Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-19890-6 — Ottoman Women During World War I Elif Mahir Metinsoy Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-19890-6 — Ottoman Women during World War I Elif Mahir Metinsoy Index More Information

Index

31 March Incident, 128 Ala¸sehir,69, 79, 98 Albanian, 34 Abdülhak Hamid, 121 Aleppo, 75–7, 82, 153, 176 Abdülhamid II, Sultan, 103 Aleppo Army Corps Command, 76 Abdülkadir Kemali, 168, 172, 179 Aleppo Women Teachers’ Training abortion, 18, 26, 112 College, 153 absenteeism, 24, 131, 148 Alipa¸sa,51 Abu-Lughod, Lila, 6 Allied powers, xii, 1, 14, 36, 43, 79 Açıksöz, 168 Alltagsgeschichte,6 activism, 2 Alone Families’ Helper Ladies’ Society, 125 Adana, 67, 76, 92, 106, 118, 121, 133, 161 ambulance driver, 22, 23 Addams, Jane, 27 American, 14, 20, 22–3, 25, 27, 51, 60, 85, Adile Sultan Palace, 128 131, 135, 137, 141 Administration for Refugees, 96 American College for Girls, 41, 47, 100 Administration of the Tobacco American Red Cross, 51 Monopoly, xiv American Women’s Hospitals, 22 Afghanistan, 36 Americanization, 25 Africa, 36 Anafartalar, 97 Af¸sin,176 Anatolia, xii, 1, 30–1, 32, 34, 35–6, 41–3, Agao˘ glu,˘ Ahmed, 130 50, 52, 79, 87–8, 99, 100–2, 111, 117, Agao˘ glu,˘ Süreyya, 130 120, 125, 151, 163, 165, 177, 183, 187 Aglasun,˘ 181 Anatolian, 2, 32, 34, 41–3, 76, 88, 124, 171, Agricultural Bank, 32 176, 187, 195 Agricultural Obligation Law, xii, Anatolian National Products Ottoman 161–3, 171 Corporation, 48 agriculture, 20, 31, 34, 46, 118, 162–4, 166, Andırın, 67 169, 171 Ankara, xii, 2, 7, 53–4, 58–9, 66, 69, 70, 73, Ahırkapı Military Clothing and Tent 89, 91, 104, 119, 121, 133, 143, 165, Workshop, 127 169, 174, 181, 183, 193 Ahmed Emin, 89, 119, 177 anticonscription, 198 Ahmed Rıza, 128 Arabsun, 53 Ahmed S¸irani, 187 Ardahan, 111 Ahmediye, 51 Arıburnu, 109 Ahmet Aznavur, 78 Arif Oruç, 99–100, 101 Ahmet Rasim, 101 Arma¸sa,138 Ahmet Rıfkı,81 Armenian, 34–5, 43, 83, 98, 104, 117, 120, aile maa¸sı, xiii, 64 121, 126, 150 Akbaba, 151 Armistice of Mudros, xii, 1 Akçabelen, Mehmet, 174 Armudlu, 60 Akhisar, 93 Army Provisioning Tax, 171 Aksaray, 51, 80–1, 93, 95, 119, 146 Army Sewing Depot, vii, 122, 129, 141 Ak¸sehir,70, 121 Army-Provisioning Tax, 161, 164, 165–6

261

262 Index

arusane resmi, xiii, 118 Berne, 27 arzuhalci,7 Be¸se,Hüseyin Atıf, 99 Aslangül, Olga Magaryan,˘ 43 Be¸sikta¸s,50, 140 Assembly of Food Supply, 50 Besim Ömer Pasha, Dr., 84, 106, 120, Assistance to Martyrs’ Families Union, 125 132, 150 Atalay, Besim, 169 Beyazıt, 120, 126, 130, 151 Ataman, Halil, 97, 168, 177 Beykoz, 46, 52, 71, 105, 127, 138 Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal, 177 Beylerbeyi, 80 Ati, 125 Beyoglu,˘ 71, 73, 101, 120 atiyye tertibi, xiii, 107 Beyoglu˘ Women’s Hospital, 186 Australia, 16, 19, 26 Beypazarı,58 Australian, 14, 22 Bezm-i Alem Sultanisi, 119 Austria-Hungary, 16, 17, 172 Biga, 94, 126, 139 Austrian, 16, 24, 33, 46, 132, 141 Bilecik, 61, 165, 179 Aya¸s,183 Bingazi, 95 Aya¸slı, Münevver, 139 Bitlis, 181 Ayasofya, 170 black marketeering, 32, 33, 43, 55, 58 Aydede, 90, 145 Black Sea, 41, 87, 99, 111, 118 Aydın, 35, 49, 61, 69, 72, 78, 79, 88, 91, 93, boarding school, 103–4, 107–10, 125 118, 121, 129, 182 boat, 111, 130 Aykaç, Fazıl Ahmet, 121 bobota,44 Ayntab, 75, 76, 169 Bochkareva, Maria, 20, 25, 27 Ay¸seGülnaz, 109 Bodrum, 163 Aytaç, A. Fahrettin, 174 Bogazl˘ ıyan, 53 Ayvalık, 109 Bolshevik Revolution, 14, 28 Ayverdi, Samiha, 129 Bolu, 49, 155, 166, 183 Bor, 52 Babıali, xiii, 49, 95, 119, 146 Bosphorus, 120 Babılali, 95 bread, xiii, xiv, 16, 32, 43–6, 49, 50, baggy trouser, 143 51, 52, 54–8, 59, 61, 66, 71–2, 75, 77, 91, Baghdad Girls School, 144 98, 99, 102, 137, 146, 151, 153, Balıkesir Women Teachers’ Training 167–8, 171 College, 155 bread riot, 60 Balkan Wars, 1, 30, 34, 36, 56, 63, 77, breadwinner, 16, 34, 110, 155, 162, 166, 83, 87–8, 89, 93, 124, 126, 147, 178, 184 164, 191 Brion, Hélène, 27 Baltacıoglu,˘ İ smail Hakkı, 130 Britain, 1, 14, 15–16, 17–18, 19, 21, 22, Bandırma, 55, 67, 70 25–6, 34 Bandırma Customs Ofﬁce, 147 Britannia,27 bandit, 171, 193 British, 1, 14, 15, 17–18, 19–20, 21–8, 34, barley, viii, 42 144, 161 Bartın, 49, 120, 172 British Marxist historians, 6 Ba¸skadınefendi, xiii, 121 brothel, 26, 101, 151–2, 186, 187 Battalion of Death, 20, 25, 27 Bukhara, 36 Bayramiç, 54 Bulgaria, 14 Bayramiç Women’s Prison, 147 Bulgarian, 83, 132 Bebek, 138 Bünyanlı Â¸sık Mustafa, 168 begging, 36, 102, 133, 151, 153, 196 Burhaniye, 192 Behzad Bey, 56 Bursa, 57, 60, 83, 88, 118, 121, 125, 130, Beirut, 138 135, 140, 146, 149, 151, 155, 172, Beirut Maternity Hospital, 154 179, 192 Bekir Sami, 82 Bursa Women Teachers’ Training Belemedik, 52 College, 157 Belgian, 25, 28 Büyükada, 105 Belgium, 14, 17 Büyükdere, 138

