A CLEVELAND NATURALISTS' FIELD CLUB BULLETIN

Cleveland Flora 1985-2002

Cleveland Flora 1985 – 2002 1 In 1994 Cleveland County Council published “A Guide to the Wild Flowers of Cleveland” by Ian Lawrence. Shortly after its publication Cleveland was divided into four Unitary Authorities: Langbaurgh, (now Redcar and Cleveland), Middlesbrough, Stockton and Hartlepool. Despite these changes records continued to be kept so that when “New Atlas of the British and Irish Flora” was published in 2002 it was possible to send in our records.

Recently a number of computer systems have been installed in the North of England and elsewhere around the British Isles with a new “Recorder 2003” system. Many botanists are now using Global Positioning machines in the field so accurate grid references of plant sites can be obtained Also the introduction of Global Imaging systems gives us some insight into the type of habitats where these grow. It is important that all new records should be put into these computer systems for future reference so that steps can be taken to preserve our local flora.

This list is an attempt to update the plant records that were listed in Ian Lawrence’s book. The plants listed in this document have come from various sources. It would be impossible to mention everyone by name but first of all we must thank Ian for helping to keep botanical recording alive in this area and passing on his knowledge to so many people. Many of these records would not have been possible without the field work carried out by his two botanical study groups. Other records have also been obtained during the summer meetings of the Cleveland Naturalists’ Field Club. I would also like to thank Russell Mc Andrew, Steve Robbins and John Durkin for supplying records of the Hartlepool area and Vincent Jones for his work on the Hawkweeds and Dandelions and many other species. Don Grant has also visited our area and helped with the identification of some of our Brambles.

There are a number of other botanists who helped Ian with the original surveys for his book. The following supplied many important records for the Cleveland area:

David Anderson, Thornaby Pat Appleyard, Hartlepool John Blackburn, Stockton Angela Cooper, Wass, N.Y. Maurice Hallam, Billingham Rob Scaife, Eaglescliffe Mike Yates, Saltburn

Records have also been supplied by The Tees Valley Wildlife Trust, The Durham Wildlife Trust and the Natures World Ark Group. Also as part of Cleveland’s Wildlife Strategy Plan Chris Lowe surveyed many areas of Cleveland and greatly increased our knowledge of our local flora.

I would also like to thank Darroll Fryer for all the computer work he has done over many years for producing this final document and also Alan Bunn, who helped to check the lists. Computer advice has also been supplied by Malcolm Birtle, who has also been responsible for the printing of many of our lists and articles in the “Proceedings of the Cleveland Naturalists’ Field Club”.

Two other books were published before Ian’s “A Guide to the Wildflowers of Cleveland” which covered parts of Cleveland. “The Flora & Vegetation of County Durham” was published in 1988 and “Wild Plants and Their Habitats in the North York Moors” by Nan Sykes in 1993. Both of these provided valuable information about the flora of our area.

Old Cleveland in name has disappeared but I would like to quote a section from the preface of Ian’s book as over the years he has inspired so many botanists to do what he wrote in 1995: “We are living in an era of rapid changes to our natural environment and it is vital that some picture is provided of the present status of our native and naturalised vegetation so that changes taking place can be monitored in the years to come. These changes are nowhere more evident than here in Cleveland where the natural environment is undergoing a constant battle for survival. It is only through the acute awareness of this fact by local wildlife groups and the liaison and co-operation afforded by the local authorities and industries that a status quo is being maintained. It has been essential, therefore that an accurate record is kept of the wildlife habitats within the county based on intensive survey work”.

Cleveland Flora 1985 – 2002 2 Pat Wood September 2003

Additional Notes

Plants

Many plants are easily classified as alien or native. Alien plants are introduced species whilst native plants have arisen without man’s intervention. The problem is whilst some plants may be classed as native in other parts of Great Britain they may have been introduced here and become established so it is often impossible to separate introduced species and native species. In the present list if a plant is classed as native in Great Britain it has been classed as native in our area even through this may not apply to some of our plants. This particularly applied to many of our pond plants. Further study and records are needed on these species.

Trees

All the native species of trees have been included and some others. Many alien trees have now become well established in Cleveland and are an important part of our flora. The local councils have lists of many of these trees, particularly those found in parks and cemeteries and on road sides, but there are many areas where records have not been kept of these species.

Hieracia Species

As this group is still being studied it is not possible to categorize these species into alien/native.

Taraxacums

For alien/native species the BSBI publication ‘Dandelions of Great Britain and Ireland’ by A.A. Dudman and A.J. Richards book was consulted. * Indicates that alien/native status is uncertain.

N.B. In compiling these lists the following two books were referred to:

 “New Flora of the British Isles”. Second Edition, Cambridge University Press 1997  “List of Vascular Plants of the British Isles” by D.H. Kent, Botanical Society of the British Isles 1992

Cleveland Flora 1985 – 2002 3 alien Abies alba European Silver-fir alien Abies grandis Giant Fir alien Abies procera Noble Fir alien Acer campestre Field Maple native Acer cappadocicum Cappadocian Maple alien Acer negundo Ashleaf Maple alien Acer platanoides Norway Maple alien Acer pseudoplatanus Sycamore alien Acer saccharinum Silver Maple alien Achillea millefolium Yarrow native Achillea ptarmica Sneezewort native Aconitum napellus Monk's-hood native Aconitum x cammarum hybrid Monk's-hood alien Acorus calamus Sweet-flag alien Adiantum capillus-veneris Maidenhair Fern native Adoxa moschatellina Moschatel native Aegopodium podagraria Ground-elder alien Aesculus carnea Red Horse-chestnut alien Aesculus hippocastanum Horse-chestnut alien Aethusa cynapium Fool's Parsley ssp.cynapium native Agrimonia eupatoria Agrimony native Agrostemma githago Corncockle alien Agrostis canina Velvet Bent native Agrostis capillaris Common Bent native Agrostis gigantea Black Bent native Agrostis stolonifera Creeping Bent native Agrostis vinealis Brown Bent native Ailanthus altissima Tree-of-heaven alien Aira caryophyllea Silver Hair-grass native Aira praecox Early Hair-grass native Ajuga reptans Bugle native Alcea rosea Hollyhock alien Alchemilla filicaulis ssp.vestita native Alchemilla glabra native Alchemilla mollis alien Alchemilla xanthochlora native Alisma plantago-aquatica Water-plantain native Alliaria petiolata Garlic Mustard native Allium oleraceum Field Garlic native Allium paradoxum Few-flowered Garlic alien Allium scorodoprasum Sand Leek native Allium sphaerocephalon Rond-headed Leek native Allium triquetrum Three-cornered Leek alien Allium ursinum Ramsons native Allium vineale Wild Onion

Cleveland Flora 1985 – 2002 4 native Alnus cordata Italian Alder alien Alnus glutinosa Alder native Alnus incana Grey Alder alien Alopecurus geniculatus Marsh Foxtail native Alopecurus myosuroides Black-grass native Alopecurus pratensis Meadow Foxtail native Alstroemeria aurea Peruvian Lilly alien Alyssum saxatile Golden Alison alien Amaranthus hybridus Green Amaranth alien Ambrosia artemisiifolia Ragweed alien Ammi majus Bullwort alien Ammi visnaga Toothpick-plant casual Ammophila arenaria Marram native Anacamptis pyramidalis Pyramidal Orchid native Anagallis arvensis Scarlet Pimpernel ssp.arvensis native Anagallis arvensis Scarlet Pimpernel ssp.caerulea native Anagallis tenella Bog Pimpernel native Anaphalis margaritacea Pearly Everlasting alien Anchusa arvensis Bugloss native Anchusa azurea Garden Anchusa alien Anemone apennina Blue Anemone alien Anemone blanda Anemone alien Anemone nemorosa Wood Anemone native Anemone x hybrida Anemone hybrid hybrid Angelica sylvestris Wild Angelica native Anisantha diandra Great Brome alien Anisantha sterilis Barren Brome native Anthemis arvensis Corn Chamomile native Anthemis cotula Stinking Chamomile native Anthemis tinctoria Yellow Chamomile alien Anthoxanthum odoratum Sweet Vernal Grass native Anthriscus caucalis Bur Parsley native Anthriscus cerefolium Garden Chervil casual Anthriscus sylvestris Cow Parsley native Anthyllis vulneraria Kidney Vetch ssp.vulneraria native Antirrhinum majus Snapdragon alien Aphanes arvensis Parsley-piert native Aphanes australis Slender Parsley-piert native Apium graveolens Wild Celery native Apium inundatum Lesser Marshwort native Apium nodiflorum Fool's Water-cress native Aquilegia vulgaris Columbine

