State Identities and the Homogenisation of Peoples Heather Rae Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 0521792843 - State Identities and the Homogenisation of Peoples Heather Rae Index More information

Index

Abdul Hamid II, Sultan, 124, 132–4, assimilationism, 172, 293, 300 138–45, 148, 156, 162, 222, 300 see authority, 4, 31, 48, 59 also Ottoman Empire absolute, 47, 56, 111, 121, 218 absolutism, 110, 116, 119, 120–3 religious, 7, 37, 49, 71, 74 and Ferdinand and Isabella, 56 sovereign, 31, 32, 48–9, 89, 226 and Louis XIV, 83, 85–8, 110–13 symbolic augmentation of, 4, 16, 71, see also Louis XIV; rulers; state/s 185, 305 action/s, 18, 21, 22, 29, 31, 33, 252 auto de fe, 70, 71–2 and culture, 11, 33, 44–9, 53, 303, 304–5, 307 Balkan Wars, 150, 152–3, 275, 279 political, 22, 25, 42, 44, 51, 299, 303, Balkans Stability Pact, 286 304–5 Banac, Ivo, 170, 173, 181, 182, 187 actors, 29, 34, 242, 252–5, 267, 304 Bauman, Zygmunt, 32–3 and change, 255, 294 behaviour, 29, 93, 125, 217 and culture, 45, 46, 304, 307 legitimate state, 125, 161, 219, 225, and interests, 2, 16, 29–30, 38, 44, 46, 238, 301, 307 298, 307 norms of, 1, 9, 15, 23, 230, 244, 246, identities of, 42, 298 302 states as, 25, 31, 254, 255 see also norms see also agents Berlin Conference, 1878, 141 agency, 29–30, 40, 41, 44, 46, 307 Bosnia-Herzegovina, 8, 138, 152, 166, agent/s, 16, 29–30, 44, 50, 113 168, 179, 281, 284 and culture, 45–7, 49, 307 civil war in, 189, 197–9, 200, 202, 205 and structures, 22, 23, 29–30 and Croatia, 173, 194, 199, 200, 201 cultural, 11, 34, 45, 304 Croatians in, 188, 197, 199, 200, 202 social, 22, 41, 44 and Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, 174, individual, 39, 41 175–6, 182, 194–7, 210 see also actors in Kingdom of Yugoslavia, 172 Albania, 153, 174, 206, 250, 273, 280, and Serbia, 194, 198, 199, 200, 201–5 290 Serbs in, 166, 188, 197, 198, 202, 236, Anatolia, 8, 52, 125, 126, 134, 151, 156, 242 226 and nationalism, 193, 197 annihilation, 63, 130, 168 and Vance Owen plan, 200 Aragon, 7, 56, 57, 59, 75, 76, 81, see also ethnic cleansing; international 215 community; Muslims; nationalism Archer, Margaret, 46, 307 Bosnian Serb Republic, 53, 198, 205 see Armenia, 131, 138, 140, 223, 224 also Karadzic, Radovan Ashley, Richard, 19, 20 boundaries, 20, 49n113 assimilation, 1, 5, 37, 63, 259, 279 moral, 11, 14, 23, 54, 186, 227 and Jews, 65–72 territorial, 122, 227 and Moriscos, 78, 79 Bourdieu, Pierre, 45, 46–7, 111 in Turkey, 154, 226 Britain, 143, 221, 237 see also England

338

Index 339

Bulgaria, 138, 143, 152, 250, 275, 276, Circassians, 220 277 Cisneros, Francisco Ximenez de, 76 Burke, Peter, 111–12 citizenship, 10, 255, 281 see also rights citizenship law see Czech Republic Calvinists, 97, 216 city-states, 30, 31, 89 capitalism, 24, 25, 26, 28, 35, 46, 53, 257 civil war, Castile, 7, 56, 57, 58–9, 65, 70, 76, 215 in France, 84, 92–8, 102, 114, 120 Catherine de Medici, 92, 96, 97, 98, 99, in Spain, 57, 58 101, 112 in Yugoslavia, 173, 185, 193, 204 Catholic Church, 69, 74, 87, 101, 113, 215 Bosnia-Herzegovina, 189, 197–9, 200, in France, 83, 84, 92, 94, 95, 100, 107, 202, 205 117 Croatia, 189, 195, 197, 205 in Spain, 51, 74, 81 Kosovo, 208 see also Catholicism, Spanish Inquisition Macedonia, 11, 250, 251, 272, 290, Catholic League, 96, 102–9 293, 297 Catholic Monarchs, 56, 57, 58, 62, 63, 64, ‘civilizing process’, 32–3 70–6, 81, 305 class, 34, 35, 101n78, see also Marxism and Jewish expulsion, 27, 55, 65, 73, 74 coercion, 35, 41 see also Ferdinand V; Isabella I coexistence, 7, 9, 196, 203, 303 Catholicism ethnic, 236, 243, 263 in France, 7, 33, 90–5, 105, 115, 121 principles of, 21, 83, 84, 212, 216, 217, in Spain, 60, 72, 78, 79, 82 219, 301 in Yugosalvia, 171, 174 Cold War, 50, 212, 233 Catholic Society of the Sixteen, 103 Coligny, Admiral Gaspard de, 99, 100, Catholics, French, 84, 93–101, 104, 106, 101, 102 216 Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), under Louis XIV, 114, 117 134, 135, 148–62, 213, 223–5, 246, centralisation, 25, 32, 36, 47, 91, 112, 301, 305 173, 305 and nationalism, 8, 124, 127, 145, 146, administrative, 2, 34, 53, 89, 305 300 in Spain, 57, 59, 62, 71 and revolution, 131, 132 in Yugoslavia, 181, 305 see also Young Turks Chaliand, Gerard, 134, 154 Committee on the Elimination of Racial change, 22, 183, 236, 241, 255, 256, 306 Discrimination (CERD), 267, in Czech Republic, 271, 306 268 in France, 84–98 communism, 166, 191, 249, 256, 257, in Macedonia, 274, 293, 296 260, 261 normative, 17, 244–8, 267, 294 community, in Ottoman Empire, 129, 132–5, 138, imagined, 5, 35 142, 144 moral, 3, 24, 35, 50, 54, 74, 190, 215 in Spain, 65–9 Conference on Security and Co-operation theories of, 26, 28, 29–30, 45 (CSCE) see Organisation for in Yugoslavia, 169, 179, 180, 184, 210 Security and Cooperation in Europe Checkel, Jeffrey, 255, 270 (OSCE) Chetniks, 174, 175, 195 conﬂict, l, 43, 44, 187 children, 4, 80, 117, 161, 203, 259, 263 ethnic, 38, 41, 42, 44, 52, 271, 284 choice, 5, 29, 36, 62, 64, 135, 304–5 see Congress of Berlin, 1878, 139, 189, 221 also elites; interests consolidation, 4, 6, 32, 36, 47, 48, 59, Christianity, 4, 214–15, 187, 216 305–6 in Spain, 65, 215 constructivism, 17, 21–4 and Jews, 5, 56, 61, 67, 70 continuity, 12, 50 and Muslims, 62, 74, 75 in France, 84–98, 111, 120 see also Catholicism; Protestantism in Ottoman Empire, 132–5, 144, 147, Christians, Old, 62, 65, 69, 70, 77, 79, 80 148, 163 Churchill, Winston, 230 in Spain, 57, 65–9, 74