Index 263

Cagalo˘ glu,˘ 102, 119, 126 compensation, 24–5, 27, 58, 93, 94, 151, Çaglayan,˘ 138 153, 154, 162, 170–1 Çamlıca, 119 conﬂict, 4–5, 30, 35, 37, 60, 61, 182, 195 camp fever, 100 conscription, 15, 18, 19, 28, 31, 34, 36, 41, Çamurdan, Ahmet Cevdet, 181 63, 74, 111, 161, 163, 168, 175–6, Çanakkale, 76 178–81, 184 Canbolat, Nuriye İ smail, 124 Consumption of National Products cannibalism, 43 Women’s Charity Society, 126 Canning, Kathleen, 5 Contagious Diseases Act, 26 Çapa, 127 cook, 20, 22, 123, 127, 137 capitulations, xii, 30, 31 cooking, 46, 138 Capy, Marcelle, 27 Çorum, 167 Çarıklı, Hacim Muhittin, 130 cotton, xiv, 31, 47, 118, 136, 163 Çarıklı, Turgut, 130 Council of State, xiii çar¸saf, xiii, 130 court, 66, 91, 92, 94, 112, 178, 191–2, 194 Çatalca, 88, 168, 169 crabs, 101 Caucasus, vii, 34, 87, 93, 94, 173 crime, xii, 6, 24, 26–7, 35, 113, 124, 134, Cavid Bey, 69 148, 151, 152, 178 Celal Nuri, 187 Crimea, 36 Celaleddin [Sami], Dr., 59 Crimean War, 131 censor, 15, 60, 177, 186 Criminal Law Amendment Bill, 26 Central Food Supply Committee, 49 crowd, 16, 43, 49, 56, 78, 85–7, 96, 110 Çermik, 169 Çukurova, 163 Cerrahpa¸sa,83, 147 chancres, 101 dakik, xiii, 71 Chatterjee, Partha, 5 Damascus, 43, 121 child death, 106, 113 Damascus Central Hospital, 82 Children’s Feast, 103 Dani¸s,Hüseyin, 121 Children’s Protection Society, 103, 106, 111 Dardanelles, 34, 76, 77–8, 80, 83, 87, 94, China, 36 95, 97, 141, 167, 176 cholera, 64, 100 Dardanelles Fortiﬁed Area Command, 84 Cibali, 51 Darülaceze, xiii, 103, 104, 109, 112, 113, Cide Marrying off Society, 188 126, 137, 139, 142 Çıg,˘ Muazzez İ lmiye, 135, 151 Darüleytam, xiii, 103 cihad, xiii, 8 Darüleytamlar Müdüriyet-i Çıkrıkçı, 193 Umumiyesi, 104 citizenship, 2, 25, 27, 28, 34, 197 Darülfünun, xiii, 119, 121, 130, 132, 150 Çivril, 171 Darülfünun Hastahanesi, 121 clandestine prostitution, 26, 151–2, 157, Darülhayr-ı Âli, 103 185–7, 197 Darülmuallimat, xiii, 110 cleaner, 20, 144, 154–5 Darülmuallimat-ı Aliye, 119 Clemenceau, Georges, 18 Darülmuallimin, 110 clerk, 20, 107, 120, 123, 129 Darü¸s¸safaka, xiii, 129 coat, 22, 130, 143 Darü¸s¸safaka Red Crescent Hospital, 147 coffeehouse, 131 Davis, Belinda, 5, 195 Colliard, Lucie, 27 Davutpa¸sa,88, 91 Commission of Sewing Clothes for the de facto, xii, 1 Refugees, 91 de jure, xii, 1 Commission of War Prisoners, 84 Decree on Family Law, xii, 37, 188–91 Commission to Help the Families of the Defense of the Realm Act, 26 Martyred Army Doctors, 83 Denmark, 13 Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), Dersim [Tunceli], 97 xv, 1, 2, 32, 36, 43, 50, 128, 195 deserter, 29, 34, 35, 58, 78, 168, 176–7, Compassion Committee, 126 179, 181–3, 187, 193, 196

