Mukt Shabd Journal ISSN NO : 2347-3150

Experimental Analysis of Plate Girder

Vivek Prabhakar Kharche PG Scholar, Civil Engineering Department, SKSITS College, Indore, India.

Lavina Talawale Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department, SKSITS College, Indore, India.

Abstract- Design of Railway Bridge are extremely important. Now a days these are very frequently constructed. Many researchers are working with railway design innovation. Present research is focused on developing the multiplication factor for designing and selection of railway girder with different span and thickness of web. Web thickness and span varies with deflection, stresses and bending moment required in design specification. Present research studies variation of span and plate thickness to present a multiplication factor ratio. It will help designers to design railway girder with ease and confidence. Excel program and software simulation are used to analyses variations in span and plate thickness. Bending moment, shear force and deflections are calculated using software and relation is established in terms of multiplication factor which is found 1/0.96. This factor can be used to select any required combination of span and plate thickness.

Keywords: IRC loading, Staad pro, stresses on & Slab, etc.

I. INTRODUCTION A bridge is a structure providing passage over an obstacle without closing the way beneath. The required passage may be for pedestrians, a railway, a road, canal, or pipelines. The obstacle to be crossed may be a road, rivers, railways, or valley. Thomas B. Macaulay once said: “Of all inventions, the alphabet and the printing press alone excepted, those inventions which a bridge distance have done the most for the civilization of our success”. There are many different designs that all serve unique purposes and apply to different conditions. Designs of bridges also vary and depending on the function of the bridge, the nature of the terrain where the bridge is constructed and anchored, the material i.e. wood, R.C.C., Steel etc. used to make it, and the funds available to build it. There are six basic forms of bridge structure: bridges, arch bridges, bridges, beam bridges, suspension bridges, beam bridges and cable stayed bridges. The carries vertical loads by flexure. The of simple span behaves like a beam because it carries vertical loads by bending. The truss bridge of simple span behaves like a beam because it carries vertical loads by bending. The top chords are in compression and the bottom chords are in tension, while the vertical and diagonal members are either in tension or compression depending on their orientation. Loads are carried primarily in compression by the , with the reactions at the supports (springing) being both vertical and horizontal forces. A cantilever bridge generally consists of three spans, of which the outer span, known as anchor span, are anchored down to the shore, and these cantilever over the channel. A suspended span is rested at the ends of the two , and act as a simply supported beam or truss. The cantilevers carry their loads by tension in the upper chords and compression in the lower chords. These loads are transferred to the ground through anchorages. In a cable stayed bridge, the vertical loads on the deck are carried by the nearly straight inclined cables which are in tension. The towers transfer the cable forces to the foundation through vertical compression. The tensile forces in the stay cables induce horizontal compression in the deck. Components of a Bridge The Superstructure consists of the following components: I. Deck slab II. Cantilever slab element III. Footpaths, if provided, kerb and handrails or crash limitations. IV. Longitudinal girders taken into consideration in the layout to be of T-section V. Cross beams or diaphragms, intermediate and give up ones. VI. Wearing coat VII. Cross beams or diaphragms, intermediate and cease ones VIII. Wearing coat The Substructure consists of the following structures: I. Abutments at the intense ends of the bridge. II. Piers at intermediate helps in case of a couple of span bridges.

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III. Bearings and pedestals for the decking. IV. Foundations for each abutments and piers can be of the sort open, well, pile, and so forth.

Figure 1 Component of bridge

II. OBJECTIVE OF THE WORK

The aim of the project is to check the economic status of Plate (Railway) on various spans keeping one parameter constant and other parameters varying. Software application in design and simulation of components is also considered as an objective.

The objective of the study are as follows: -

1. To perform a parametric study on Simply Supported Span for the Suitability and Economy.

2. To establish a multiplication factor, and to present generalized multiplication factor to be used as a reference for future considerations in case of span and parameters design.

3. To collect data and information in tabular form.

4. To perform data computation and analysis done by an EXCEL sheet.

5. To model the same component in STADD-PRO design software.

6. To analyze the modelled problem using STADD-PRO software.

III. PARAMETRIC STUDY This part presents all the different assumptions from the specifications of the to the assumptions concerning the loads and the guidelines followed. As it is a master’s thesis, the scope of the work is limited. The omitted parameters and simplifications will be listed in the present part. Following assumptions are made in the design of plate girder bridges:

• The Web Plates of the plate girders resist their shear force and the shear stress is uniformly distributed over the entire cross-sectional area of the way. • The Flanges of Plate Girder resist the Bending Moment.

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Table No 1. Description of Bridge 1. Effective span 24 m 2. Spacing of plate girders 1.9 m c/c 3. Weight of stock rails 440 N/m (90 lb/yard rails) 4. Weight of guard rails 260 N/m 5. Weight of fastenings etc. 280 N/m of track 250 mm x 150 mm x 2.8 m 6. Timber sleepers @ 0.4m c/c 7. Density of timber 7.4 KN/m3

Fig 1: Stresses on Column

Fig 2: Vehicle Load Position at the edge on Bridge

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Fig 4: Stresses on beam

Fig 5: Stresses on Girder

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IV. RESULTSAND DISCUSSION

Max B.M. Diagram

6000

5000

4000

3000 b.m.

2000

1000

0 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Series1 0 0 0 0 902.321726.22471.63138.5 3727 4237 4668.55021.65296.25492.45610.15649.3 Series2 0 0 0 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 distance from mid-span

Graph no.1 Span Vs Bending Moment in beam

Max S.F Dia.

1200

1000

800

600 S.F

400

200

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Series1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 0 0 0 Series2 1020.7 949.7 880.8 813.5 747.9 683.3 622.9 566.8 512.3 464.3 415.7 366.4 316.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 Distance from end

Graph no.1 Span Vs Shear force in beam

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Span vs Area of Flange

30000

25000

20000

15000

Area Flange of Area 10000

5000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Span

Graph no.1 Span Vs Flange area

V. CONCLUSIONS It is this study, 16 different bridge span lengths 15m, 20m, 25m and 30m were studied. The thickness of web constant and other parameters varies. The following conclusions were made from this study: -

• Depth of web varies linearly with span for the constant web thickness. • With a depth of web to the thickness of web ration remains the same. • At a constant thickness of the web, area of flange varies as per the variation of the span. • Using the transverse stiffeners, the weight of girder is controlled with span variation.

SOFTWARE ANALYSIS CONCLUSION

• It is concluded and verified from research and analysis that design for bridge girder plate can consider the following facts: • If the span is kept constant and web thickness varies in increasing order then stress, bending moment and shear force increases while deflection decreases. • If web thickness is kept constant and span varies in increasing order then stress, bending moment, shear force and deflection increases. REFERENCES

[1] Bhurke K. N., (Sep-Oct 2013), Strength of Welded Plate Girder with Tapered Web, Bhurke K. N et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, pp. 1947-1951.

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[9] Itani, A., Bruneau, M., Carden, L., and Buckle, I. (2004).” Seismic Behavior of Steel Girder Bridge Superstructures.”

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[20] Shivraj D. Kopare, (2009), Analysis of Plate Girder Bridge for Class-AA Loadings (Tracked Vehicles), IJETST, Vol.02Issue 06, Pages 2645-2655, June, ISSN 2348-9480.

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