340 Index

Convention on the Prevention and Yugoslav, 177 Punishment of the Crime of see also difference; resources; state Genocide of 1948, 229 conversion, formation 5, 6, 33, 36, 54, 64 Czech Helsinki Watch, 294 in France, 83, 85, 90, 97, 110, 115–22, Czech Republic, 249–50, 251, 253, 258, 301 294–5, 306 in Spain, 61, 65–9, 70, 72, 73, 75, 76–7 citizenship law, 10–11, 250, 262, 267–8, in Turkey, 223 294–5, 303, 306 in Yugoslavia, 174 and pathological homogenisation, 10, see also conversos 303 conversos, 27, 57–65, 68–9, 72, 73, 77, state formation in, 258–71 78 Czechoslovakia, 258, 260 convivencia, 56, 65, 75, 79, 81 corruption, 69, 137, 179, 272, 289, 296, Dadrian, Vahakn N., 132, 133, 134, 135, 306 144, 157, 224 Council of Europe, 252, 267, 269, 286 Davis, Natalie Zemon, 101, 102 Cox, Robert, 17–18 Dayton Peace Accord, 206, 236–7, 239, crimes against humanity, 229, 232, 235, 285 246 decentralisation, 176, 177 in former Yugoslavia, 202, 208, 235, decolonisation, 233 241–3, 300 democracy, 177, 252, 256 in Turkey, 214, 246, 302 and Czech Republic, 249, 266–8, 270 critical theory, 17, 18, 19, 21, 24 and Macedonia, 11, 200n141, 249, 272, Croat Community of Herceg-Bosna, 199 283–4, 295, 296 Croatia, 166, 167, 170, 171, 178, 179n47, see also institutions; values 243 democratisation, 167, 178, 306 and Bosnia-Herzegovina, 173, 194, 199, denationalisation, 154, 232 200, 201 deportation, 165, 205, 229–30 Greater, 171, 174, 199 of Armenians, 128, 155, 158, 160–1, Independent State of, 171, 173–4 222, 246 and Milosevic, 185, 278 detention camps, 161, 204–5 and Serbia, 42, 168, 183, 210 Diefendorf, Barbara, 93, 100, 101 Serbs in, 176, 185, 192–3, 195, 210 difference/s, 3, 11, 17, 48, 61, 249, 308 and Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, cultural, 21, 258–61, 309, 310 176–7, 180, 181, 182, 194, 195–7, ethnic, 236, 295 284 religious, 120, 171 in Kingdom of Yugoslavia, 172, 173 differentiation, 36, 49, 50, 63, 130, 184, see also civil war; nationalism 304 Croatian Democratic Community (CDC), diplomacy, 235, 236, 285 197 discrimination, 12, 64, 181, 254, Croatian party (HDZ), 199 265 cujus regio ejus religio, 216 in Macedonia, 278, 280, 283 culture, 44, 44–7, 167, 173, 253, 307 in Ottoman Empire, 130, 162, 163 domestic, 23, 43, 236, 251, 292 against Roma, 258–63, 266, 267, 270, and minorities, 231–2 271, 294 national, 37, 43 in Spain, 68, 75 and otherness, 188, 210 Djemal, Ahmed, 152 and political action, 303, 304–5 domination, 19, 20, 21, 34, 150 Serbian, 43, 172, 188, 189, 190 dragonnades, 85, 115, 116, 117 Spanish, 58–9, 64, 81 Durkheim, Emile, 146, 147 and state formation, 2, 17, 24, 47–50, 53, 299 Eastern Europe, 170, 255–8 theories of, 33, 34, 35, 37, 43 economic system, 26, 31, 61 Turkish, 147 Edict of Alais, 109 and violence, 101, 188 Edict of Amboise, 1563, 97, 98

Index 341

Edict of Fontainebleu see Edict of Nantes, and Macedonia, 11, 273, 289, 291, 306 Revocation of and Ottoman Empire, 60, 129, 137, Edict of Nantes, 1598, 84, 85, 90, 105–8, 138, 147, 213, 215 109 and religion, 7, 88 Revocation of, 1685, 7–8, 83–8, 110, and Spain, 78, 79 114–20, 213, 218–19, 301 and Turkey, 128n9, 164 Edict of Saint-Germain, 1562, 96–7 and former Yugoslavia, 234, 240 Edict of Union, 1588, 103 European Charter of Fundamental Rights Elias, Norbert, 32, 33 and Freedoms, 262, 263 elites, l, 4, 42–4, 298, 306 European Community (EC), 194, 198, 202 Albanian, 279 European Convention on Human Rights, approaches to state-building, 15, 37, 1953, 252, 264 299, 308 European Framework Convention on the and choice, 211, 273, 295, 304 Protection of National Minorities, Czech Republican, 266, 271, 293, 294, 1994, 252 306 European Union, 252, 257, 285, 286, 288, and identity, 9, 23, 50, 212, 254, 307, 289, 291, 306 308 exclusion, 17, 18–19, 21, 49, 267, 304 and national myths, 41, 183 and identity, 42 and pathological homogenisation, 3, 10, moral, 148, 155, 305 12, 23, 209, 213, 249 and nationalism, 37, 164, 299 and political agendas, 255, 309 and religion, 7 Ottoman, 137, 145, 147, 155, 300 of Roma, 250, 258, 259, 271 Yugoslav, 177, 210 expulsion, 1, 5–6, 26, 37, 232, 308 former, 9, 42, 167, 183, 187, 188, from Croatia, 174 205, 210, 295 existing explanations, 63, 64 Macedonian, 272, 273, 276, 284, and the international community, 229, 292, 293, 296, 297, 303 230, 246, 247 Serb, 171, 179, 181, 183, 185 from Kosovo, 207 emigration, 36, 81, 117, 216 see also in sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, migration 91, 214, 217 England, 51, 73, 74n62, 91, 104, 139, 220 from Spain, 82 see also Britain Jews 7, 26–7, 54, 61–74, 82, 213, 301 Entente powers, 160, 222, 246 see also Moriscos, 4, 7, 54, 56, 74–5, 78–81, Great Powers 82, 218 Enver, Ebrahim, 152, 153, 155, 223 from Turkey, 151, 226 ethnic cleansing, 53, 165 196–7, 249, 305, in former Yugoslavia, 168, 200, 201, 279 310 extermination, 1, 5, 6, 26, 54, 174, 190, study of, 1, 298 260 in former Yugoslavia, 42, 53, 168–9, of Armenians, 8, 128, 134, 155, 156, 178, 187, 210, 214, 247, 300 163, 246 Bosnia-Herzegovina, 8–9, 167, 193, 199, 201–5, 302 factionalism, 92, 97, 105, 111, 120 Croatia, 195–6 Fein, Helen, 130, 135, 168, 186, 262 and the international community, Ferdinand V, 51, 56–9, 60, 73, 214–16, 234–44, 247–8 299 Kosovo, 8, 190, 191, 193, 206–9, 302 and Spanish Inquisition, 70 Macedonia, 251, 272, 290, 303 and Spanish Jews, 7, 55, 65, 69, 72, 121, ethnicity, 43, 176 217, 245 ethno-nationalism, 6, 298 and Spanish Muslims, 60, 75, 76 Europe, 27, 28, 35, 36, 49, 52, 219, 293 see also Catholic Monarchs and Czech Republic, 249 Finnemore, Martha, 17, 21, 45, 220, 222 and France, 8, 121, 122, 213, 219, 245, force, 41, 115–16, 139, 185, 242, 247, 276 301 non-use of, 10, 234, 238 and Jews, 66, 67, 73 and Yugoslavia, 235, 236, 238