Cleveland Flora 1985 – 2002 5 native Arabidopsis thaliana Thale Cress native Arabis arenosa Sand Rock-cress alien Arabis caucasica Garden-Arabis alien Arabis hirsuta Hairy Rock-cress native Araucaria araucana Monkey-puzzle alien Arctium minus Lesser Burdock native Arctium nemorosum Lesser Burdock native Arenaria serpyllifolia Thyme-leaved Sandwort ssp.leptoclados native Arenaria serpyllifolia Thyme-leaved Sandwort ssp.serpyllifolia native Armeria maritima Thrift ssp.maritima native Armoracia rusticana Horse-radish alien Arrhenatherum elatius False Oat-grass native Artemisia absinthium Wormwood native Artemisia vulgaris Mugwort native Arum maculatum Lords and Ladies native Asplenium adiantum-nigrum Black Spleenwort native Asplenium ruta-muraria Wall-rue native Asplenium trichomanes Maidenhair Spleenwort ssp.quadrivalens native Aster lanceolatus Narrow-leaved Michaelmas- daisy alien Aster novi-belgii Confused Michaelmas-daisy alien Aster tripolium Sea Aster native Aster x salignus Common Michaelmas-daisy alien Aster x versicolor Late Michaelmas-daisy alien Astragalus danicus Purple Milk-vetch native Athyrium filix-femina Lady-fern native Atriplex glabriuscula Babington's Orache native Atriplex laciniata Frosted Orache native Atriplex littoralis Grass-leaved Orache native Atriplex longipes Long-stalked Orache native Atriplex patula Common Orache native Atriplex portulacoides Sea-purslane native Atriplex prostrata Spear-leaved Orache native Atropa bella-donna Deadly Nightshade native Aubrieta deltoidea Aubretia alien Aucuba japonica Spotted-laurel alien Avena fatua Wild-oat alien Avena sativa Oat alien Avena strigosa Bristle Oat alien Azolla filiculoides Water Fern alien Ballota nigra Black Horehound native Barbarea vulgaris Winter-cress native Bellis perennis Daisy native Berberis aggregata Clustered Barberry

Cleveland Flora 1985 – 2002 6 alien Berberis darwinii Darwin's Barberry alien Berberis julianae Chinese Barberry alien Bergenia crassifolia Elephant-ears alien Berula erecta Lesser Water-parsnip native Beta trigyna Caucasian Beet alien Beta vulgaris ssp.maritima Sea Beet native Betula pendula Silver Birch native Betula pubescens Downy Birch ssp.pubescens native Betula x aurata Birch hybrid hybrid Bidens tripartia Trifid Bur-marigold native Blackstonia perfoliata Yellow-wort native Blechnum spicant Hard-fern native Blysmus compressus Flat-sedge native Bolboschoenus maritimus Sea Club-rush native Borago officinalis Borage alien Botrychium lunaria Moonwort native Brachypodium sylvaticum False Brome native Brassica napus ssp.oleifera Oil-seed Rape casual Brassica nigra Black Mustard native Brassica oleracea Cabbage native Brassica rapa Wild Turnip ssp.campestris casual Briza media Quaking-grass native Bromopsis erecta Upright Brome native Bromopsis inermis Hungarian Brome ssp.inermis casual Bromopsis ramosa Hairy-brome native Bromus commutatus Meadow Brome native Bromus hordeaceus Soft-brome ssp.hordeaceus native Bromus x pseudothominei Lesser Soft-brome hybrid Brunnera macrophylla Great Forget-me-not alien Buddleja davidii Butterfly-bush alien Buddleja globosa Orange-ball-tree alien Butomus umbellatus Flowering-rush native Buxus sempervirens Box native Cakile maritima Sea Rocket native Calamagrostis epigejos Wood Small-reed native Calendula officinalis Pot Marigold alien Calla palustris Bog Arum alien Callitriche brutia Pedunculate Water-starwort native Callitriche hamulata Intermediate Water-starwort native Callitriche hermaphroditica Autumnal Water-starwort native Callitriche obtusangula Blunt-fruited Water-starwort native Callitriche platycarpa Various-leaved Water- starwort

Cleveland Flora 1985 – 2002 7 native Callitriche stagnalis Common Water-starwort native Callitriche truncata Short-leaved Water-starwort native Calluna vulgaris Heather native Caltha palustris Marsh-marigold native Calystegia pulchra Hairy Bindweed alien Calystegia sepium Hedge Bindweed ssp.sepium native Calystegia silvatica Large Bindweed alien Campanula glomerata Clustered Bellflower native Campanula lactiflora Milky Bellflower native Campanula latifolia Giant Campanula native Campanula persicifolia Peach-leaved Bellflower alien Campanula rapunculoides Creeping Campanula alien Campanula rotundifolia Harebell native Cannabis sativa Hemp alien Capsella bursa-pastoris Shepherd's-purse native Cardamine amara Large Bitter-cress native Cardamine flexuosa Wavy Bitter-cress native Cardamine hirsuta Hairy Bitter-cress native Cardamine pratensis Cuckooflower native Cardamine raphanifolia Greater Cuckooflower alien Carduus crispus Welted Thistle ssp.multiflorus native Carduus nutans Musk Thistle native Carduus tenuiflorus Slender Thistle native Carex acuta Slender Tufted-sedge native Carex acutiformis Lesser Pond-sedge native Carex arenaria Sand Sedge native Carex binervis Green-ribbed Sedge native Carex caryophyllea Spring Sedge native Carex curta White Sedge native Carex diandra Lesser Tussock-sedge native Carex dioica Dioeceous Sedge native Carex distans Distant Sedge native Carex disticha Brown Sedge native Carex divulsa ssp.divulsa Grey Sedge native Carex echinata Star Sedge native Carex elata Tufted-sedge native Carex extensa Long-bracted Sedge native Carex flacca Glaucous Sedge native Carex hirta Hairy Sedge native Carex hostiana Tawny Sedge native Carex muricata Prickly Sedge native Carex nigra Common Sedge native Carex otrubae False Fox-sedge native Carex ovalis Oval Sedge native Carex pallescens Pale Sedge native Carex panicea Carnation Sedge

Cleveland Flora 1985 – 2002 8 native Carex pendula Pendulous Sedge native Carex pilulifera Pill Sedge native Carex pseudocyperus Cyperus Sedge native Carex pulicaris Flea Sedge native Carex remota Remote Sedge native Carex riparia Greater Pond-sedge native Carex rostrata Bottle Sedge native Carex spicata Spiked Sedge native Carex sylvatica Wood-sedge native Carex vesicaria Bladder-sedge native Carex viridula Yellow-sedge ssp.brachyrrhyncha native Carex viridula Yellow-sedge ssp.oedocarpa native Carlina vulgaris Carline Thistle native Carpinus betulus Hornbeam native Carum carvi Caraway alien Castanea sativa Sweet Chestnut alien Catabrosa aquatica Whorl-grass native Catapodium marinum Sea Fern-grass native Catapodium rigidum Fern-grass native Cedrus atlantica Atlas Cedar alien Cedrus deodora Deodar alien Cedrus libani Cedar-of-Lebanon alien Centaurea cyanus Cornflower alien Centaurea macrocephala Armenian Knapweed alien Centaurea montana Perennial Cornflower alien Centaurea nigra Common Knapweed native Centaurea scabiosa Greater Knapweed native Centaurea x moncktonii hybrid Knapweed hybrid Centaurium erythraea Common Centaury native Centaurium pulchellum Lesser Centaury native Centranthus ruber Red Valerian alien Cephalaria gigantea Giant Scabious alien Cerastium arvense Field Mouse-ear native Cerastium diffusum Sea Mouse-ear native Cerastium fontanum Common Mouse-ear ssp.vulgare native Cerastium glomeratum Sticky Mouse-ear native Cerastium semidecandrum Little Mouse-ear native Cerastium tomentosum Snow-in-summer alien Ceratocapnos claviculata Climbing Corydalis native Ceratophyllum demersum Rigid Hornwort native Ceterach officinarum Rustyback native Chaenomeles speciosa Japanese Quince alien Chaenorhinum minus Small Toadflax

