 355, 356, Svayambhu 260, 265 Index 581

Śvetāmbara 8, 337, 431–435, 437, Tārā 158, 214, 316, 343 438, 466, 468, 469, 524, 527, Tarim 48, 141, 160 543 Tarim Basin 48, 141 Śvetāmbaras 466 Tashkent 128, 129, 130, 132, 135, Swat 116, 117, 133, 134, 143, 157 533 Switzerland 515 Taxila 47, 116, 134 symbol(s) 20, 39, 43, 44, 53, 64, Tejal Shah 70, 489, 494, 495, 498, 83, 84, 87, 88, 106, 144, 199, 540 202, 239, 290, 331, 360, 362, Temiya 239 433, 479, 502, 515, 524, 526, Tempyo 50, 180 531 Tep Pranam 220, 536 symbolic 57, 89, 123, 161, 289, Termez 47, 116, 125, 130, 132, 290, 293, 355 135, 136 symbolism 57, 112, 150, 161, 298, Thai 20, 35, 36, 52, 53, 219, 241, 304, 331, 334, 510, 511, 515 244, 245, 252–255, 528 syncretic 366 Thailand 35, 50, 52, 53, 64, 210, syncretism 64, 354, 360 225, 227, 253, 255 synthesis 15, 364, 419 thangka(s) 71, 508, 512, 527, 531, 541 Thanjavur 378 T thatch 44, 312 Tagore 479, 503 theft 22, 37, 38, 54, 230, 262–266, Tālagirīśvara Temple 293 271, 273–275, 329 Tamang 258 Theosophy 174 Tambdi Surla 359, 360, 538 the ‘other’ 12, 31, 38, 42, 52, 62, Tamil 18, 36, 76, 235, 272, 273, 64, 65, 67, 75, 81, 109, 228, 288, 290, 292–295, 298, 303, 398 304, 306–308, 313, 317, 322, Theravāda 52, 210, 219, 220, 253, 326, 378–381, 383, 384, 392, 254 477, 537–539, 543, 544 Thomas 70, 108, 112, 383, 384, Tamil Nadu 36, 76, 273, 288, 290, 387, 484–486, 539, 540 293–295, 303, 307, 313, 317, Thonburi 228, 244, 250 322, 326, 537, 544 Thousand-pillared Basti 335 Tang 19, 34, 36, 49, 50, 171–176, throne 43, 90, 215, 269, 292, 449, 179–183, 185, 189, 191–193, 451, 495, 531, 540 535, 536 Tianlongshan 34, 173–175, 177, Tantric 273, 282, 300 181, 535 Ta Prohm 51, 197, 200, 204, 207, Tibet 14, 22, 39, 40, 48, 71, 72, 216, 218, 223, 536 160, 163, 165, 194, 501–510, 582 Index

