C O N T E N T S

I d cti . Intro u m

II In x . de

I I TH E APE A H E ALT H RES R - E x a c s f I . C AS O T tr t rom

the Official H andb k of the of G d H e oo Cape oo op ,

edi d b O H N NO BL E E s . te y J , q

I SOU TH A F RICA AS A H E AL T H RE SOR T —L c b V. ; e ture y

E SY ES T H O MPS N W ab sh wi r . n D . M O , ith t le , o g

eleva ti ons a ndrainfa ll

V. TH E VOYA GE

VI . SOU TH AF RICAN RAI L WAYS

APPE NDIX

Ma of the Ca e C n showin the Ra i nfa ll a cin a e 1 0 p p olo y, g f gp g

a t end GenerafMap of South Africa tlze . L — I N T R O D U T I N C O .

' H E information in the followin g pages has been c olleeted and republished in a convenient form on the occasion of the assembling in L ondon of the International Congress o f m r of 1 89 1 W m the of Hygiene and De og aphy , ho Managers t he Castle Mail Pa ckets Company are to have the honour of receiving to luncheon on board the South African Roya l Ma il m mm t ” Stea er Dru ond Cas le . It is hoped that the valuable f i the m ar e acts ar d opinions given by edical authorities, who wi of n ot n to here quoted , ll be interest o ly to the Congress but the public generally . ’ ne li f The be fit s to inva ds rom a visit to Sbu th Africa. are n t f m v e e ck aturally derived ei her ro the oyag th re and ba , or f m t the ro heir sojourn in country . S Af We e the In respect to residence in outh rica, give b low reports of local physicians as cont ained in the O fficia l Hand k o f of G d w boo the Cape oo Hope (Cape To n , edited by N o f o f Assem Mr . John oble Clerk the House n These W t C n deal i h the Cape olo y. f wed a éeli veredm N 1 888 They are ollo by lecture ovember, , '

E . YME S TH OM PSON f by Dr . S be ore the Royal Colonial t t i s f t Ins itute and reprin ed by perm sion rom heir Proceedings . SY ES TH O MP N dl f fe f Dr. M SO has kin y urnished a w oot notes t o u the lect re . As r s benefici al ff of v e egard the e ects the oyag , we give in the w k wn s Chapter V. experience of ell no physician . c t s of o f i Chapter V. ontains also par icular the means commun ’ t C m n s t ca ion by the Castle Mail Packets o pa y s eamers, and £01 a t n f directions ; passengers . L s ly, i Chapter VI . , is a brie

. a ecog nt qf S Af R the outh rican ailway system.

L ND O ON 14th A u ust 1 891 . , g , IL—I D E N X .

PAGE 38 46 Johanne Aliwal , sburg

10 37 K rroo Aliwal North , a

l r 22 26 K k Ba A be t , al y

Be aufort We st 1 5 19 40 46 Kimberle , , , , y ’ Bechu anala nd 49 King Willia m s Town

Bleemfontein 48 Knysna ’ Bur hersdor 22 26 39 L ake N a mi g p , , g i Cape Peninsula 5 L mpopo

Ca e Co on 43 54 Mat e sfont ei n p l y , j

Ca e Town 8 35 42 4 6 47 Middelbm p , , , , jg

arnarvon 24 2 6 Mossel Ba C , y Central Afric a 53 Murraysburg

Central Karr oo Di stricts 1 3 Na t al

Ceres 18 40 37 Pe , , lla

Colesbur 10 24 Port A fred g , l

rado k 20 39 46 Port E li z abeth C c , , Dela goa B a y 48 Pret ori a

Dorclrecht 39 Princ e Albert

Da rbari 48 Queenstown

E astern Di stri ct s Ri chmond

E a stern Provi nce Ronde bosch

l u nt i E ast ern E qu at ori al Africa Ta b e Mo a n

arka st ad E a st L ondon T .

K rr Fra serburg Upper a oo Platea u ' Gra a fi Reinet Victoria Falls

rahamstown 9 10 36 4 1 47 Vi ctoria N anz a G , , , , y

Great Karro o 1 3 Wynberg

Z mbez i Hano v er 40 a

To wn 23 25 Hope , F r om the O ci a l H a ndbook o the C a e o Good H o e 1 886 edi ted fi f p f p ; ,

b JOH N NOBL E E s Clerk o the H ou se b Assembl C a e To wn . y , q. , f f y, p

Re P r mi n ( p r inted by e ssi o . )

AP R1x4 .

111 — TH E CAPE AS A HEALTH E S RT R O .

I

(1 ) TH E CAPE PENINSULA .

B r 0 L AWR E NCE H E AN M E M C . RM . . . , . , ,

Though the Cape climate has already for a long time enjoyed a for t reputation its salubri y, and many travellers have been - warm in their praises of its health giving properties, it is incomprehensible that so little is known in Europe of its a t s a s for e dvan age a resort invalids, even by our b st ” physicians . S Af A W w The outh rican Medical ssociation, ith a vie to ' placing on record some de finite and reliable information on the s mm of ubject, appointed a co ittee, with the sanction the mds oollate f m Colonial Government, to collect in or ation dealing W m W m ith this i portant subject . Circulars ere sent to edical for men all over the Colony asking assistance, and a large of W d ta m number replies ere elicite , con ining ost valuable f in ormation . The space allotted in the Handbook t o this subject u nfortu na tely renders it impossible to do more than give a fewextracts f of h . It W su fficient to rom some t ese replies ill be , however, ' sa W of mf rml f t ‘ y that they ere a u o y avourable charac er, anil " e t benefi ci a l ff of m t ou s ablish incontestably the ' e ects this cli a e ff f fi t n invalids su ering rom c hest a e o io s. 3 ne essaril f W The appended reports, o y very brie , ritten by ‘ gentlemen Who have a practical knowledge ofthe districts they d f h escribe , and using the in ormation obtained in reply to t e

' ' D r a L hu b A i f r n ids . rr ea ch Not es on S t fr ca o I val b H y , 6

m t ’ com i tee s circular, may serve as a guide to the most i m o t t for o f it ha s p r ant areas in o which, purposes description, f n the been ound ecessary to divide Colony . m m t It ust be reme bered that over so ex ensive an area, f low presenting such varied physica l eatures, high mountains, l r lying va leys, elevated table lands interspe sed by patches of the m m t r desert here and there, cli ate us needs va y very ff t it f considerably in di erent par s, and is necessary, there ore , carefully to examine the meteor ological circumstances of each area before recommending invalids to take up their residence in any particular locality . T he a re m seasons here not so well arked as in Europe . S m i s t pring merges into sum er, and there li tle change between u autumn and winter . Christmas time sees s at the Cape in mm S m f nearly midsu er . pring is a ost delight ul season, when a d i a gl nature rejo ces, and the e rth is covered with the greenest d f of m t f flower s ver ure, crop a ter crop the ost beau i ul suc ceed v fa r the each other, covering the eldt on every side, as as

W . eye can reach , ith a red, white, or yellow carpet t of The heat is nowhere excessive, and, hough the direct rays the m ma r t the sun, particularly in sum er, y be very g ea , yet peculiar dryness and rarefaction of the atmosphere render it b m of - easily beara le . In so e the deep lying valleys where the m d m m otionless air becomes heate by the large ountain asses, the O the t a t heat is in summer ppressive, but actual hea is no n time ex cessive . Taki g, as an example Kimberley, notably of find the u one the warmest places in the Colony, we absol te maximum temperature during 1 882 For January For July February 1013 August March 942 September ' Apri l 9 1 5 October ' Ma y 79 1 November June 75 0 December

Yet there is no place 1n the Colony whose people have more ceaseless activity, or more restless energy . Europeans work

d of . z here all day , hee less the heat The day is characteri ed by a m of b m t a maxi um sunlight, a al y, buoyant atmosphere , wi h of the t c i t clear, cloudless sky pures blue, and a ool n gh s ucceeds a warm day . f f of S z the In ormer years, be ore the opening the ue Canal, It Cape was the favoured resort fo r invalids from India . was S ' the winter season that evoked their enthusiasm . Dr . tovell, ourna l No m m writing in the Bombay Medical J , says cli ate — the world could be more agreeable to the feelings and very few more benefici a l for the usual class of Indian invalids than s a n v f t a C ape winter . There i in igorating reshness abou this season equally delightful and beneficia l ; the moment the rain the the sk ceases, clouds rapidly clear away, and y remains i

bright for several days .

F i n i he m 6 1 2 6 . t The total mean annual te perature is shade , a remarkable approach t o the mean summer temperature o f d t f Englan , and when to his act is added the peculiar o f the im t he r characteristics Cape cl ate, excessive d yness , f o f t e m i m x um clearness , and rare action h at osphere , w th a a im of r of of m sunlight, a se ies conditions an al ost typical character are met with for the tr ea tment ofpulmonary a fi eetionsfi ’ a dr o f m s The peculi r yness our cli ate , while it gives it uch valuable properties for invalids suffering from pulmonary dis H R m the of a s . W . . ease, is, Dr oss re arks, cause at once all r - ou woes and our wants . The periodical and long continued v ma t drough ts ha e. de all agricul ural speculations a mere m f elia n ce n S S atter o r o t . within ; while the gradual denuda t 01 the us -fi re s a nd of ion : soil by b h , careless cutting down i ntensifi e d t of an d t e trees , has the ac ion the sun h desert a t of ou r winds . The gre ter par colonial land is glazed with

c f the 011 a s f t i t f . baked lay , rom which water runs as as alls m u a w of filtra ti o There is nothing to retain oist re and llo slow n, and except i n the neighbourhood of the Knysna and George f the few m of t t orests, and iles terri ory hat are moderately well ” t . wooded, here is really no certainty as to water supply he r of Such being t broad cha acteristics the Cape climate , it is easy to see what class of patients will be most benefited by difi er ent r so a sojourn here . The rainy seasons vary in pa ts, that the invalid need fin d no difficulty in travelling from “ ‘— r c we tfi I1 ~ the t c place to pla e to avoid the mos advanced ases, it would be best to winter on the plains and pass the summer in the cooler and mor e elevated mountain lands ofthe interior but r a no t ft in less ma ked conditions the co st need be le , as ' r a Offic er fo r o f the late Dr . Ha ry Leach (Medic l the port London) remarks in his Notes on South A frica for Invalids

I a n sa h n th a ir of W nber n th o n de a n f c fely sa y t a t ev e e y g o e e si , d o reen a ndSea oi n ts on the o th er side of Ca e o wn a r e ver ooda t mos G P p T , y g h er es for i nva lids a nd i ndeedfa r bett er tha n ca n be fou nda t mo st times of p , t h e y ea r a t a ny so - ca lled Sa ni ta r i a i n th e U nite d Kingdom or the C ont i nent of ur o e ven for th e i nva lid who do es not ca re or i s n ot a ble to o E p . E , , g b e o nd th e rec i ncts o f Ca e o wn a r esiden c e in the W nber d s r i ct y p p T , y g i t du r i n the su mmer Ca e su mmer a nda t Sea oi nt dur in the wi nter mon t s g ( p ) P g h , will a vo id the di sa greea ble c ircu msta nces tha t obt a in o n both sides of the ” it a l a a i n e n of h r ca p t c er t s a so s t e yea . J The prevalent diseases are those of Europe ; epidemio dis ' e 1 . Th 1s or ellow f e m ase s rare ere no ague, y ever, nor has hdlfi 8

er our ev visited shores, and hydrophobia is unknown . Cases o f chronic lung disease are infrequently met with among the E an t urope popula ion , and acute lung disease is not attended with so much danger as in Europe ; even infants a fe w weeks old recover from sever e attacks of bronchitis which would i r f t The f r of nva iably have proved a al in Europe . eve s are a a re f a of mild type , and seldom ollowed by sequel e . Diseases t f . a parasi ic nature' are rare, and Hydatids are in requent R m i n eu ra l iae a r e t t heu at sms and g common , due to some ex en , t o of doubtless, the large amount meat consumed, and perhaps a t o influenc e lso a diluted malarial . Whilst all pulmonary affections are benefitedby a re sidence i n im mm t this cl ate, it cannot be too earnestly reco ended hat cases sent out here should be carefully picked; frequ ently i nvalids suffering from pulmonary phthisis arrive here in the of t m ded last stages heir co plaint, and are lan only to die . To d r benefit mu v t o ff e ive any real they st arri e early, and e ect any lasting amelioration in their condi tion it is advisable for them to take u p residence here for a considerable period ; in f h m t i act, t ey must be encouraged to ake this country he r home .

‘ Sufferer s from bronchial and asthmatic affections derive r dt g eat bene fit here . Where there is any marked here i ary t t n r eco phthisical endency, a residence is most s ro gly to be m m n t t h f c n a e o . e ded, par icul rly in case children In other o ditions of a benefit w debilit ting and wasting disease , much ill be derived fr om t ravelling in our equable climate and a con va lescence from a serious illness ca n be most pr o fitably spent v the h t by oyaging to Cape, spending a s ort time here , and hen n returni g . The voya ge to the Cape has justly become famed as one oi the it , most pleasant and enjoyable is possible to make, and the great ocean steamers otflthe Cape lines have become c ele br a tedfor c f t i their om ort and punctuali y . Prov ded with every n r a n d f t n t ecessa y every com or , each carryi g a surgeon , hey t m r a t i r ouch , either outward or ho ewa d, L sbon , Madei a, ' m h the S . As a n t Helena, and sometimes cension , d acco plis voyage to Cape Town in somewhat less than three weeks . Ca pe Town is the most convenient place for the invalid t o la nd at it is provided with the b est means of communication ” w Mr ith the interior. In all the world, says . Froude in “ ” Ocea na t n o f tu t . his , here is place so beauti ully si a ed The sanit ary condition of the town itself is unfortunately not over

d u m t wo . l goo , tho gh vastly i proved in the last year or Hote s t n - me t and priva e boardi g houses are nu rous, and every hing obtainable in the European towns can be go t here . It is a i b for ff n f t dv sa le, however, the invalid su eri g rom distinc m to pul onary disease not to tarry too long in Cape Town, but 9

l a t u - ‘ s t , b a l e ec locali y to proceed p country, and y r i in six, t w w t - f t r - mf elve, t en y our or hi ty six hours he can co ortably , in m t f a Pull an car, be ransported hundreds o miles at very small e w t xpense and i hout any discomfort . The cost o f living flu ctu a tes very much and differs consider iff bu t l ably in d erent localities , on the who e it is not more

e n . a re r xpensive than in Engla d Luxuries dear, and se vants th e d of f ar e l bad, but or inary necessaries li e cheap and p enti l f fu . o t e f i In the western parts h Colony, ru t is very plentiful . H ouse rent is generally high , and the accommodation as a r f t - ule is not per ect . The ho els and boarding houses are open t o me t a u - A improve nt , par icul rly p country . great stride would be made ifa good sanitarium for invalids was establi shed o n a Europe n principles .

’ 2 RA ( ) G H AM S TO W N AND T H E EAST E RN DISTRICTS.

B rv r n n H ON ‘V U YB O ATH ER T O NE M D F G . . G N S , . . , . . S.

This a rea ma y ba said to include all that portion of the Cape ‘C olony between the main chains of mountains and the seaboard t oi 26th o f the to the eas ward the parallel longitude ; home, t of t S t of 1 20 a nd t t f . in ac , the Bri ish et lers 8 heir descendan s iv the u r of the It is d ided , as are so thern and western pa ts ‘ s t m t C olonies, into three terraces , epara ed by oun ain ranges

running par allel t o the coast . A t t of fi st 1 st . coas plateau ex ending to the base the r f t t m mountain range, about ee alti ude , e bracing the d of Al t istricts exandria , Bathurs , Peddie, East London , and ” t i f f Komgha . 2 d d r the o f n . The mi land ter ace , between altitudes a n d f t m A S f ee , co prising lbany, omerset , Bed ord , Fort ’ f Sto okenstr om Beau ort, Victoria East , , and King William s

r T own. ' 8 The u er t f t o fee bo . y e the rd pp pla eau, rom t a i n h s1tu a te d d o f r sea, w ich are the istricts Cradock , Ta kastad, S m t W A Queen s Town , tutterhei , Cathcar , odehouse, and liwal

North .

_ The climate of this important and interesting part o f the TC olony is as varied a s t he physical character o f i t s fi sc a l sub d di versifi ed t ivisions are in alti ude , soil, vegetation, geological f rm t i a nd t or a o t o a on, ca paci y f a bsorbing ndretaining r hr ow '

. i h 011 the f ff u or g rain all, and th i s a ecting the moist re dryness o f im a nd -~its n ‘ of - t t r — c f the cl ate, ra ge empera u e, the hie m f r t he m of , eteorological acto s in considering clai s particular t for locali ies selection as health resorts. 10

coa st In these three terraces, we have thus a climate , warm a n d m the moist and equable, its winter cold oderated by warm midla nd m a n d d andm i sea a cli ate , cooler, rier ore gen al , but of m t o t t with a greater range te perature , due its al i ude and t ou of f mi the grea er am nt evaporation rom di nished pressure, ° its mean range varying from 1 8 to an d a mou nta i n clima te d but h m t rier still, and more bracing, wit uch grea er m of m hot n extre es te perature, cold nights and days,the mea range being more than double that of the lower or coast ’ t w A plateau. Taking Port Elizabe h , Graham s To n, and liwal N o f im the f orth as representing the three types cl ates, ollowing taken from tables compiled by the Cape Astronomer - Ro y al in ’ 1 88 1 f f e r o bse i a tions 1 87 6 1 879 t f , o our y a s v , to , will jus i y m r these re arks, which are also substantially borne out by late and more complete tables compiled by the Meteorologica l m Depart ent . ’ It will be seen that Graham s Town has the lowest mean mm the t r n i n winter temperature in su er, and smalles a ge , and

r f whi ; h m the the la gest rain all, occurring in su mer cools heat, m s and explains its low temperature . The hu idity is also les t t u the f than at Port Elizabe h , al ho gh rain all is more (nearly 30 to 20 n the t w inches i ches, at coast sta ion) hilst the dry w the to 1 2 8 t of t 141 . inter reduces range , tha Port Elizabe h

MP R TE E RAT U E .

Mea n Ab sol. 1 876 18 1 9 . t m m x e p , a .

1 ° C °AST - Summer 94 5 48 0 75 0 ‘ f u ‘’ - - - - j Wmt er 5 9 5 9 715 4 3 0 53 3 Psl gfill z ggfl

a lt . 1 00 i t .

2 MI D LAND S mm r 5 6 . . u e 6 .

’ ° - 7 Gr a h a m s To wn Wmt er S2 O 35 0 63 7 50 9

a lt . ft .

M O U T AI N mm 3 . N Su er . 89 Ah wa l No r t h Wmter

a lt . ft .

3 MO UNTAIN Summ r 10 . . e 10 l r 66 ’ C o esbe g Brag. Wmt er s

a lt . ft .