Cleveland Flora 1985 – 2002 9 native Chaerophyllum temulum Rough Chervil native Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Lawson's Cypress alien Chamaecyparis pisifera Sawara Cypress alien Chamerion angustifolium Rosebay Willowherb native Chelidonium majus Greater Celandine native Chenopodium album Fat-hen native Chenopodium bonus- Good-King-Henry henricus native Chenopodium ficifolium Fig-leaved Goosefoot native Chenopodium glaucum Oak-leaved Goosefoot native Chenopodium polyspermum Many-seeded Goosefoot native Chenopodium rubrum Red Goosefoot native Chionodoxa forbesii Glory-of-the-Snow alien Chionodoxa sardensis Lesser Glory-of-the-Snow alien Chrysanthemum segetum Corn Marigold alien Chrysosplenium Alternate-leaved Golden- alternifolium saxifrage native Chrysosplenium Opposite-leaved Golden- oppositifolium saxifrage native Cicerbita macrophylla Common Blue-sow-thistle alien Cichorium intybus Chicory native Circaea lutetiana Enchanter's-nightshade native Cirsium arvense Creeping Thistle native Cirsium heterophyllum Melancholy Thistle native Cirsium palustre Marsh Thistle native Cirsium vulgare Spear Thistle native Claytonia perfoliata Springbeauty alien Claytonia sibirica Pink Purslane alien Clematis tangutica Orange-peel Clematis alien Clematis vitalba Traveller's-joy native Clinopodium acinos Basil Thyme native Clinopodium vulgare Wild Basil native Cochlearia danica Danish Scurvygrass native Cochlearia officinalis Common Scurvygrass native Coeloglossum viride Frog Orchid native Colchicum autumnale Meadow Saffron native Colutea arborescens Bladder-senna alien Colutea x media Orange Bladder-senna alien Conium maculatum Hemlock native Conopodium majus Pignut native Convolvulus arvensis Field Bindweed native Conyza canadensis Canadian Fleabane alien Cornus mas Cornelian-cherry alien Cornus sanguinea Dogwood native Cornus sericea Red-osier Dogwood alien Coronopus didymus Lesser Swine-cress alien Coronopus squamatus Swine-cress native Cortaderia selloana Pampas-grass

Cleveland Flora 1985 – 2002 10 alien Corylus avellana Hazel native Cotoneaster bullatus Hollyberry Cotoneaster alien Cotoneaster dammeri Bearberry Cotoneaster alien Cotoneaster dielsianus Diel's Cotoneaster alien Cotoneaster frigidus Tree Cotoneaster alien Cotoneaster horizontalis Wall Cotoneaster alien Cotoneaster integrifolius Small-leaved Cotoneaster alien Cotoneaster salicifolius Willow-leaved Cotoneaster alien Cotoneaster simonsii Himalayan Cotoneaster alien Cotula coronopifolia Buttonweed alien Crassula helmsii New Zealand Pigmyweed alien Crataegus laevigata Midland Hawthorn native Crataegus monogyna Hawthorn ssp.nordica native Crataegus x macrocarpa Hawthorn hybrid hybrid Crepis biennis Rough Hawk's-beard native Crepis capillaris Smooth Hawk's-beard native Crepis paludosa Marsh Hawk's-beard native Crepis setosa Bristly Hawk's-beard casual Crepis vesicaria Beaked Hawk's-beard ssp.taraxacifolia alien Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora Montbretia hybrid Crocus chrysanthus Golden Crocus alien Crocus nudiflorus Autumn Crocus alien Crocus speciousus Bieberstein's Crocus alien Crocus tommasinianus Early Crocus alien Crocus vernus Spring Crocus alien Crocus vernus ssp.albiflorus Spring Crocus alien Crocus x stellaris Yellow Crocus alien Cruciata laevipes Crosswort native Cryptomeria japonica Japanese Red-cedar alien Cupressocyparis leylandii x Leyland Cypress hybrid Cupressus macrocarpa Montery Cypress alien Cymbalaria muralis Ivy-leaved Toadflax ssp.muralis alien Cynosurus cristatus Crested Dog's-tail native Cyperus longus Galingale native Cytisus scoparius Broom ssp.scoparius native Dactylis glomerata Cock's-foot native Dactylorhiza fuchsii Common Spotted-orchid native Dactylorhiza incarnata Early Marsh-orchid ssp.coccinea native Dactylorhiza incarnata Early Marsh-orchid ssp.incarnata

Cleveland Flora 1985 – 2002 11 native Dactylorhiza incarnata Early Marsh-orchid ssp.pulchella native Dactylorhiza maculata Heath Spotted-orchid ssp.ericetorum native Dactylorhiza praetermissa Southern Marsh-orchid native Dactylorhiza purpurella Northern Marsh-orchid native Dactylorhiza traunsteineri Narrow-leaved Marsh-orchid native Dactylorhiza x Northern Fen-orchid aschersoniana hybrid Dactylorhiza x grandis hybrid Spotted-orchid hybrid Dactylorhiza x latirella Northern Fen-orchid hybrid Dactylorhiza x venusta hybrid Spotted-orchid hybrid Danthonia decumbens Heath-grass native Daphne laureola Spurge-laurel native Darmera peltata Indian-rhubarb alien Daucus carota ssp.carota Wild Carrot native Deschampsia cespitosa Tufted Hair-grass ssp.cespitosa native Deschampsia flexuosa Wavy Hair-grass native Descurainia sophia Flixweed alien Dianthus barbatus Sweet-William casual Dianthus deltoides Maiden Pink native Digitalis purpurea Foxglove native Diplotaxis muralis Annual Wall-rocket alien Diplotaxis tenuifolia Perennial Wall-rocket native Dipsacus fullonum Wild Teasel native Doronicum pardalianches Leopard's-bane alien Doronicum plantagineum Plantain-leaved Leopard's- bane alien Drosera rotundifolia Round-leaved Sundew native Dryopteris affinis ssp.affinis Scaly Male-fern native Dryopteris affinis ssp.borreri Scaly Male-fern native Dryopteris carthusiana Narrow Buckler-fern native Dryopteris dilatata Broad Buckler-fern native Dryopteris filix-mas Male-fern native Dryopteris x complexa hybrid Dryopteris x deweveri hybrid Echinochloa crus-galli Sockspur alien Echinops bannaticus Blue Globe-thistle alien Echinops sphaerocephalus Glandular Globe Thistle alien Echium vulgare Viper's-bugloss native Eleocharis palustris Common Spike-rush ssp.vulgaris native Eleocharis quinqueflora Few-flowered Spike-rush native Eleocharis uniglumis Slender Spike-rush

Cleveland Flora 1985 – 2002 12 native Eleogiton fluitans Floating Club-rush native Elodea canadensis Canadian Waterweed alien Elodea nuttallii Nuttall's Waterweed alien Elymus caninus Bearded Couch native Elytrigia atherica Sea Couch native Elytrigia juncea Sand Couch native Elytrigia repens ssp.repens Common Couch native Elytrigia x laxa Common Couch hybrid Elytrigia x obtusiuscula hybrid Empetrum nigrum Crowberry native Empetrum nigrum Crowberry ssp.nigrum native Epilobium brunnescens New Zealand Willowherb alien Epilobium ciliatum American Willowherb alien Epilobium hirsutum Great Willowherb native Epilobium montanum Broad-leaved Willowherb native Epilobium obscurum Short-fruited Willowherb native Epilobium palustre Marsh Willowherb native Epilobium parviflorum Hoary Willowherb native Epilobium roseum Pale Willowherb native Epilobium tetragonum Square-stalked Willowherb native Epilobium x brevipilum hybrid Epilobium x erroneum hybrid Epilobium x hausskenchtianum hybrid Epilobium x interjectum hybrid Epilobium x limosum hybrid Epilobium x nuntaniflorum hybrid Epilobium x subhirsutum hybrid Epilobium x subhirsutum hybrid Epilobium x vicinum hybrid Epipactis helleborine Broad-leaved Helleborine native Epipactis leptochila Narrow-lipped Helleborine var.dunensis native Equisetum arvense Field Horsetail native Equisetum fluviatile Water Horsetail native Equisetum hyemale Rough Horsetail native Equisetum palustre Marsh Horsetail native Equisetum sylvaticum Wood Horsetail native Equisetum telmateia Great Horsetail native Equisetum x litorale Shore Horsetail hybrid Eranthis hyemalis Winter Aconite alien Erica cinerea Bell Heather native Erica tetralix Cross-leaved Heath native Erigeron acer Blue Fleabane native Erigeron karvinskianus Mexican Fleabane alien Eriophorum angustifolium Common Cottongrass native Eriophorum vaginatum Hare's-tail Cottongrass