342 Index

Foucault, Michel, 20n20 groups, 35, 39, 41–2, 219, 251 France, 36, 49, 51, 59, 60, 73, 120–3 Guise family, 92, 96, 99n72, 100, 102–3 Reformation in, 91–3 religion and faction, 96–8 Habermas, Jurgen, 20n20, 112, 132, 252, and Russia, 220 253 and Spain, 59 Hague tribunal see International Criminal and Turkey, 143 Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia see also absolutism; civil war; Edict of (ICTY), 240 Nantes; Huguenots; Louis XIV; Hardin, Russell, 39–41 Protestants; state formation; St Hastings, Adrian, 51 Bartholomew’s Day Massacre Havel, Vaclav, 263, 268, 294 Fronde, 88, 110, 111, 114, 121 Hayden, Robert, 53, 165, 169, 185, 186, fundamentalism, Islamic, 198, 200 205 Henry II, 90, 92, 95, 96 Gagnon, V. P., 42–3 Henry III, 103–4, 106 Garrisson, Janine, 93, 94 Henry IV, 85, 90, 104–5, 106–7, 108, 109, Geneva Conventions, 232, 241 117 genocide, 63, 125n4, 168, 229, 244, 246, and Edict of Nantes, 83, 84–5 302, 308 see also Henry of Navarre Armenian, 147, 150, 151, 155–7, Henry of Navarre, 99, 102, 103, 104, 105 226n47 see also Turkey, Armenians see also Henry IV in heresy, 69, 72, 78, 96, 97, 101, 103, 114 in Bosnia-Herzegovina, 202 history, 41, 47, 119, 167, 169, 277 Fein on, 168 and Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, 180, in Kosovo, 181, 190 181 and mass expulsion, 232 and former Yugoslavia, 165, 178, 191, and massacre, 142 192, 193, 203, 300 and nationalism, 1, 305 Hitler, Adolf, 229, 231 in Rwanda, 241 Holocaust, 6, 64, 214, 229, 231, 244, 246, and state formation, 5–6, 128–35, 226 260 study of, 1, 298, 310 Holt, Mack, 97, 99, 100, 101 Tilly on, 38, 63 homogenisation see population/s in Yugoslavia, 177 Hovannisian, Richard, 134, 151, 224 see also International Tribunal to Huguenots, 33, 83, 84, 104, 111 Prosecute Violations of end of power, 109–10, 219, 245 International Humanitarian Law in in absolutist France, 84–8, 120, 121, the Former Yugoslavia; 122 International Criminal Court persecution of, 114–20, 121, 218 Genocide Convention, 214, 246, 302 religion and faction, 96–8, 120 Georgievski, Ljupco, 282, 286, 287 and state formation, 88–91, 113, 218, Germany, 64, 104, 131, 218, 230, 270 301, 305 minorities in, 216, 218, 227, 246 as threat, 8, 110, 120 and Turkey, 155, 159, 222 see also St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre; Giddens, Anthony, 18, 32, 33–4 Protestants, French Gligorov, Kiro, 283, 285, 287, 295, 306 human rights, 181, 165, 206, 229, 234, Gokalp, Ziya, 52, 146–8, 163 268, 293 Granada, 56, 58, 60, 62, 74, 75, 76, 77 and Czech Republic, 249, 262–3, 294 Great Powers, 127, 129, 157, 170 Document of the Copenhagen Meeting and Ottoman Empire, 156, 163 (DCM), 251–2, 266 Armenians, 139, 143, 162, 164, 223 and legitimate statehood, 251–2, 267, minorities, 136, 156, 213, 220–1 310 reform in, 138–9, 140, 143, 146 and Macedonia, 249, 281, 286 see also Entente powers norms of, 214, 246, 252, 270, 302 Greece, 138, 228, 250, 275, 283, 285, 306 universal, 10, 231–3, 238 Greenfeld, Liah, 85–7 Human Rights Watch, 265, 269