1 C O AST Su mm r 9 4 0 65 . ( W. ) e 6 0 2 2 ° ' 34 62 92 Wy n b er g W1nt er 9 2 o A l s 49 2 {

a lt . 250 ft .

1 1

of f r The character the vegetation, soil, and geological o ma r influence l tion exe ts also a considerable on c imate and health . The rank luxuriant hairy grass is generally met with in the ” t d t he Zu u rber m d coas lan s, and on g Mountains, hence na e “ “ ’’ Z S r of uurveldt our g ass country . The greater part A b A a r n Lower l any, lexandria, B thu st, Peddie , East Londo , Keiska m to f t i f a of t . s ar and Fort Beau ort, is his charac er It t i o f the m c i s less nu r tive than the grass iddle terrace , whi h t f t generally swee grass, or alkaline bush , the rock orma ion ° t m S being shales or conglomera e, rich in alkalies and li e . tock from this countr y sent down to the coast lands often sicken f the r e and die rom change, go ging themselves on the coars u t the t the e grass , which req ires wice quan ity to give sam a t of t m m met t the moun nu ri ent . A ixed herbage is wi h on of the hl mountains upper terraces, a luxuriant red grass , hig y a nd the lains t he r nutritious on p stunted Kar oo shrubs, bitter a m of e br oken and alk line, or a ixture both, called g veldt i n m r the i t of and so e pa ts m mosa thorns, always an indica ion f t good coun try or s ock . The special advantages of the climate of each district for

of u . individua l cases has, co rse , to be considered separately r w set f m f A r Dr. D e has ably orth the clai s o lexand ia ; Dr. ’ o f ° 3 of Egan those King William Town ; Dr . Pearson those Seymour and the -Katberg ; but generally the whole o f the Eastern Districts have a reputation for salubrity and almost n a t entire abse ce ofmal rious and en demic diseases . The ex ra ordi na ry increase of t he descendants o f the original settlers during the two- thirds of a century that have elapsed since h r 111 1 820 to m t eir ar ival here , the advanced abge which so any of h n a nd h t them ave attai ed ; the tall stature . eal hy physical m of f i e t r y t t h develop ent the rontier res d n s gene all , bo h Du c as and English, as well the splendid physique and healthy o f Ka firs a n d ot ir appearance the native races, hers , and the of to the t h of rapid rate increase, all point heal hy c aracter m cli ate and soil . ’ of of a 8 sa nita riu rn One the advantages Grah m Town as a , i n to fi ne t a i r in addit o its elevated site, clima e, and pure , is, f t W i l d ca n as already related, the acili y with hich nva i s i f remove by rail to a h gher or lower level, to the so t warm a ir o f t he t f s w or he balmy coas , where no rost are kno n, t m t of the Ka tber t r St r keen dry oun ain air g, Win erbe g, or o m

. A t a t o f berg nother is, h t the pa ient is within easy reach the comforts and luxuries as well as the necessities of civilised f of — a li e, and the pleasures English society adv ntages most o f the important, yet t o o ten overlooked or disregarded, in c f f Of hoice o a suitable residence or invalids . what avail to 12 th consil m tive f e unhappy p with body and mind out o gear, is fu it f w d n d a health l climate shut out rom the orl a society,

‘ f of e n and rom all sources mental and physical j o yment . Here a m pleasur ble occupation and amuse ent suited to every taste,

- — with su ffici ent inducement fo r out door exercise often as

‘ e ssential as medi cal treatment or pure air in cases of lingering — i - diseases are readily obta nable . To the sportsman the deep wooded kloofs o f the neighbourhood offer abundant excite

. A of and ment ntelopes various kinds, the rhebok , blauwbok , ' t hea san ts a rtrid es f und boschbok , wi h hares , p , p g , are o close by herds o f bu fi a lo es still haunt the tangled thickets o f the Kowie bush ; the duyker and o ribie on the grassy flats near the r f o fthe the S Bathurst, and g ace ul gazelle Cape ( pringbok) , with korhaan and guinea- fowl on the plains towards Bedford n the a d Somerset . To angler the deep shady pools o f the Ka rei a n few m ff tt g , withi a iles, o er tempting a ractions, and t o of u b n b lovers the pict resque , those enjoya le pic ic and oating the difi erent — wi excursions to watering places the Ko e, Ki einemont— ff r Kasouga, and a o d in all seasons a nd t of t t t change variety . Whils to those in ellec ual habi s and t r the y 1 n of t its li e ary taste , ar o s institutions the ci y, reading i r rooms , circulating l b ary, museum, and botanical gardens, t are at all imes accessible . e fi ects of m Invalids who have experienced the both cli ates, t t c om a n son t w assert hat here is no p be een the clear, dry, n t t of of the w m i vigora ing clima e this part the Colony , and ar , of W moist relaxing heat Madeira, hich has hitherto enjoyed m the onopoly of a sanitarium for chest compla ints . ’ m f f of 45 i n m During y pro essional li e years Graha s Town, I have known cases of consumption fa r a dva nced completely and t a recover, even ph hisical c vities have cicatrized, and the pr ogress o f the disease has been entirely checked when con fi ned n of d to one lu g . I have known also cases here itary con sumption comple tely eliminated from the system by a pro longed residence in the drier inland parts oft he Colony and confiden tl t if t m of e I can y s ate, that the unhappy vic i her ditary consumption were to be sent out to this Colony three lor four f the f t t b the years be ore expected period o a ack (as shown y . t of m of f his ory other me bers the amily) , and kept here in some l f f t favourable locality unti three or our years a ter tha age, there would be every chance of the hereditary taint being l li m t the entire y e minated from the syste . In mos cases t t t f f pa ien returns home to o soon af er he eels himsel well, and the imi tative matter in the air o f his native clime lights u p m again the dormant germs o f hi s old co plaint . 1 3

C (3) TH E CENTRAL KARRO O DISTRI TS.

N M E OND E NG B Y H W AU D E R S . . . . S , . . L ,

The plateau of the Karroo or Great Karroo is a vast tract of country in the Western and Midland Provinces of

° Af the R o e veld Ni eu wveld. South rica, lying between gg and

. n t the Z m t t he mountains on the or h, and warteberg oun ains on t i fr the in st t t o sou h, and extend ng om Hantam Calvinia Di ric ’ R v i n Graa fi -R five Sunday s i er the einet District, that is; over e degrees of longitud . t for of l descri t1 on the fi scal I includes, the purposes a genera p , of t P A t f Divisions Tulbagh , Worces er, rince lber , Beau ort t r s W m A Wes , Mur ay burg, illow ore , berdeen, Jansenville, part G ff- R t m t . of So erse East, Cradock and raa eine ' of 1s 3 000 The approximate average level the Karroo about , w feet a bowe sea level . To sho the gradual rise to the north ma of f t we y give the approximate heights the chie owns, viz 400 f t W 780 e Tulbagh , ee ; orcester , Ceres, Princ t f 2 850 A Alber , , Beau ort West , , ; berdeen, m t 2 400 ° Gra aE - 2 500 r So erset Eas : , Reinet , , ; Mu raysburg, 3 800 t of Nieu wveld , ; Cradock, The average heigh the , R Z r r ° a t oggeveld and wa tebe g, mountains may be taken m f f f o . eet, but so e the peaks rise over eet The clima te of the Great Karroo is char acterized by its m r extre e dryness, severe and prolonged droughts occu ring at

the f . intervals, whilst at best seasons rains seldom all

he r i s intensel oth T tempe ature y h in summer, much more ui bearable, however, than an eq valent heat in a moister t c t a mosphere, and the nights are ool , at leas on the plains, f m mm of the t away ro the i ediate vicinity moun ains . The i n of d c t b skies summer are mostly brass, uncloude , ex ep y the cirr us of heat on the horizon m not f m Winds in sum er are in requent, but they are ostly - i from the north and north west, and hav ng passed over or r t 1n the the m perhaps o igina ed desert, are comparable to simoo 11 s of m 0 a small scale , bringing great cloud red dust with the , and feeling as if coming° from an oven ; t hey seldom blow S m n th i n uenc long . o e places earer the coast come under e fl e f P A b o the south east trades, such as Tulbagh, rince l ert,

&c. Worcester,

s fr f . of Thunderstorm are not very equent, but are o ten great f f i n of o - ° violence, and o ten ollow the wake the n rth west winds 14 i n a few hours vast tracts of country may be transformed into d b temporary lakes , and great amage is done y the bursting of d m overflow of a s and rivers at these times . The Winter is characterized by very cold nights and early

‘ m o f r t t t ornings , with several hours b igh sunny wea her be ween m 3 . 9 a . m. . and p , or thereabouts . The air is remarkably c r lea , bright and bracing ; yet, except in the higher parts o f a a fi re i n ° the K rroo, the sitting room is generally a luxury f rather than a necessity, although o ten acceptable in the l e ven ngs. S w f l the m no generally al s on mountains, and someti es on the higher plains but for the most part no snow lies in the ofthe r r — f p lains Kar oo p oper Beau ort, and especially Murrays

°

b . urg and Cradock , being exceptions ’ of the r The winter Ka roo is, in the writer s opinion , the b for m f t i , t est season pul onary invalids but un ortuna ely, is m rr as it j ust the ti e at which none such a ive, coinciding , d mm Of oes, with the European su er. this more will be said f herea ter. a ir of r Taken as a whole, the the Karroo may be conside ed r of f t f of to p esent some, at least, the ea ures o mountain air , ° D r W h f which , according to . eber, the main p ysical eatures should be

uri t c m a r ti v b c offl a ti ° m tt r P y o p a e a sen e o ng a e . Dr e s o f a ir a nd il yn s so . Coolness or c oldness o f a ir temperatur e a n dgreat warmth o f su n t m ra t r e pe u e . Ra r f c ti e a on. In t it o f li ht ens y g . Stilln o f a i r i n wi t r ess n e . A r m t of z la ge a oun o one .

In winter all these features are present in greater or less f mm l of p er ection, but in su er the great heat, the preva ence ft - ° winds, o en dust bearing and very hot, and other drawbacks, often lead to lassit ude and loss of appetite ; there is further the i t t robu st ~of m impossib li y, excep in the , taking the a ount of f the f r exercise and outdoor li e demanded by disease ; urthe , the inadequate ventilation found in most of the houses renders n f t i door li e unheal hy . f r ih m The most easible escape f om these drawbacks is, y t o et m i to opinion , g to the ounta n heights in the summer up the present time this has not been practicable from the want o f for t any accommodation invalids, but steps are being aken t t o supply his want.

1 6

* ’ Bloemfontein is little more than a day s journey from the m present terminus at Ki berley . O of a r No doubt, the pportunities cquiring p ecise information regarding these points are extremely meagre ; neither the count of r t less popular books t avel, nor even the wri ings o f the late Dr ° H a rr . y Leach and others, are to be relied upon as accurate, and it was the int ention ofthe medical profession her e t o compile a medi cal handbook for the Cape (with full particulars of each for district and village) the Colonial and Indian Exhibition, b ut it was found that the time allotted was too short but this is a r t m ma r t 0 deside a u we y sho ly h pe to see supplied . e er i n - A . b u s Dr . W n fl e ce o f says, the long standing routine mostly guides the practitioner when he selects the most appr o ri a te m t for m t t e d o f p cli a e consu p ion , h i ea this being ultimately s t tm i of W m t as ocia ed as regards trea ent w th that arm cli a es . ” f r m w The o ula is choose the armest climate accessible, and so one loca lity is chosen above another on account ofan insignifi ca nt ff n m t of di ere ce in the ean hea the year or season . These pre t f ur f mises , tha cold avo s the ormation and development of t m f tubercle and tha heat deters the , rest upon no proo , and a m a r r l reaction has set in in so e qu ters, esu ting in an opposite m v viz . cold m theory, , that cli ates should be exclusi ely e ployed . These extremes have produced a s a resultant the theory of a ltitude t t r of as the grea preven ive and cu ative phthisis . ’ Ja onds i ff m Dr. c c writ ng on this subject is di use and so ewhat diffi cult f t ff to ollow, but his argument condensed is to his e ect h in r d m T at , seeing that alike ve y hot and very col cli ates t t phthisis is very prevalen , whilst here are numerous elevated

A S S &c . places in the ndes, witzerland, ilesia, , where at a certain d m t to altitu e consu ption is almos unknown, one is incline'd f it for difi erent avour the altitude theory . This alt ude varies

° places according to conditions of t emperature . The altitude

which preserves at one region will not do so at another, which ” at the same height ha s a warmer temperature . If t t o f his theory be applied the Karroo , it is doubt ul whether, o f t s on account the lati ude, any altitude obtainable on the plain f u t it comes up to the standard o req iremen , and is pretty certain that there is n o region in which a bsolu te immunity from phthisis - m Ne e r the amongst the native born inhabitants can be clai ed . v ’ less the writer knows from the experience of a three years f m f m men residence , and rom com unications ro various medical is in these districts, that phthisis, especially tubercular phthisis, o in m alm st unknown any parts . The study ofthe whole question shows decisively the healthful “ J Bloemfo ntei n i s no w i n ra ilway c ommu nicati on wi th the C a pe C olony thr u u o gh Colesburg (A gu st , 1 7 i nfluence of life in the Open air ; so that with an agricultu r al or o f a ndvice pastoral people , the lower limit protection descends, It mi versa sedentary occupations cause it to ascend . ght be f r inferred that the protection con erred by altitude is illuso y, and — tha t the result depends upon mode o f life yet this would be t f of f t o f a complete error, since the mos avourable mode li e , hat o t i s ff t o f an agricultural p pula ion, powerless against the e ec s low altitudes . The climatic conditions which are associated in South Africa i f m t f i a r e c hiefl with an alt tude which con ers i muni y rom phthis s, y t i n a t empera ure cold winter and cool in summer, the winds ° fi x e d t ° mm r a nd having a special direction at imes during su e , m f- i r h n o a . scarcely existing in winter, and a co plete pure ess T ese u s the o f m t conditions, plus ahigh altitude , give type cli a es which r ma are tonic and stimulant , cu ative . I believe they y be f at m t a t viz ound several places in the anner already hin ed , ., a residence on the summit o f the mountain ranges in summer and if f r in on the plains in winter, the cold be ound too seve e the higher altitude . The forms of consumption in which altitude climates are advisable are thus summed up by Dr . Hermann Weber

H r dita r a n d c i re dt de c t o ht i i s. 1 . e e y a qu en n y p h s

- 2 Th e so c lled hthi si ca l ha bi t s. . a p u ll c nditi s m ri ed b the t erm ht hi i c ti 3 . A o on co p s y p s s, ex ep ng — ’ c a whi ch a re d crib d n on smte ble e . . ses es e as , g

Pa t ients o f the irr itable . c onst ituti on a t a ny st a ge o f t he h hi si s m li a 6 V r dva c d ht hi si . c t c di se se . ( ) e y a n e p s ( ) P o p m h s ma d hthi i c om li c a t e d b c a te d by e p y e . ( ) P s s p y r e ht hi sis c m li c a t d b di ea se o f the albuminu ia . ( ) P o p e y s hthi i s c m c d wi t h lc r a t i on o f t he hea rt . (f ) P s o pli ate u e l r x hthi i c m li ca t ed With r a id r o r s a n d a yn . (g) P s s o p p p g e s f r h ht hi i c m li ca t d wit h r a t lo s constant eve . ( ) P s s o p e g e s f w i ht 13 hthi i c m li c t d with c n i d r a bl o e g . ( ) P s s o p a e o s e e m e ma ht hi si s i n r s who c a n n t le or e py . (j ) P pe son o s ep

ea t a t hi h t a t i n o r f l t h e c ld t o o v r e l . g s o s, ee o se e y

' A tendency to H aemop tyszswas formerly regarded as forbidding m t m u t oun ain cli ates, b this is now regarded as an error ; it is said, f t f t i n r in act, hat it occurs less requen ly these high egions ; m nevertheless, in such cases , considering the remarkable call ade upon the cir culatory and pulmonary systems by a sudden change t o ra refie d it t a s a highly atmosphere, would, I think , be bet er, of h t t o a matter prudence, w en there is a great endency

ae m the u . H moptysis, to ake upper j o rney by easy stages i n the if r ecom Probably theory open air, tent and wagon l e i for the b mended by L vingstone Kali ari region , would be the 18

t f it for mos per ect, but is seldom practicable, except the most to o w robust ; it would be too hot in summer, cold in inter, u nfitted besides being in other ways . On w o f the whole, ho ever, the Karr o climate is avourable to - the out door life . In summer whole day can be passed in a e m n w ll shaded verandah, or in a ha mock slung betwee trees, i n r l and winte the ca m, dry, cold air is inviting to exercise , the mm if and su er evenings, the patient be prudently clothed, for can be utilized exercise . f m f ’ Un ortunately the house accom odation, rom an invalid s of point view, leaves much to be desired . The common plan of keeping the house cool is to shut it up all day long° in m i in su mer, opening the doors and w ndows only the early m fa r orning ; the result is good, so as coolness is concerned, but an atmosphere is produced thereby which lacks t he con st ant interchange o f fr esh and foul air demanded by conditions f of t t o . health , and s ill more by hose disease The houses are v t - f also, as a rule , badly en ilated and ill constructed , com ort sa crifi ced m di ° being to econo y, buil ng being excessively dear . r o f of There is a g eat lack shady walks, also , on account the th o f . e absence woods In some villages streets are well planted, f ra a E -R t W t t t G . no ably orces er, Beau or Wes and einet The farm houses are for the most part situated on the Open a d fe w t tre plains, n have a rees planted in the vicinity, and r quently productive vegetable and fr uit ga dens and orchards . e Food is on the whole cheap and whol some , but lacks variety , and the cooking leaves much to be desired for invalids ; the f fr t V supply o milk, esh bu ter and eggs aries very much accord ing° to the locality and the season ; always a feast or a famine is almost a South African proverb . Vegetables are well supplied at some places and very scanty at others ; a fact dependent more upon the abundance or otherwise of the water supply than upon differ ence of local industry . of the Most vi llages contain several hotels, at which the £ 10 fo r m £ 7 1 0s. charges are oderate, about to per month