Cleveland Flora 1985 – 2002 13 native Erodium cicutarium Common Stork's-bill native Erodium lebelii Sticky Stork's-bill native Erodium moschatum Musk Stork's-bill native Erophila verna Common Whitlowgrass native Erucastrum gallicum Hairy Rocket native Eryngium maritimum Sea-holly native Erysimum cheiranthoides Treacle Mustard alien Erysimum cheiri Wall-flower alien Escallonia macrantha Escallonia alien Escholzia californica Californian Poppy alien Euonymus europaeus Spindle native Eupatorium cannabinum Hemp-agrimony alien Euphorbia corallioides Coral Spurge alien Euphorbia cyparissias Cypress Spurge native Euphorbia cyparissias x3 hybrid Spurge- hybrid hybrid Euphorbia exigua Dwarf Spurge native Euphorbia helioscopia Sun Spurge native Euphorbia lathyris Caper Spurge native Euphorbia peplus Petty Spurge native Euphorbia x pseudovirgata Twiggy Spurge alien Euphrasia arctica Eyebright ssp.borealis native Euphrasia micrantha Eyebright native Euphrasia nemorosa Eyebright native Euphrasia tetraquetra Eyebright native Fagopyrum esculentum Buckwheat alien Fagus sylvatica Beech native Fallopia baldschuanica Russian-vine alien Fallopia convolvulus Black Bindweed native Fallopia japonica Japanese Knotweed alien Fallopia sachalinensis Giant Knotweed alien Festuca arenaria Rush-leaved Fescue native Festuca arundinacea Tall Fescue native Festuca filiformis Fine-leaved Sheep's-fescue native Festuca gigantea Giant Fescue native Festuca ovina ssp.hirtula Sheep's-fescue native Festuca ovina ssp.ovina Sheep's-fescue native Festuca pratensis Meadow Fescue native Festuca rubra Red Fescue ssp.commutata native Festuca rubra ssp.juncea Red Fescue native Festuca rubra ssp.litoralis Red Fescue native Festuca rubra Red Fescue ssp.megastachys native Festuca rubra ssp.rubra Red Fescue native x Festulolium

Cleveland Flora 1985 – 2002 14 hybrid Fescue hybrid Filago vulgaris Common Cudweed native Filipendula kamtschatica Giant Meadowsweet alien Filipendula ulmaria Meadowsweet native Filipendula vulgaris Dropwort native Foeniculum vulgare Fennel alien Fragaria ananassa Garden Strawberry alien Fragaria moschata Hautbois Strawberry alien Fragaria vesca Wild Strawberry native Fraxinus excelsior Ash native Fritillaria meleagris Fritillary native Fumaria bastardii Tall Ramping-fumitory native Fumaria capreolata White Ramping-fumitory ssp.babingtonii native Fumaria muralis ssp.boraei Common Ramping-fumitory native Fumaria officinalis Common Fumitory ssp.officinalis native Gagea lutea Yellow Star-of-Bethlehem native Galanthus elwesii Greater Snowdrop alien Galanthus ikariae alien Galanthus nivalis Snowdrop native Galanthus plicatus Pleated Snowdrop alien Galeopsis bifida Bifid Hemp-nettle native Galeopsis tetrahit Common Hemp-nettle native Galinsoga quadriradiata Shaggy-soldier alien Galium aparine Cleavers native Galium mollugo ssp.mollugo Hedge Bedstraw native Galium odoratum Woodruff native Galium palustre Common Marsh-bedstraw ssp.elongatum native Galium palustre ssp.palustre Common Marsh-bedstraw native Galium saxatile Heath Bedstraw native Galium uliginosum Fen Bedstraw native Galium verum Lady's Bedstraw native Gaultheria mucronata Prickly Heath alien Gaultheria shallon Shallon alien Genista tinctoria Dyer's Greenweed ssp.tinctoria native Gentianella amarella Autumn Gentian ssp.amarella native Geranium dissectum Cut-leaved Crane's-bill native Geranium endressii French Crane's-bill alien Geranium lucidum Shining Crane's-bill native Geranium macrorrhizum Rock Crane's-bill alien Geranium molle Dove's Foot Crane's-bill native Geranium phaeum Dusky Crane's-bill alien Geranium pratense Meadow Crane's-bill native Geranium pusillum Small-flowered Crane's-bill

Cleveland Flora 1985 – 2002 15 native Geranium pyrenaicum Hedgerow Crane's-bill native Geranium robertianum Herb-Robert native Geranium sanguineum Bloody Crane's-bill native Geum rivale Water Avens native Geum urbanum Wood Avens native Geum x intermedium Intermediate Avens hybrid Gladiolus communis Gladiolus alien Glaux maritima Sea-milkwort native Glechoma hederacea Ground-ivy native Glyceria declinata Small Sweet-grass native Glyceria fluitans Floating Sweet-grass native Glyceria maxima Reed Sweet-grass native Glyceria notata Plicate Sweet-grass native Glyceria x pedicellata hybrid Gnaphalium uliginosum Marsh Cudweed native Groenlandia densa Opposite-leaved Pondweed native Gymnadenia conopsea Fragrant Orchid ssp.conopsea native Gymnadenia conopsea Fragrant Orchid ssp.densiflora native Hebe brachysiphon Hooker's Hebe alien Hebe x franciscana Souster alien Hedera colchica Persian Ivy alien Hedera helix ssp.helix Ivy native Hedera helix ssp.hibernica Ivy native Helianthemum Common Rock-rose nummularium native Helianthus annuus Sunflower alien Helictotrichon pratense Meadow Oat-grass native Helictotrichon pubescens Downy Oat-grass native Helleborus foetidus Stinking Hellebore native Heracleum Giant Hogweed mantegazzianum alien Heracleum sphondylium Hogweed ssp.sphondylium native Heracleum sphondylium x Hogweed H.mantegazzianum hybrid Herniaria glabra Smooth Rupturewort native Hesperis matronalis Dame's-violet alien Heuchera sanguinea Coral-bells alien Hieracium acuminatum Hieracium diaphanum Hieracium eboracense Hieracium grandidens Hieracium pulmonarioides Hieracium rubiginosum Hieracium sabaudum

Cleveland Flora 1985 – 2002 16 Hieracium salticola Hieracium sublepistoides Hieracium trichocaulon Hieracium vagum Hieracium vulgatum Hippophae rhamnoides Sea-buckthorn native Hippuris vulgaris Mare's-tail native Hirschfeldia incana Hoary Mustard alien Holcus lanatus Yorkshire-fog native Holcus mollis Creeping Soft-grass native Honckenya peploides Sea Sandwort native Hordelymus europaeus Wood Barley native Hordeum jubatum Foxtail Barley alien Hordeum murinum Wall Barley ssp.murinum native Hordeum secalinum Meadow Barley native Hottonia palustris Water-violet native Humulus lupulus Hop native Hyacinthoides hispanica Spanish Bluebell alien Hyacinthoides italica Italian Bluebell alien Hyacinthoides non-scripta Bluebell alien Hyacinthoides non-scripta x H.hispanica hybrid Spanish Bluebell alien Hydrocotyle vulgaris Marsh Pennywort native Hyoscyamus niger Henbane native Hypericum x desetangsii Des Etangs' St John's-wort hybrid Hypericum androsaemum Tutsan native Hypericum calycinum Rose-of-Sharon alien Hypericum elodes Marsh St John's-wort native Hypericum hircinum Stinking Tutsan native Hypericum hirsutum Hairy St John's-wort native Hypericum humifusum Trailing St John's-wort native Hypericum maculatum Imperforate St John's-wort ssp.obtusiusculum native Hypericum montanum Pale St John's-wort native Hypericum perforatum Perforate St John's-wort native Hypericum pulchrum Slender St John's-wort native Hypericum tetrapterum Square-stemmed St'John's- wort native Hypochaeris radicata Cat's-ear native Ilex aquifolium Holly native Impatiens glandulifera Indian Balsam alien Inula conyza Plough-man's-spikenard native Iris foetidissima Stinking Iris native Iris germanica Bearded Iris alien Iris pseudacorus Yellow Iris native Isolepis setacea Bristle Club-rush