Index 343

iconoclasm, 94, 97, 100 of Europe, 293–4 ideas, 26, 35, 44, 256, 296, 301, 307 of Macedonia, 272, 283–4, 286, identiﬁcation, 4, 50, 60, 120 289–92, 295 criteria of, 39, 49, 184, 309 state, 8, 9, 213, 301, 308 national, 6, 7, 50, 153, 167, 184, and state-building, 3, 5, 24, 27, 299, 188 304 religious, 84, 93, 123, 187 state monopoly over, 14–15, 50, 226, identities see identity 308 identity, 17, 42, 50–3, 132, 188, 249 theorists on, 30–43, 63 construction of, 2, 9, 11, 12, 184, 236, ideology, 17, 29, 30, 35 245, 298 inclusion, 7, 17, 18, 21, 49, 304 and absolutist rulers, 217 and nationalism, 37, 164, 299 Croatia, 40 individualism, 2, 30, 32 and cultural and symbolic resources, individuals, 22, 29, 39, 41, 62 305 interests of, 28–9, 30, 39, 41, 44, and culture, 44–7, 53 298 Czech Republic, 10–11, 249 rights of, 219, 221, 232, 251, 302 and elites, 212, 254, 307, 308, 309 insiders, 3, 11, 14, 20, 39, 40, 42, 54 France, 85, 87, 113, 120, 122, 218 and Czech Republic, 270 Macedonia, 11, 272, 273, 287–9, 295, and Ottoman Empire, 163 297 see also outsiders pathological, 10, 12, 209, 211, 213, institutions, 27–32, 47, 113, 132, 234, 233, 293 256, 305–6 and political action, 299 democratic, 256, 257 Serbia, 169, 193, 234 in Czech Republic, 262, 267 Spain, 58–9, 61, 62, 71, 72, 74, 81–2, in Macedonia, 272, 286, 296, 306 299 in former Yugoslavia, 165, 184 Turkey, 127, 148, 150–1, 153 domestic, 255, 273, 293 in former Yugoslavia, 188, 243 international, 273 see also constructivism Ottomam, 137, 139, 145 criteria for, 37, 184, 298 and pathological homogenisation, 209, domestic, 9, 296 305 and International Relations, 15–17, 19, Serbian, 172 21, 24 integration, 58, 59, 63, 305 international social, 217, 236, 303, intendants, 85, 112–13, 117 308 interaction, 22, 23, 59, 212, 244, 251, of Czech Republic, 271, 295 253 of Macedonia, 292–3, 296, 297 interests, 27, 30, 39, 44, 46, 253, 255 national, 43, 183, 187, 251, 254, Armenian, 155 298 and choice, 27, 40 Czech, 259, 262–3, 265, 271, 294 construction of, 2, 12, 17, 26, 298–9 Eastern European, 255–8 and constructivism, 21–4 French, 87, 122 Czech, 267 Macedonian, 272, 273, 274–8, 280–1, economic, 2, 26, 27–8, 32, 62 283, 295 French, 84, 93 Serb, 170, 174, 183, 192, 239 and ideology, 35 Turkish, 126, 134, 144, 145, 157, of individuals, 29, 30, 39, 43, 44 164, 222 material, 54, 257, 299, 307 Yugoslav, 175, 176 and religion, 64 racial, 6, 270 and social structures, 38–9, 41 religious, 7, 37, 50, 79, 84, 85, 187 Spanish, 57, 61, 62 in England, 91 state, 16, 25, 229, 308 in Turkey, 157 Turkish, 134, 149, 153 social, 9, 10, 255, 298, 306 International Committee of the Red Cross of Czech Republic, 266–8, 303 (IRC), 204

344 Index

international community, 9, 13, 230, 231, Izetbegovic, Alija, 180n47, 198, 199 233, 253, 308 and international social norms, 1, 245, Jews, 48, 74n62, 190, 214, 215n4, 220, 246, 307, 309 260 see also Spain and Ottoman Empire, 223, 225 Judaism, 56, 61, 69, 70, 77 and pathological homogenisation, 1, 212, 244, 298, 302, 310 Karadzic, Radovan, 166, 197, 198, 241, and sovereignty, 15, 229, 242, 304 180n47 and Turkey, 8, 131 Katz, Stephen, 73–4 and former Yugoslavia, 169 Kemal (Ataturk), Mustafa, 126, 162, 223, Bosnia-Herzegovina, 199–200, 203–4, 224 205, 234–41 Kemalist regime, 127, 223, 225, 227, 246, Croatia, 196–7 302 Kosovo, 206, 207–9, 234–41, 292 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, 275 Macedonia, 1l, 272, 274, 278, 281, Kosovo, 8, 168, 174, 194, 206, 273, 289, 284, 288–96, 306 302 International Covenant on Civil and Albanians in, 176, 181, 184–9, 206–7, Political Rights (ICCPR), 231, 232, 209, 237–9, 243, 292 264 as threat, 179, 187, 189, 280 International Criminal Court (ICC), and the international community, 9, 243–4, 247 234–41, 247 International Criminal Tribunal for the and Milosevic, 182, 185, 242 former Yugoslavia (ICTY), 208, myth of, 43, 167, 186–93, 210, 239, 300 240, 242–3, 247 and Serbia, 178–9, 181–2, 206–9 International Criminal Tribunal for Serbs in, 187, 193 Rwanda (ICTR), 241, 243, 247 in Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, 176, international intergovernmental 177, 280 organisations, 310 see also refugees and Czech Republic, 250, 266, 267, 294 Kosovo, battle of, 1389, 188, 189, 190, 191 and Macedonia, 283, 284, 285–6, 293 Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), 206, 207, international law, 162, 214, 223, 232, 244 237 and Czech Republic, 264, 268 Krajina, Serbian Autonomous Region of, and genocide, 229, 244 195, 197, 300 and massacres of Armenians, 224, 302 Kuper, Leo, 130, 155, 164, 168 and society of states, 219–20, 222, 301 Kurds, 142–3, 161, 220, 226 International Relations see identity; state-building/formation, theories of Lake, David, 41–2 international system, 18, 33, 63, language, 58, 253 125, 215, 298 Albanian, 271, 278–82, 287, 290, 291 and core values, 10, 234 Castilian, 59 and national principle, 50, 52 Macedonian, 250, 277, 282 standards in, 245, 246, 249, 301 Serbian, 170–1, 192, 279 structures of, 6, 15–16, 301, 302, 309 Turkish, 154 intervention, 142, 219, 233, 245 laws of humanity, 224, 225 in Ottoman Empire, 138, 140, 143, 156, Lazar, Prince, 189, 190 220, 245, 301 League of Nations, 227, 229, 302 in Yugoslavia, 173, 175, 234, 290 legitimacy, 8, 14, 29, 48, 132, 156, 212, NATO, 9, 10, 238, 239, 240, 247 254, 305 Isabella I, 51, 56–9, 60, 70, 73, 214–16, changing criteria for, 23, 37, 54 299 Czech Republic, 250, 262, 266–8, 270, and Spanish Jews, 7, 55, 65, 69, 72, 293 121, 217, 245 French, 92, 103, 104, 112, 120, 121 and Spanish Muslims, 60, 75, 76 of Kosovo intervention, 238, 240, 247 see also Catholic Monarchs loss of, 41, 256 Islam, 60, 66, 75, 76, 80, 135, 150, 190 of Louis XIV, 8, 84, 111, 112, 120, 121, see also Muslims; world view 122