- board and lodging, and boarding houses somewhat lower and lodgi ngs with private families can generally be negotiated . A fair house can often be obtained fo r from £ 3 to £ 6 per month f un urnished. Illustr a tive ca ses - of . The nature and scope the Handbook f the r of few orbid inse tion cases reported in extenso, but a f m jottings ro various sources may not be uninteresting, as the m illustrating re arks already made . D Z o f r t t for l ° r. ahn, Ce es, repor s tha the death rate ung and ri of pleura diseases in the dist ct, with an European population is f — 1 72 1 884 five of as ollows Between 8 and , cases chronic and six of acute lung disease (exclusive of children 1 9

and o fthose who have emigrated with diseased lungs) . In the m f . Z case o coloured natives , Dr ahn is unable to ake a satis m t f u factory state ent , as hey do not as a rule all nder his notice , bu t he believes lung disease t o be rather prevalent among nt m them , due to poverty, i e perance and bad hygienic sur roundin gs . Since 1 872 only one case of mile or y t ubercle in a youth of eighteen . ff f Many invalids su ering rom phthisis have visited Ceres, and b nefi ted r Z h e D . have as a rule been . but a n is unable to report n o f t be a si gle instance comple e recovery, usually , believes, because the stay wa s t oo short or t he disease already fa r advanced . f of of Dr . Hur ord, Ceres , reports that many cases pulmonary ben efi ed disease have been greatly t by a sojourn there . of f of Dr. Davey, Beau ort We st, reports that many cases t o f f the ul advanced phthisis have come Beau ort, with o ten res t m m a t fi r st e o f a of a certain i prove ent , but, with the exc ption few t t he f o f m very , his was temporary only ; com orts ho e and he e of f a re m m t pres nce riends and relatives uch issed, and m f r their want helps to make atters unsatisfactory . It is a otherwise in the earlier stages of phthisis : here a residence in t ft if hese parts o en works wonders, especially patients are in m fairly comfortable circu stances . o f A t 1 Dr . Mearns, Prince lbert , reports tha during a res dence of more than seven years he has remarked a special ni f l m t The immu ty rom pu monary consu ption and as hma . place is not much resorted to by invalids because the virt ues of the climate have never been made known, and perhaps also t fir st - t for because here is no class accommoda ion invalids . f w n s t M . e Dr. reports the ollo i g ca s a mong o hers

R 1 9 c m in 18 9 wi t h m r k d d l a t b t h . d 1 G . . a e 7 , g , a e a e u ness o i c o n l ft br e a ki n d wn o f t i mu - r l t fr n tl ap es 3 e , g o ssue, co pu u en , eque y m ci a n i n s c t o r ti n ni ht we a t a t i ba d tit e . s gu eou expe a o , g s s, e a on, appe Aft er four mont hs he left with ma rked impr ovemen t i n a ll

m t ms the di a o fl ft a e x st t i a r . sy p o , se se e p a on y r 18 82 dvi db hi me i l 2 . W d 4 2 m i n n na dc C . e c e J . s , ag , a a y, , a se y a li v C a v i ti i b h l men th t he ha d n ot six m ths t o . n t a on e es o ungs, r e t e m c i ti n i ht sw a t r l n t e ct ra ti wi t h fr e g a a a on , g e s, pu u e exp o on, t haem rrh l o f a t it a nd i n h r t he r dt o quen o ages, oss ppe e, , s o , appea e be i ki r id Im r v em t wa s t d a nd ma rk d he s n ng ap ly. p o en s ea y e 3 i d w i ht tit r t r n d ni ht w a t m st c a d a nd ga ne e g , appe e e u e , g s e s al o e se , o n e c av ity appea r e dt o h a v e c losed; he c ont inued to impr ove until 1 883 wh n he o t chille d i n r et rn i fr m C T wn l ri , e g u ng o ape o , p eu sy s r ve n d a nd i t wa s er e he r a i e d tr n th . H e con upe e , long eg n s e g t in n d m der a t l w ll t ki n o od a m t of r ci till 1 884 e o e y e , a g a g oun exe se , , 20

wh n he a a i n v i i t d Ca Tow and c t ra t d m i fr m e g s e pe n, on c e pneu on a, o f hi s r et u r whi ch he died a few da ys a ter n . wi r her d 24 ha s S en t t hr t . Sh c 3 . L A a e a m with. . . , ge , p ee n e s e e ca t rrh a t b t h a i c s which di a a r d a ft r a tim bu t r e a o p e , s ppe e e e, a ppear ed a fter r eturni n g h ome (ih a n eighbour ing di st r ict ) o n t wo c c i n the la t ti m sh e t a d m m t hs a n d her o a s o s s e s ye so e on , me di ca l dvi e r t ld me t h t she r ma in fi ft een m t h la t r a s o a e s , on s e , r ll st ong a n dwe . d 1 8 wi th ba d fa mil hi t r ha d l f H N . a e d s a t l t . , g , y s o y, u nes e ex a nd h r h br a thi a t t he r i ht t r bl m c o h i ht ap a s e ng g , ou eso e ug , n g ma wea t s a nd of flesh . H e r e i n d h r i x mo nt h d ri n s loss e e e s s, u g whi c h ti m b v m t m it e di a a r d a nd t wo a r la t er e a o e sy p o s qu s ppe e , ye s , wa s w ll a n d c h st i t h a lt h wh en a i h e . en se ag n, e e qu e e y 35 ha d f mil hi t r wa s iv e u a b t n 5 P. T e d t e . . , ag , a y s o y, g n p ou i r a bl o su m t i v Th r i n r l l year s a go a s an ncu e c n p e. e e s o e iab e a c c unt of t he t a t o f h i s lu t hen but now t h h w vi d c e o s e ngs , ey s o e en d lida t i i r o f old l rit i c a dh i a n c . H e s n ot b t bu t p eu es ons onso on o us , t r n e h t o f ll w the v c a ti o o f a h e f r m r a ndhi s i s s o g noug o o a o n s e p a e , hi clim t o f t he K a r r ha s v r m ch benefit d a ca se w ch the a e oo e y u e .

f f No reports have un ortunately been received rom Cradock, ff—R S m t t he first -n m Graa einet, or o erset Eas ; a ed town has a of t for m r high reputation as a place resor pul ona y invalids . The writer is acquaint ed wit h a number of cases of phthisis which have very greatly bene fited by the climate of the o f o f Karroo, and in two cases where a sojourn a couple years

‘ has been made a complete cure has resulted ; these cas“es were H e n of of fibr oid both in an ear ly stage . k ows one case ff for m y phthisis with dilated bronchi , where the su erer an of the years has had all the appearance a hale old man, and disease i s almost always in abeyance . H e has sent cases of bronchial catarrh of an inveterate kind f t o of rom Cape Town the Karroo, with the invariable result i t t m cure with n a very shor i e . of m t em h a Cases asth a , unless complicated wi h excessive p y ben efited sema, are nearly always , and the disease kept abeyance . T I E RARY - fe c of the I N . A w words regarding the a cessibility various towns mentioned may be useful . They may be thus epitomised

1 h a li ne o Ra i lwa . O f y

orcester 1 09 m f . 2 . B ea u or t 1 . W , iles rom Cape Town f

e t 339 f m . 3 . C ra dock 181 W s , miles ro Cape Town , miles 4 frOm Port Elizabeth ; 658 miles from Cape Town . . ’ - ezh et 185 f b t . Gra af R , miles rom Port Eliza e h 2 1

Of a line f Ra i lwa y

l Tu lba h f h R S few m . g , rom Tulbag oad tation a iles by t 76 m f 2 Cer es 1 0 m f car ( iles rom Cape Town) . . , . iles rom R S i i s 85 fr Ceres oad tat on , which miles om Cape Town . 3 P1 mce A lber t 30 b r fr m . , miles passenger ca t o Prince ' y A R S t i i s 265 m fr lbert oad ta ion , wh ch iles om Cape Town . m 4 Mmm sbm 5 m fr m o t t . 0 N S y g, about iles o elspo r ation , 371 m fr m m r s t E t . 5 . So e e a s 1 6 iles o Cape Town , miles f m St 126 f ro Cookhouse ation , which is, miles rom Port mflle 8 m f . 6 . J a nsen 1 S Elizabeth , iles rom Mount tewart S w 1 13 mi f m 7 tation, hich is les ro Port Elizabeth . . A ber deen 30 fr m A R S , about miles o berdeen oad tation, ' 1 4 5 f 8 ZZowm t . . VVe or e which is miles rom Por Elizabeth , 73 fr S i 1 03 m l f miles om Barroe tat on , which is i es rom

Port Elizabeth .

4 H E UPPE R KARR oo PL ATE AU ( ) T .

M B Y J . B AIR D D E n . , . . ,

The 1mme nse tract of country included under this area embraces the Upper Karroo plateau sloping° from the midland m t o the of ountain ranges valley the Orange River. It includes the fi scal of A N A divisions liwal orth , lbert, Colesberg,

Middelburg, Hanover, Hope Town , Herbert, Kimberley, R m ct er Ca rna ry on ich ond, Vi oria West, Fras burg, , Calvinia , t f i i n and par o Namaqualand . This plateau var es height from 2 700 t o f a - the Oom a ssber , eet bove sea level, one point, p g, 7 800 f t i ° t i n , ee , be ng the highes point the Cape Colony . To medical men and invalids t he great and characteristic f o f hi . t o f eature t s elevated plateau is the na ure its climate, and its suitability as a residence in certain diseases of the f lungs . The ollowing remarks are intended to show this, as f ar as can be done by words . There cannot be said to exist any well- marked division of t S S A t t the year in o pring, ummer, u umn and Win er rather it c ° m ° may be des ribed as a long su mer and a longwinter . The f be t e of S t ormer gins rather suddenly about h month ep ember, t increases in intensity ill January, and then decreasing till the of A r e t t o fr m end p il , whil the lat er may be said last o the end of r April till the month o f September . During the fi st half 22 o f the summer months a westerly or nor th- westerly wind i ° ve r m f preva ls during the day, which is y war and dry ; it o ten f t w of . blows with grea orce, bringing ith it clouds red sand i f Towards even ng the wind abates, and is ollowed by a steady , cool and refreshing breeze from the south - east during the t ft the night, which quite invigora es and braces a er hot f th r o the day . Towards e end o f December o the beginning of m m January thunderstorms are co mon , acco panied by a f f o f . s great down all rain , o ten with hail showers These storm o f r t ff fu are sho duration, and their e ect is such as to in se f t of new li e into every living thing . With the excep ion these t r t fo r he m f hunde storms, it may be said hat t whole sum er li e sk m r is led under a cloudless y . The heat in su me , although — great and on some days the thermometer ranges as high as 0° — 1 1 F . r in the shade cannot be desc ibed as oppressive, t t f r m excep it be shor ly be ore a thunde stor , when the sky is t of a ir overcas . This is owing to the excessive dryness the and n t o a ge tle current of wind which almost always blows . But even with the very hottest days a cool night can almost i n t invariably be depended on . The winter his region is t f a i r mos delight ul during the day . The is dry, clear and w an d sharp . But dur ing the hours bet een sunset sunrise the f f air is very cold , accompanied by sharp rosts . O ten the pools of f v bu t f r sun water are rozen o er, the ice melts soon a te the five . S f rises now alls but rarely, in some places once in or six th m years, and that in no great quantity. While ese re arks t o h t apply generally this w ole area, it will be understood hat the climate will vary somewhat as we approach or recede f m th m r ro e ountains which form it s bounda y. To enable an idea to be formed of the climate of the ff f tsof m t di erent Divisions, I shall quote rom the repor co pe ent i t medical observers on their different towns and distr c s .

At the extreme ea st of this area lies the Division o fAlbert .

d the f o f . From Burghers orp, chie town this division, Dr Ka nnemeyer thus reports The chiefsummer months are hot - and relaxin g during the day the mid winter nights are cold . During the rest of the year the weather is t emperate and

f . r for delight ul The sun is ra ely obscured, never a whole day, mostly and gratefully by thunder clouds during° the hot summer

sk . afternoons . We li ve practically under a cloudless y Our m ri i f m r r t . p nc pal rain all is in su mer, sha p and sho thunderstor s of m t These showers are very refreshing . The range te pera ure m St ormber en in su mer is high on the plains . In the g t i t i s (Moun ains) more equable, the heat never oppressive the t i s during day, nor are the nights cold ; and here more verdh re m t and hu idity . In win er, the days are cloudless, rain

2 4

° i h . m t dur ng t e early summer on hs . The thermometer may rise 1 00° mm f l F . F to in the shade in su er and al to . in winter. T R f he tr m dr . t air is ex e ely y ain all very scan y, said to average 5 s f m r inche , and alls al ost entirely in thunder showe s, rain

° t i t . S w t r wi hout l gh ning, being rare no is rare, but ole ably fr t r in severe os s occu at night winter . Ice always melts be fore ” the middle o f the day . r to the W of the of R Fu ther est Division ichmond, and f mi ° of i or ng the apex this tr angular area, lies the extensive i m it s of . r f Divis on Fraserburg F o chie town, Dr . repo rt s as follows In winter ther e is dry cold for the most fr v m t r part , but the ost is very se ere so etimes regis e ing In summer it i s very hot and dr y in daytime ; but the evenings r ° r are ve y pleasant, being cool . The sun is arely obscured either mm t r m m r m in su er or in win er . The the o eter va ies in sum er 9 0° ° ° fr om to 1 10 F . in the shade . In winter it varies fr om 24 ° 0 f r t 4 7 F . 2 for to The rain all is ve y sligh , being to inches t few S ft f the pas years . now o en alls in winter. The air is ” very dry . m D1v1 sion of the o f r r Fro the Carnarvon, to North F ase u or m b rg, Dr . Hanau rep ts very uch in the same terms as those f o Dr. Butler. When we take into consideration the extreme dryness and of t - porous nature the soil, the great eleva ion above sea level, the t m t o f the ai r the e pera ure and dryness , practically cloud ‘ sk m m t f if o less y , per itting al ost constan outdoor li e, and t these we add the scantiness of population and the absence of r r f hurry, wor y and bustle which characterise Eu opean li e, we h a ve an almost ideal set of conditions requisite for the ti f of allevia on and cure o certain diseases the lungs , and o f t especially phthisis . I say cure ph hisis advisedly, because cases o f cure a r e withi n the exper ience o f almost every medical

ma n t i . t prac is ng in this area Fur her, the all but complete absence of pulmonary phthisis in persons born and bred in this area is proof of t he favourable operation of the above con diti on s i n m ° f this direction . The ost convincing proo , however, t m men is afi or dedby the record of cases by competen edical . ’ of In a personal experience ten years practice as a physician , t o f of in a dis rict in the Division Colesberg, with a population t i r ° abou wh te and colou ed, and including all ages, only two of m m cases pul onary phthisis came under y care, origin t t o f the r t t o f hi a ing in na ives dist ic , but nei her w ch were t of 1 6 tubercular . One case was hat a girl aged ; she had a i t of m ul t sl gh attack pneu onia, which tima ely developed into m phthi sis After careful treat ent she gradually recovered,

n ow of h r . married, and is the mother several c ild en The other 2 5

She c ase was one of syphilitic phthisis in a married woman . S f m of died in childbed . everal cases ro near the coast this C l f m o ony, and ro Europe, came under my care with phthisis , o f r t be nefi ted f all which we e grea ly by residence , and ollowed m u f . t o active and se ul lives One case especially I can call ind, f t B . wh f o t t o f . A . o o ha a Mrs , , in spite extensive disease bo h l t r a f m o f ungs, carried on an ac ive business , rea ed , large a ily

for m r . children , and nursed so e years a pa alytic husband The only signs o f illness she exhibited were occasional attacks of mm t of the coughing, and in the su er, slight s reaks blood in um a m f t spectr . I ully convinced that had this patien been ' i the t of t C a n ar t of liv ng at or near sea coas his olony, or in y p t a o Great Bri ain, she would long g have succumbed to this dire di m a t s sease, whereas she is alive and actively e ployed thi resent m pZ ti e . f f . E o b . B . The ollowing short history y Dr Muskett , Hope o ftwo w t Town , cases hich came under his no ice within the few r m last yea s , speaks volu es R 8 d 19 P P. r 1 a 0. K . and , two b others, aged respectively n two years, arrived in Hope Town three years ago . Their elder brothers died within eighteen months of rapidly developing m t On o f f consu p ion . the death the last they took right , and t two had heir lungs examined by physicians, separately , one a s t r ° m n t o ff pecialist . Bo h p onounced the young e be su ering f nt o f t m rom the incipie stages phthisis, and recommended he t o Ou m hi . leave England im ediately, w ch they at once did e of xamination their chest on their arrival in Hope Town, — both were found to be in an almost similar state dulness r d of b ove a consi erable area at the apices oth lungs , more the f r p ronounced on le t side, lengthened expi atory murmur, fla ttenin of the c e a fi e cted some crepitation, g h st in the region a nd dimmi shed m m ff f ove ent . In addition they su ered rom o f t of muscular weakness , shortness brea h on exertion , and loss fl esh . A t They also had slight cough bu t no expectoration . t he o f six months m i end the physical signs had uch d minished, ha d flesh m and they regained strength and , the younger so uch ' so t t for him At the ha his clothes were too small . expiration of a ea r ha d disa ea red t elt y , the physical signs p p , and hey f

"o ther wis well i us e . No w f thr ee ea rs ur sues a la bor o , a ter y the one p r o ession i n Kimber le the ha s retur nedto E n la nd b t p f y, other g o h ” t he m of t h are in enjoy ent excellen ealth .