264 Index

desertion, xii, 63, 148, 175, 177–8, 180, Esenel, Mediha, 44, 46 181–4, 197 Eski¸sehir,70, 77, 81, 92, 121, 142, 153, Develi, 54 170, 188 Diken,45 Evkaf-ı İ slamiye Printing House, 119 Dimitriyadis Efendi, Dr., 83 evlatlık, xiii, 138–9 Dinamo, Hasan İ zzettin, 46, 101, 105, Export Committee, 48 107, 153 Eyüp, 51, 86, 127 Dini’t-tevhid, 129 Eyüp Military Clothing Workshop, 127 dirhem, xiii, 54 Eyüpsultan, 51, 121 discontent, 4, 113, 144, 169, 175, 179, 184, 197 famine, 43, 105 dismissal, 23–5, 77, 155 Fatih, 51, 86, 94–5, 127 Divanyolu, 120 Fatih Court of Peace, 92, 94 Diyarbakır, 57, 121, 165, 169 Fatih fire, 89, 94–5, 124, 127 domestic work, 25, 102, 133, 138 Fatma İ kbal, 109 domestic worker, xiii, 20, 137, 138, 192 Fatma Nigâr, 83 dönüm, xiii, 162, 163 Fatsa, 165 Draft Law of the Pensions of Soldiers’ Fenerburnu, 99 Families with No Financial Fethiye, 67 Supporters, 74 Fethiye Women’s Prison, 147 Drama, vii, 55, 84 Fez Factory, 133, 146 dress, 22, 48, 105, 106, 151 Fifth Army, 58, 76, 183 dressmaker, 20 film, 106, 179 dual-price system, 16 Finance Ministry, 61–2, 69–70, 71–2, 131, Dumesnil, Véra, 102 143–4, 155, 165, 182 Durand, Marguerite, 22, 23 Fındıklı, 133 Durna, Hakkı, 174 Fırçacı, Saibe, 43, 46 Dursun, Feruze, 179 Fire Victims Commission, 89 Düzce, 68, 166 First Aid Nursing Yeomanry, 23 First Army, 123, 142 Edib Bey Manor House, 133 First Women Workers’ Battalion, vii, 123, Edirne, 55, 61, 68, 70–1, 88, 92, 154, 167, 133, 137, 142, 148–9 170, 183 food, vii, xiii, 3, 5, 15–16, 18, 20, 29, 30–2, Edirnekapı, 94, 147 41–6, 48–62, 66, 69, 70, 71, 89, 96, Edremit, 163 98–102, 105, 106, 107, 109, 111, 113, Egridir,˘ 69 118, 119, 124–5, 133, 135–7, 141–2, Egrikap˘ ı,94 151, 153, 161, 164–9, 173–4, 177, ekmek bedeli, xiii, 66 196, 197 ekmekçi, xiii, 137 food distribution, 16, 30, 43, 48–50, 52–3, Ekrem, Selma, 44, 47–8 54–5, 59 Elbi, Safiye Hüseyin, 141 Food Minister, 50 Eliçin, Bekir, 112, 153, 181, 190 Food Ministry, 50, 51 Enç, Mitat, 47 food processing, 20, 31 Enver Pasha, 1, 36, 50, 56, 120, 124, 142, food supply, 30, 44, 48–50, 57, 61, 137 143, 177, 178 Food Supply General Directorate, 50 epidemics, 3, 14, 35, 64–6, 81, 87, 96, food-rationing, vii, 16, 49, 54, 55, 59, 113 100–1, 177 Forensic Medicine Institute, 124 Erdal, S¸inasi, 100 Foucault, Michel, 5 Erdinç, İ dris, 98, 101, 111, 191–2 Fourth Army, 121, 163 Eregli,˘ 52 France, 1, 14, 16–19, 21–2, 23, 25, 28 Erenköy, 119 French, 1, 14, 16–25, 27–9, 111 Ertugrul,˘ 61, 130 Ertur, Hüseyin Kâmil, 87 Galata, 101, 120 Erzurum, 35, 43, 46, 98, 105, 138, 166, Galata Red Crescent Hospital, 131 179, 180 Galicia, 34