Index 345

Macedonian, 251, 283–4, 292, 293, Social Democrat Coalition (SDSM), 306 287 of Milosevic regime, 208–9 state-building in, 271–4, 281–3 and nationalism, 49, 50–3 and ethnic Albanians, 278–81 and the national principle, 8, 164 and identity, 274–8, 283–4, 287–9, Serbian, 184, 185, 206–9 289–92 Spanish, 57, 71, 72, 81, 305 and international society, 285–6, and state formation, 2, 5, 214 292–3 Turkish, 8, 127, 132, 137, 140, 164 VRMO–VRMO, 289 in former Yugoslavia, 9, 42, 166, 179, Macedonian Orthodox Church (MOC), 180, 184, 210, 211 278, 283, 291 legitimate statehood see statehood Macedonians, Slavic, 271, 272, 276, 278, legitimation crisis, 112, 132 284 Lewis, Bernard, 150, 153–4 majoritarian principle, 309 lifeworlds, 253–4, 273, 295, 296 manipulation, 41, 183, 238, 305 limpieza de sangre, 61, 69, 77 symbolic, 4, 168, 186, 187–9, 201, 210, Linklater, Andrew, 18–19, 20–1 303 Louis IV, 32, 33, 83 Mann, Michael, 32, 34–5 Louis XIII, 90, 92, 107, 109–10, 112, Marxism, 18, 28n49, 191 217 massacres, 61, 204, 302 Louis XIV, 83, 85, 88, 91, 110, 120–2 of Armenians, 133–4, 142–4, 150, and absolutism, 85–8, 110–13, 120, 155–62, 213, 221–5, 245, 301, 302 122, 299 see also Ottoman Empire, and the Huguenots, 83–90, 114–20, Armenians in 305 in France, 94, 122 see also Edict of Nantes; Revocation of in Macedonia, 275, 276 Lynch, John, 56, 57, 58, 77 in Spain, 65 in Turkey, 226, 228 Macedonia, 153, 174 in Yugoslavia, 175, 178, 196 Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Republic Mazarin, Cardinal Jules, 111, 114, of (FYROM), 186, 249, 250–1, 121 253, 258, 282, 306 media, 158n140 Albanian People’s Democratic Party international, 205, 208 (PDP), 287 and Milosevic, 184, 192 Albanians in, 11, 250, 271, 272, 273, in former Yugoslavia, 177, 178, 183, 276–96 186, 189, 193, 202, 243 National Liberation Army (NLA), Bosnia-Herzegovina, 168, 205 272, 273, 290–1, 292, 293, 296 Croatia, 201, 205 Democratic Alternative (DA), 288, Macedonia, 278, 280, 289 289 Melson, Robert, 131–2, 134, 142 Democratic Party of Albanians (DPA), migration, 216, 259, 260, 276 see also 288, 289 emigration Internal Macedonian Revolutionary military capacity, 1, 28, 31, 32, 33, 34 Organisation (IMRO), 275, 276, millet system, 129, 136, 137, 141, 147, 277, 287, 289 156, 163, 299 Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Milosevic regime, 206, 208, 234, 237, 238, Organisation – Democratic Party of 300 Macedonian National Milosevic, Slobodan, 166, 180n47, 182–3, Unity (VMRO–DPMNE), 275n106, 191–9, 203n156, 278, 284 279, 281, 287, 288, 291, 292, 295, and cultural resources, 43, 167 296 and Dayton Accords, 206, 236 Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation fall from power, 206–9, 300 (MRO), 275 indictment of, 208n181, 242, 243 National Democratic Party (NDP), 289 and Kosovo, 178, 234, 237, 238, 239–40 and pathological homogenisation, 10, and nationalism, 181–8, 192, 195, 210, 11, 295–7, 303 300, 305

346 Index

minorities, 12, 14, 54, 50, 231, 251, 294, in Ottoman Empire, 136–7, 141, 144, 302 147, 150, 157 in Czech Republic, 250, 258, 294 in Serbia, 168, 190, 198, 210 and international norms, 252, 254, 256 Slavic, 171, 172–3, 190 and the League of Nations, 227–9, 302 in Spain, 7, 59, 60, 62, 67, 69, 75, 77, 79 and non-intervention, 233, 302, 309 in Yugoslavia, 42, 174, 186 in Ottoman Empire, 125, 129, 146, see also Moriscos 150–6, 220, 222, 245 myths, 41, 43, 112, 119, 169–78, 183 see and pathological homogenisation, 10, also Kosovo 38, 63 and Peace of Westphalia, 245 nationalism, 1, 7, 9, 34, 37, 113, 254, 298 religious, 5, 36, 37, 75–7, 91, 121, 136, Armenian, 141 218 Bulgarian, 278 and self-determination, 233, 309 Croatian, 171, 172, 174 in Turkey, 154 Czech, 261 and the UN, 231–2 ethnic, 235, 306 in Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, 174, and expulsion, 232 176, 181 in Ottoman Empire, 52, 274, 275 in former Yugoslavia, 165, 186, 193–4, Serbian, 170–1, 187n78 201, 240 Slovak, 261 Bosnia-Herzegovina, 197, 210 and state identity, 50–3, 54 Croatia, 193, 210 Turkish, 8, 124–7, 133, 144, 159, 163 Macedonia, 251, 272, 294 and 1908 revolution, 148–57 Serbia, 189, 208, 210 nineteenth century, 136, 144–6 see also Albania; Armenia; Huguenots; and YoungTurks, 146–8, 162, 222, 225 Protestants; Roma in Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Mladic, General, 241 175–6, 180, 181, 182, 209, 210, 300 modernity, 47, 49, 173 in former Yugoslavia, 166, 169, 170, Montenegro, 172, 179n46, 183, 190 183–6, 193, 211, 305 Moors, 4, 74, 75, 77, 79 see also Moriscos and symbolic manipulation, 187–9 moral dimensions, 13, 14, 29, 39–40, 130, Bosnia-Herzegovina, 53, 183, 186 147, 212, 221 Croatia, 176–7, 179, 186, 192, 199, and League of Nations, 228 209, 210 and massacres of Armenians, 226, 245, Macedonia, 272, 273, 278, 281–3, 246, 302 295, 296 see also boundaries; community; Serbia, 42–3, 179, 183–95, 210, 239, exclusion; moral obligations 300 moral obligations, 130, 147, 168, 186, 262 Slovenia, 179, 186 and Armenians, 148, 157, 163 see also ethno-nationalism and former Yugoslavia, 191, 193, 201, national principle, 8, 35, 49, 51, 52, 164 210 nation-state, 19, 30–1, 32, 34–5, 51, 57 Morgenthau, Henry, 155, 226 and minorities, 165, 186, 256 Moriscos Turkish, 126, 131, 132, 155 expulsion from Spain, 5, 7, 54, 56, 61, Nazis, 173, 230, 260, 263 62, 74–7, 81, 82 Netanyahu, Benzion, 64, 69–70 and Spanish Inquisition, 69, 77 Netherlands, 75, 91, 104 Richelieu on, 4, 82, 218 nobility, 24, 32 Mozarabs,75 French, 85, 90–102, 107n115, 108, 109, Mudejars, 75, 76, 77 111, 117, 121 murder, 5, 165, 168, 199, 241, 246, 276 Spanish, 57, 81 Muslim Party for Democratic Action non-governmental organisations (NGOs), (PDA), 197 250, 266, 269, 270, 294, 306, 310 Muslims non-intervention, 9–10, 212, 234, 238, in Bosnia-Herzegovina, 173–4, 175, 246, 249, 302, 310 176, 183, 197–204, 235 and minorities, 233, 302, 309