Cleveland Flora 1985 – 2002 17 native Juglans regia Walnut alien Juncus acutiflorus Sharp-flowered Rush native Juncus ambiguus Frog Rush native Juncus articulatus Jointed Rush native Juncus bufonius Toad Rush native Juncus bulbosus Bulbous Rush native Juncus compressus Round-fruited Rush native Juncus conglomeratus Compact Rush native Juncus effusus Soft-rush native Juncus gerardii Saltmarsh Rush native Juncus inflexus Hard Rush native Juncus maritimus Sea Rush native Juncus squarrosus Heath Rush native Juncus tenuis Slender Rush alien Juncus x diffusus hybrid Kerria japonica Kerria alien Knautia arvensis Field Scabious native Kniphofia praecox Greater Red-hot-poker alien Kniphofia uvaria Red-hot-poker alien Koeleria macrantha Crested Hair-grass native Laburnum anagyroides Laburnum alien Laburnum x watereri Laburnum alien Lactuca sativa Garden Lettuce casual Lactuca serriola Prickly Lettuce native Lactuca virosa Great Lettuce native Lagarosiphon major Curly Waterweed alien Lagurus ovatus Hare's-tail alien Lamiastrum galeobdolon Yellow Archangel ssp.argentatum alien Lamium album White Dead-nettle native Lamium amplexicaule Henbit Dead-nettle native Lamium confertum Northern Dead-nettle native Lamium hybridum Cut-leaved Dead-nettle native Lamium purpureum Red Dead-nettle native Lapsana communis Nipplewort ssp.communis native Larix decidua European Larch alien Larix kaempferi Japanese Larch alien Larix x marschlinsii alien Lathraea clandestina Purple Toothwort alien Lathraea squamaria Toothwort native Lathyrus latifolius Broad-leaved Everlasting- pea alien Lathyrus linifolius Bitter-vetch native Lathyrus nissolia Grass Vetchling native Lathyrus palustris Marsh Pea native Lathyrus pratensis Meadow Vetchling

Cleveland Flora 1985 – 2002 18 native Lathyrus sylvestris Narrow-leaved Everlasting- pea native Lathyrus tuberosus Tuberous Pea alien Laurus nobilis Bay alien Lavatera thuringiaca Hyeres Tree-mallow alien Lemna minor Common Duckweed native Lemna minuata Least Duckweed alien Lemna trisulca Ivy-leaved Duckweed native Leontodon autumnalis Autumn Hawkbit ssp.autumnalis native Leontodon hispidus Rough Hawkbit native Leontodon saxatilis Lesser Hawkbit native Lepidium campestre Field Pepperwort native Lepidium draba ssp.draba Hoary Cress alien Lepidium heterophyllum Smith's Pepperwort native Lepidium latifolium Dittander native Lepidium sativum Garden Cress alien Leucanthemum vulgare Oxeye Daisy native Leucanthemum x superbum Shasta Daisy alien Leucojum aestivum Summer Snowflake ssp.pulchellum alien Levisticum officinale Lovage alien Leycesteria formosa Himalayan Honeysuckle alien Leymus arenarius Lyme-grass native Ligustrum ovalifolium Garden Privet alien Ligustrum vulgare Wild Privet native Limonium vulgare Common Sea-lavender native Linaria purpurea Purple Toadflax alien Linaria repens Pale Toadflax native Linaria vulgaris Common Toadflax native Linum catharticum Fairy Flax native Linum usitatissimum Flax alien Listera cordata Lesser Twayblade native Listera ovata Common Twayblade native Lithospermum officinale Common Gromwell native Littorella uniflora Shoreweed native Lobelia erinus Garden Lobelia casual Lobularia maritima Sweet Alison alien Lolium multiflorum Italian Rye-grass alien Lolium perenne Perennial Rye-grass native Lonicera nitida Wilson's Honeysuckle alien Lonicera periclymenum Honeysuckle native Lonicera xylosteum Fly Honeysuckle native Lotus corniculatus Common Bird's-foot-trefoil var.sativus native Lotus pedunculatus Greater Bird's-foot-trefoil native Lunaria annua Honesty alien Lupinus arboreus Tree Lupin

Cleveland Flora 1985 – 2002 19 alien Luzula campestris Field Wood-rush native Luzula multiflora Heath Wood-rush ssp.congesta native Luzula multiflora Heath Wood-rush ssp.multiflora native Luzula pilosa Hairy Wood-rush native Luzula sylvatica Great Wood-rush native Lychnis coronaria Rose Campion alien Lychnis flos-cuculi Ragged-Robin native Lycium barbarum Duke of Argyll's Teaplant alien Lycopersicon esculentum Tomato alien Lycopus europaeus Gipsywort native Lysimachia ciliata Fringed Loosestrife alien Lysimachia nemorum Yellow Pimpernel native Lysimachia nummularia Creeping-Jenny native Lysimachia punctata Dotted Loosestrife alien Lysimachia vulgaris Yellow Loosestrife native Lythrum portula Water-purslane native Lythrum salicaria Purple-loosetrife native Mahonia aquifolium Oregon-grape alien Malus domestica Apple alien Malus sylvestris Crab Apple native Malva moschata Musk-mallow native Malva neglecta Dwarf Mallow native Malva sylvestris Common Mallow native Mathiola incana Hoary Stock native Matricaria discoidea Pineapple-weed alien Matricaria recutita Scented Mayweed native Meconopsis cambrica Welsh Poppy native Medicago lupulina Black Medick native Medicago sativa ssp.falcata Sickle Medick native Medicago sativa ssp.sativa Lucerne alien Medicago sativa ssp.varia Sand Lucerne native Melampyrum pratense Common Cow-wheat ssp.pratense native Melica uniflora Wood Melick native Melilotus albus White Melilot alien Melilotus altissimus Tall Melilot alien Melilotus officinalis Ribbed Melilot alien Mentha aquatica Water Mint native Mentha arvensis Corn Mint native Mentha spicata Spear Mint alien Mentha suaveolens Round-leaved Mint native Mentha x gracilis Bushy Mint alien Mentha x piperita Peppermint alien Mentha x smithiana Tall Mint

Cleveland Flora 1985 – 2002 20 alien Mentha x verticillata Whorled Mint hybrid Mentha x villosa Apple-mint alien Mentha x villosa Apple-mint var.alopecuroides alien Mentha x villosonervata Sharp-toothed Mint alien Menyanthes trifoliata Bogbean native Mercurialis annua Annual Mercury alien Mercurialis perennis Dog's Mercury native Milium effusum Wood Millet native Mimulus agg. alien Moehringia trinerva Three-nerved Sandwort native Molinia caerulea Purple Moor-grass ssp.caerulea native Montia fontana ssp.fontana Blinks native Morus nigra Mulberries alien Muscari armeniacum Garden Grape-hyacinth alien Mycelis muralis Wall Lettuce native Myosotis arvensis Field Forget-me-not native Myosotis discolor Changing Forget-me-not native Myosotis laxa Tufted Forget-me-not native Myosotis ramosissima Early Forget-me-not native Myosotis scorpioides Water Forget-me-not native Myosotis secunda Creeping Forget-me-not native Myosotis sylvatica Wood Forget-me-not native Myosoton aquaticum Water Chickweed native Myrica gale Bog Myrtle native Myriophyllum alterniflorum Alternate Water-milfoil native Myriophyllum spicatum Spiked Water-milfoil native Myrrhis odorata Sweet Cicely alien Narcissus poeticus Pheasant's-eye Daffodil alien Narcissus pseudonarcissus Daffodil native Nardus stricta Mat-grass native Narthecium ossifragum Bog Asphodel native Nectaroscordum siculum Honey Garlic alien Neottia nidus-avis Bird's-nest Orchid native Nicandra physalodes Apple-of-Peru casual Nigella damascena Love-in-a-mist alien Nothofagus obliqua Roble alien Nuphar lutea Yellow Water-lily native Nymphaea alba ssp.alba White Water-lily native Nymphoides peltata Fringed Water-lily native Odontites vernus Red Bartsia ssp.chrysanthus native Odontites vernus Red Bartsia ssp.serotinus native Oenanthe crocata Hemlock Water-dropwort native Oenanthe fistulosa Tubular Water-dropwort native Oenanthe lachenalii Parsley Water-dropwort

Cleveland Flora 1985 – 2002 21 native Oenothera biennis Common Evening-primrose alien Oenothera cambrica Small-floweredt Evening- primrose alien Oenothera glazioviana Large-flowered Evening- primrose alien Olearia macrodonta New Zealand Holly alien Omphalodes verna Blue-eyed-Mary alien Onobrychis viciifolia Sainfoin native Ononis repens Common Restharrow native Ononis spinosa Spiny Restharrow native Onopordum acanthium Cotton Thistle native Ophioglossum vulgatum Adder's-tongue native Ophrys apifera Bee Orchid native Orchis mascula Early-purple Orchid native Orchis morio Green-winged Orchid native Orchis ustulata Burnt Orchid native Oreopteris limbosperma Lemon-scented Fern native Origanum vulgare Wild Marjoram native Osmunda regalis Royal Fern native Oxalis acetosella Wood-sorrel native Oxalis articulata Pink-sorrel alien Oxalis corniculata Procumbent Yellow-sorrel alien Oxalis debilis Large-flowered Pink-sorrel alien Oxalis exilis Least Yellow-sorrel alien Oxalis incarnata Pale Pink-sorrel alien Papaver dubium ssp.dubium Long-headed Poppy native Papaver dubium ssp.lecoqii Long-headed Poppy native Papaver rhoeas Common Poppy native Papaver somniferum Opium Poppy ssp.somniferum casual Parapholis strigosa Hard-grass native Parentucellia viscosa Yellow Bartsia native Parietaria judaica Pellitory-of-the-wall alien Paris quadrifolia Herb Paris native Parnassia palustris Grass-of-Parnassus native Pastinaca sativa Wild Parsnip native Pedicularis palustris Marsh Lousewort native Pedicularis sylvatica Lousewort native Pentaglottis sempervirens Green Alkanet alien Persicaria amphibia Amphibious Bistort native Persicaria amplexicaulis Red Bistort alien Persicaria bistorta Common Bistort native Persicaria hydropiper Water-pepper native Persicaria lapathifolia Pale Persicaria native Persicaria maculosa Redshank native Persicaria weyrichii Chinese Knotweed alien Petasites albus White Butterbur alien Petasites fragrans Winter Heliotrope