Index 265

Gallipoli, 154, 170 hidemat-ı vataniye, xiii, 81 Gallipoli Girls’ Primary School, 154 high cost of living, 60, 146 gang, 17, 87, 98, 111, 171 Higher Women Teachers’ Training garden, 165 School, 119 Gaziantep, 43, 46, 47, 75 Hilmi Bey, 81 Gemlik, 154 history from below, 6 Gemlik Private Accountancy, 154 history of everyday life, 6 Gemlik Recruiting Ofﬁce, 154 Holland, 13 gendarme, 34, 61, 81, 104, 168, 171, Holy War, xiii, 8, 36 183, 193 home front, 1–2, 13, 30, 41, 96, 163, gendarmerie, 79, 166, 168, 172, 179, 181, 184–5, 197 192, 198 Homeland of Knowledge Institute, 126 gender, 4, 6, 15, 19, 117, 132, 134, 198 homelessness, 84–5, 86–8, 90, 92, 93–4, 95, Genezin, 153 97, 100, 102 genital warts, 101 House of Detention General Gerede, 174 Directorate, 147 German, 1, 5, 14, 15–19, 21, 22–6, 28, 33, housewife, 16, 47, 60 34, 43, 48, 49, 52, 61, 132, 179, 195 housework, 16, 24, 46, 47, 129, 150 Germany, 1, 14, 16–17, 18–19, 21, 25, 26, housing, vii, 41, 84, 85, 87, 88–91, 95–6, 28, 48, 51, 60, 138, 172 106, 197 Gölpazarı, 165 Hüdavendigar, 46, 49, 53, 56, 61, 67, 70, Goods Bazaar for Ladies Ottoman 75, 79, 94, 101, 166, 189 Incorporated Company, 120 humoristic, 9, 32 Görele, 111 hunger, 5, 7, 14, 15–16, 17, 29, 31, 32, Göztepe, 109 35–6, 41–4, 51, 52–4, 58, 60–2, 67, 68, Grand National Assembly, xii, 163, 169, 75, 78, 85, 87, 97, 98–9, 101, 109, 141, 172–3, 181, 183, 189 161, 163, 165–7, 177 Greece, 87 Hüseyin S¸adi, Dr., 84 Greek, xii, 1, 3, 34, 35, 79, 88–9, 96, 98, Hüsrevpa¸sa,95 105, 109, 117, 151, 152, 155, 183 Güzlük, 124 İ brahim Efendi, 68 Gymnast Feast, 103 İ çel, 69, 82, 173 İ çerenköy, 72 Hacı Ferhad, 93 idadiye, xiii, 119 Haçin, 67 iddet, xiv, 190, 191 Hafız Hüseyin Efendi, 68 ilmühaber, xiv, 59 Hague, the, 27 imam, xiv, 59 Hakkı Efendi, 77 imaret, xiv, 85 Halide Edib, 105 immoral, 18, 94, 110, 138, 143, 148 Hamidiye Sublime Hospital for Imperial War Academy Hospital, 131 Children, 103 İ nas Darülfünunu, 120 Harb Mecmuası, 55, 122 İ ncedayı, Cevdet Kerim, 174 harikzedegan ianesi, xiii, 94 India, 36, 105 Har¸sit,111 Indispensable Goods Commission, 48 Hasan Dündar, 107 İ nebolu, 75, 174 Hasan Fehmi, 81 infanticide, 19, 110, 112–13 Hasan Seyfettin, Dr., 83 inﬂation, 15, 16, 32–3, 46, 56, 58, 72, 80, Haseki Women’s Hospital, 109, 186 83, 85, 91, 104, 136 Hasköy, 86 Interior Ministry, 48, 53–4, 59, 61–2, 68–9, Hatice Talat, 178 71–3, 79, 92, 93, 94, 95, 156, 161–2, headkerchief, xiv, 157 164, 165, 169–70, 178, 180, 182–3, 193 headman, 51, 59–60, 75, 112, 133, 165, International Council of Women, 27 168, 181, 190, 191, 192, 193 irade-i seniyye, xiv Health Ministry, 132 Iraq, 34, 35, 93 Hereke, 121 Irzahane, xiii, 103

266 Index

İ skilip, 165, 167 Karahisar-ı S¸arkî, 112 Isparta, 121 Karakı¸sla,Yavuz Selim, 3, 127, 149 Istanbul, xii–xiii, 1, 2, 7, 30, 32, 33, 35–6, Karaman, 52 41–4, 46, 48–9, 50–2, 55–6, 59–61, 69, Karamürsel, 121 70–1, 72–6, 78, 79, 81, 83, 85–9, 92, Karaosmanoglu,˘ Yakup Kadri, 98, 187 93–5, 98, 99, 100–3, 104–5, 107–9, 112, Karay, Reﬁk Halid, 140, 155 118–21, 125–6, 127, 129–31, 133, 138, Karesi, 70, 189, 192, 193, 194 141–2, 144, 145–6, 150–5, 161, 169, Kar¸sıyaka, 105 170, 171, 179, 182, 186, 192 Kartal, 51, 71, 95 Istanbul Beylerbeyi Hospital, 135 Kasımpa¸sa,51, 59, 86, 133, 154 Istanbul City Theater, 120 Kastamonu, 75, 106, 113, 124, 128, 153, Istanbul Fire Committee, 95 171, 172, 186, 188 Istanbul Girls Industrial School, 119 Kastamonu Defense of Rights Society, 105 Istanbul Mirgün Hospital, 136 Kastamonu Ottoman Ladies’ Istanbul University, xiii, 119 Workshop, 126 Istanbul University Hospital, 121 Kavala, vii, 55, 192 İ svan, Ahmet, 47 Kayalar, 68 Italian, 1, 29, 46, 60 Kayalı, Hasan, 36 Italy, 28 Kaygusuz, Bezmi Nusret, 98 İ tisam, 187 Kayseri, 35, 69, 79, 82, 105, 120, 121, Izmir, xii, 1, 35, 36, 41, 50, 61, 78, 80, 101, 150, 173 105, 118, 119, 120–1, 126, 129, 139, Kayseri Women’s Bazaar, 151 141, 152, 181, 187, 191–2 Kazan, 36 Izmir Aid to Refugees Society, 125 Kelebek, 52 İ zmirli, İ smail Hakkı, 129 kelek, 111 Izmit, 46, 49, 68, 69, 73, 78, 124, 155 Kemal Tahir, 102, 151 Izmit Factory, 133 Kemalist, 196 İ znik Commission for Soldiers’ Families Kengırı [Çankırı], 128 with No Financial Supporters, 68 Ke¸sanKindergarten, 155 Khiva, 36 Jenkins, Hester Donaldson, 41, 44, 100 kile, xiv, 73, 170 Jerusalem, 121, 153 Kırkçe¸sme,94 Jew, 34, 84, 105 Kırkkilise [Kırklareli], 167 jewelry, 22, 129 Kirmasti, 67 Jordan, 35 Kır¸sehir, 69 Kızılkilise, 97 Kabata¸s,134 Kocamustafapa¸sa,87 kadayıf, xiv, 46 Kollontai, Alexandra, 27 Kadıköy, 109, 120, 129, 151, 154, 178 konak,87 Kadıköy State Orphanage, 109 Konya, 43, 52, 53, 69–70, 71, 105, 121, Kadınlar Dünyası, 119, 128, 149 126, 162, 186, 191, 192 Kadırga Birth Clinic, 121 Konya State Orphanage, 106 Kadırga Red Crescent Hospital, 149 Kozyatag˘ı,83 Kadirli, 111 Küçük Cami, 87 Kag˘ıthane, 51 Kuleli Hospital, 84 Kala-i Sultaniye, 54 Kumkapı,51 Kandilli, 119, 128 Kumle-i Sagir˘ Girls School, 154 Kanlıca, 133 Kütahya, 121, 169, 171, 189 Kapalıçar¸sı, 119, 129 Kutlu, Ayla, 102 Kara Kemal, 30, 48, 50 Karacabey, 61 La Fronde,22 Karacadag,˘ 68 labor shortage, 31, 162 Karagöz, xiv, 32, 46, 47–8, 156 Ladies’ Society to Assist Soldiers’ Karagümrük, 84 Families, 37 Karahisar-ı Sâhib, 121 Laleli Mosque, 93