Index 347

non-violence, 206, 237 massacres of, 132–3, 142–4, 213, norm diffusion, 254–5, 257, 271, 292, 299–300 294, 296, 297, 309–10 disintegration of, 49–50, 128–9, 153 norms, 17, 29, 35, 301, 302, 310 and France, 115, 121 and the Czech Republic, 266, 270 Great Power intervention in, 220–l, 223, domestic, 10, 53, 267, 270–1, 294, 245 309 and Moriscos, 62, 77, 78, 82 humanitarian, 223, 224, 244, 304 nationalism in, 51, 274, 275 international, 10, 23, 213–18, 245, 249, reaction in, 139–42 267, 292–8 reform in, 8, 124–5, 137–46, 155, 221, international social, 213, 245, 248, 270, 222, 301 271 revolution in, 148–9 legal, 212, 246 and state formation, 52, 130, 131, 299 of legitimate statehood, 15, 53, 206, and Turkish nationalism, 144–6 249, 251–5, 308, 309 see also Turkey in Eastern Europe, 255–8 Ottomanisation, 137, 146, 149, 150, and Milosevic, 208, 238, 239–40 153–4 and Ottoman Empire, 161 outsiders, 3, 4, 1 l, 14, 20, 39, 42, 54, Ottoman, 133, 137 308 and pathological homogenisation, 10, in Czech Republic, 262, 266, 270 249, 309–10 Muslim, 190 and racial non-discrimination, 294 in Ottoman Empire, 130, 163, 164 shared, 219, 220, 286, 301 and former Yugoslavia, 168–9 social, 33, 213, 224, 227, 229, 245, see also insiders 246 sovereignty, 247 paciﬁcation, 2, 28, 32–6, 48, 58, 63, 71 and state behaviour, 1, 21, 54, 219, 230, Papacy, 71, 74, 115, 119, 121 245, 302, 307 Paris, 99, 100, 101, 103, 104, 105, 145 and Europe, 293, 302 Parker, David, 111 and identity construction, 9, 12–13, ‘pathological homogenisation’, 4–6, 8, 13, 236 14, 27, 298, 308 in former Yugoslavia, 235, 243, 247 and Czech Republic, 10 treaty speciﬁc, 245 and elites, 3, 23, 49, 211 North, Douglass, 28–30 in France, 85, 87, 120 North Atlantic Treaty Organization future research in, 308–10 (NATO) in late twentieth century, 8, 209 and Czech Republic, 306 and the League of Nations, 227, 229 and Kosovo, 9, 207, 209, 237, 238–40, and nationalism, 53, 211, 298 247, 273 and norms, 10, 15, 302, 309 and Macedonia, 286, 288–9, 291, 292, in Spain, 56 293, 297 and state formation, 6–7, 50, 249, 304 Nuremberg Principles, 232 theories of, 32, 33, 38, 41, 44, 53 Nuremberg Tribunal, 229 strategies of, 12, 165, 226, 299 theorists on, 6, 64, 88, 89, 129, 213, 298 Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Turkey, 54, 124, 162 in Europe (OSCE), 237, 251, 252, in former Yugoslavia, 166, 167, 169, 264, 267, 285 173, 209, 211 Orthodox Church, 170, 181 Kosovo, 168 OSCE High Commissioner for National Macedonia, 10, 11, 276, 292, 295, Minorities, 270n96, 285 306 ‘other’, 19–20, 42, 130, 183, 186, 273 Peace of Augsburg, 1555, 213, 216 ‘otherness’, 3, 11, 166, 188, 191 Peace of Saint-Germain, 1570, 98 Ottoman Empire, 125, 170, 189, 193, 215, Peace of Westphalia, 1648, 83, 121, 213, 301, 305 216, 217, 218, 219, 245 Armenians in, 135–42, 220–2 peacekeeping, 197, 235, 241, 285

348 Index

Philip II, 78, 79, 105n101 rationalisations, 26, 37, 53, 62, 64, 93 Philip III, 75, 79, 80 rationality, 27, 40, 62, 253, 254 Plavsic, Biljana, 243 recognition, 31, 32, 212, 281 politicide, 38, 63, 129 reform, 57, 131, 149, 167, 210, 287, 296, politics, 36, 37, 64, 188 305 see also Ottoman Empire Eastern European, 258 Reformation, 69, 89, 91–3 in France, 93, 120, 122 refugees, 1–2, 14, 37, 83, 85, 209n183, Great Power, 220 228, 236 international, 10, 15, 21, 23, 33, 212, from Kosovo, 207, 208, 250, 288, 289 249, 306 see also United Nations High and Turkey, 162 Commissioner for Refugees in Macedonia, 289, 291, 292 (UNHCR) in Turkey, 135, 150 religion, 7, 64, 79, 88, 92, 96–8, 173, 188 in Yugoslavia, 183, 192, 200, 236 in France, 84, 86, 87, 92, 100, 113, 120 Politis, Nicolas, 224, 225 in Spain, 26, 27, 61 population/s, 16, 33 and state formation, 34, 37, 52, 57, 64, displacement of, 26, 33, 128, 249, 276, 216 302 in Yugoslavia, 171, 177, 187, 191, 283 exchanges of, 5, 225–9, 302 see also Catholicism; Protestantism forced removal of, 232 resources, 4, 41–2, 188, 233, 300 homogenisation of, 2, 5, 11, 24, 59, 64, cultural, 3, 23, 34, 46, 49–54 , 299, 173 303–7 ethnic, 9, 26, 292 in France, 85 in France, 301 in Spain, 81 in Spain, 81 Tilly on, 37 Tilly on, 35, 36–7, 38, 63, 305 in Turkey, 125, 127 in Turkey, 126, 146 in former Yugoslavia, 43, 166, 167, and WWII, 260 168, 185, 300 in former Yugoslavia, 165, 169, 276 religious, 37, 57, 83, 84, 299 see also pathological homogenisation symbolic, 4, 23, 53, 57, 81, 305, 306 movements of, 5, 85, 89, 117, 265, 276, in former Yugoslavia, 168, 185, 305 290 Respublica Christiana, 7, 48, 121, 215 transfer of, 216, 229 Reus-Smit, Christian, 22 see also expulsion revolutions, 52, 54, 131, 132, 142 power, 33, 34, 35, 36, 41, 43, 126, 299 Turkish, 124, 132, 144–57, 246 absolutist, 87, 118 Richelieu, Cardinal Armand Jean du social, 34, 35 Plessis de, 4, 81, 82, 110, 112, 121, Price, Richard, 22 217 Protestantism, 37, 90, 92 rights, 115–16, 217, 219 in France, 7, 54, 83, 85, 86, 90–7 of absolute authority, 83, 111, 120 passim, 104–5 citizenship, 5, 194, 251, 254, 255, 256 in Spain, 78, 79, 82 Huguenot, 97, 103, 107 see also Edict of Nantes, Huguenots minority, 227, 231, 254, 293, 302, 309 Protestants, 89 in Czech Republic, 249, 265, 267, 270 French, 5, 84, 85, 86, 92, 102, 103 see in Europe, 213, 231, 252, 255 also Edict of Nantes; Huguenots; in Macedonia, 249, 281, 286, 306 Protestantism in Ottoman Empire, 138, 146 Spanish, 69 property, 27, 28, 62–3 sovereign, 216, 227, 247, 309 race, 61, 68, 77 see also human rights racism, 57, 64, 147, 266 Risse, Thomas, 252–3, 254, 294 Rambouillet conference, 207, 238 Roma, 10, 250, 258–63, 267, 268, 294, rape, 161, 242 306 in former Yugoslavia, 165, 168, 182, and Czech citizenship law, 263–6, 268, 199, 203–4, 205, 208, 242 269–71, 303