. of R of I Dr Fick , ichmond, thus reports his own case , f a m f r m enefited mysel , a ai sa ple of a man who has b by t m t f 1879 residence in his cli a e . I came rom Germany in , “ t wa s i Aft par ly because I suspected to be consumpt ve . er a ’ few R m . years stay in ichmond, y whole appearance was altered 26

nd W a n in 40 lbs. I became hale hardy, and had gai ed eight , 1 80 190 ” weighing to lbs . r m r r of A F o Bu ghe sdorp, in the Division lbert, Dr . Kanne meyer reports as follows I have more than once had the of i f bu t opportunity to see cases phthisis com ng rom Europe, far for m r benefit too advanced cure, derive te pora y during m their sojourn a ongst u s. Incipient or early cases a t once t v f the improve . Hi herto in alids requenting this part of o f m i r or country in search health have ade the stay too short, t o o have come late . Continuous residence is necessary to f—- r ° establish a cure . There are about hal a dozen pe sons residing t wn f in this o at present, leading use ul lives, who came here as co nfi r me d t invalids, and whose lives have been undoub edly e sav d by continuous residence . m of n f ll Fro the town Ha over, Dr . Bourke sends the o ow ing There seems t o be a special immunity from C on su mp d t of t di t tion enjoye by the inhabitan s his s rict, as it is seldom if ever met with among the people born and bred in this s district . There are to my knowledge two case of Consumption in this distr ict to all intents and purposes cured . The individuals in question arrived from England with the disease in a most aggravated form and n o w after several ’ t r f r years residence, hey are practically restored to thei orme i i t ur f c i s health and vigour . The late D str c S geon o this pla e t another instance in point . For notwiths anding the advanced of the m i C l stage alady on his arrival in th s o ony, he was t the benefici a l ff of m t enabled, hrough e ect this cli a e, to carry on the arduous duties o f a general practitioner for ten years : and it was only on his r eturn t o England that he succumbed o t r m m m t the disease . O her two cases occu to y e ory in which the patients are being gr adually restored to health and vigour . J f i ° t f Dr . . Hanau sends the ollow ng ins ances rom the town f n A m t m r o Car arvon Ger an gen leman (a issiona y) , about 54 r of r me d t it yea s age , is repo ted to by goo au hor y as having suffered from consumption some twelve to fifte en years ago . H e is now so well that as long as I have known him he ha s n A 30 not required medical attenda ce . nother German, aged , in whose family there is hereditary predisposition to c onsu mp t ill C l h t of t s ion, became in this o ony, and ex ibi ed signs ph hisi ft of H e his a er an attack pleurisy. is now attending to ° m r f . A business, and seldo requi es pro essional advice young 21 f gentleman , aged , born in Cape Town, with a amily predis w f t position , was arned by his ormer medical attendan , and while resident in Cape Town was constantly troubled with of r hi t finds f attacks b onc is , now himsel as well as possible , ” i s l m and is never troubled by h o d co plaint . 27

t . L S of The late Dr . Gogol,Dis rict urgeon Murraysburg — a district to the South of Richmond ih reporting to the m t the 1 882 t Govern en in year , says During a prac ice t fi ve r n ot hi t one t t ex ending over yea s, I have upon patien wi h ” m inin r o t t . pul onary phthisis, born in this or the adj g dis ic s These are but a few of the examples of benefit derived from If m r . esidence in this area space per itted , their number cou ld be very largely increased by drawing° on the case-books of t ° t i m any physician prac ising wi hin its l its. They will, how e su ffice t o h the tr t o f t t t ver, establis u h the sta ement , ha not hi a t f bu t t t only can pht sis be llevia ed and li e prolonged, ha it ffici n l can a ctually be cured by a su e t y long residence . A f t of lthough, rom the grave na ure the disease , and because of il of the br liant results recorded its cure, phthisis has been chiefl n ot y and especially mentioned, this is the only disease n r ni d of. t m be efite by residence . Many cases as h a and ch o c t b n bronchi is are on record where e efit has been derived . ° dr m Indeed, speaking generally, cases requiring a y, war air and altitude are all benefited. f With a record such as the oregoing, it would seem strange t hat the advantages o f residence here are not more widely known and generally used by Europeans than they a t present fo r f t su ffici e nt t t are . One reason this is the ac that at en ion has not been drawn to it by medical men in the European l f for it s t i s the Medical Journa s. But the chie reason neglec fact that until quite recently it was very diffi cul t of access . f the of Be ore discovery the Diamond Fields, which lie beyond a t t this area, it was to Europeans least an unknown coun ry ; the usual mode of travelling a t that time was the slow ox t f m wagon or on horseback . When the weal h o Ki berley

f . d t t r _ o f at rac ed a la ge population rom all parts the worl , the ox - wagon gave place to the speedi er passenger coach and the

rt . t the a post ca These are now supplan ed by r ilway, which run s right t hrough the centr e of this area into Kimberley t h bey ond . Wha was twelve years ago a journey causing muc l expense, time and trouble , can now be accomp ished with f of cheapness, speed, and all the ease and com ort a Pullman f car. What it ormerly took days to accomplish can now be t f i n executed wi h com ort hours . Ther e are no Hospitals or Sanatoria for the reception of f h . t o invalids in this area Those, here ore, w contemplate a t residence here will have to depend upon Ho els, Boarding a n of Houses and privat e lodgings . Board and lodging in y these establishments ranges from £ 6 t o £ 12 per month n f t accordi g to the mode o life and accommodation . For hose who contemplate housekeeping on their own account the fo l ‘ 28

° f m ur lowing in or ation will be of service . Unf nished houses i o f t t are obta nable in most the owns and villages, and cos m ° l 0s. er t c mm f £ 2 t o 6 . ro £ p mon h according t o ac o odation. Domestic servants a r e almost a ll drawn from the coloured

f m 1 30 . r i 5s. 8 e classes . Their wages range ro to p month w th f t a r e of ood . These servan s as a general rule by no means the t f a i f hf bes , but o ten very good, well tr ned, and ait ul t o me t t a t servants are be wi h . The gener l rule is hat servants ’ do the h of bu t fo r not sleep in ouses their employers , leave m m their own ho es at night and return early in the orning . W to f f and f ith regard ood, bee and mutton are cheap plenti ul,

° l f 6d. d. l . 2 h 6 b . the average price being per ; bread, loa , Milk and butter depend so much on the nature of the seasons f t d for and the rain all, tha no general rule holds goo the whole

. Af d t fa area ter a goo season wi h heavy rain ll, both butter

lk if r od . and mi are plent ul, and the latter ve y go in quality

Th i fr lb . e t for t 1 s. 3s. , pr ces will hen range but er om , to per f or m 3d. 4d . and ilk to . per quart bottle In dry seasons , for but again, milk is scarcely to be had payment , where it

it v f 4d t o 8d. t can be had aries rom . per quar bottle, while m m f 2 s. 4 lb. butter ranges rom to s. per Canned or i ported ilk

and butter are both extensively used during the dry seasons . in the m f d Dur g su mer eggs are cheap and plenti ul, but uring h f m t e winter they are dear and scar ce the price varies ro Is . 2 t d. d 3 . 6 the to per oz . When towns are situa ed on or near a v for A t ri er, such places, example, as liwal Nor h, Colesberg, ’ fi sh i . Hanover, Philip s Town, Hope Town , river are obta nable r fish f m ff t a In winte , sea can be had by rail ro the di eren Co st r N0 r t f of f Po ts . p ices can be sta ed or this kind ood , as it is u m t looked pon ore as luxury han necessary, and the supply is

. f v irregular With regard to ruit and egetables, the same li m d t remark app es as to butter and ilk, all depen s on the na ure f If f t ar e m o . t the season rain is plen i ul, and here no unti ely f s f t of d rost , ruit and veget ables are abundan , cheap , and goo i of A f in quality n most the towns . mongst the ruits grown ur f f the town or on the s rounding arms , the chie are Oranges, Na art es A A s j , pples, Pears, Plums , Peaches and pricots , Grape , b m t u t . Figs, Mul erries, Loqua s, Po egrana es , Q inces, Water

Melons and Musk Melons . f w t O the towns and villages ithin his area, and in which l it t invalids wou d naturally be inclined to live, may be said tha t m z hey vary very uch in appearance and si e , according to the

n . amou t o fwater supply for irrigation purposes, and their age t i s f f Where wa er abundant , oliage is plenti ul , and the town or village has a cheerful and comfort able appearance where it is

t t nd d l . r absen , the own has a dry a eso ate look The e are here 29

of t he the none historical associations, beauteous landscapes , the refined o r a r t t of society, collec ions a Mediterranean health t f A o S . resor , nor the grand scenery the wiss lps The charac terist os a re t r o m n f i , ra her, a ough , wh leso e ple ty, and a ree and i t of i f an d prim tive s ate soc ety . Many o the towns are dull W m m m dreary , and hen an invalid has no e ploy ent, ti e will t i t t hang heavy on his hands . It mus be d stinc ly unders ood ’ t hat a cure will not be the result of a fe w weeks or months but i n it t f n stay, extend nto years ; i deed , canno be too o te r c n e ces repeated, that to ensu e a cure continuous residen e is

s . t u ary It must also be remembered hat, altho gh the English 1s 1 n t V language pretty generally spoken the owns and illages , ° t t the prevailing language is Dutch , and hat the habi s and customs of the people are in many wa ys different from what n prevails 1 Europe . ’ oft a s f fe w In spite hese disadvant ge , a ter a years residence , the free and easy mode of life i n these country t owns becomes a t ft r the very ple san , and is o en looked back to with egret on o c f ‘ . o e i s return t a large city The con lusion the whole matt r , what will not one do for dear life " To gain this one pearl of t wit . grea price , all others can be dispensed h i h t h t o . One word w regard clot ing Many people, on leaving for t m i it Europe this coun ry , load the selves with l ght, and om t o a the e n t n e ce t ke warm clothing, supposing latt r o to be s r mi t . l sa y. This is a great s ake As wi l be seen from the

‘ fore oi n re orts the ver mid g g p , nights are y cold, especially in winter . It should be di stinctly understood that exactly the of t ° e t n same kind clo hing is n cessary here as in Great Bri ai . Flannel and tweed are just a s essential here as in the North of- i t Scotland . Bear ng his in mind will save much useless expense . 30

I SO RI A AS A EA E RT . V. UTH AF C H LTH R SO

B Y E SY ME S TH O MPSON M D . , . . ,

ea dbefor e the o a l C oloni a l Institut e a nd r e r int ed b ermi ssio n from [R R y , p y p

the Pr oceedi ngs of the I nst it u t e fl

When the request was made to me that I should read a o f S Af f paper on the climate outh rica, be ore the Fellows of he R i f t oyal Colonial Inst tute , at the opening meeting o a n ew ul not but f ra tifi ed b f session , I co d eel g y the honour con erred upon me . I am fully aware that some of my hearers ma y have spent half a lifetime in Africa ; but it is one thi ng to live in a vast country , and another to collect particulars as to its climate and capabilities from the standpoint of a physician anxious t o search into ever y region of ear th and sea which may suit his of purpose giving or restoring health . f first r Fi teen years ago, when my cont ibution on the subject " u blished the ofm w k was p j I was able to record, as basis y or , the detai ls of some twenty cases of disease treated for the most h t part in Natal and t e Orange Free Sta e . i Experience since ga ned , supplemented as it has been by inf ° m u stificati on ormation acquired during a recent visit, is y j for venturing to address you on the subject . On m S t the Northe rn m co paring the ou hern with He isphere, first t ou r t ll t the poin to which atten ion is ca ed, is this, hat S dn e A y y, Melbourne, delaide, and Cape Town, only distant 34 f m the about degs . ro Equator, have a corresponding mean — — l n t 63 . a es a nual temperature namely , abou degs with N p ,

R f 4 1 . to 43 . At N m . ice , and the iviera in ro degs degs north this latitude in the Northern Hemisphere we a r e accustomed to regard an elevation of from t o feet as necessary mm to secure i unity from consumption . But the elevation above the sea at W hich such immunity is secured in South m Africa is re arkably low .

O n the l eva t ed H ea lt h esort s of the Sou th er n H emi s here with s eci al E R p , p n o So uth Afri ca — r an a cti ons o f o a l edi ca l a nd Chir ur i ca l r efere ce t . T s R y M g

i V l . l vi 1 8 3 . Soc ety , o . , 7

32

At l t t home , trained ta ent and s rong heal h are alike essential . But there are many whose str ength and vitality are not u ffi f s ci ent or success in the high competition o f this country. e i f r f Th se, transplanted to a colony whe e li e is more r estful m r and co petition less keen , would ise to eminence . t ni the m It may be true hat the Colo es, like other country, a r e overstocked; but men o f exceptional abili ty will push mm S t Af c their way in every co unity , and ou h ri a can boast o f many in positions o f high trust who could never have attained m t such e inence in a rying climate . The present moment does not appear a very fav ourable one for° t ° in S Af set ling outh rica, but who shall say that it may not

quickly change its phase, and those who arrive soon may have the credit o f being the pioneers o f a new and important development in a countr y the capacities a nd capabilities o f

which are unquestioned . It would be ou t of place and inappropriate were I to venture here on any detailed description o f the cases suited for the m cli ates of South Africa . This could alone be attempted f it r be ore a medical audience, and was only yeste day I read a f S t of paper on the subject be ore the Medical ocie y London . t o t be In deciding where send our patien s, we need to not l l o f a s l . n ot doctors on y, but students character we We must forget that the power of adaptation to new conditions is needful r h a lth e ker fo the e s e in a new country . It is useless to send t o South Africa a ma n or woman whose mf the r of m f co ort depends on luxurious su roundings ho e li e , m difficulties and who will never cease to gru ble when arise . We must not expect success it we send to ou r Colonies those f r t who have always dri ted and have never exe cised voli ion, m t ‘ have always been moulded by circu s ances , and have never m learned to overco e . The dysp eptic , who cannot digest hard , m di ffi cu lti e s dry, or greasy eat, will be in perpetual , and those whose main occupation at home is to criticise t heir food must not be expected to change their habit when there is m for m r m a ple scope its exercise . What is really o e i portant than the nature or stage of disease is the character of the f t . patien , and his readiness to enter into and enjoy his new li e H e man of r t m f should be a resource, able to inte es hi sel in the l f of f t i n S Af i e his neighbours. Those so o ten met wi h outh rica , for m t r men who have regained health there , are, the os pa t , f r o resource , ready to accept any post, and to unde take any

work which ma y offer in the new country . I would now say a fe w words in favour of a short pleasure for for trip to the Cape, not invalids only, but those who are ’ seeking a new playground wherein to spend a summer holiday . 33

who of There are very many people , tired the London ' season and disinclined for the bustle of a scamper to the Swiss

S ma . mountains or cotch moors , y well seek pastures new For such I would suggest a trip such as I have lately taken . th of Ju ft Leaving the East India Docks at e end ly, a er three of f stea mei ° n the ~ weeks per ect rest, in a Mail havi g all regu la rity and dependency of an express train on a well appointed fi nd f f m of line, you yoursel re reshed and renewed by a ti e quiescence unattainable on land . A vast change has come over the habits of men as regards i of Gril m t he hol days . In the time John p , we have it on of f authority the devoted spouse hersel , that they

Fo r t wi ce t en t e dious yea rs h li a No o d y ha d seen .

The Pavilion at Brighton gl ves local expression to the idea quite a novelty in the 18th ce ntur y—that a seaside haven of r R t est was suited to a Prince egen . t m m ° But his century has arked an a azin tgD development ; the recognition of the necessity for a summer° holiday has spread f m t of ro prince to peasan , and even the poorest the East E n i n - ° ders count upon an outing the hop picking season . The development of the railway system has brought within f o f t reach places inaccessible be ore , and the application s eam to ocean transit has done much in b ringing near lands pre u l b vi o s y eyond o u r Len . Our schemes of benevolence enable those who add the son ow . o f sickness to that ofpoverty to gai n the benefit of the sea hos t l side or the country . My own Ei a at Brompton has lately adopted a systematic plan of dr aft ing offsuch patients as may d m on S u a n dI nee it to convalescent ho es the o t'h Coast ; have helped t o establish a scheme by which the health-restorin g luxury o f a winter in the Engadine may be brought within of ff fo i the reach those who cannot a ord to pay r t . O ur A Af A merican , rican, and ustralasian Colonies hold out t attractions to those needing a holiday which canno be surpassed . All members ofthe Royal Colonial Institute will suppo rt me in the opinion that if t he idea of our responsibilities as citiz ens o f G i t e n d u r the reater Brita n has any reali y , we should eavo from time to time to make the money we annually spend on the luxur ies of foreign travel of benefit to those of our OW °1

Empire. l k 1n Medical men , and especial y those whose wor takes them o f t ma v m t o m the direction clima e treatment, do uch pro ote c 34

hi u a im it f d ° t s tr ly national , , be ore commen ing a patient to a f first oreign health resort, they think , Is there any haven of ‘ our own of equal value P * o n r I have recently published a paper Water T eatment, pointing out that the baths of England have equal virtue with

‘ those of many Continental Spas and it mi ght be readily shown t tha England and her Colonies possess all, or nearly all, that t - can be needed by the heal h seeker . a m t t n of t I no specialis who hi ks no hing but chest disease . “ Every day brings me in contact with those who have run f m — t f down ro overwork , under res , or aulty adaptation of the t o r m human machine its envi on ent . A sea voyage is well sui ted for those who are unequal to a nd of active exertion, to the bustle a crowded lodging in the the w of country, or at seaside , here a bevy children or relations eh evidence r are always and p eventing rest . We are too prone to think that people with ner vous dis ” r n ot m o ders are really ill, and to despise their ail ents ; and truly the physio they require is not an alterative t o be ’ the C m of purchased at he ist s, but a change scene and surround c b f n a t m ing such as a n best e ou d sea . The elancholy patient t o fin d mi off t t is sure on board a xed party ellow ravellers , wi h t m r a t t f t brigh ani al spi its and exuber nt vi ali y . The ac that he c annot shut himselfi n his room away from society keeps him f ennui . H e of m f rom will soon be drawn out hi sel , and on ' S Atri ca r fr arrival in outh , or when he eaches home, his iends i will hardly recognise h m as the same . The short stay at the Cape will have added to value ofthe change and consolidated ben efit m t i far m t the , and two onths hus spent w ll do ore han could have been accomplished in the same time on the shores of m the i a eVen . Engl nd, or a ong Norweg an Fiords R m r m f e embe , there are so e to whom new li e comes with on the m or a active exercise oors among the pe ks, passes , and t for glaciers ; and others who need res and quiescence , and whom the sea voyage o r lyin g on the beach thr owing° pebbles into the sea is the desider atum. Those who need the first and f t r m O choose the second, return rom hei holiday ore ppressed t t n r t rt han ever and hose who eed es and take violent exe ion,

- return with a strained heart or over distended lung . Change f r of d for m o . work is goo so e , cessation others I o f the mf r c a n d . cannot speak too highly co o ts, onveniences , ” courtesy exper ienced on board the Castle Steamer s ; a nd I “ ” hear that those o f the Union Company are equally satis factory .