Cleveland Flora 1985 – 2002 22 alien Petasites hybridus Butterbur native Petrorhagia nanteulii Childing Pink native Petroselinum crispum Garden Parsley alien Petunia x hybrida Petunia casual Peucedanum palustre Milk-parsley native Phacelia tanacetifolia Phacelia native Phalaris arundinacea Reed Canary-grass native Phalaris canariensis Canary-grass alien Phleum arenarium Sand Cat's-tail native Phleum bertolonii Smaller Cat's-tail native Phleum pratense Timothy native Phragmites australis Reed native Phyllitis scolopendrium Hart's-tongue native Picea abies Norway Spruce alien Picea sitchensis Sitka Spruce alien Picris echioides Bristly Oxtongue native Picris hieracioides Hawkweed Oxtongue native Pilosella aurantiaca Fox-and-cubs alien Pilosella officinarum Mouse-ear-hawkweed native Pilosella praealta Tall Mouse-ear-hawkweed alien Pimpinella major Greater Burnet-saxifrage native Pimpinella saxifraga Burnet-saxifrage native Pinguicula vulgaris Common Butterwort native Pinus contorta Lodgepole Pine alien Pinus nigra ssp.laricio Corsican Pine alien Pinus strobus Weymouth Pine alien Pinus sylvestris Scots Pine native Plantago coronopus Buck's-horn Plantain native Plantago lanceolata Ribwort Plantain native Plantago major Greater Plantain ssp.intermedia native Plantago major ssp.major Greater Plantain native Plantago maritima Sea Plantain native Plantago media Hoary Plantain native Platanthera chlorantha Greater Butterfly-orchid native Platanus x hispanica London Plane alien Poa angustifolia Narrow-leaved Meadow- grass native Poa annua Annual Meadow Grass native Poa chaixii Broad-leaved Meadow- grass alien Poa humilis Spreading Meadow-grass native Poa nemoralis Wood Meadow-grass native Poa pratensis Smooth Meadow-grass native Poa trivialis Rough Meadow-grass native Polemonium caeruleum Jacob's Ladder

Cleveland Flora 1985 – 2002 23 native Polygala serpyllifolia Heath Milkwort native Polygala vulgaris Common Milkwort ssp.vulgaris native Polygonatum x hybridum Garden Solomon's-seal hybrid Polygonum arenastrum Equal-leaved Knotgrass native Polygonum aviculare Knotgrass native Polygonum oxyspermum Ray's Knotgrass ssp.raii native Polypodium vulgare Polypody native Polystichum aculeatum Hard Shield-fern native Polystichum setiferum Soft Shield-fern native Populus alba White Poplar alien Populus nigra 'Italica' Lombardy Poplar alien Populus nigra ssp.betulifolia Black Poplar native Populus tremula Aspen native Populus trichocarpa Western Balsam-poplar alien Populus x canadensis Poplar 'Marilandica' alien Populus x canadensis Poplar 'Robusta' alien Populus x canadensis Black-Italian Poplar 'Serotina' alien Populus x canescens Grey Poplar alien Populus x jackii Balm of Gilead alien berchtoldii Small Pondweed native Potamogeton crispus Curled Pondweed native Broad-leaved Pondweed native Blunt-leaved Pondweed native Potamogeton pectinatus Fennel Pondweed native Perfoliate Pondweed native Potamogeton polygonifolius Bog Pondweed native Lesser Pondweed native Potentilla anglica Trailing Tormentil native Potentilla anserina Silverweed native Potentilla argentea Hoary Cinquefoil native Potentilla erecta ssp.erecta Tormentil native Potentilla intermedia Russian Cinquefoil alien Potentilla neumanniana Spring Cinquefoil native Potentilla norvegica Ternate-leaved Cinquefoil alien Potentilla palustris Marsh Cinquefoil native Potentilla recta Sulphur Cinquefoil alien Potentilla reptans Creeping Cinquefoil native Potentilla sterilis Barren Strawberry native Potentilla x mixta hybrid Cinquefoil hybrid Potentilla x suberecta Tormentil hybrid

Cleveland Flora 1985 – 2002 24 hybrid Primula farinosa Bird's-eye Primrose native Primula veris Cowslip native Primula vulgaris Primrose native Primula x polyantha False Oxlip hybrid Prunella vulgaris Selfheal native Prunus avium Wild Cherry alien Prunus cerasifera Cherry Plum alien Prunus domestica Plum ssp.domestica alien Prunus domestica Bullace ssp.insititia alien Prunus dulcis Almond alien Prunus laurocerasus Cherry-laurel alien Prunus lusitanica Portugal Laurel alien Prunus padus Bird Cherry native Prunus spinosa Blackthorn native Prunus x fruticans hybrid Pseudofumaria lutea Yellow Corydalis alien Pseudotsuga menziensii Douglas Fir alien Pteridium aquilinum Bracken native Puccinellia distans Reflexed Saltmarsh-grass ssp.distans native Puccinellia maritima Common Saltmarsh-grass native Puccinellia rupestris Stiff Saltmarsh-grass native Pulicaria dysenterica Common Fleabane native Pulmonaria officinalis Lungwort alien Pyrola minor Common Wintergreen native Pyrus communis Pear alien Quercus cerris Turkey Oak alien Quercus ilex Evergreen Oak alien Quercus petraea Sessile Oak native Quercus robur Pedunculate Oak native Quercus rubra Red Oak alien Quercus x rosacea Oak hybrid hybrid Quercus x turneri Turkey Oak hybrid Ranunculus aconitifolius Aconite-leaved Buttercup alien Ranunculus acris Meadow Buttercup native Ranunculus aquatilis Common Water-crowfoot native Ranunculus arvensis Corn Buttercup native Ranunculus auricomus Goldilocks Buttercup native Ranunculus baudotii Brackish Water-crowfoot native Ranunculus bulbosus Bulbous Buttercup native Ranunculus ficaria Lesser Celandine ssp.bulbiferer native Ranunculus ficaria Lesser Celandine ssp.ficaria

Cleveland Flora 1985 – 2002 25 native Ranunculus flammula Lesser Spearwort ssp.flammula native Ranunculus fluitans River Water-crowfoot native Ranunculus hederaceus Ivy-leaved Crowfoot native Ranunculus lingua Greater Spearwort native Ranunculus omiophyllus Round-leaved Crowfoot native Ranunculus peltatus Pond Water-crowfoot native Ranunculus penicillatus Stream Water-crowfoot ssp.pseudofluitans native Ranunculus repens Creeping Buttercup native Ranunculus scleratus Celery-leaved Crowfoot native Ranunculus trichophyllus Thread-leaved Water- crowfoot native Raphanus raphanistrum Wild Radish ssp.raphanistrum alien Raphanus sativus Garden Radish alien Rapistrum perenne Steppe Cabbage alien Reseda lutea Wild Mignonette native Reseda luteola Weld native Rhamnus cathartica Buckthorn native Rhinanthus minor ssp.minor Yellow Rattle native Rhododendron luteum Yellow Azalea alien Rhododendron ponticum Rhododendron alien Rhus typhina Stag's-horn Summach alien Ribes alpinum Mountain Currant native Ribes nigrum Black Currant native Ribes rubrum Red Currant native Ribes sanguineum Flowering Currant alien Ribes uva-crispa Gooseberry native Robinia pseudoacacia False-acacia alien Rorippa amphibia Great Yellow-cress native Rorippa microphylla Narrow-fruited Water-cress native Rorippa nasturtium- Water-cress aquaticum hybrid Rorippa palustris Marsh Yellow-cress native Rorippa sylvestris Creeping Yellow-cress native Rosa "Hollandica" Dutch Rose alien Rosa arvensis Field-rose native Rosa caesia ssp.caesia Hairy Dog-rose native Rosa caesia ssp.vosagiaca Glaucous Dog-rose native Rosa caesia x R.sherardii hybrid Rosa canina Dog-rose native Rosa mollis Soft Downy-rose native Rosa pimpinellifolia Burnet Rose native Rosa rubiginosa Sweet-briar native Rosa rugosa Japanese Rose alien Rosa sherardii Sherard's Downy-rose native Rosa tomentosa Harsh Downy-rose