Index 349

Rothchild, Donald, 41, 42 Slovenia, 172, 177, 185, 186, 194–5, 210, Ruggie, John, 47–8, 49, 50, 220, 303, 304 239, 278 see also nationalism Rugova, Ibrahim, 206 social epistemes, 47–8 rule, 2, 8, 48, 111, 119, 217 society, 23, 147, 184, 257, 259, 306 rulers, 32, 33, 47, 217 sovereignty, 16, 34, 37, 48, 52, 89, 212, Russia, 135, 141, 156, 170, 221, 222 217 and Ottoman Empire, 139, 143, 163, absolute, 50–1, 102n87, 303–4 220, 221 and authority, 48, 49, 226 and former Yugoslavia, 237, 239, 240, and human rights, 246, 268 247 and international accountability, 241–4, see also Soviet Union 246, 247, 248, 302, 310 Russo-Turkish war, 139, 155 and minorities, 229 and political independence, 308 St Bartholomew’s Day Massacres, 1572, principle of, 48, 164, 224 84, 98–102, 120, 144 study of, 14, 19, 307 Sarajevo, 198, 202, 241 territorial, 31 secularisation, 84, 85, 86, 120, 299 Turkish, 226, 246, 302 security, 1, 77, 80, 234, 294 and Yugoslavia, 178, 199, 211 and Armenians, 127, 128, 160, 162, Soviet Union, 175, 230n62, 260 see also 164, 222 Russia and Macedonia, 274, 284, 306 Spain, 36, 49, 56–9, 63, 64, 105, 106n108, self-determination, 43, 165, 185, 230, 233, 107 302, 309 Jews in, 5, 7, 26–7, 54–61, 78 Sells, Michael, 187–8, 190–1 continuity and change, 65–9 Serb Democratic Party (SDP), 197, 198 existing explanations, 61–2, 64 Serbia, 166, 169, 170, 174, 180n47, 234, expulsion of, 72–4, 81, 82, 213, 245, 243 301 Albanians in, 178, 179, 187, 189, 191 Spanish Inquisition, 69–72 and Bosnia-Herzegovina, 194, 198, 199, social and corporate identity of, 59–61, 200, 201–5 62, 63, 81–2 and Croatia, 42, 167, 168, 171, 183, see also Moriscos, Spanish Inquisition 195–7, 210 Spanish Inquisition, 56, 59–65, 69–72, Greater, 53, 171, 174, 183, 193, 201, 75–8l, 215 205, 277 Spruyt, Hendrick, 30–2, 89 and Milosevic, 182, 185, 199, 239 Srebrenica, 235, 241 and Kosovo, 178–9, 181–2, 193, 206–9, Stambolic, Ivan, 182–3 239 standards, 179, 222, 224, 254, 263, 268, and Macedonia, 276, 284, 289, 290, 306 294 and Slovenia, 194–5 international, 15, 133, 245, 252, 294, in Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, 176, 302, 306 177–8, 179, 180, 181 and legitimate statehood, 236, 244, in Kingdom of Yugoslavia, 171–2 310 see also culture; Kosovo, myth of; and Macedonia, 281, 286 Milosevic, Slobodan; nationalism see also behaviour, legitimate state; Serbian Academy of Arts and Sciences human rights (SANU), 181–3, 189n89 Stanford School, 46 Serbian Communist Party, 182 state-building/formation, 1–6, 9, 73, 227, Serbianisation, 172, 276 251, 298, 299, 305 Serbian Orthodox Church, 185, 191, 278 and culture, 6, 9, 47–50, 129–30 Serbian Voluntary Guards, 196 Czech Serbs, 168–9, 174, 175, 176, 188–9, 210 the citizenship law, 263–6, 268–71 see also Kosovo, myth of; Serbia and corporate identity, 262–3 slavery, 80, 213, 221 cultural difference in, 258–61 Slavs, South, 169–70, 171, 173 and legitimacy, 266–8 Slovakia, 10, 258–63, 267, 294 the velvet divorce, 261–2