Index 267

Language Law, 31 monetary assistance, 16, 63, 77–8, 79, 81, Lapseki Girls’ Junior High School, 156 84, 85 larceny, 24, 151, 152 morality, 5, 17, 22, 23, 26, 29, 36, 128, 133, Law for Encouraging Industry, xii, 31 143, 147–8, 157, 184, 185, 189 Lebanon, 31, 35 Moso, 172 Lermioglu,˘ Muzaffer, 99 Mosul, 43 Lorenz, Charlotte, 3 Mosul Army Corps, 182 low-income, 44, 59, 148, 173, Mother’s Day, 18 187, 197 motherhood, 8, 18, 27, 97, 106 movie theater, 106 Macedonia, 34, 118 muavenet-i milliye,91 Macuncu Kasım, 109 Mucur, 70 Maden, 53 Mudanya, 53, 120 Mahmut Pasha, 138 Mugla,˘ 55, 174, 192 Mahmutpa¸sa,51, 87 muhtacin tertibi, xiv, 103 Makriköy [Bakırköy], 71, 81, 93, 127 muin, xiv, 73–4 Mamuretülaziz, 72 muinsiz asker aileleri maa¸sı, xiv, 63 Mara¸s,67 Mülayım, 171 Marmara, 35, 118 municipal administration, xiv, 17, 70 marriage, 26, 75, 106, 107, 110, 111, 118, Münif Fehim, 151 143, 176, 183–4, 187–94 munitions worker, 15, 16, 19, 21–2, 23, Marseille, 30 24, 27 martyr, xiii, xiv, 8, 51, 54–6, 58, 64–6, 69, mün¸seat,7 78–84, 86, 92, 93, 94, 95, 104, 107, murder, 81, 112 124–5, 133, 146, 162, 179 Mu¸s,71 martyrdom, 8, 64–6, 79, 81 Muslim Teaching Society, 129 mass deportation, 35, 41, 43, 87 Muslim Women’s Employment Maternal and Child Welfare Act, 18 Society, 127 maternalist, 15 Mayoux, Marie, 27 Naciye Sultan, 120, 124 mazuliyet maa¸sı, xiv, 153 Nafız Tahir, Dr., 83 Mecca, 52, 77 Namrun, 52 mechanic, 20 National Credit Bank, 32, 80 mecidiye, xiv, 139 National Defense Ottoman Ladies’ Mediterranean Sea, 30 Committee, 37 medrese, xiv, 85–7 National Defense Society, 36, 50, 89, 91, Mehmed Re¸sat,Sultan, 105 93–4, 103, 105, 126 Mehmet Akif, Dr., 83 national economy, 31, 36–7, 128 menfolk, 75, 78, 81, 181 National Forces, 171, 183 Mente¸se,67, 194 National Insurance Company, 149 Mesopotamia, 43, 102 National Service, xiii, 81 middle-class, 2, 4–5, 7, 17, 20–1, 26, 37, 46, National Struggle, the, xii, 1, 4, 33, 46, 66, 47, 55, 117, 119, 163, 196 87–8, 89, 98, 104, 105, 125, 130, 138, midwife, 107, 118, 121, 128, 135, 144, 141, 161, 162, 163–4, 168–9, 171, 153–4, 155, 189 172–4, 177, 181, 183–4 Mihrimah Sultan Girls’ Exemplary National Tax Commissions, 171 School, 139 National Taxes, 164, 169, 172–4 Milas, 91 National Union of Women’s Suffrage Military Hospitals Directorate, 121 Societies, 27 Military Obligation Law, 73–4, 182 nation-state, 34 Military Retirement and Resignation Law, Navy Sewing Workshop, 152 64, 66, 82 Ne¸sirvanova,Cemile Selim, 136 Military Tax Commissions, 164 New York, 30 Military Tax Law, 164 New York Times, 60, 179 Milli İ ktisat,31 Nezihe Muhiddin, 133