9“ I J he P ct itwner u 1 8 n r a J l 88 . , y, 35

n a t the O arriving Cape Town, splendid Table Mountain t f s u t i n f o u o . rises ron , with the town spread at its base ot 1 n the fi rst N lingering, instance, more than two days at ° t Cape Town , during; which I had ime to make the acquaintance few o f t m of a the principal inhabi ants, I went on in the sa e m the B a stea er round Cape to Mossel y, past the Knysna to f Port Elizabeth . The proverbial roughness o the sea at the of o f f Cape Good Hope , which I had ull experience, makes it desirable to go on in the larger boats rather than in the small t i l Mail s eamers wh ch p y along the coast . tr the f t of The Knysna dis ict is, perhaps, most beauti ul par m ’ S t A f . withj va ried ou h rica Its ountains and valleys, covered ' r afi o rd vegetation, and peopled with la ge and small game, great m A t f attraction to the sports an . l hough the rain all is greater l n 1 s than the neighbouring parts , it not excessive . The coast lan ds partake of the rather unhealthy character prevailing all S t Af bu of few r f t round ou h rica, t at an elevation a hund ed ee a t of t fift f t and a distance twen y or y miles rom the shore, hese n u en e evil i fl c s are lessened. A pla n is in contemplation for the development o f this part o f i the Colony, and it is proposed to build an hotel and prov de for t greater attractions visitors than exist at presen . The f - O m m beauti ul land locked harbour is pen to s all Mail stea ers, B a m m ff a t O . and the large vessels call Mossel y , not any iles t b t f Por Elizabeth lies in a deep ay, shel ered rom all except d SE . f t t a n winds, which , un or una ely, are at times severe t two destruc ive, as was the case months ago, when nine r t o vessels were blown ashore . Thanks in a great measu e the of the m of r energy Mayor, it has any evidences p osperity, and L i f f has has been called the i ve pool o South A rica . Water f m o ft r t m iles t 1s ma nifi been laid on ro a distance hi y , here a g - r m of cent sea wall and promenade, and the greate nu ber u t m i t E ropean inhabitan s ake more enlightened , more cleanly t ot and better paved han the other towns of South Africa . N e of i 1 r a tr e will grow till the top the h ll s reached, whe e, pro te cted f m t 1s a the ro the sea breezes, vege ation luxuri nt around f h t m villa residences o the wealthier in abi ants . In sum er the m cli ate is cool, and exposed iron rusts, as it does not in the i nterior. ° E Fr om October to March the preval ling winds a re S. n A B a m t blowi g right into lgoa y, laden with saline ois ure and t accompanied by high solar heat, hus producing a local ” climate incompatible with the health a nd comfort of an ° m f A invalid with bronchial or lung ischie . From pril to u d f in A N. W . o gust win s prevail, and the sense oppression t brea hing is relieved . 36

East London has a similar° climate : landing 1 s no longer a ’ ’ difficu lt Q W 8 y, and hence ueen s Town , King illiam Town . t A ma e -It Cathcar and liwal y be readily r ached by railway. ’ is resorted to in summer by the King William s Town residents . The temperature o f the coast on the south and east is 1 n flu en ced the e fi e ct of hi 1 t by Mozambique current, the w ch s o ’ make all the coast to the east war d of Simon s Bay warmer than t t o f C a ) w t r ha pI e To n , jus as the E quatorial cur ent that impinges o n tho East Coast of Australia helps to make Sydney warmer t han Adelaide . Grahamstown feet) is beautifully situated within t mi o f a lthou h m thir y les the sea, g ore than 1 00 miles distant f r z f m i a l rom Po t Eli abeth , ro wh ch it is reached by r i way . The rainfall 1 s fairly and equally distrib uted throughout the a 1 s t a s i n so r 1n Afr ye r, and not limi ed, many othe places ica, f w t in m m t o a e thunders orms sum er. The te perature i s

‘ rema rka bly equable . It is sheltered fr om the strong winds which re11 de1° Port for tf m Elizabeth undesirable invalids, and has a deligh ul cli ate both 1n summer and winter . With the excepti on o f the suburbs of 1 s n the t t o Cape Town , it unquestio ably most pleasan place ° m t a t m . the o i live the Colony During y s ay there, at end th r — m 42 — e s. E winter, nights we e cold ean deg . but during he h r 75 t m the day t s ade temperatu e rose to degs . The a os here l t t t of f the p is distinct y less dry han ha Bloem ontein, f r t t the r rain all is dist ibu ed throughou yea , and excessive dry ness is less complained of at Grahamstown than i n many other parts . Grahamstown has been described as the Winche ster o f Af a South rica . Its ecclesiastical and educational dvantages are gr eat the intellectual and social activities o fthe place are m of E t n uch like those an nglish cathedral own, and any perso of r fi nd its cultu e would in public buildings, gardens and sur t o t r t roundings, much interes and dive . It is situated in the m t of C l t o ost produc ive plateau the o ony, close the watershed oft m ma f ui fu hree river syste s ; its genial cli te , r t l soil, cheap t t he ° living and easy access by rail to the coas , to bracing moun dr tain air, or to the y inland plains, make it a desirable ‘ni n - fo r n soj ou r g place the i valid. i u The air is br ght and exhil arating . The mean ann al tempera

6 i mm 63 53 . 1 s 0 . n ture degs ; su er degs . ; and winter degs ; mean m n 7 a d 1 8 . i de s. 1 7 2 a n e 1 5 . g , g ( degs in sum er, degs in 'l w t a h f l of 22 c in er) ; annual rain al in hes , distributed over 84 f ll chicfl l n a . bout days The rain a occurs y summer, and so

ke t t . eps down the empera ure , and secures remarkable equability 37

of G a m f The Eastern Province , which r ha stown was ormerly d : 1 m the capital , may be thus divi ed ( ) The coast plateau , war , 2 fr m 1 000 genial and equable ; ( ) a midland terrace, o , to 2 5 00 f t m 3 a , ee elevation , cooler, drier, and ore genial ; ( ) _ m f m f t r mountain cli ate , ro to eet , s ill d ier and t a m — ~ more bracing , wi h gre ter extre es hot days , cold nights f o f a t the range o temperature being double that the co s lands , A l ma t t the i h t Cradock and liwa North y illus ra e h g pla eau , ’ m a nd n W the Graha stown Ki g illiam s Town intermediate one , th and Port Elizabeth and the Cowie e coast . ’ Kin g William s Town feet) is decidedly hotter than ' r m t n t the soci al G aha s ow , but o herwise the climate is similar r l interests are less ; and the elevation , geog aphical and ecc e i ti l s a s ca l . , is less a so A f the u o f R 44 Port l red, at mo th the Cowie iver, miles by a u se f m G t r ilway (again ) ro rahamstown , is a pleasan place o f d Ju bu t for seasi e sojourn during June and ly, is unsuited cases of phthisis . Gr a afi Reinet (elevation feet) is an exceptionally hot l n mm bu t ma m l n w place su er , y be reco mended inter, as being m m ma n a ndh . accessible by railway , aving a co petent edical im t of f t t The cl a e Queenstown ee eleva ion) , on the t o A i t : line be ween East L ndon and l wal Nor h, is thus described The mean temperature o fthe four hottest months (Novem of f t o ber to February) is 69 degs . ; the our coldest (May ’ t 2 d i m t A 5 . ugus ) , egs The n ght te pera ure is seldom high ; 0 of f ma be for 1 degs . rost y looked on two or three mornings v w t f m f e ery in er . The rosty ornings are ollowed by glorious on l de w f days . Only quiet and c oudless nights does all , and the the peace and clearness abide, while brilliant but no longer scorching° sun does his da ily rainfa ll during the l fi ve months from May t o September is on y three inches . m f i n mm v Heavy thunderstor rains all su er, lea ing the sky m f l t . serene , o lowed by calm nigh s This is an ad irable place ” for m con su ptive cases . A N t f m of liwal or h eet) , the northern ter inus the n R 28 0 mi d t l n Easter ailway, is les istan , and may be reached ' twenty- four hour s from East London ; or the Eastern Railway ’ v ma y be reache d from Grahamstown or Cradock m a day s dri e . ha mf t s f . It two airly co ortable ho els Houses are to be had, and a re 1 8 V l r R rents low . It a large i lage on the O ange iver, which n d f dr for 111 ru s rapi ly a ter rain , and is never y ; nine months . h r t e i s bu t t r i n . yea , it a s ream unning a deep bed The air l t of t t is dry and coo , like tha Cradock , but hepextra eleva ion m it m r A d akes o e bracing. patient, whose disease was arreste t o n hi s at Grahamstown, has been able carry o work 38

n d a v A . assiduously without “break since li ing at liwal In October last he wrote : The winter ha s been splendid ; at f d i night sharp rosts, the ays bright, dry, and cr sp . The spring m two rains co e down in or three days, the weather has been ” f t d c - per ec ly ry since . The Do tor observe s that dark com lex i one d l t t he m t f p people do bad y, but tha cli a e o Aliwal suits blondes Aliwal i s beyond doubt one of the most valuable health r t of S Af f r hi t reso s outh rica o pht sical patients . Un il the railway is completed which is to connect the East and West * of t o provinces, the greater accessibility Cradock is likely make

. Al the of: it more popular iwal, however, as being on line f m m m railway ro East London , is ore easily reached than Bloe f i for 1 t he ontein , wh ch is likely to remain yea s beyond reach ” of r f t t the i on horse . The Boers o the Orange Free S a e or of the f mon e t a r e Transvaal pre er to make y by ransport, and t o the of i slow allow access the ra l . t f r Tarkas ad eet) , midway between C adock and ’ s r i Queen Town , is superior to many othe health stat ons, m n ot t i z inas uch as it is shu in by h lls, and has constant bree es m t o f f to cool the air . It is in the ids a ertile region , sur r f m m t e rounded by la ge arms ainly occupied by English en , h Golde n Valley Farm being amon g the most beautiful i n the l m i mf t t Co ony. It has , oreover, an exceed ngly co or able ho el ’ — Pa ssmo re s— n r managed by an E glish lady. The e are two men it t o capable medical , and is much resorted by invalids ’ ’ find r m who C adock, Queen s Town, or King Willia s Town t oo h t i n o . There is no time in the year which it is unpleasant the summer thunder storms freshen the air when tending t o t a r e sultriness . The ba hs in the hotel well arranged , and ’ very refr eshing after a day s shooting or a long dr ive . Tarka ’ stad is reached by a five hours dr i ve from Cradock ( 180 miles f m t t f r h by rail ro Port Elizabe h) , over beau i ul count y, w ich , on leaving Cradock , becomes more grassy, the Karroo bush bein g super seded by a richer vegeta tion ; yet the a ir and soil are so dry that a knife left on the veldt for a year or t wo does t If f m not become rus y . approached ro East London , the ’ 1 5 4 i t fi ve distance to Queen s Town is miles, whence is a ’ r rk t f t h t it ofi the o f hou s drive to Ta as ad . The ac t a is line the railway makes it superior to more accessible places, where temptation is great to be flitting constantly from place to n benefit place, and thus losi g the which in chronic cases can alone be secured by patient continuance fo r many months in - i health g ving air .

‘ n This line i s a pproa chin g c ompletio .

40

m 62 hu idity is per cent . the average summer maximum tem er tu r e 9 1 e A d p a is d gs . lthough the ays are hot the evenings m are cold . The dryness o f the at osphere mak es it easy t o m r t . bear the heat . Asth a is unknown he e — The elevation of Beaufort West readily reached fr om Cape Town or t — It Port Elizabe h is the same as that of Cradock . f— w a nd im r is hal way between Cape To n K be ley . Trees grow t the r of t is m along the stree s, and appea ance the own ore attractive than that of Cradock but those compelled to stay for m r . , , there onths are apt t'o mope in eithe It is however - n t a very good stopping place o the way nor h . 9 i f H R S 300 Hanover, m les rom anover oad tation , miles f 539 fr m rom Port Elizabeth, and miles o Cape Town (eleva t f m i s ion eet) , is dry and bracing ; the winter cli ate o f t he S t of r umm compared to that ou h F ance the s er is hot , f 1 i s b evenings cool rain all 0 nches . The scenery is de cri ed as t r of o f pre ty, but it pa takes the arid Karroo character . Cases - phthisis and bronchitis in the young and middle aged do well . mm Pneumonia, however, is co on . The district around Hanover is available for those preferring to lead an agricultural life or for sheep farming . 360 m f f Fraserburg, iles rom Cape Town eet eleva he m . T tion) , is barren . Periodical rains relieve onotony m a nd t winds are strong, the air dusty . Both su mer win er — are m 1 00 1 1 0 d . ; severe su mer, to _egs in the shade winter 2 R f a w 1 0 m 4 . 2 to 4 . R degs ain all, inches il ay station iles * ofi . 00 f 10 l f m R S Ceres eet) , mi es ro Ceres oad tation, which 85 m f f t is iles rom Cape Town , occupies a beauti ul posi ion , and is a very suitable place in which to spend a few weeks before o I m deciding on a m re settled home . n elevation it is si ilar t o m n e r h m Graha stow , but the climat is much mo e u id , espe i l w of c a l y in inter . Ceres possesses the great advantage a mf - m i for co ortably arranged sanatoriu or hospital, ava lable

- i m o f . . invalids, under the h ghly co petent supervision Dr Kahn

The streets a r e well lai d ou t with boulevards of oak trees . A - t t river runs through the town , with well pro ected ba hing

m . places . The soil is sandy the air is dry in su mer Ceres f e a f m SE . is shelter d by mount ins ro the winds , which o ten An v render Cape Town and its vicinity trying. ele ated ’ f two - plateau, eet high , is reached in a hours drive , a f m m f Ma having beauti ully cool, dry su mer cli ate, but rom y

’ 4" a f nt in a cessible a fter a n i ht s ou r n e fr o m C a e o wn M tj es o e , c g j y p T , h r r oo cl mate 1 11 a a ffo rds a r ea dy mea n s o f t esting the effects of t e Ka i

mm da t ion i s r owdc d. dou btful ca se . Comfor table h otel a cco o p 4 1

N o A t N . W. t ugust s rong . and winds prevail, and thunder f m r storms are requent . The highest recorded te pe ature was 0 8 4 . t m r 5 . only degs , and the lowes night te pe ature degs w S Af I m It was my hope , hen visiting outh rica, that ight be able to hold i t out as a country in which many Englishmen w m t m t to t ith da aged tissues or hereditary aint igh hope set le, f ff o fa r with a prospect o health and a luence . S as climate is I a m n ot t I t r concerned, disappoin ed . regre , howeve , to have t o f t t t o ffi nan cia l r i con ess tha in the presen sta e dep ess on , when m ur e d t a men and oney have po in o the Tr nsvaal, this is not A s of t t w m the case . regards the highest class pa ien s, ho we ' a nd mf t a n dlu x u r see in town country living with every co or y, we could not venture to sen d them to a country where the hotel m d defici ent accom o ation is so . in S h Afr for m r u nsa tis The hotels out ica are , the ost pa t , f the few actory. The attendance is , bad , and conveniences The number ofpatients going to South Africa 1 s comparatively n at t o fill m small, and quite i adequ e the various co peting we i f t t health resorts . It would be ll the pa ien s could be all two r t m concentrated in one or , and an enterp ising ho el anager, willing t o lay out capital in order to provide the necessary f f be . com orts , could ound At Grahamstown and King William’s To wn (called King . the comforts and lu xuries of life are as fully atta inable as i n r t of the e the r of any other pa Colony, exc pt subu bs Cape Town o m wi 11 t er o r mb t o m . (which are hu id ) , in Ki erley As o f e m regards the class cl rks, warehousemen , journey an

101 & . 1 iffi lt t o m m m A s r t c s d cu . o ai s, , it pro ise e ploy ent to p fessi ona l men— t r t r whether architec s, engineers, lawye s , doc o s , — or clergymen there is always scope everywhere for really

who i - of able men . Those have he d the ir own in the midst ' the compe tition 01 the Old Country are sure to make a - positio n for themselves in a c ommunity where the number of rea lly m men i s s a i lim1t e d e inent nece s r ly . a i r fe w nn he a lth Open occupations are at present , but as the y m fo r a m 1n a nd ania g bling gold diamond shares , which is the s of S Af d cur e outh rica , is replaced by patient plo ding work

a the . on the l nd, country will speedily change its aspect ’ d — Mr r W m fr a n t of m . o f iend pa ient ine I vine , King illia s Town— showed what care and Wise outlay could do in con — verting a desert into a modelled fa rm full of flou ri shing

fi elds a rdensfi a nd m , plantations, g thus setting an exa ple which might be advantageously followed throughout a great of extent barren country. Such effor ts as these 1 ncre a se the value of South Afmca as a health resort by reducing the ex cessi ve dryness of the air and a nd fo r f l soil, by giving something the eye grate ul y to rest r upon , and thus endering those contented who, without any of a t v thing beauty to look , would soon escape to more attracti e ands . h n f Cape Town , notwit standi g the act that it is the capital , o f overnm r w S Af the seat g ent and the la gest to n in outh rica , f o f f is, rom a sanitary point view, in a truly disgrace ul condi tion . The European population has deserted the town in f of G r r avour the suburbs . The overno and the Gene al, who for o r are obliged to be in residence part f the yea , escape to r ff Wynberg wheneve it is possible . The e orts at drainage hitherto made have turned the bay into a sewage outfall : the r the o f the t i breakwater having p evented scour de , the m t t m a ters brough down by the drains undergo deco position , h poison the air and develop endemic disease . Until t is state of things is remedied it is our duty t o see that invalids are n o t m tempted to re ain in the city. r i ff When at Cape Town, an oppo tunity was k ndly : a orded me o f meeting the member s o f the South African Medical ”

A m . ssociation, to discuss questions connected with the cli ate M t m r o f S ore han twenty me be s the ociety were present , t o f the representing various par s the Colony , and, in discussion t t m im that ensued, very interesting s atemen s were ade and r a t portant gene alisations arrived . A of r 33 series pape s ( in number) were placed in my hands, prep a red by the medical men of the various districts of the of f rm f m hi I Colony , containing a mass in o ation , ro w ch was r r allowed to make extracts . These papers we e d awn up in answer to a series of car efully- prepared inquir ies with a view definite f m m r to obtain in or ation on cli ate, elevation, wate & f c . t f o supply, , toge her with re erences to cases disease treated r r t in the seve al dist ic s . Time a nd space make it impossible to do full justice to these I f communications here , but have endeavoured to classi y them ff o f of r t according to the di erent areas, some which are g ea - m m elevation , some low lying, so e hu id, and others exceedingly w i ' . I i fe dry have already descr bed, in as words as poss ble , m o f so e the typical places mentioned in these reports, and w t m ill now pass o a co parative survey . r f of Dryness and clea ness are the chie characteristics the air, f f due to the act that rain alls at long intervals, and the greater of f part the country is glazed with baked clay, rom which the water run s off as fast as it falls ; there is nothing to retain the filter moisture , or allow it slowly to into the earth ; this , J o for i s for t for though ad agriculture, good hose whom a dry, r a refi ed i s l air essentia . 43

The rainy season occur s in winter in the West and in summer the t ma in Eastern Province, so tha the wet season y be easily avoided by travelling from one part of the Colony t o another . m The three winter onths are exceedingly trying in the high, t for t fi re - exposed par s , the houses are buil without places, and w for f m c owdun coal and ood uel are al ost unobtainable , dried g for for for fl doing duty peat , as well as cement ooring and f r stucco o the walls . m o f 63 The mean te perature the Cape Colony is degrees, t o f R r o f S u about the same as hat the ivie a, ydney, Melbo rne A d O u the the m t and delai e . coast lands mean su mer hea is

68 . n a d t 5 6 . degs , in win er degrees That the climate is favour able to the growth and develop ment o f genus homo is shown by the fact that the of i n descendants the early Dutch settlers, who have been the for 200 r m r m t Colony yea s , are a ongst the la gest and ost robus o f men It t men fr m 6 f t 4 . is not unusual o see o ee inches 6 f 6 —n ot 111- w to eet inches lanky, weedy, or gro n , but with bone and muscle more than proportionate t o their height . Army statistics show that the Cape and Austr alia are the most salubrious stations in which the British Ar my has been

t , f the S e s ationed Be ore u z Canal was opened, the Cape was for recognised, and justly , as being the sanatorium broken down Indians . m o f — for of The cli ate the coast lands that, instance , the — subur bs of Cape Town has been compared to that of Madeira. At Ron de osch Wynberg , b , and Kalk Bay the air is clear, i n r h bright and sunny summe , but in winter overcharged wit m ur f . It n i n e w oist e proves e ervating to residents, who a h n years are apt to lose p ysical and i tellectual energy . The i s l n m heat too great su mer. t A Kimberley the mean temperature 1s 70 degs . in summer 5 0 r i n 6 i n 4 . and degs . in w nte , whilst Londo it is degs and