350 Index

state-building/formation (cont.) Thomas, Robert, 28 existing explanations, 63–4, 88–9, 90 Tilly, Charles, 32, 35–7, 38, 53, 63–4, French, 83, 84, 87, 88–91, 110, 113 89–90, 128–9, 305 Macedonian, 271–4 Tito, Josip Broz, 169, 175–83, 188, 210 in 2001, 289–92 Toledo, 67, 68–9 and constitutional nationalism, 281–3 toleration, 65, 163, 216 and corporate identity, 287–9 in France, 84, 88, 105, 108, 120, 121 and ethnic Albanians, 278–81 Torquemada, Tomas de, 70–1 and international intergovernmental torture, 72n56, 165, 204 organisations, 285–6 Trajkovski, Boris, 288n164 and international society, 292–3 Treaties, and legitimacy, 283–4 Berlin, 1878, 139, 143, 221, 275 national identity, 274–8 Lausanne, 1923, 126, 225, 302 non-pathological forms of, 303 Nemours, 1585, 103 and pathological homogenisation, 6, 7, Nymwegen, 1678, I 15, 218 10–15, 50–4, 233, 249, 298, 308 Osnabrück,1648, 216–17, 218 in Yugoslavia, 168, 209, 211 Saint-Germain, 1570, 98 Spanish, 58, 81 San Stefano, 1878, 139, 143, 220, 275 theories of, 2, 24, 53, 299 Sèvres, 1920, 214, 223–4, 225, 226, 246 and genocide, 128–35 302 institutionalist, 27–32 Tudjman, Franjo, 176, 179n47, 186, 192, International Relations, 15–24 195–201, 210, 235 materialist, 24–7 Turkey, 8, 52, 126, 129, 131–2, 145, power-based, 32–8 150–6, 228 rational choice, 38–44 Armenians in, 124, 148, 154–7, 162–3 Turkish, 125, 126, 128, 129, 134, 135 genocide of (1915–1916), 6, 8, 52, in Yugoslavia, 166, 173, 183–93, 235 124–8, 133–5, 157–64, 213–14, statehood, legitimate, 165, 208, 235, 243, 222–6, 245–6, 300, 301–2 255–8, 293, see also human rights; pathological homogenisation in, 54 norms; standards see also Committee of Union and state/s, 1, 2, 5, 9, 50, 213, 308 Progress (CUP); Ottoman Empire; absolutist, 8, 25, 34, 84, 113 Young Turks imagined, 3, 5, 52 Turkification, 126, 134, 150, 153–4 society of, 23, 125, 212, 219, 301 ‘Turkish Hearth’, 145, 159 sovereign, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 35 state–society relations, 251, 255, 273, 296 United Nations, 198, 235–6, 267, 283, states system, 2, 14, 33, 38, 164, 301, 304 289, 310 stereotypes, 9, 141, 167, 181, 205, 211, United Nations Charter, 231, 233, 239 261 United Nations High Commission for structures, 20, 22, 25, 26, 30, 33 Refugees (UNHCR), 204, 267, and agents, 22, 23, 29, 30, 45, 46–7 268, 269 cultural, 6, 1l, 34, 45, 304, 307 United Nations Mission in Kosovo social, 22, 28, 39, 40, 41, 44, 307 (UNMIK), 290 Swidler, Ann, 44–5, 46, 81 United Nations Preventive Deployment ‘symbolic complex’, 193, 202, 300 Force (UNPREDEP), 285 symbols, 3, 16, 37, 85, 209 United Nations Protection Force and France, 85, 100, 101, 110 (UNPROFOR), 197, 285–6 nationalist, 167, 275 United Nations Security Council, 201, see also Kosovo, myth of; manipulation; 237–8, 239, 241, 285 resources Resolution, 713, 196 Resolution, 827, 241 Talat, Mehmet, 151–5, 158, 160, 162, Resolution, 1199, 237 222, 223, 226 United Nations Security Council Ternon, Yves, 134, 154 Commission of Experts, 204, 241, territoriality, 49, 303 242

Index 351

United States of America, 198, 201, 207, in Yugoslavia, 165, 175, 241, 300 222, 224, 237 see also Balkans war; civil war; Crimean unity, 170 War; Russo-Turkish War; Thirty religious, 7, 49, 58, 62, 69, 91, 121, Years War; World War I; World 216 War II state, 31, 34, 38, 48–9, 184, 215, 217 war crimes, 214, 224, 229, 230, 232, 242, French, 83, 87, 110–20, 299 243 Macedonian, 278 in former Yugoslavia, 202, 235, 241, Ottoman, 151, 153 300 Serb, 190 Wars of Religion, 88, 90, 98, 102n87 Spanish, 82 Weber, Max, 44 symbolic, 3, 16–17, 54, 217, 305 Wendt, Alexander, 9, 22–3, 213 Turkish, 164 women, 94, 161, 165, 182, 203–4, 205, Yugoslav, 175, 210 208 territorial, principles of, 10, 234, 238 world view, 29, 44, 45, 47, 48, 73, 113, Universal Declaration of Human Rights 120 (UDHR), 1948, 231, 232, 264 Islamic, 51, 135, 156, 163, 221 universalism, 4, 20, 21, 215 Ottoman, 125, 300, 301 US Committee on Security and religious, 3, 37, 49, 64, 81, 86, 101, Cooperation, 268 120, 133 Ustasha, 172, 193, 202 World War I, 155, 157, 213 ‘return of’, 186, 192, 300 World War II, 173, 177, 244, 260, 277 in WWII, 168, 173–8, 191–2, 210, 300 Xhaferi, Arben, 282, 286, 288, 289 values, 16, 21, 125, 147, 302, 310 and culture, 45, 47, 310 Young Turks, 8, 51, 124, 125, 126, 134, core, 10, 234, 238 145 democratic, 253, 257, 266 nationalism of, 146–8, 157, 162–3, 222 Vance–Owen plan, 199, 200, 235 and Revolution of 1908, 148–57 Vardar Macedonia, 274, 276, 277, 278 and state formation, 163–4, 222 violence, 12, 32, 42, 130, 132, 168, 265, see also Committee of Union and 270 Progress (CUP) control over means of, 2, 12, 16, 32, 33, Yugoslav Communist Party, 175, 177, 112, 185, 238 178–81, 184, 210, 277 see also ethnic, 24, 38, 39, 41, 42 Yugoslav League of against Huguenots, 97, 98, 100, 101, Communists 102, 116 see also St Bartholomew’s Yugoslavia, 169, 173–4, 178 Day Massacres Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of, 10, 169, and Macedonia, 11, 286, 290, 292 175–8, 205, 210, 277 state, 238, 244, 247, 308, 310 and international community, 234–41, against women, 203–4 244 in Yugoslavia, 167, 175, 187–8, 200–3, fragmentation of, 6, 178–83, 194–7 214, 238, 240 Yugoslavia, former, 8–9, 40, 42, 165, 167, Milosevic, 192, 196, 207, 237, 239, 211 242, 284 ethnic cleansing in, 42, 53, 168, 214, Vojvodina, 174, 176, 177, 178, 179, 185 247, 300 see also ethnic cleansing; and individual Wallerstein, Immanuel, 24–7, 31, 32, 53, countries 61–2, 88–9 Yugoslavia, Kingdom of, 172, 173 Walzer, Michael, 3, 16, 20 Yugoslav League of Communists, 169, 209 war, 31–6, 74, 104, 115, 131, 151 Yugoslav National Army (JNA), 194–5, in Czechslovakia, 260 196, 197, 198, 202, 283, 284 religious, 67, 83, 97 right to make, 48, 216, 245, 301 Zolberg, Aristide, 7, 62