512, 515, 517–520, 525, 526, transmission 11, 19, 22, 47, 48, 531, 535, 541 120, 139, 142, 269, 432, 433, Tibetan 9, 22, 70–74, 157, 260, 483 501–508, 510–512, 514–520, transmutations 12, 41 525–527, 541, 544 trans-religious 62 Tibetaness 72, 510, 512 trauma 17, 18, 19, 23, 42 Tibetans 72, 505, 507, 515, 516 tree(s) 43, 44, 83–85, 87–90, 92, Tibetan uprising 72 93, 96–98, 102, 106, 122, tiger 121 149, 217, 250, 252, 445, 451, tilak 524 459, 531, 532 Tillotson 35, 76 treta-yuga 13, 37, 338 timelines 49, 74, 179, 191 trikūṭa 319, 326 Tīrthaṅkara(s) 299, 317, 319, 324, tri-kūṭā-cala 315, 333 331, 333, 525–527 triple-shrined 315 tīrtha-paṭas 35 Tripurāntaka 292 Tirucchirapalli 65, 378, 380, 381, Tripurāntakamūrti 292 538, 539 triśūla 295, 528 Tirumuṟai 292, 293, 298, 299, Triton 148, 149, 150 304–307 Tritonis 148 Tirupati 383, 384, 387, 539 triumphalism 57 Tiswadi 350 triumphantly 58, 243 Tocharians 156 Trivikrama 209, 290 Tokyo 111, 161, 167, 168, 179, Tughluq 15, 322 194, 253, 255, 306 Tulunadu 60, 334 tomb 389 Tungabhadra 322 toraṇa(s) 102, 266, 275, 527 Turkestan 42, 47, 117, 413, 415 tortoises 235 Turks 15, 412 torture 57, 302, 456, 458 tympanum 266, 268, 528 Tōshodaiji temple 180 Toyota Foundation 54, 261 transcultural 62, 67, 75, 349, 364, U 397, 422, 424, 490, 548 ubosot 245, 250, 528 transculturalism 366 Udayagiri 289 transform 39, 373, 483 uddesika 95 transformations 19 Umā 292, 527 transformed 20, 27, 39, 40, 51, 73, UNESCO 54, 260, 262, 263 279, 311, 315, 355, 364, 397, United Nations 260 479, 517, 531 un-Tibetan 72, 502 transforms 20, 268, 278, 484 Upāṅgas 437, 438, 441, 458, 470 Index 583 uposatha 235, 237, 528 Vessantara 75, 121, 245, 252 Upper Krishna Project 336 victorious 17, 18, 39, 57, 58, 305 USA 510 victory 83, 88, 208, 289, 290, 304, usnisha 144 526 utopia 22, 36, 42, 69, 475, 493 Vienna 21, 284, 544 utopian 258, 266 vihāra 209, 266, 271 Uttarādhyayanasūtra 432, 433, 435, Vijayanagara 58, 60, 312, 322, 438, 439, 441, 449, 463, 470, 326, 330, 333, 334, 344, 349 472 Vima Kadphesis 146, 168, 169, 533 Uttar Pradesh 18, 434 vimāna(s) 293, 313, 315, 319, 334, Uzbekistan 116, 130, 134, 135, 528 547 Vima Takto 145, 169 vinaya 229, 276, 528 Vindhyagiri 334 V violence 57, 288, 326, 445, 448, V&A 378 453, 458, 540 Vaikunth 388, 389, 539 Vīra-Śaiva 18, 58, 60, 289, 298, Vaikuṇṭhaperumāḷ Temple 288 304, 324, 329–331 Vairocana 150, 162, 163, 165, 535 Vīra-Śaivism 58, 311, 322 Vaisali 95, 532 Virūpākśa 304 Vaiṣṇava 57 vishavyakarana mudra 155, 534 value judgement 31, 36, 41, 66, 73 Viṣṇu 13, 80, 215, 216, 289, 290, value systems 66 292, 293, 295, 304, 330, 338, Vāmana Purāṇa 298, 299, 306 375, 376, 379, 380, 459, 480, Van Gogh 72, 510 524, 525, 538 vanquished 11, 18, 41, 295, 300 Viṣṇuvardhana 316, 322 Varāha 289 Viśvāntara 117, 119, 120, 122, Varanga 333 135, 533 Varma 69, 476, 477, 478, 484, Viśvāntara-Jātaka 117, 119, 120, 498, 540 122, 533 Vasari 16, 20, 33, 174, 191 Vṛtra 298 Vasco da Gama 31 vyālas 334 vase 144, 453 Vasudeva 145, 169 Vedas 292, 381, 538 W Vedic 298, 488 Waagen 33 vedika 151 Wang Shimin 510 Venur 334, 335 Wang Shiming 511, 541 verandah 351, 354, 364 Warring States Period 141, 528 584 Index

Wat Arun 232–234, 252, 536 Xiangtangshan 173 water 144, 148, 152, 180, 199, Xin 141 200, 235, 251, 290, 362, 442, Xiongnu 140 453, 495, 527, 540, 544 Xue 211 watercolour 385, 387 Water-Moon Guanyin 180 Wat Khongkharam 239, 240, 242, Y 251, 252, 536 yakṣa 490–493, 497–499 Wat Kongkaram 238, 255 yakṣī 319, 334, 490, 491, 493, 528 Wat Nakprok 244, 245, 252, 536 Yama 512, 528 Wat No Phuttangkul 238 Yashoda 490, 494, 540 Wat Phuthaisawan 238 Yaśodharagiri 198 Wat Saket 245 Yaśodharapura 197, 198 Wat Si Chum 238, 254, 255 Yaśovarman 197, 198 Wat Suthat 245, 248, 249, 536 Yeniyavārguḍi 313 Wat Yai Intharam 241, 242, 252, yogī 456, 528 255, 536 yogic 144 Western Gaṅgās 58, 311 Yogi-Nārāyaṇa 313 Western Wei 173, 176 yojanas 235 wheel(s) 44, 45, 62, 84, 85, 88–92, Yuan 173, 185, 195, 209, 213 94, 106, 214, 524, 531, 532 Yuezhi 140, 156, 169 White Matsyendranāth 267 yugas 37, 338, 525 (see also ages) Winckelmann 14, 16, 23, 24, 33, 74 Yungang 152, 153, 159, 173, 534 Wittkower 20, 24 Yunnan 188, 189, 193, 536 Wölfllin 179 Yusuf Sai 147, 534 wood 27, 44, 80, 178, 212, 312, 335, 516, 535, 541 wooden 212, 262, 266, 328, 335, Z 351, 391, 452, 466, 524, 547 zamindar 360, 528 World Heritage 260, 282, 283, 284 Zanabazar 185, 187, 193, 536 World War I 157 Zen 171, 195, 524 World War II 157, 176, 480 Zhalu 163, 165, 535 world wonder 73 Zhao Rukua 203 wrecked 235 Zhenla Fengtuji 209, 221 Wtewael 338, 341, 344 Zhou Daguan 52, 209–214, 219, 221, 225 zoomorphic 420 X Zoroastrianism 134, 159 xendys 354