37 degs . in mi of m m The w ter is short and ld, the heat idsu mer is m n of ul A ore i tense than that J y and ugust in England , but so dr ra r e fi ed t 1 s tm t t the men y, and buoyan the a osphere ha work a ll the day with ceaseless energy and activity notwithstanding . the t m t W i n a nd high e pera ure, hich December, January r fr l 4 t t o 1 0 1 05 . Februa y rises equen y degs . or degs Much consideration i s needed for the selection of the t t for a ndi t i dis ric suited each case, may be wise to obta n advice, f i i the t a t w t o a ter arr v ng in Colony, as to the bes places hich a t difi e re nt m f the r o . stay ti es yea Happily, there are highly competent men a t Cape Town and in the Ea stern Provi nce t o v t he f S ready gi e need ul cou nsel . ome general principles, 44

s f m f however, hould be recognised be ore leaving ho e i ou r

t t - t o the f t ben efit pa ien s are gain ulles , although each i a e of ind vidu l case r quires , course , special consideration and guidance . The Eastern Province supplies t o non -tubercul a r cases very m t m t a n i any advan ages, especially in Graha s own d K ng i ’ Will am s Town . rr i t t A f W t The Ka oo d s ric , in which liwal, Beau ort es , & s m c . t a fr m Colesberg, Cradock , , are i uated, y be reached o n t t few h ur Cape Tow or Por Elizabe h in a o s , and will prove a - r m of t - r t haven to an ever inc easing nu ber heal h seeke s, whils the Upper Karroo and more elevat ed plateau of t he inter ior for r o f i give scope the ene gies those who, having rega ned a h in the r fi elds he lt Karroo, desire to secu e wealth in the gold d m or ia ond mines of the Transvaal or Kimberley . t This extensive dis rict, which occupies some square m o f the miles, owes its na e to the presence Karroo bush, which t he ff f for m i of dots whole area and a ords ood ill ons sheep, who fi n i din its youn g shoots a highly fatten ng food . Spring and a utumn har dly exist in the Upper Karroo t Summ e d S mb pla eau . er b gins su denly about epte er, increases i f in i t t a r t the o A . n ensity ll J nua y, decreases ill end pril Dry, a d m me u t - d v r n the w rm win s , so eti s d s la en , pre ail du i g day , t m r e w e . r a ith cool , invigorating br ezes at night Thunde s or s mm m mm tm i m r co on in idsu er (Chris as t me) , acco panied by ain mm r f n ew f t or hail . These su er thunde storms in use li e in o i f t r fr t r m r the every liv ng thing ; be ore hese e eshing s o s occu , t f r e a n d the t m me t hea is o ten opp ssive, her o er ranges as high he fthe 1 1 0 d F . bu t w to t o as egs . in the shade o ing dryness

t h r t e t r o f the . n a mosp e e, h gen le cu rents air, and cool eveni gs, w t the a i r dr it is not very oppressive . In in er is y , and f r ft f t a t clear, sharp , delight ul, but ve y cold, o en ros y, night . The inaccessibility ofthis region ha s made i t less known tha n ow h t the d fi elds it deserves to be . N t a iamond have opened the c r mf a t e a the up ount y, co ortably ppoin ed xpress tr ins on A t m a n d d r merican sys e , having sleeping cars ining ca s , and e i the every conv n ence , rapidly convey traveller to places where he can spend the summer and winter mo nths respectively under conditions calculated to secure ben efit with the least possible on the r m t - a risk . The towns and villages Kar oo beco e ree cl d a n d attr active i fthe water su pply i s adequate for irrigation ;

t de t . without this hey have a dry, sola e aspect The great heat of the su n in the shadeless regions of the l b h the Cape Co ony can be orne wit out injury air being pure,

n ur . w , dr t A. y, and generally in mo ion , su stroke never occ s lo er 45

‘ r the m o f i s s an d shade temperature whe e ovement the air le s, a i ts t d n c n be evapor tion, with cooling en e cy, is hecked , ca not F r w A t of 9 0 . . so e asily borne . shade hea degs is ove po ering t o those who can sustain prolonged har d wo rk in a sun heat of 1 20 degs . The general conclusion to which the evidence points is that ‘ r im the i or phthisical cases the Ka roo cl ate supplies all desiderata , bu t that the comforts and conveniences ofhome are here still en t a n dt t ve t t o f 1 s defi ci , ha e n where hey are be ound there a want of that inci dent a n d var iety so impo rtant t o every case . Those to whom the delicacies of home life a re essentia l fi nd m t a nd t he d of may the onotony rying , coarse con itions _ A t for life intoler ably irksome . con inuous residence is needed h n o m u f cure in c ronic cases, and one should atte pt s ch a li e “ u t t i who is not content to p up wi h many inconven ences, and to renounce most o f the r e finemen ts and avocations o f English m r h f m w f . t e to n li e To any pe sons, however, ree and easy ode o fexistence becomes so pleasant that a retur n t o city life is

Wi . for t viewed th regret There is variety sportsmen , and hose who enjoy riding and hunting the four kinds of buck fo und i n the district . Experience shows that tubercular phthisis is almost unknown m of the r in any parts Kar oo. Str ong and healthy people notice a diminution of appetite and activity at an equable high temperature ; whereas weak r flou ri sh m m f t pe sons live and in war th and sunshine , and ani es r of m a nd a nd g eater energy ind body, less liability to disease, than in cooler and more variable regions suited t o the strong r m r the and healthy . Conve sely , cold cli ates are well bo ne by r erha tr u cti e stu dy, though trying and p psdes v to the delicate n or aili g . If the invalid determines to spend the summer in the lower or Karroo, , indeed, in the central or higher Karroo , he must be t t o r o f the conten pass the day unde the verandah house , or m the in a ham ock slung under trees . The houses are kept cool by closing doors and windows in the early mor ning ; such f of a close , usty air is course quite unsuited to those with chest

disease . A s c nc u f O might be expected, the general o ens s o pinion points to the conclusion that continuous residence fo r a series of years is necessary to establish cure in cases of extensive or but o f advanced disease, that in incipient cases and those threatened“ disease a short residence often secures speedy i m

provement . But suitable hotel accommodation must be provided . During thirty years of practice I have had ample means of 4 6

s of m S W judging the result climate treat ent in New outh ales, New Z a nd Victoria, ealand, Canada , I have found these f ‘ o . f sa ti Colonies prove essential service to many I eel sfied, t S Af fr however, tha outh rica, om its accessibility, its dryness, t elevation , and o her peculiarities, is specia lly adapt ed t o t At r t fitted f o hers . p esent it is bet er or those who are prepared to be pioneers . It m m i n m must be re e bered, making a co parison between A S Af a m t the ustralian and outh ric n cli ates, hat whilst the latitu de of Sydney corresponds with that of Port Elizabeth r t o f S t f and Cape Town , there is no pa ou h A rica i n so low a A latitude as Melbourne or even delaide . m f u o F . f The mean te perat re Cape Town is degs . , o

r . m t Melbou ne degs , the sa e as Bathurs , which is f t ee above the sea ; Washington is degs . , Bordeaux

. . S A degs , Marseilles degs , ydney degs . , delaide

. W A 64 degs , and Perth ( . ustralia) degs . W r a f of i s 2 4 of he e s the rain all Cape Town inches, that S 50 of of r ydney is inches, Perth Melbou ne t 2 4 22 A 2 . Ven nor London , Paris , and delaide 0 The elevation of Cradock and of Beaufort West is only f su ffici en t m eet, yet this has proved in any cases of i It difficult t phthis s . is to understand hat this should be the of dr case without personal experience the remarkably y, clear, and healing atmosphere . of t f - m In cases contrac ed lung a ter pleuro pneu onia, collapse f h a ter whooping coug , or in cases in which the expanding ff of r a r efi ed i s t t o f e ect air required, a higher al itude, like hat i A . liwal, Tarkastad, or Johannesburg is requ site Experience is required also to determine in each case whether (a ) it is best to accustom the patient to the dry air o f the Ka1 roo at a moderate elevation before making trial of the e t o r 6 t r ti high r alti udes, ( ) whe he the higher eleva on should be

fir st t f . a sough , and then a settled home be ound at moderate

e. f the elevation, g. , eet above sea . I have known good results follow from a sojourn in the r v of the Eastern P o ince the Cape Colony during winter, and t n for S Riverin a then , aki g ship ydney, settle in the , between the rr m d R of Mu ay and Murru bi gee ivers, at an . elevation f some or eet . In a communication o f this kind it is not possible even to indica te the conditions which guide the physicia n in formulating f r i t a plan o a g ven case . For ins ance, I have just advised a t s fi r st r of patien to eek , , the humid atmosphe e the tropics t a n dn dr a f hen, excee i gly y and elevated climate ; and ter ds f - ik of war ; a li e long sojourn in a variable climate, l e that

48

a m tt t I saying but li le about Na al, having written much t r f abou it elsewhe e . The climate is good or persons with com of t plaints the hroat and chest , those liable to bronchial a ffe c tions in England being surprisingly free fr om them a t i t m Maritzburg ; is so ewhat too relaxing, and the sudden m - o r - changes in su mer , as the moist sea breezes dry land winds a t tr r v . prevail, are p to y those with ir itable ner es m of Durban has greatly i proved late . The country rises gradually until the elevated plateaux ofthe Orange Free State r a r r and the T ansvaal are reached. These e ve y dry and salu bri ou s t m n f v u , and will, doub less, co e i to a o r again . The excessive native population o f Natal will necessitate fi rm m N t a n d n and wise govern ent . In a al, however, i deed t S t Af r n o d for or throughou ou h rica, the e is nee the invalid, fo r the a n r m W for even Colonist , to do y ha d anual ork , the Ka fli rs native population is large, and the are ready and able w to ork . On N t for r leaving a al the open , dreary, desolate Orange F ee St a the ate, great changes t ke place in climate and vegetation many parts of this now deser ted region bear evidence o fhaving been at a distant time densely populous remains o f stone t t f in the - di buil villages, with pot ery , are ound gold bearing s t i ts f h r a n a a l r c o t e T sv and Matabeleland . mf t f t t t o i Bloe on ein eet) , since at en ion was drawn t

r r s v ol . o f t (see pape , T an , has proved essen ial S i m r f v u t service to many . t ll o e a o rable health resor s are now u w r for i f t he opened p, hich we e inaccessible inval ds be ore dis covery o f gold and diamonds rendered means o f tr ansit c om l the S ar ati ve . S p y easy peaking generally, Orange Free tate is dry a nd cold in winter : its average elevation is nearly f a ndi n mi W t n eet . It is less rich in vegetation neral eal h tha th - no w a e Transvaal . Well appointed coaches leave the railw y terminus a t Kimberley on the a rrival o f the mail train (32 3 f m an d 27 f m t hours ro Cape Town , 5 hours ro Port Elizabe h) , thosecarrying the mails accomplishing the distance to Johannes 5 f burg in 7 hours . It will not be long be ore the railway on r will be pushed , and this weary journey be mate ially shortened . o f f f The sanitation Bloem ontein is bad ever, dysentery, and f f t f diphtheria prevail . Ladybrand is ree rom hese de ects . t for t he i 1 1 5 The na ural seaport Gold F elds , which is only

f b t 346 f m D ela oa . miles rom Bar er on and ro Pretoria , is g Bay The railway thence into the interior is now completed for 55 Dela . oa u n miles, and may possibly be extended g Bay is i n mm healthy su er, and is at present marked by that stagnation i a n wh ch m y be expected u der Portuguese rule . 49

When the line is worked by an English or Transvaal Com

v influ en ces r . pany, obstructi e will be emoved, and there is no r eason why Pretoria should not be reached in a day from — n - Dela goa Bay the natural port i South East Africa . Johann esbu r f 2 85 f i m the g e“et) , miles rom K berley, minu s b a in 5 a t er 7 . present railw y f can be reached y co ch , hours To an invalid this drive is so exhausting that it should not be

‘ u The s for few ndertaken. slow coach , which stop a hours E n o t ach night , is so well appointed, and is likely to prove f f even more fatiguing than the ast one . The mud is o ten - d 36 insuffi cient more than knee eep , and even oxen may prove u f r to get the vehicle o t o the mire . The c owding is always mf t a r i sin t . grea , and the disco or hence g excessive m f t The cli ate is beauti ul, and the is only dus y in the _soil he tr a ffic t t . own , or where is great During the summer a ir m months, however, the is saturated with oisture and very trying, and during the winter the nights are bitterly cold . Quarters are so dear that t he visitor must be satisfi e dwith a r t w f oom which would not conten him else here , and club li e is natura lly e x pensive where the distance and cost of transit are so great . i m an d One day , when railway communicat on is co pleted, r r when qua te s are good and reasonable, and when the gold t r r mania is in a less acute phase, his may perhaps p ove a mo e t bu t for t valuable heal h resort, at present it is unsuited heal h a n f i for w seekers, dmust be le t to those who are search ng ealth . l h of Dela oa The proverbial unhea t iness g Bay, and the whole

fr om e t o St . L u cia B a seaboard thenc y,is dep endent on rank grass m o f the and hu idity air and soil . Ten years ago Barberton t i o f f the had the repu at on being at least as atal to settlers .as l N w to the ma rch f D e a oa . o o g Bay , thanks z civilisation, to the of n cutting down trees, and especially to the bur ing of

r it e . ank grass , has b come healthy t t he t o f f Pre oria, capi al the Transvaal (elevation eet) , t It is said to be an exceedingly at ractive place . is well s m de h heltered, and in su mer cidedly hotter than Jo a nnes burg ; bu t scarcely hotter than the hot days o f our English t summer, and decidedly less hot han Paris . mm t t he h i In the su er mon hs ills , which rise to a he ght of f t a r e m ee , covered with ist, yet the whole region is healthy. In Bechuanaland the elevation varies from to f f . h eet More rain alls t an in Cape Colony . Wheat, barley,

t &c . the u t f it f oa s, , grow readily in bea i ul valleys, but is ound

’ The ra ilwa i s n ow Au u st 1 89 1 ex ten ded to ur wh c y ( g , ) Vryb g, en e ha n — o n esbur ca n b e r ea chedb coa ch i n 36 h our s. ditor J g y E . 5 0 that ir rigation is apt to breed fevers the gardens ar e therefore i t fr m h A t v kept at a d s ance o t e houses . bove he le el of t m r of f fee the i munity level is reached , and the isk ever and t m S ph hisis is greatly di inished . hould the proposed Bechuana land Railway be pushed it will open up a country fi n e t of having a climate and great possibili ies expansion . Experience n o w being gai ned in Tropical Afr ica c onfirms t o m that acquired in India in regard the im unity level. the Ne il herri es the mm f f f In g i unity level rom ever is t . In the latitude of Bechuanaland i t must be a t a level consider b t s ft a ly below hi , say . f the c a m The ever is not limited to ozy, jungly, s line arshes of Dela o a f t oo t north g Bay, but is ound in dry arid trac s the a f m where r in all is slight, where there are no swa ps or “ i of su erfi cial i be in s gns p mo sture ; there may, however, , as of m India, areas da p subsoil without drainage in which solar heat leads to the development of malarial poison the turning of t of f n up such ground produces an ou break ever, but whe the drain age and cultivation are completed t he unhealthiness m is re oved . Anyone settling in the sub -tropical or tropical regions of Africa shoul d master and a ct upon the r ules found nee dful in t n o f o her malarious la ds, or he will lay his bones beside those many pioneers of civilisation who would not have died had f t they ollowed out wise precau ions . n l m For insta ce, the rainy season and the stil ore sickly -u n t r t drying p season should ot be spen in mala ious distric s . The fi r st clearance and digging-up o f vir gin soil should be a m t performed by those already acclimatised . Malari being os t the the poten near ground, and specially when sun has just m t t o disappeared below the horizon , it is i por ant sleep well the t t above ground . Houses should be cons ruc ed with sleeping

m in the t . roo s an upper storey, windows being closed at nigh d t v t m The ie should be nutritious . Drink ery e perately used , i a r f t . t all Exercise, aken early, should be p eceded by a cup f a t o f o te ff . chocolate, or co ee Protec ion the head and neck f i rom the sun should be adequate, drink ng water boiled and lt r e d i fi e t o f . , and w grains o qu nine taken night and morning ‘ o n Sir o se h Directions such as these, which are based J p ’ Fa rer s to of y experience, will do much lessen the dangers u f ag e and ever . In the first two or three years after breaking up and culti y ating virgin land to live in the midst of 5 1 the land; and if it is proposed to irrigate the garden,the it house should not abut upon , but should be placed to the of i t of t t windward , or a belt Eucalyp us should be plan ed t e the t Su be we n house and the irriga ed fi elds. ch a belt acts as a n ff t e ective screen, just as a gauze mosquito cur ain may keep the malaria from one sleeping in the jungle . f first two The Eucalyptus grows readily a ter the year or , w during hich it needs attention ifthe season is unfavour able . The Forestry experiences of South Africa are such as t o r m encou age great develop ent . A wise outlay would change f of of the ace the country, as it has done in the neighbourhood

m of . any the towns. In this respect Grahamstown is a model ” t The annual tree planting, when every child plants a ree Pinu s insi nia mi (the g ) , is an institution which ght be copied in the m t many a neighbourhood with great advantage to cli a e, as the well as to beauty and attractiveness ofthe place . — "’ Stinkwood the teak ofSouth Africa - is a most valuable S ecime wood . [ p m] Ironwood has been found by Sir John Coode ofgreat value for il d ven u - p es ni nder water mark . Bechuanaland and the protected districts extend to the Z m f r c for a besi . The greater part o the dist i t is suited pasture ; m o f any the natives wear European clothing, and show a for t the talent carpen ering and mechanics, and climate is said m t f to be al os per ect . No frost in winter rain is rare between t April and Oc ober. Children may be rea red a s high as the Z m 18 S. a besi latitude ( degs . ) th t influ ence of It is curious to note a , under the alcoholics, of l u some the native races of a ow type are dying out . B t Z s a fu t the of the ulu are power l race, and resis access disease. Leprosy is said to be sprea ding amo ngthe coloured p0pu 1a tion in various places . A peculiarity has been noted in the climate on the Limpopo a t e of f t t he f i t o an altitud ee , where road rom Pretor a ’ h Khama s country crosses t e river . Whilst the sun is hot — 9 9 . 1 n of degs the shade cold blasts , a ( wind having tempera f ~ t o . f fi n ure degs , occur every our or ve mi utes . Rheuma tism a t e is very p to be thus caused, the moist skin b ing t dangerously chilled by the cold blas . ’ of at of In the neighbourhood Lake N gami , an altitude

f . 21 f s. eet, lat degs . , the sickly season prevails rom S it is eptember to May, when wise to avoid this region . A t V a Z the ictori Falls, on the ambesi, the river is about a mile in breadth ; although the elevation is feet above

’ the duri n h sea, it is unhealthy gt e summer. 52

Considering the great importance of this region as a valuable fi eldfor m for the t i t e igration and trade with in erior, is impor tant that further information should be obtained as to the m o f i m f cli ate, the means maintain ng health , the ti e o year at 85 i t 0 . which should be avoided , Mission and other stations n ow extend from the River Congo on the west to the stations of the East African Company on t a nd Z the Grea Lakes , so on to anzibar. The inter val between t he Victoria Falls and the sources of m of the the Za besi and Congo , which lie side by side , is being f r . F rapidly bridged, especially by the marvellous energy o M .