268 Index

Nigâr Hanım, 121 paratyphoid, 100 Nigde,˘ 52, 121, 162, 183 park, 102, 187 Ni¸santa¸sı, 76, 86 Parliament Education Council, 157 non-Muslim, 34, 73, 83, 101, 104, 117, Parliament Fiscal Equilibrium Council, 66, 118, 149, 150, 151, 183, 186, 188 138, 157 Norway, 13 Parliament Forests, Mines, and Agriculture nuavenet-i milliye, xiv Council, 163 nurse, vii, 15, 20–3, 118, 120, 121–4, 129, Parliament Military Council, 176 131–2, 135, 137, 141, 146–7, 149–50, Parliament Petition Council, 166 153, 155 Parliament Public Works Council, 138 nursing, 18, 54, 113 Patisserie for Ladies, 119 nursing baby, 172 patriotic, 4, 25, 76, 109 nursing course, 20, 121, 132, 141, 147, 150 patriotism, 22, 26 nursing education, 23, 121 Pazarcık, 94 nursing profession, 121, 131 Peace Treaty of Lausanne, xii, 2 nursing school, 131 Pera, 51, 148 Pera Palace Hotel, 60 Ömer S¸evki, 138, 140 Persia, 36 Ordu, 138, 166 petition, 7–8, 47, 52, 54, 56–8, 62, 68–9, Orga, İ rfan, 44, 80, 98, 106, 107, 109, 110, 71–2, 76–7, 80–4, 91–6, 106–9, 113, 129–30, 141, 151 144–8, 149, 154, 155, 165–6, 169–70, Orhaneli, 67 176, 178, 183, 191–4, 196–7 Orhangazi Girls School, 155 petitioner, 7–8, 51 Oriental Carpet Manufacture Ltd., 136 petitioning, 78, 80, 84, 149 orphan, xiii, 16, 19, 37, 45, 52, 58, 66, philanthropy, 4, 15, 17, 105, 131 79–80, 82, 83, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101–10, plainclothes policewomen, 124, 144, 147 113, 119, 124–5, 126–9, 133, 138–9, polygamous marriage, 82–3, 190, 191 141, 146, 153 poor, xiv, 3, 4–5, 6, 9, 15–16, 18, 28, 30, 34, orphanage, xii, xiii, 103–6, 109–10, 36, 41–6, 47–9, 50–7, 59, 66, 70–2, 74, 138, 153 85–9, 91, 93, 99–100, 101, 103–9, ortaoyunu, 120 112–13, 124–6, 135, 139, 141, 146, Os, Nicole A. N. M. van, 3 151–2, 154, 162, 164, 166, 172–3, 175, Ottoman army, 34, 75, 175, 177, 178, 181 182, 184, 187–91, 193, 195, 196, 197 Ottoman Empire, vii, xii–xiii, 1–3, 7, 14, 34, Poorhouse, xiii, 85, 87, 103 36–7, 41, 43, 48, 60, 103, 117, 132, 138, popular culture, 6, 9 142, 153, 155, 161, 183, 185, 195 Post Ofﬁce Administration, 120, 144, Ottoman Struggle against Tuberculosis 155–6 Society, 101 poverty, 3, 5, 7, 17–18, 28, 36, 57, 62, 63, Ottoman Turkish Ladies’ Welfare 68, 70, 75–6, 77–80, 82, 87, 95–9, 101, Institution, 124, 126, 133 113, 147, 148, 151, 154, 185, 187–8, 191 Ottoman Women’s Business Pozantı,52 Organization, 119 Practice School, 121 Ottoman Women’s Employment Islamic press, 4, 7, 9, 25, 131, 149, 151, 155, 187 Society (OWEIS), 3 Prevention of Proﬁteering Commission, 32 overtaxation, 161, 164 Prevention of Spread of Venereal Diseases OWEIS, xvi, 63, 120, 121, 127–8, 133, 137, Regulation, xii, 152, 185, 186 142–3, 146, 148 Prinkipo, 105 Ozansoy, Faik Ali, 121 pronatalist, 13, 18 Özer, Sabri, 187 propaganda, 3, 4, 8, 13, 14–15, 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, 36, 60–1, 179 Palestine, 34, 35, 153 prostitute, 15, 26, 28, 44, 101, 102, 103, Pan-Turanism, xiv 112, 134, 151–2, 185–8 Pan-Turkism, 36 prostitution, 18, 25–6, 36, 101, 102, 133–4, papara, xiv, 44 139, 143–4, 148, 151–2, 157, 185–8, para, xiv, 51, 80, 82, 103, 150 194, 196–7