Cleveland Flora 1985 – 2002 26 native Rosa x dumalis hybrid Rosa x nitidula hybrid Rosa x rothschildii hybrid Rubus armeniacus Bramble Rubus caesius Dewberry native Rubus dasyphyllus Rubus eboracensis Bramble Rubus idaeus Raspberry native Rubus laciniatus Rubus latifolius Rubus lindebergii Bramble Rubus nemoralis alien Rubus tuberculatus Rubus ulmifolius Rubus vestitus Rumex acetosa ssp.acetosa Common Sorrel native Rumex acetosella Sheep's Sorrel ssp.acetosella native Rumex conglomeratus Clustered Dock native Rumex crispus ssp.crispus Curled Dock native Rumex crispus ssp.littoreus Curled Dock native Rumex hydrolapathum Water Dock native Rumex maritimus Golden Dock native Rumex obtusifolius Broad-leaved Dock native Rumex palustris Marsh Dock native Rumex sanguineus Wood Dock native Rumex x pratensis hybrid Ruppia maritima Beaked Tasselweed native Ruscus aculeatus Butcher's-broom native Sagina apetala ssp.apetela Annual Pearlwort native Sagina apetala ssp.erecta Annual Pearlwort native Sagina maritima Sea Pearlwort native Sagina nodosa Knotted Pearlwort native Sagina procumbens Procumbent Pearlwort native Salicornia dolichostachya Long-spiked Glasswort native Salicornia europaea Common Glasswort native Salicornia fragilis Yellow Glasswort native Salicornia ramosissima Purple Glasswort native Salix alba White Willow native Salix alba ssp.vitellina Golden Willow native Salix aurita Eared Sallow native Salix caprea Goat Willow native Salix cinerea ssp.oleifolia Grey Willow native Salix diaphnoides European Violet-willow alien Salix fragilis Crack-willow native Salix myrsinifolia Dark-leaved Willow

Cleveland Flora 1985 – 2002 27 native Salix pentandra Bay Willow native Salix purpurea Purple Willow native Salix repens Creeping Willow native Salix triandra Almond Willow native Salix viminalis Osier native Salix x forbesiana Willow- hybrid hybrid Salix x multinervis Willow hybrid hybrid Salix x pendulina alien Salix x reichardtii hybrid Salix x rubens hybrid Salix x sepulcralis Weeping Crack-willow hybrid Salix x sericans Broad-leaved Osier hybrid Salix x smithiana Silky-leaved Osier hybrid Salsola kali ssp.kali Prickly Saltwort native Salvia verbenaca Wild Clary native Sambucus nigra Elder native Sambucus racemosa Red-berried Elder alien Samolus valerandi Brookweed native Sanguisorba minor Salad Burnet ssp.minor native Sanguisorba minor Foder Burnet ssp.muricata alien Sanguisorba officinalis Great Burnet native Sanicula europaea Sanicle native Santolina Lavender-cotton chamaecyparissus alien Saponaria officinalis Soapwort native Sarcocornia perennis Perennial Glasswort native Saxifraga granulata Meadow Saxifrage native Saxifraga tridactylites Rue-leaved Saxifrage native Saxifraga x urbium London Pride alien Scabiosa columbaria Small Scabious native Schoenoplectus lacustris Common Club-rush native Schoenoplectus Grey Club-rush tabernaemontani native Scilla siberica Siberian Squill alien Scirpus sylvaticus Wood Club-rush native Scleranthus annuus Annual Knawel ssp.annuus native Scrophularia auriculata Water Figwort native Scrophularia nodosa Common Figwort native Securigera varia Crown Vetch alien Sedum acre Biting Stonecrop native Sedum album White Stonecrop native Sedum anglicum English Stonecrop native Sedum rupestre Reflexed Stonecrop

Cleveland Flora 1985 – 2002 28 alien Sedum spectabile Butterfly Stonecrop alien Sedum spurium Caucasian-stonecrop alien Senecio aquaticus Marsh Ragwort native Senecio cineraria Silver Ragwort alien Senecio erucifolius Hoary Ragwort native Senecio jacobaea Common Ragwort native Senecio squalidus Oxford Ragwort alien Senecio sylvaticus Heath Groundsel native Senecio viscosus Sticky Groundsel native Senecio vulgaris Groundsel native Senecio x albescens hybrid Senecio x baxteri hybrid Senecio x ostenfeldii hybrid Senecio x subnebrodensis hybrid Sequoidendron giganteum Wellingtonia alien Seriphidium maritimum Sea Wormwood native Serratula tinctoria Saw-wort native Sesleria caerulea Blue Moor-grass native Setaria pumila Yellow Bristle-grass casual Sherardia arvensis Field Madder native Silaum silaus Pepper-saxifrage native Silene dioica Red Campion native Silene latifolia ssp.latifolia White Campion native Silene noctiflora Night-flowering Catchfly native Silene vulgaris ssp.vulgaris Bladder Campion native Silene x hampeana Campion hybrid hybrid Sinapis alba ssp.alba White Mustard alien Sinapis arvensis Charlock native Sisymbrium altissimum Tall Rocket alien Sisymbrium officinale Hedge Mustard native Sisymbrium orientale Eastern Rocket alien Sisyrinchium bermudiana Blue-eyed-grass native Smyrnium olusatrum Alexanders alien Solanum dulcamara Bittersweet native Solanum nigrum ssp.nigrum Black Nightshade native Soleirolia soleirolii Mind-your-own-business alien Solidago canadensis Canadian Goldenrod alien Solidago gigantea Early Goldenrod alien Solidago virgaurea Goldenrod native Sonchus arvensis Perennial Sow-thistle native Sonchus asper Prickly Sow-thistle native Sonchus oleraceus Smooth Sow-thistle native Sonchus palustris Marsh Sow-thistle native Sorbus aria Whitebeam native Sorbus aucuparia Rowan native Sorbus intermedia Swedish Whitebeam alien Sorbus latifolia Broad-leaved Whitebeam

Cleveland Flora 1985 – 2002 29 alien Sparganium erectum Branched Bur-reed native Sparganium erectum Branched Bur-reed ssp.microcarpum native Sparganium erectum Branched Bur-reed ssp.neglectum native Sparganium erectum Branched Bur-reed ssp.oocarpum native Spartium junceum Spanish Broom alien Spergula arvensis Corn Spurrey native Spergularia marina Lesser Sea-spurrey native Spergularia media Greater Sea-spurrey native Spiraea x billardii alien Stachys annua Annual Yellow-woundwort casual Stachys arvensis Field Woundwort native Stachys byzantina Lamb's-ear alien Stachys officinalis Betony native Stachys palustris Marsh Woundwort native Stachys sylvatica Hedge Woundwort native Stachys sylvatica Hedge Woundwort native Stachys x ambigua hybrid Stellaria graminea Lesser Stitchwort native Stellaria holostea Greater Stitchwort native Stellaria media Common Chickweed native Stellaria neglecta Greater Chickweed native Stellaria nemorum Wood Stitchwort ssp.nemorum native Stellaria pallida Lesser Chickweed native Stellaria palustris Marsh Stitchwort native Stellaria uliginosa Bog Stitchwort native Stratiotes aloides Water-soldier native Suaeda maritima Annual Sea-blite native Suaeda vera Shrubby Sea-blite native Succisa pratensis Devil's-bit Scabious native Symphoricarpos albus Snowberry alien Symphytum officinale Common Comfrey native Symphytum tuberosum Tuberous Comfrey native Symphytum x uplandicum Russian Comfrey alien Syringa vulgaris Lilac alien Tamarix gallica Tamarisk alien Tamus communis Black Bryony native Tanacetum parthenium Feverfew native Tanacetum vulgare Tansy native Taraxacum aberrans Dandelion sp. alien* Taraxacum acroglossum Dandelion sp.