T . A . A t o S rnot railway, as proposed, tanley Pool would m t he - mi e o f the e ake l waterway Congo acc ssible . Another short railway will eventually connec t the Congo near S t of the the tanley Falls wi h the Lake system interior, thus linking the east with the west ; whilst much will be done to connect ‘the north and the south when the Cape Railway is the Z extended to ambesi . s of Z t o f Pa sing northward the ambesi, only the lower par s the whose course are known to be very unhealthy , and to ‘ t of n o f Z m t he nor h the Isla d anzibar, we co e to region recently a the Af cquired by Imperial British East rican Company, which has rights extending over a section of Eastern Equat or ial Af t N rica, between the coast and the Vic oria yanza Lake, a i — m t erritory of square m les three ti es as large as Natal . t im u It is bounded by moun ains Kenia and Kil anjaro , pwards ' o f f i n f m eet height, with high, cool plateaux or ing a t ofthe o ff large propor ion c untry, and a ording districts endowed t m t t a nd m fl w with a e pera e clima e te perate ora, well atered, ff t for richly wooded , and o ering most sui able localities European Mr H H Johnston h . . . settlers . T is country is described by in the October number of The For tnightly R eview in a way to a ll it the finest t attract who read . It is bo anical and zoological t m t he a of garden in the world, and migh beco e gran ry the

East . r Large a eas in these districts have a European climate , — superior in salubrity to many parts of the Continent the h t 60 d m r the . average night te pe ature in illy distric s being egs ,

68 . t and in the plains degs , and the greatest hea registered 8 1 degs. a r e f The seasons regular ; rom June to October no rain , from November to May an abundant r ainfall . ‘ m f At a n altitude fro to eet, the climate is

b Mr . described y Johnston as like a Devonshire summer, becoming cooler the higher you go . A gain , Bishop Hannington, when crossing the Equator at 5 3

t of 5 000 f : an eleva ion about , eet, remarked The valleys and A grassy or heathy downs are very like Devonshire . bove 6 000 f f t — im , eet the tangled ores be8gins, with dense almost — penetrable undergrowth, which clings to the mountain to the of f m o t o of height eet ; Kili anjar , rising a height f t s i li h ee , look lovely m the even ng g . The t u N popula ion aro nd the Victoria yanza is very dense, and is estimated at from to t of i of Dr. Livings one , speaking the h gh, dry country the . of Af i s m t t o interior rica , says It the co plete an ipodes our ot i of f cold, damp English winter . N a d op rain ever alls between Ma A D m d the y and ugust . a p and cold are never combine ; m ha s ff at osphere never that steamy, debilitating e ect so well o f S Af known in India and in parts of the coast region outh rica . ” ou ma f m f t Y y sleep out o doors with the ost per ec impunity . sid t r Af e o . There is, however, a dark this picture Cent al rica d t h the o f m — men is otted wi graves issionaries devoted , who have striven to take the Gospel into the heart o f the great m D 1n t . u s ark Continent, and have perished the at e pt Le“t not regard them as a failure but as the leaders of a forlorn u s to hope, beckoning onward and upward to victory and tri umph. f Tro i ca l A r ica Pro essor Drummond, in his recent work on p f , writ es : The physical features of t he great continent are easily r m t l g asped. Fro the coas , a low, scorched p ain, reeking with 1 n fol 200 300 malaria, extends inland unbroken monotony or m t iles . This is succeeded by moun ains slowly rising into t m 2 000 f 3 000 f r t pla eaux so e , eet or , eet highe , and hese, at some r of m f m the for hund eds iles distance, or pedestal a second plateaux as high again . ~ ‘ t u 4 000 f t o r 5 000 f ma This last pla ea , , ee , eet high, y be s t o r f x aid occupy the whole of Cent al A rica . These plateau m t for t are but oun ains and plains, covered , the mos part , with f t ores . The Zambesi drains an area of more than half a million m N Af i s square iles, and, like the ile and other rican rivers, t n reaches are broke by cascades and cataracts, marking the mar gin of the several table lands Africa rises from i ts three envu onmg oceans in three great r f fir st t lo a n d. t tie s ; a coas line, w deadly ur her in a plateau of f h t the the height the Grampians urt er s ill higher plateau, x m e tend fo r t of t n i . g housands miles, wi h mou ta ns and valleys the t t r do t Cover coas belt wi h rank, yellow g ass, here and there t l f t a palm; clothe the next plateau wi h end ess orests, wi h low ' ti ees f— t n a nd oflerin o , with hal grown ru ks scanty leaves, g n

8lIa de. 54

As o u a the E Af y appro ch quator, Central rica becomes r e the m the t coole , b cause continent is ore elevated in in erior, andthere is more aqueous vapour and cloud than i n the more

S t . ou“hern lowlands T he of the e r climate equatorial zone is h re, as elsewhe e, t it nk superior to hat on the borders at night is cold, two bla ets in t r m 9 5 be g needed . The shade he mo eter rarely reaches ” degrees . The foliage in the tropical regions is luxur iant ; in the t of fl i t southern par s the country the ora is remarkably d stinc ive . ll defici ent i s m Trees are specia y . Each species as a rule li ited to a small area . Foreign plants are very slow to become acoli matise d m t i for fi ve to te n i , any plan s rema ning , seven years n m fl n i t m t a dor ant state, and only ower whe ra n and e pera ure t t m A coincide wi h heir require ents: region generally devoid of ft rf vegetation may a er rains spring into wonde ul luxuriance . At t i of flowerin t least one h rd the g plan s are succulent, and 1 m o ft there s a arked prevalence horny plants . The mention of flowering plants reminds me that I a m f S r r t digressing rom my subject, which is outhe n, rathe han — Central Africa a digressi on which I hope my hearers will for con s1der1n the t m tt give, g special interes at this mo ent a aching t o l Af n ot fr f Tropica rica, alone om its political, but rom the t n to the of B a rtt elot human interest a tachi g loss Colonel , and f t f St lf we may ear also to tha o anley himse . In Cape Colony there are millions o facres of land lying waste andbarren for lack o f irrigation and improved methods o f f An f o f r a nd arming . in usion Eu opean energy capital will do a nd r t t n wonders, there is good eason to hope ha in Bechuanala d fr o f t a esh plantation European settlers will soon ake place, and that in a few years this fertile country ma y have undergone such development as to make it a haven of refuge for health seekers a s well as agriculturists . The t ime has not yet come for a consolidation of the various e bu t th of S Af of Coloni s , e solidarity outh rica is worthy the r t of a m a nd i — u s r conside a ion our st tes en, w ll one day let t ust — m by pa cific means be accompli shed . Cape Colony co prises If t square miles . Bechuanaland is added to his, a — territory is formed square miles in ext ent twice the — size of France having a population of and a capacity for futur e development impossible to estimate . n The arid, almost rainless region now belongi g to Germany need not be envied ; the fever- stricken region north ofD ela goa . n i n we Bay eed not be grudged to Portugal, see g that now have within the sphere o f British influence the hi gh centra h f of n tableland, w ich orms a healthy line access to the mou tai n

56

TABLE

‘ SH O W ING EL EVATIO N AN D RAINFAL L IN SOUTH AF RICA .

Ali wa l N orth

u fort W est Bea . ’ Bish o p s C ourt (near C a pe Town) Bloemfon te in Burgher sdorp Ca lvi nia Ca e own ' p T C er es C ol esberg C ra do ck D e A a r Dordrecht F r a serber g Gra a f Rein et Gra ha msto wn Joh a nn esbur g Kimberl ey ’ Ki n g W illi a m s To wn Knysna Kok sta d L a dybr a n d Ma ri tz bu r g Middelbu r g Pella Por t Eli z a beth Pr etor i a Queenstown Ri chmon d ’ Simon s To wn Ta ble Mo unta in Ta r ka sta d W or cester Wynber g ' 57

— TH E E . V. VOYAG

A F L EET of fifteen powerful steamers of the Castle Line is at present engaged i n keeping up regular communication t S uth Af f u be ween this country and o rica, and o r additional steamers a r e employed o n the South African Intercolonial er i ce m f S y . The ail steamers vary in tonnage rom to

tons . They are all provided . with triple expansion t he i f 1 6 19 engines, making passage to the Cape n rom to e days. In addition to being lighted t hroughout by lec tri city and provided with electric bells and the latest sanitary m t f o for and other improve en s , including cold air re rigerat rs f v storing resh provisions, the steamers are amply pro ided wi th — water tight bulkheads and other appliances for minimiz ing of w risk in case accident . A surgeon and ste ardess, whose without char e to a services are rendered ; g passengers, are c rried by each steamship . The nature of the passenger accommodation may be best Pa ssenger a cc ommo n understood from the following short description ofthe a rrange dati o . M S t R . Dun t a men s in the . . o t r Castle

— QU ARTER DEC K PROMENAD E . sa ‘ The First Class Dining loon , which extends across the f of l ull width the ship , is panel ed in dark mahogany, relieved - t . i s wi h satin wood The ceiling painted ivory white , and is e divided into panels, which are nriched with a delicately th th tinted ornament . Occupying e spaces between e entrance

to the t of t doors saloon are book cases, and on ei her side hese At o f the are arched and panelled recesses . the other end ' - room will be found a piano and organ . The port holes are ff i n - e ectively arranged couples , under semi circular arches , and - e o are draped with oldgold coloured curtains . In the c ntre f 59

' - r m un of the ceiling is a large well, su o ted by a cupola stained O t he m r m glass, and pen on three sides to usic oo , which is v f r situated abo e the saloon , while on the ou th side it is ’ screened offfrom the ladi es boudoir by a beautifully designed ‘ h t t 1 0 bevelled glass window . T e saloon will sea abou 6 f r t passengers , and is u nished with two large ables, and a r i number o f separate tables for small pa t es . Mu si c R e the The oom, on the upper deck and abov saloon , t ff f -w f rt panelled wi h di erent shades o satin ood . Com o able

MU SIC RO O M . h lounge s and a handsome Broadwood piano are provided . T e w of o f side indows this apartment are stained glass, and m of the S tu on so e contain views old cotch castle, si ated the A i t f berdeensh re coas , rom which the vessel takes her name, u while others display the Ar ms of D notta r Ca stle . ’ the c The Ladies Boudoir is situated next to musi saloon, and i s divided from it by the bevelled-glass window a lready f to n - an d re erred . It also is pa elled in satin wood, , like the m of music roo , has a richly decorated ceiling . The covering

the furniture is of a very delicate and artistic material .

, L ADIES BO U DOI R .

h k n R m T e Smo i g oo , which is placed on the upper deck, is floor fini shed in o ak a nd walnut and has an oak parquet , the t ceili n g being decorated similarly to the other saloons . In his room are placed comfortable easy- chairs and couches covered - n m t for with red brow orocco , wi h here and there tables

whist, etc . SMOKING ROOM .

STATE RO O M . 62

S R m a r e m o f mf a nd The tate oo s a odel co ort convenience , n t t t e tc bei g provided wi h electric ligh , elec ric bells, etc . , . The t R t t a of c of m Ba h ooms con ain ba hs c rved out blo ks solid arble . flo ors i m a nd of The are la d in osaic , a constant supply hot t m a nd on . S t t r cold wa er is laid i z ba hs, wa and cold sprays, w t a t An t f and sho er ba hs can be had will . in eresting eature ’ S f the is a Barber s hop , ully equipped, and under of - superintendence an experienced hair dresser . Hair is

brushed by electricity . S n S f l 1 00 The eco d Class aloon , which is orward , wi l seat fitt ed u t s . pa sengers It is handsomely p, con ains a library. a n f it r v lvi n c h i da piano, and is urnished w h e o g a rs , an unusual luxury fo r second class passen t t i n gers . The s a e rooms this f t class are very com or able, being furnished with spring t f v ma tresses, so as, and ha ing

th t . e elec ric light, etc

SE C OND CL ASS SAL O ON . m f The Third Class Accommodation is re arkably com ortable,

and is fa r beyond the ordinary style i n this class . ls fo r e Me a . The nature of the meals provided passeng rs and the f hours at which they are served a re as ollows — first m — f t f In the class, the eals are break as at hal past eight, a t f— f luncheon one, and dinner at hal past six , while at our ’ f n o clock those who appreciate the luxury can have a ter oon tea .

64

H R L A T I D C SS.

T E A . C old ea t a nd i ckles M P . ar ma l de M a . rea da nd u tt r B B e . T nd e a a Coffee .

W n t of i es, ales, mineral wa ers and spirits, which a large and - well selected stock is always carried, are supplied on board at moderate prices . Tobacco and cigars can also be obtained

1n the same manner . The Mail Steamers are despatched from the East India Dock E n . r t Basi , Blackwall, London, , every alte na e Friday , and embark the mails at Southampton on the following day S for A ( aturday) Cape Town , lgoa Bay (Port Elizabeth) , East m’d i London and Natal, proceeding Made ra . S m In addition, Intermediate Mail tea ships, carrying the D R n n L i sbbn utch oyal Mails , and calli g at Flushi g (Holland) , , and Las Palmas (Grand Canary) , are despatched every alter f nate Thursday rom the East India Dock , London, e S visiting Hamburg on the pr vious aturday. There is thus a r egu la r weekly service from London to South

Africa by the Castle Line . The Intermediate Steamers also call a t Algoa B a y (Port

Elizabeth) , and East London, as well as Mossel Bay, between f the t o Cape Town and Natal, and rom latter port proceed a Dela go Bay . S m Once every eight weeks, the Intermediate tea ers call at t for A S . Helena and take passengers scension, who tranship the f f oft m at ormer island; and every our weeks, one hese stea ers ela oa proceeds beyond D g Bay to Madagascar and Mauritius . The steamers employed on the Inter- colonial Mail Service carry mails and passengers from Algoa Bay to Na tal and back S direct, and those employed on the East Coast ervice receive t f goods and passengers by ranshipment at Natal , rom the St De la o a Ocean Mail and Intermediate eamers and visit g Bay, ilim ne r u a . Inhambane, Bei a, Chinde, Q , and Mozambique

Passengers by the Mail Steamers embark either in . London

t t c . or at Sou hamp on , as is the more onvenient to themselves

By the Intermediate Mail Steamers they can embark . in

London or at Flushing. The steamers load in London within 200yards ofBlackwall S of of f o tation, which is the terminus a short line railway r m 65

S S e a r e Fenchurch treet tation , in the City ; whenc there trains t m the every twen y inutes throughout day , accomplishing the

.a o f a n u of journey in about quarter ho r. The hour leaving the docks in London depends upon the tide . Passengers have the n to to be on board, as a rule, on eveni g previous the day of sailing. The departure from So uthampton follows on the arrival o f m f the supplementary ails rom London . Passengers should 2 S . m di be on board at outhampton by p . Those procee ng by rail from London require to leave t own at latest by the a f t a C stle Express , which is despatched rom Wa erloo, e ch

’ t m. f r S m r e S a a . o u a alte nat aturday, , direct o th pton D i a ocks, where a tender is in wa ting to convey them longside S the Mail teamer. Ba ggage Light baggage only is carried by this train . All heavy baggage must be shipped on the steamer in London not later A a than the previous Wednesday. liberal baggage allow nce . f m fu frei ght ree, is ade to passengers, and ll details as to the m i ’ baggage arrange ents are given n the Company s handbooks . ' n h ste a mers a t S Passe gers wis ing to join the outhampton, are ti ck ets. given free railway t ickets from Waterloo to that port by the a e and f e o f C stle Expr ss, passengers coming rom the W st i f t t f t England, are g ven ree railway icke s rom Plymou h to S u h for S f o t ampton, the Mail teamers, and rom Plymouth to f r the St London o Intermediate eamers . Homeward passengers landing at Plymouth are similarly f t given ree railway ickets thence to London .

Friends who may be desirous of seeing passengers ofi from M om S t outhampton, are granted return ickets between Waterloo gggng at t andth Port at reduced ra es . — Ou receipt ofthe telegram advising the arrival all well of m t f each steamer, inti a ion will be sent to any riends whom ma t o f m of f e passengers y wish be in or ed their sa ety, and whos 0 addresses they may leave with Messrs . Donald Currie 0 . f u m for Letters orwarded to So tha pton passengers shou ld be L etters. to the of Sm Sundiu s C addressed care the agents, ith, and c . outfit t The only tha a passenger to the Cape really Outfit. needs is some warm clothing for the Channel and commence t of the o t men voyage, and some f a ligh er texture to wear a f i ter Madeira is passed . Engl sh summer or yachting clothes f t for t Suffici ent are per ec ly suitable the lat er purpose . linen ,

&c . the , to last whole voyage should be taken . English summer clothi ng o f light texture and colour is also i r ofS Af that which s most gene ally worn in the towns outh rica, ' andspecia l clothes need only be provided by those who have E 66

t o o the t of decided proceed int interior, where clo hing a no t t material easily orn is necessary . f A deck chair is a use ul lux ury. Folding chairs are best for ca n suited the purpose , as they be carried about easily

a fterwards . Deck chairs of all kinds are supplied by the B i Madeira Wicker Company, East India Dock as n, London, E S . , who place them on board the teamship on receiving

instructions . u a s ou tfit r In a q estion such , which depends so enti ely on b t o r individual tastes and habits, it is impossi le give ha d and

fast rules . It should be remembered that the seasons i n South Africa r w o f are nearly reve sed as compared ith those England , m A m in v a n spring com encing in ugust, sum er No ember, d r autumn in Ma ch, while June and July are usually cool . L ength of The average length ofthe passages of the Castle Royal Mail _ sa pa s ges. Steamships between Southampton and Capetown is about 1 8 days and the shortest time in which the voyage has yet been 16 2 Du nott r made by these vessels is days hours , by the a t o t Castle . The passage occupies Madeira about hree and - f m a St . hal days ; thence to Helena, where the inter ediate m u to ~ steamships call once every two onths, abo t ten days and t Capetown the remaining fi ve or six . Ascension is only ouched f f r a t on the homeward voyage . and passengers rom England o

that Island tranship at St . Helena . ’ t t o t t r un From Cape own Algoa Bay is abou hirty hours , and the voyage from the lat ter port to Natal occupies about m the sa e time . The round voyage from England to the Cape or Natal and the e t 9 back in same vessel occupi s abou weeks, or to Capetown

and ba ck in the fir st homeward vessel 7 weeks .