Index 269

protest, vii, 5–6, 15–17, 25, 28, 44, 50, 53, Russia, 14, 20, 21, 25, 28, 30, 172 58, 60, 69–70, 74–6, 78, 92, 107, 112, Russian, 14, 20, 27–8, 34, 35, 36, 46, 51, 146, 152, 156–7, 166, 167, 168, 170–6, 85, 87, 89, 98–9, 105, 111, 153 179, 181, 187, 195, 197–8 rü¸stiye, 119 Protestant, 25 Providing Military Vehicles Law, 164 Saathane Square, 99 Provincial Food Supply Committees, 49 Sabah, 152 provision, 43, 49, 50, 53–61, 89, 97, 137, Safa, Peyami, 96, 112 142, 168, 170 S¸akir Bey, 176 provisioning, 48–9, 161, 170 Salâhaddin Enis, 112 PTT, 20 Samakov, 146 Public Education Regulation, 119 Samatya, 87, 93 public kitchen, 16 Samsun, 47, 49, 51, 99, 126, 138, 153 public places, 130 Samsun Recruiting Ofﬁce, 56 Public Security Branch Ofﬁce, 110 Samsun State Orphanage, 105 Sanders, Otto Liman von, 34 rabies, 100 Sanitary Bureau, 151 Rahmi Bey, 72 Sarıkamı¸s,177 railway, 28, 30, 32, 145, 179 Saudi Arabia, 34 Ra¸sidBey, 69 scabies, 100–1 rebellion, 16, 28, 34, 35, 61, 146, 148, Science of Midwifery School, 118 171, 179 Scipio, Lynn A., 98, 99 Recep Efendi, 80 Scott, James C., 6 Red Crescent Ladies’ Center, 37, 123, 124, Scott, Joan W., 6 131, 133 Second Constitution, 1, 126, 196 Red Crescent Ladies’ Center Workshop, Second Constitutional Era, 119, 128 124, 126, 133, 137, 146 secretary, 120, 123, 137, 142, 147, 152 Red Crescent Society, 35, 50 Seeckt, Hans von, 34 Red Cross, 15, 17, 20, 22, 78 segregation, 119, 130, 132, 143, 198 Refet Pasha, 183 ¸sehit, xiv, 8, 83, 125 refugee, vii, 15, 17, 35–6, 43, 47, 51, 52, 57, S¸ehremaneti, xiv 59, 67, 68, 69, 70–1, 85–91, 94–100, Selahattin Bey, 130 102, 104–5, 107, 108, 109, 111, 121, Selmanlı, 193 124–6, 133, 137, 146–7, 153–4, 164, Serbia, 14 180–1 Sertel, Sabiha, 46, 120, 129 Refugee Department, 180 Sertel, Zekeriya, 46 Régie, xiv, 127, 139, 141 Settlement of Refugees Regulation, 89 Regulation 40D, 26 Settlement of Tribes and Refugees relapsing fever, xii, 64, 100 Directorate, 52, 89 rent, xii, 56, 85–6, 88, 89, 91–5, 109, 147 S¸evketiye, 67 Republic of Turkey, 30, 35 Sèvres, xii, 1, 2 Republican period, 3, 4 sexual harassment, 15, 22, 29, 135, Re¸satEnis, 141 139, 193 resistance, 5, 6, 8, 22, 28–9, 82, 146, 157, Shaykh al-Islam, xiv, 36, 187 164, 172, 183, 185, 194, 196, 198 Sheppard-Towner Act, 18 Re¸sitPa¸saHospital Ship, 141 ship, 55–6, 60, 87, 141, 142, 179 Retirement and Dismissal Law, 157 shipyard, 146 Revolution of 9 November 1918, 28 shortage, 3, 5, 14, 16, 28, 30–2, 41, 43, riot, 6, 16, 28, 60–2, 179, 198 45–8, 50, 60, 62, 85, 146, 161, 196 Robert College, 99 S¸ile, 71, 78 Romania, 14, 30, 34 silk, 22, 31, 46, 117–18, 136, 140, 146, 163 Rumelia, 41, 87 sipari¸smaa¸sı, xiv, 64, 75 Rumelihisarı,51 Sirkeci, 81, 120 rumor, 6, 22–3, 44, 94, 100, 111, 137, 187 S¸i¸sli Women’s Charity Society, 125 Rusçuk, 119 S¸i¸sli Women’s Hospital, 186

270 Index

Sivas, 56, 57–8, 72, 82, 97, 112, 121, 137, teacher, vii, xiii, 27, 41, 100, 106, 110, 119, 138, 140, 146 123, 128–9, 133, 135, 139, 142–4, 153–7 Sivas Red Crescent Hospital, 52 Teachers’ Training College, 106, 110 Sixth Army, 75, 76–7, 93 Teke, 61, 189 Social Assistance Commissions, 89 Tekfurdag˘ı [Tekirdag],˘ 55, 92 social policy, 16 Tekfurdag˘ı Kindergarten, 154 social worker, 21, 26 Telephone Administration, 119 Somme, 14 telephone operator, 20 soup kitchen, xiv, 30, 50–2, 59, 85, Tepeyran, Ebubekir Hazım, 110 107, 125 Tevﬁk Fikret, 121 South Marmara, 35 textile, 20, 21, 23, 31, 48, 118, 121, 127, Spain, 13 136, 146 Special Trade Delegation, 48 The Suffragette,27 square, 99 theater, 120 starvation, 41, 43–6, 53, 54, 58, 61, 99, Thébaud, Françoise, 13 105, 111, 164–6, 167, 177 theft, 6, 36, 113, 151, 153 State Orphanages General Directorate, xii, thievery, 152 104, 110 Third Army, 56, 57, 150, 177 Stenia [İ stinye], 179 Thompson, E. P., 6 storekeeper, 20 Thompson, Elizabeth, 5 street cleaner, vii, 120, 145 Thrace, 1, 117 strike, vii, 16, 23, 28, 144–5 Tirebolu, 111 Strike Law, 144 TNT, 21, 24 Students’ Feast, 103 tobacco, xiv, 20, 31, 104, 118, 136, 139, subaltern studies, 6 141, 163, 192 Sublime Charity House, 103 Tokat, 176 Sublime Porte, xiii, 49, 60, 72 Tophane Military Post, 152 suffrage, 25, 27, 28 Topkapı,51 sugar, 32, 33, 41, 46, 52, 54, 55, 136, 140 Topkapı Assistance to the Poor Charity S¸ükûfe Nihal, 102 Institute, 51 Süleyman Nesib, 121 Toprak, Zafer, 152 Süleyman Nuri, 107 total war, 13, 30, 196 Sultanahmet, 119, 126 Trabzon, 41, 47, 51, 72, 80, 82, 91, 99, sultani, xiv, 104, 119 102, 106, 110, 111, 153, 155, 170, 180 Sultantepe, 133 Trade and Agriculture Ministry, 46, 162, sülüs, xiv, 64 164, 166 Sunata, İ smail Hakkı,86–7, 97, 101, 170, train, 28, 58, 60, 101, 142, 171, 174, 179 178, 180, 187 tram, 22, 25 Sungurlu, 192 tramway, 20, 142, 146 Sürmene, 110 Treaty of Sèvres, xii, 1, 2 Swanwick, Helena, 27 Tripolitanian War, 1, 30, 34, 103 Sweden, 13 tuberculosis, 21, 100–1, 140, 142 Switzerland, 13 Tugaç,˘ Hüsamettin, 100 syphilis, 100–1, 112, 152, 185, 189 Turancılık, xiv, 36 Syria, 31, 34, 35, 105 Turanian, xiv Turanism, 36 Tailoring School, 123, 126 Türk Yurdu, 107, 188 Talas Sanitarium, 150 Turkestan, 36 Talat Pasha, 56, 69 Turkic people, xiv Tanin, 121 Turkish Hearth, 36 Tarsus, 58, 153 Turkish Republic, 135, 174, 196 Tarsus Girls’ Orphanage, 153 Turkish Woman Training Center, 126 Tarus, İ lhan, 139 Turkish Women’s Tailoring House, 133 Tasvir-i Efkar, 35, 88, 99–100 typhoid fever, xii, 64, 100 Taylorism, 21 typhus, 64, 100, 107