Cleveland Flora 1985 – 2002 30 alien* Taraxacum acutifidium Dandelion sp. alien Taraxacum adiantifrons Dandelion sp. alien* Taraxacum amplum Dandelion sp. alien Taraxacum ancidens Dandelion sp. Taraxacum ancistrolobum Dandelion sp. native Taraxacum arenastrum Dandelion sp. native Taraxacum atactum Dandelion sp. native* Taraxacum boekmanii Dandelion sp. native* Taraxacum brachyglossum Dandelion sp. Taraxacum cophocentrum Dandelion sp. alien Taraxacum cordatum Dandelion sp. native Taraxacum corynodes Dandelion sp. alien Taraxacum cyanolepsis Dandelion sp. native Taraxacum dahlstedtii Dandelion sp. native Taraxacum duplidentifrons Dandelion sp. native Taraxacum Dandelion sp. edmondsonianum native Taraxacum ekmanii Dandelion sp. native* Taraxacum europhyllum Dandelion sp. native Taraxacum exacutum Dandelion sp. alien* Taraxacum expallidiforme Dandelion sp. native* Taraxacum faeroense Dandelion sp. native Taraxacum fasciatum Dandelion sp. native* Taraxacum fragerstroemii Dandelion sp. alien Taraxacum fulviforme Dandelion sp. native Taraxacum fulvum Dandelion sp. native Taraxacum glauciniforme Dandelion sp. native Taraxacum haematicum Dandelion sp. native Taraxacum hamatiforme Dandelion sp. native Taraxacum hamatum Dandelion sp. native Taraxacum hamiferum Dandelion sp. native* Taraxacum haworthianum Dandelion sp. native Taraxacum horridifrons Dandelion sp. alien Taraxacum incisum Dandelion sp. alien Taraxacum laciniosifrons Dandelion sp. native* Taraxacum lacistophyllum Dandelion sp. native Taraxacum laeticolor Dandelion sp. alien* Taraxacum lamprophyllum Dandelion sp. alien* Taraxacum lancidens Dandelion sp. alien* Taraxacum landmarkii Dandelion sp. native Taraxacum laticordatum Dandelion sp. native Taraxacum latisectum Dandelion sp. native Taraxacum lingulatum Dandelion sp. native Taraxacum longisquameum Dandelion sp. native Taraxacum marklundii Dandelion sp. native Taraxacum melanthoides Dandelion sp. native Taraxacum norstedii Dandelion sp. native Taraxacum oblongatum Dandelion sp.

Cleveland Flora 1985 – 2002 31 native Taraxacum oxoniense Dandelion sp. native Taraxacum pachymerum Dandelion sp. alien* Taraxacum palustre Dandelion sp. native Taraxacum pannucium Dandelion sp. alien* Taraxacum pannulatiforme Dandelion sp. native Taraxacum pannulatum Dandelion sp. alien* Taraxacum piceatum Dandelion sp. alien* Taraxacum planum Dandelion sp. alien* Taraxacum platyglossum Dandelion sp. native Taraxacum polyodon Dandelion sp. native* Taraxacum pseudolarssonii Dandelion sp. native Taraxacum rhampodes Dandelion sp. alien Taraxacum saggitipotens Dandelion sp. native* Taraxacum sahlinianum Dandelion sp. alien Taraxacum sellandii Dandelion sp. native Taraxacum stereodes Dandelion sp. alien Taraxacum strictophyllum Dandelion sp. native Taraxacum subcyanolepsis Dandelion sp. native* Taraxacum subhamatum Dandelion sp. native Taraxacum sublaeticolor Dandelion sp. native Taraxacum Dandelion sp. subxanthostigma alien Taraxacum tortilobum Dandelion sp. native Taraxacum tumentilobum Dandelion sp. alien* Taraxacum undulatiflorum Dandelion sp. alien* Taraxacum undulatum Dandelion sp. native* Taraxacum unguilobum Dandelion sp. native Taraxacum vatisectum Dandelion sp. alien Taraxacum xanthostigma Dandelion sp. alien* Taxus baccata Yew native Tellima grandiflora Fringe-cups alien Teucrium scorodonia Wood Sage native Thalictrum aquilegiifolium French Meadow-rue native Thalictrum minus Lesser Meadow-rue native Thlaspi arvense Field Penny-cress native Thuja plicata Western Red-cedar alien Thymus polytrichus Wild Thyme native Thymus vulgaris Thyme alien Tilia cordata Small-leaved Lime native Tilia platyphyllos Large-leaved Lime native Tilia tomentosa Silver Lime alien Tilia x europaea Lime alien Torilis japonica Upright Hedge-parsley native Torilis nodosa Knotted Hedge-parsley native Trachystemon orientalis Abraham-Isaac-Jacob alien Tragopogon porrifolius Salsify alien Tragopogon pratensis Goat's-beard ssp.minor

Cleveland Flora 1985 – 2002 32 native Trichomanes speciosum Killarney Fern native Trichophorum cespitosum Deergrass ssp.cespitosum native Trientalis europaea Chickweed Wintergreen native Trifolium arvense Hare's-foot Clover native Trifolium campestre Hop Trefoil native Trifolium dubium Lesser Yellow Trefoil native Trifolium fragiferum Strawberry Clover native Trifolium hybridum ssp. hybridum Alsike Clover alien Trifolium incarnatum Crimson Clover ssp.incarnatum alien Trifolium medium Zigzag Clover native Trifolium micranthum Slender Trefoil native Trifolium pratense Red Clover native Trifolium repens White Clover native Trifolium striatum Knotted Clover native Trifolium subterraneum Subterranean Clover native Triglochin maritimum Sea Arrowgrass native Triglochin palustre Marsh Arrowgrass native Tripleurospermum inodorum Scentless Mayweed native Tripleurospermum Sea Mayweed maritimum native Trisetum flavescens Yellow Oat-grass native Tristagma uniflorum Spring Starflower alien Trollius europaeus Globeflower native Tulipa gesneriana Garden Tulip alien Tussilago farfara Colt's-foot native Typha angustifolia Lesser Bulrush native Typha latifolia Bulrush native Ulex europaeus Gorse native Ulmus glabra Wych Elm native Ulmus minor ssp.sarniensis Jersey Elm native Ulmus procera English Elm native Ulmus x hollandica Dutch Elm hybrid Ulmus x vegeta Huntingdom Elm hybrid Umbilicus rupestris Navelwort native Urtica dioica Common Nettle native Urtica galeosifolia Small Nettle native Urtica urens Small Nettle native Vaccinium myrtillus Bilberry native Vaccinium vitis-idaea Cowberry native Valeriana dioica Marsh Valerian native Valeriana officinalis Common Valerian native Valerianella locusta Common Cornsalad native Verbascum densiflorum Dense-flowered Mullein alien Verbascum nigrum Dark Mullein

Cleveland Flora 1985 – 2002 33 native Verbascum phlomoides Orange Mullein alien Verbascum pulverulentum Hoary Mullein native Verbascum thapsus Great Mullein native Veronica agrestis Green Field-speedwell native Veronica anagallis-aquatica Blue Water-speedwell native Veronica arvensis Wall Speedwell native Veronica beccabunga Brooklime native Veronica catenata Pink Water-speedwell native Veronica chamaedrys Germander Speedwell native Veronica filiformis Slender Speedwell alien Veronica hederifolia Ivy-leaved Speedwell ssp.hederifolia native Veronica hederifolia Ivy-leaved Speedwell ssp.lucorum native Veronica longifolia Garden Speedwell alien Veronica montana Wood Speedwell native Veronica officinalis Heath Speedwell native Veronica persica Common Field-speedwell alien Veronica polita Grey Field-speedwell native Veronica scutellata Marsh Speedwell native Veronica serpyllifolia Thyme-leaved Speedwell ssp.serpyllifolia native Viburnum lantana Wayfaring-tree native Viburnum opulus Guelder-Rose native Vicia cracca Tufted Vetch native Vicia faba Broad Bean casual Vicia hirsuta Hairy Tare native Vicia lathyroides Spring Vetch native Vicia sativa ssp.nigra Common Vetch native Vicia sativa ssp.sativa Common Vetch alien Vicia sativa ssp.segetalis Common Vetch native Vicia sepium Bush Vetch native Vicia sylvatica Wood Vetch native Vicia tetrasperma Smooth Tare native Vicia villosa Fodder Vetch alien Vinca major Greater Periwinkle alien Vinca minor Lesser Periwinkle alien Viola arvensis Field Pansy native Viola canina ssp.canina Heath Dog-violet native Viola hirta Hairy Violet native Viola odorata Sweet Violet native Viola palustris Marsh Violet native Viola reichenbachiana Early Dog-violet native Viola riviniana Common Dog-violet native Viola tricolor ssp.tricolor Wild Pansy native Viola x bavarica hybrid Dog-violet hybrid Viola x contempta

Cleveland Flora 1985 – 2002 34 hybrid Viscum album Mistletoe native Vulpia bromoides Squirreltail Fescue native Vulpia myuros Rat's-tail Fescue native Zannichellia palustris Horned Pondweed

Cleveland Flora 1985 – 2002 35