The distance from Nat al to Mauritius is about miles , and occupies a bout six days ; and the through passage from

England to Mauritius therefore occupies abo ut 31 days . N f Dela o a From atal there are ortnightly sailings to g Bay, t m t thirty hours dis ant, by the inter ediate s eamers, and six the t t o M z w weekly , by East Coas steamers, o ambique , a t elve ’ a Dela oa m f days pass ge, calling at g Bay, Inha bane, our days uilima ne Beira, seven days ; Chinde , eight days ; Q , nine days a rox im f t ( pp ately) rom Na al. Ben efi ci a l As th en e cia l ff of the regards e b fi e ects voyage, the ex e fle ct s o f eri en o f m n ~see 33 34 h o a e ce . S Tho so t e v y g . p Dr ymes p ( pages and above) , i s t D corrobora ed by r . Lennox Browne , who is so kind as to furnish the following notes t d it Wi h our present knowle ge , is no longer necessary to a the of expati te on advantages a sea voyage, but I have 67 pleasure in acceding to the request o f Sir Donald Currie to say a few wor ds a s t o the benefit to be derived from a t rip to t f i -o f eo — r — b Sou h A r ca, and a j ourn tempora y or permanent y f I h those o f delicat e health in that most avoured colony . n t e e arliest days o f my professional career I made a couple of voyages round the world , and so deeply have I ever since t of n o t for been impressed wi h the value sea travel, only the m but for pul onary invalid, all who need recuperation without mm i f f t t . atigue, that I have requen ly reco ended To many, and a m of m d k I the nu ber, whose aily wor or disposition leaves but li fo r t t it z lon ttle time real repose, continen al travel, wi h s g a f t of t — r ilway journeys, requen change ho el constituting an ’ existence which for the time is chi efly occupied in packing — t m of and unpacking is nothing less than a or ent, and the end such a holiday (save the mark) is hailed with a sigh of con ’ ‘ tentment at the acquir ement 011 rest which home only will d o few e f f fi c rd. An s a a , when a y ars ago I ound mysel gain m A t u e o . t a requiring a change , I cas abo t where to g us rali fa r i n i m di sa d was too a sail ng ship , and there were any vantages"such as the passage by the Red Sea if I went the new route by steam . A trip t o America I have found too u nr estful ; there is so much competition to accomplish the pa ssage a s rapidly as possible that one i s s1 mply in a flo ating locomotive with none o f the r o f - f f pleasu es sea li e , while there is such a crowd o t f passengers hat resh air, even on the promenade deck is a m So f o f t the lmost a misno er. I decided in avour a voyage o

Cape, which I had heard described as the most delight l ’ ft — fu . b in the world The sea is, a er a possible y no m — of of eans certain tumble in the Bay Biscay, one almost j l t tem er a ture fé u a ble t ake like smoo hness, the p Q , and altoge her it t he as I have elsewhere expressed , passenger is sailing ‘ ’ m f eff through sum er seas . The avourable ect on my own health and happiness was so pronounced that I determined to t it find— - t e e repea , only to what is rare hat the second x p ri v fi r t ment was e en more successful than the s . Doubly trained of f for u of by pursuit a pro ession a q arter a century , and by d o for ev tion an even longer period to an absorbing art, both of f of them en orcing and cultivating the habit observation , I found that i n t his voyage with the temporary stoppage at — m Lisbon and Madeira, or as one may make it in the inter ediate — ‘ ship also a t the Canaries with the sight of Tenerifle and the c of Af —ou — the A oast rica, and return calls at scension and

St . e a H lena, gave repeated and greeable variations to the eye " a nd to i the mind, and I have no hesitat on in recommending 68

the voyage to those who require change with real rest o fbody d ff an true recreation o aculties . Instead o frealiz ing the cynical definiti on that a shi p 1s but a floatin gprison with t he additional chance of being dr owned those who do likewise will gain new pleasures from sources hitherto unknown to them , and will have a never ending subject for agreeable r efle c ti on long after they have returned to the t of t i mo“no ony heir da ly labours at home . Sou thAfri ca being an English colony ofunbounded resources and constant new development they will take an interest i n the grand history that is each day accumulating as they ma y f read it in their newspapers . The riendships that they make ’ in passage will be tested by somethin g more than a day s or ’ f t an hour s conversation as occurs rom a continen al tour . The ’ f of i voyage indeed orms a good test a man s character, and f t it one is in ending to reside any time in the colony , is important to remember that no stronger introduction will be needed than — — the reputation which may be achieved or destroyed during a v oyage . Many will fi ndthat the sea trip to and from South Africa Thi s m — if is enough . can be acco plished one returns in the i — in m or of same sh p barely ore than two months, , by a rest

fe w . If a days only in the Cape, in about six weeks one the m i a hi goes in sa e vessel three weeks are at d spos l, w ch may be occupied a dvantageously by travelling along the coast f rom Cape Town, with various stoppages at Mossel Bay, Port ‘ a N t f m of Elizabeth and E st London, and on to a al, ro all which i points short trips can be made nland, or one can remain in Cape Town and have su fii ci ent time to visit Kimberley and of other parts Cape Colony . Most invalids will, however, k m neces require to ma e a so ewhat longer stay , and here it is sary to note that in so large a district there are many varia f t of ff tions o climate sui ed to the needs di erent individuals . m t m Understanding that the excellent co pila ion, ade by Dr . S m of o f t t ymes Tho pson , the views residen doc ors as to the value of th e ‘ various climates afforded in South Africa is m included in this little volu e, I do not presume to say much t at short no ice on that subject . For my own part I always advise a patient on landin g t o s t m im con ul a local physician, and to be exa ined as to the provement that may have been gained in the interval of n d leavi g England, and to be guide by his advice as to t where they should set le . For instance , I was told by one — physician there that a consumptive patient a bank clerk — f his did well or some years in Cape Town , but health then n f wa s t w beginni g to show signs o deterioration, he sen ith 69

a a a t a a e further adv ntage to Kimberley, which is situ ted gre t r bu t ft o f t " t elevation , again , a er a residence hree years here, it f o fi na ll was ound necessary to g higher, and the patient y find t settled in the Transvaal, there to permanent restora ion to health . One o f the greatest drawbacks to invalids going to South Af t of mm of rica is the poor quali y acco odation bed and , board t o t of t t i n th t hose delica e nurture , and as a s ep e right direc ion — i t may be mentioned that at Ceres a delightful Health Resort t t 80 m f m f t t he si ua ed about iles ro Capetown , ee above of t level the sea, and well sui ed to invalids in whom disease — is not fa r adva nced a house replete with e very comfort has been Opened by the widow o f an English clergyman assisted a nd i by her daughters superv sed by her son , who is a highly a lified u physician . q “ 1 Imperfect as these few wb rds are and written with but r f in slight p eparation , I could not re use to say something favour o f a voyage and a country to which I was so much indebt ed for be nefit s personally received and conferred on m s a t i n w m f l m d nu erou p tien s , hose na e I e t I was e powere to m ” speak as well as y own .

R b R . t e Dr. o son oose, who was also a passenger on h o f the n steamers _ Castle Mail Packets Company, ki dly permits u s to state that he places a high reliance on the ff of good e ects a voyage to the Cape and back . Many of hi s it ha s w patients have tried , and the good it done to over orked f ff f m business and pro essional men su ering ro sleeplessness, m com la ints ha s n neuralgia and si ilar p , bee marvellous , as it gives the grea test amount of nerve restor ation in the sma llest space of m r o f h it a n ti e . Pe sons gouty a b ddelicate chests have also derived b en efit f m h a f—' t e vo e . E em much ro y g r personal experience, R BS N R o sn n of Dr . O O o ca not speak too highly Madeira as a f r - o . t for r place nerve rest It is qui e possible over tired pe sons, ’ of to b only able to take a holiday three weeks duration, o tain " marked amelioration o f their symptoms by means of the voyage and a sojourn of some few days i n this . charming H e r f . f 67 o t t island also re e s, on page his rea ise on Nerve ti n r o f f Prostra o and othe Functional Disorders , Daily Li e 2n d the t for . ( edition) , to excellent arrangemen s the ’ ” passengers comfort on board the steamers a s enha n cing the benefici a l efi ect s of n 8 the voyage . A d on page 6 , he notices ” the variety of diet and excellent cooking provided on the m mail stea ers . ' Offici a l H of o f ' o The andbook the Cape Good Hope , ab ve st a tes t a t quoted , tha the voy ge to the Cape has jus ly become f of the amed as one most pleasant and enj oyable it _ is possible 70

to make, and the great ocean steamers of the Cape lines have ” for mf t become celebrated their co or and punctuality . A traveller who took a voyage recently to the Cape for his f i r health, a ter po nting out that the voyage beyond Madei a is of f th at all seasons the year a air weather one, us describes the life on board the Castle steamer in whi ch he sailed M fu f When adeira is passed, the real business or rather n o m the voyage co mences . The next morning a committee wa s t f m the first d elec ed ro among class passengers , and I was ma e t he . set to the secretary We work to set ball a rolling , and I the can assure you sphere revolved rapidly the whole time . A m t program e was drawn up and capi ally carried out . We ’ f r b had a ancy d ess all , a ship s ball, several Cinderellas, lawn the m f t n tennis in ornings , cricket in the a ternoons, and cer ai the m of days given up to athletic sports, milder amuse ents r m quoits , bowls , chess , whist, and various othe pasti es going ’ t We t h h on concurren ly . had smoking concer s on deck , w ic the crew as well as all classes of passengers attended ; we had " cl m wa s grand concerts in the saloon, where more assical usic i n o f a n indulged . The splendid band the ship ( d this is a luxury the Castle Line pr ovide for their passengers) played on ’ W a x W c . h . de k every night T eatricals, Mrs Jarley s orks, and ? fille m d . Trial by Jury , in spare mo ents f‘ n ot o u of su ffice I will weary y with a diary the voyage , it m rr to say that all went as merry as the proverbial a iage bell . ’ r if One day at sea is very like anothe , so I give you a day s f log picked at random rom my diary, it will give you an idea f r of the way li e is spent on boa d ship . hursda th nua r —U m f T 15 J a . at y, y p Have so e ruit, 8 ’ t t then bath and dress by o clock. Cons itu ional till t f t m hen break ast , hen s oke and lounge , read, chat , chess, u the q oits, lawn tennis and cricket till bell calling u s to the sweepstakes interrupting about Lunch at m hl of fi hts 1 . . At 2 p , at etic sports, races, tug war, cock g , t c mm obs a le races and a long varied progra e, including events for t e e the ladies, such as hr ading needles and gg and spoon At f races . Dinner all went orward to the second ’

Mrs. J saloon , and attended arley s wax works and concert, and at 9 all retur n to the first cla ss saloon to enjoy the fu n ’ o f for a Trial by Jury. where several passengers were tried ’ u m i fi n vario s i ag nary o e ces. And o ou t he so we g journeying , sailing pleasantly over m f a th of- z cal est o se s and under e bluest skies , a gentle bree e f u s w t i ese nt n ow re reshing the hole ime . The passengers p a

dff t t oh embarking. very , i erent appearance to wha hey did _ f h The invalids are skipping about and look (and eel too, whic

— S UT AFRI A RAI WAY VI O H C N L S.

m t m The co munications by railway with the in erior have, late years, been rapidly extended . The three main or t runk syst ems of Railways in the Cape a r e t Colony called the Wes ern, Midland and Eastern . T he R t t Western ailway, with its starting poin in Cape own, M R f and the idland ailway rom Port Elizabeth, are worked as n s m 839 the t a single tru k yste , miles in length, connec ion t m Aa r 501 e fr between the two sys e s being at De , mil s om 339 f r t Capetown , and rom Port Elizabeth . Th ough rains are a lso despatched from both Capetown and Port E lizabeth to the o f the D 647 m f Kimberley , centre iamond Fields, iles rom the f 4 85 m f m the ormer, and iles ro latter port, and the line has been extended to Vrybu rg a nd is being continued thence t u n t o f k n On t he hro gh Bechua aland Ma e i g. Western portion o f the the S t R line , principal ta ions are Durban oad, Paarl, ’ n t e R W e r R r f t Welli g on , Cer s oad, orc ste , Touw s ive , Beau or t e Aar m Wes and D there are branch lines to Mal esbury, and ' W Simon stown e to ynberg, Kalk Bay, and , and anoth r, 42 m f r R t R iles in length, rom Worceste to ober son and oode — ‘ — wall (Kogman s Kloof) the station for Montagu which ha fo r tr a ffic now been o pened . The chief stations on the Midland Railway from Port A Elizabeth are licedale Junction , Cookhouse, Cradock, Middel burg Roa d and Naauwpoort Junction whence an extension e o f the t of has b en constructed to Bl em ontein , capi al the Orange S the R Free tate, and is being continued to Vaal iver, and t oha nnesbur of the hence by J g to Pretoria, the capital ru n t nd G ra a fl Transvaal . Branch lines to Ui enhage a m o f R . einet, Grahamstown and Colesberg There are eans d &c t f o the G i . communica ion rom Bloemfontein t old F el s,

The Eastern system of Railways has East . London as its t t t star ing poin and runs through For Jackson, Blaney, Kei R R ‘ S m oad , Toise iver, Queenstown, terkstroo , Molteno and A 280 Burghersdorp to liwal North, miles, with a branch line to T n t King Williamstown . his Li e is being ex ended to join S the Midland Railway in the Orange Free tate . 73

There are also Railways belonging to private compani es between Port Nolloth and the Cape and Namaqua United 300 n f A f to 0opper Mines, miles in le gth, and rom Port l red a i Gr hamstown 45 m les .

R a te o f 220 s Nata l . The Natal ailw y sys m consists a main line, mile f u R R Pietermaritz in length, rom Durban thro gh ichmond oad, b t Bi arsbu r urg, Howick, and Ladysmi h to gg g, whence it is i two N be ng continued by branches , via Dundee and ewcastle, S to the Ora nge Free tate and Transvaal . There are also short l fr th t to D a i ines om e Poin , where passengers land , urban, ds n of f D r the sta ce two miles ; and rom u ban , along Coast, to m V u 1 9 n 1 1 . er la , miles, and Isipi go, miles

A l 55 m f Dela o Dela ine , miles in length, has been ade rom g a Bay goa. Ba y ’ a nd n t o to Komati Poort, is bei g con inued int the Transvaal

towards Barberton and Pretoria . ' There is a regular passenger communication by means Other f m h o t m k , ail car s, coac es, and in so e cases bulloc waggons fififiufi , m c m‘ between the railway stations and the larger South African w t f to ns situated at a dis ance rom the railway lines . A P D P E N I X .

BOOKS &c GUIDE , .

SOU TH AF RICA .

S H A D A T BY TH E AS L E ld OU AF C N H OW T O CH I C L 6d. D ona T RI A, RE T E IN ,

Currie Cc 3 Fenc hurch Street E C . . , , ,

NAAB Z D KA MET DE AS L L IJN Vol ensde n E n elschen t ekst UI AFRI C T E . g g n w rk r d i v a E P. M r r d rla n d H ma n n h . a the s v o o Ne e d be e t oo . i e e , T jg arid van Ditma r Rotterdam , .

NA H D K M DE R AS L L E d C SU AF A IT C 6 . RI T E INI ,

SKE CH or TH E M N NG AND H R S C S T H E A O OU or S AAL b , N V W. T I I T ER E R E TR , y Y a m bell rati onald C urrie Co . C G s . D p ( ) .

OFF C AL Gums T O CAP OLO Y 1 6 Dona ldCurri e Cc . 3 Fenchurch I I E C N , 1 . , ,

Stre et E C . ,

d n C rnhill L n o . T ilver C c . 67 o o SOU H AF C 5 S. W S RI A, / . , , ,

OUR COLONY or NA AL b Walter Peace. E . Sta nford 55 Cha rin T , y , , g Cro ss .

GOL D N SOU H AF C 11 T H E GOL D LDS REV S T E 2 b E P 0 F 6 . . E T RI A, IE I I D , 1 , y h Ma t ers Donald C urrie . 3 Fenchurch Stre et , Cc , , ,

L o ndon .

MATAB L LAND AND SH O L E P Ma ther s u b Afric a M b . . Sh t E E A NA AND , y . Offic es Wa rnfordC ou rt L ondon E C , , , . .

hill. TH E ANSVAAL i lve r . 67 Corn S. W. S TR , Cc , ,

SIX MON H S 1 11 CAP OL ONY AND N T L b J J Au bertin 6 Ke a n C . T E A A , y , / g

a ul r h ern st e S uare . P enc C o . Pat o r , T , q

m ON h ll N r SOU H AF CAN UN NG 1887 b A. J . Bet e 1 Whit o s T RI H TI , , y , /

ta ker Co . L ond , on .

AP or SOU H AF CA includin the Gold Fi elds and route s ratis M T RI ( g ) , g ;

la r e siz e mounte d 2 2 Do na ldCurrie Co . 3 Fenchurc h Street g , , 1 . , , ,

L ondon.

T il n dMr F O H A a u d Messrs S ve dC o . an APS O S U AF C re also i ss e b . r a . M RI y , nf rd M s l ers Almana c s irect ries a nd Sta o . o t Co oni al News a D o p p , , h r ubli ati n b bta ined fro m essrs treet o t e p c ons of i te re st c a n e o M . S ’ 0 ornhi ll M H e li Cc . St rid s Av nu 3 C or e ssrs Jut a e s 9 . B e e e Cc . , , . , , , , le e t St reet E C F , . . ADEIRA M .

’ YA JOH SO S E 10 ula M 6 . D u Cc . 37 So ho S uare TE N N AD IRA, 1 , , q . ' MAD A ri s SCE E Y AND OW T O SE E IT M H 7 6 b iss a lor E . Sta n EIR N R , , 1 , y T y . h m ro ss ford C a r C . , g

- H ANDBOOK OF M E b J M. Re nd ll P e . Ke n a ul Cc . AD IRA, y . C. ga

1 Pa ternoster S u are . , q

’ ’ MADE ET UDIEE COMM S A ON D H 1VE R E T E a r l Dr l T E e . Ju ius RE E T TI D , p Goldschmidt 2 Delaha e Pari s a nd D ona ld Cu rri e 3 Fen , / y , , , c hurc h Street L ondon , .

MAD A AND T H E CANA Y ISL N S A a mler - Br wn am son S o . S EIR R A D , . p L ow Ma rston S arle a n dRi vin e to n L d Fett er L a ne E C . , g , . , , ,

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