Index 271

Ulukı¸sla,52 Women Workers’ Battalions, 163 Ulviye Hanım, 133 Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps, 20, 22, 23 unemployment, 24–5, 135, 144, 148, Women’s Battalion of Death, 20, 27 150–4, 157 Women’s Charity Society, 126 union members, 23, 136, 157 Women’s Cooperative Guild, 18 Unionist [CUP member], 7, 30, 32, 37, 144 women’s history, 6, 175 United States, 4, 13, 18, 19, 21, 22, 25, Women’s International League for Peace 26–7, 34, 105, 157 and Freedom, 27 University for Girls, 120 Women’s Labor Bureau, 23 upper-class, 4, 20, 22–3, 46, 129 Women’s Land Army, 20 Urfa, 75–6, 99, 121 Women’s Peace Congress at the Hague, 27 U¸sak, 171 women’s political rights, 2, 4, 13, 27, 28, Üsküdar, 51, 71, 72, 78, 80, 86, 112, 125, 197 127, 151 workday, ix, 24, 137, 140 Üsküdar Girls Day School, 119 working-class, 3, 6, 18, 19, 27–8, 132, 140, Üsküdar Police Directorate, 187 144–6 Üstel, Füsun, 128 workshop, 49, 89, 117, 120, 123, 124, Uzunköprü, 144 126–8, 133–4, 137–8, 144, 146, 152 World War I, vii, xii, 1–5, 7–9, 13–15, 19, Vakit, 137 25, 26, 27–8, 30, 33, 34, 36, 41, 47, 52, veil, 44, 130–1, 132 57, 63, 66, 77, 83–4, 85, 87–8, 89, 99, venereal diseases, xii, 21, 26, 101, 124, 100, 103, 112, 117, 119, 127, 129, 130, 151–2, 185–7, 189, 197 131, 135, 138–40, 144–6, 150–2, 155, Verdun, 14 161–4, 168, 172, 175, 177, 183, 187, violence, 4, 6, 14, 35, 67–8, 171, 175, 191, 193, 195, 196 181, 196 World War II, 17 Voluntary Aid Detachment, 22 Yalova, 155 wage, ix, 8, 21, 23–4, 33, 55, 66, 71, 123, Yalova Girls School, 154 127, 135–7, 141, 142–3, 146, 149–50, 155 Ya¸sarNezihe, 44, 52, 146 waitress, 20, 138 Yedikule, 118–19, 138 War Ministry, 34, 49, 50, 52, 55–6, 58, 67, yeldirme, xiv, 143 70, 73, 74, 78, 80–2, 91–2, 95, 109, 110, Yemen, 34, 47, 77, 107 127, 161, 170, 176, 178, 180, 182, 193–4 yemeni, xiv, 157 war profiteering, 32, 46, 48, 49–50, 58 Yeni Mahalle, 152 War Profiteering Office, 16 Yıldız, 120 Ward, Mrs. Humphry, 25, 27 Young Turk, 3, 128 water supply, 46, 100, 111 Yozgat, 54, 56, 59, 73, 176 welfare, 15, 18, 21, 24, 41, 48, 50, 51, 59, Yurdakul, Mehmed Emin, 121 63, 89, 97, 105–6, 113, 124, 126, Yusuf Agah, 178 133, 151 Yusuf Efendi, 54 welfare state, 5, 15 Yusuf Ziya Bey, 181 Western Front, 17, 22 Yuval-Davis, Nira, 5 wheat, viii, 28, 30–1, 41–3, 49, 51, 55, 58, 70–1, 73, 163, 164, 167, 170–1 zaviye, xiv, 118 White Russian, 85, 89 Zenciye Gülfidan, 142 white-collar, 20 zenne, 120 widow, xiii, 16–17, 19, 37, 52, 56, 57–8, 66, Zetkin, Clara, 27 79–84, 85, 86, 89, 91, 94, 95, 103, Zeyrek, 94 107–9, 110–11, 112, 125, 126–8, 133, Ziya Gökalp, 106 135, 136, 147, 151–3, 176, 188, 191–2 Zonguldak, 173, 174 Wierling, Dorothee, 6 Zorlutuna, Halide Nusret, 44, 48, 129–30 Women Teachers’ Training College, xiii, 110 Zürcher, Erik J., 34